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Reyes-Díaz M, Cárcamo-Fincheira P, Tighe-Neira R, Nunes-Nesi A, Savouré A, Inostroza-Blancheteau C. Effects of Foliar Boron Application on Physiological and Antioxidants Responses in Highbush Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1553. [PMID: 38891361 PMCID: PMC11174400 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Boron (B) is a micronutrient crucial for the growth, development, productivity, and quality of crops. However, in areas characterized by acid soil (pHwater < 5.0) and high rainfall, soil B concentration tends to decrease, leading to insufficient supply to crops. This study was aimed at determining the optimal rate of B fertilization to enhance Vaccinium corymbosum L. performance in acid conditions. One-year-old cultivars with contrasting Al resistance (Al-sensitive Star and Al-resistant Cargo) were used. Plants were conditioned in plastic pots containing 18 L of half-ionic-strength Hoagland solution (pH 4.5) for 2 weeks. Thereafter, the following B treatments were applied foliarly: control, without B application (distilled water), 200, 400, and 800 mg L-1 of B as Solubor® for up to 72 h. Photosynthetic performance, root and shoot B levels, antioxidants, and oxidative stress were evaluated. Root and shoot B concentrations increased with the increasing B application, being higher in leaves than in roots of both cultivars. Net photosynthesis decreased at 800 mg L-1 B supply and effective quantum yield of PSII at 72 h in all B treatments. Lipid peroxidation increased in both cultivars at 800 mg L-1 B treatment. Antioxidant activity increased in all B treatments in both cultivars; while, at 400 and 800 mg L-1 B, total phenols increased in leaves of cultivar Star and decreased in cultivar Cargo. In conclusion, optimal B foliar application for highbush blueberry appears to be around 400 mg L-1 B. The appropriate B foliar application could help mitigate potential stress-induced problems in highbush blueberry cultivation. However, the optimal foliar B application should be confirmed in field experiments to help the farmers manage B nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Molecular y Funcional de Plantas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (P.C.-F.)
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile
| | - Paz Cárcamo-Fincheira
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Molecular y Funcional de Plantas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile; (M.R.-D.); (P.C.-F.)
| | - Ricardo Tighe-Neira
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 56-D, Chile;
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 56-D, Chile
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Arnould Savouré
- UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 56-D, Chile;
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 56-D, Chile
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Sanhueza D, Sepúlveda-Orellana P, Salazar-Carrasco A, Zúñiga S, Herrera R, Moya-León MA, Saez-Aguayo S. Mucilage extracted from Chilean papaya seeds is enriched with homogalacturonan domains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1380533. [PMID: 38872878 PMCID: PMC11169631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1380533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Chilean papaya, also known as mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens), is a fruit valued for its nutritional value and pleasant fragrance. The oblong fruit, featuring five ridges and a seed-filled mucilage cavity, is typically consumed cooked due to its high protease content. The mucilage and the seeds are usually discarded as byproducts. This study analyzed the biochemical composition of mountain papaya seed mucilage using methods such as HPAEC and immunolabeling. Results revealed that papaya seeds yield nearly 20% of their weight in mucilage polysaccharides, which can be separated into soluble and adherent layers. The mucilage exhibited a high proportion of acidic sugars, indicating that homogalacturonan (HG) is the predominant domain. It also contained other domains like rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and hemicelluloses, predominantly xyloglucan. The HG-rich mucilage, currently considered waste, emerges as a promising source of polysaccharides, indicating its multifaceted utility in various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Pablo Sepúlveda-Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Alejandra Salazar-Carrasco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Sebastian Zúñiga
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Moya-León
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
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3
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Al-Hinai TZS, Mackay CL, Fry SC. Fruit softening: evidence for rhamnogalacturonan lyase action in vivo in ripe fruit cell walls. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:547-558. [PMID: 38180460 PMCID: PMC11037484 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The softening of ripening fruit involves partial depolymerization of cell-wall pectin by three types of reaction: enzymic hydrolysis, enzymic elimination (lyase-catalysed) and non-enzymic oxidative scission. Two known lyase activities are pectate lyase and rhamnogalacturonan lyase (RGL), potentially causing mid-chain cleavage of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) domains of pectin respectively. However, the important biological question of whether RGL exhibits action in vivo had not been tested. METHODS We developed a method for specifically and sensitively detecting in-vivo RGL products, based on Driselase digestion of cell walls and detection of a characteristic unsaturated 'fingerprint' product (tetrasaccharide) of RGL action. KEY RESULTS In model experiments, potato RG-I that had been partially cleaved in vitro by commercial RGL was digested by Driselase, releasing an unsaturated tetrasaccharide ('ΔUA-Rha-GalA-Rha'), taken as diagnostic of RGL action. This highly acidic fingerprint compound was separated from monosaccharides (galacturonate, galactose, rhamnose, etc.) by electrophoresis at pH 2, then separated from ΔUA-GalA (the fingerprint of pectate lyase action) by thin-layer chromatography. The 'ΔUA-Rha-GalA-Rha' was confirmed as 4-deoxy-β-l-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl-(1→2)-l-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-d-galacturonosyl-(1→2)-l-rhamnose by mass spectrometry and acid hydrolysis. Driselase digestion of cell walls from diverse ripe fruits [date, sea buckthorn, cranberry, yew (arils), mango, plum, blackberry, apple, pear and strawberry] yielded the same fingerprint compound, demonstrating that RGL had been acting in vivo in these fruits prior to harvest. The 'fingerprint' : (galacturonate + rhamnose) ratio in digests from ripe dates was approximately 1 : 72 (mol/mol), indicating that ~1.4 % of the backbone Rha→GalA bonds in endogenous RG-I had been cleaved by in-vivo RGL action. CONCLUSIONS The results provide the first demonstration that RGL, previously known from studies of fruit gene expression, proteomic studies and in-vitro enzyme activity, exhibits enzyme action in the walls of soft fruits and may thus be proposed to contribute to fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thurayya Z S Al-Hinai
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - C Logan Mackay
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Vera-Maldonado P, Aquea F, Reyes-Díaz M, Cárcamo-Fincheira P, Soto-Cerda B, Nunes-Nesi A, Inostroza-Blancheteau C. Role of boron and its interaction with other elements in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1332459. [PMID: 38410729 PMCID: PMC10895714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1332459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plants, and its deficiency can lead to impaired development and function. Around 50% of arable land in the world is acidic, and low pH in the soil solution decreases availability of several essential mineral elements, including B, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K). Plants take up soil B in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) in acidic soil or tetrahydroxy borate [B(OH)4]- at neutral or alkaline pH. Boron can participate directly or indirectly in plant metabolism, including in the synthesis of the cell wall and plasma membrane, in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and in the formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In addition, B interacts with other nutrients such as Ca, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, and zinc (Zn). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of B uptake, absorption, and accumulation and its interactions with other elements, and how it contributes to the adaptation of plants to different environmental conditions. We also discuss potential B-mediated networks at the physiological and molecular levels involved in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vera-Maldonado
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Aquea
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paz Cárcamo-Fincheira
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Braulio Soto-Cerda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Zou J, Zhang Q, Amoako FK, Ackah M, Li H, Shi Y, Li J, Jiang Z, Zhao W. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of mulberry (Morus alba) response to boron deficiency and toxicity reveal candidate genes associated with boron tolerance in leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108316. [PMID: 38176189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba) is an essential plant with countless economic benefits; however, its growth and metabolic processes are hampered by boron (B) stresses. Very little research has been performed to elucidate boron tolerance and detoxification mechanisms in this species. The M. alba cultivar, Yu-711, was exposed to five different concentrations of boric acid (H3BO3), including deficient (T1; 0 mM) moderate B deficiency (T2; 0.02 mM), sufficient (CK; 0.1 mM) and toxic (T3 and T4; 0.5 and 1 mM) levels for 18 days of growth in pots experiment. Transcriptome analysis of B deficiency and toxicity treatments was performed on mulberry leaves. The transcriptome data reveal that a total of 6114 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), of which 3830 were up-regulated and 2284 were down-regulated. A comparative analysis between treatment groups CK-vs-T1 (deficiency) and CK-vs-T4 (toxicity) indicates that 590 and 1383 genes were down-regulated in both deficiency and B toxicity, respectively. The results show that 206 genes were differentially expressed in all treatments. B deficiency and toxicity significantly altered the expression of the key aquaporins (PIP2-1, PIP2-7, PIP2-4 and NIP3-1) and high-affinity boron transporter genes (BOR1 and BOR7). In addition, boron stress also altered the expression of antioxidants and photosynthesis-related genes. B stresses were found to alter several transcription factors including ERF1B, which is associated with the regulation of boron uptake and the synthesis and signaling of phytohormones. Unravelling the mechanisms of B tolerance and detoxification is important and would give us further insight into how B stresses affect mulberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Kwarteng Amoako
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Michael Ackah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haonan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisu Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, People's Republic of China.
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Tan L, Ishihara M, Black I, Glushka J, Heiss C, Azadi P. Duckweed pectic-arabinogalactan-proteins can crosslink through borate diester bonds. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121202. [PMID: 37567699 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Material containing pectin and arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) was released and purified from Spirodela alcohol insoluble residues. Results of carbohydrate analyses and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy suggest that this material is composed of apiogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I covalently attached to AGPs. 11B NMR spectroscopy indicated that some of the glycoses in this complex exist as their boric acid monoesters. Borate diesters were formed when the pectic-AGPs were allowed to react at pH above 6.2 with the boron-depleted pectic-AGPs, suggesting that in vitro two pectic-AGP molecules can crosslink to one another through borate. Borate diesters also formed when the pectic-AGPs were incubated with monomeric rhamnogalacturonan-II in the presence of Pb2+ ion at pH 9.2. This data presents evidence of the first wall polymer after rhamnogalacturonan-II to crosslink through borate diesters. We suggest that the formation of these borate-crosslinks may help Spirodela respond to high-pH condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
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7
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Bolan S, Wijesekara H, Amarasiri D, Zhang T, Ragályi P, Brdar-Jokanović M, Rékási M, Lin JY, Padhye LP, Zhao H, Wang L, Rinklebe J, Wang H, Siddique KHM, Kirkham MB, Bolan N. Boron contamination and its risk management in terrestrial and aquatic environmental settings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:164744. [PMID: 37315601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is released to terrestrial and aquatic environments through both natural and anthropogenic sources. This review describes the current knowledge on B contamination in soil and aquatic environments in relation to its geogenic and anthropogenic sources, biogeochemistry, environmental and human health impacts, remediation approaches, and regulatory practices. The common naturally occurring sources of B include borosilicate minerals, volcanic eruptions, geothermal and groundwater streams, and marine water. Boron is extensively used to manufacture fiberglass, thermal-resistant borosilicate glass and porcelain, cleaning detergents, vitreous enamels, weedicides, fertilizers, and B-based steel for nuclear shields. Anthropogenic sources of B released into the environment include wastewater for irrigation, B fertilizer application, and waste from mining and processing industries. Boron is an essential element for plant nutrition and is taken up mainly as boric acid molecules. Although B deficiency in agricultural soils has been observed, B toxicity can inhibit plant growth in soils under arid and semiarid regions. High B intake by humans can be detrimental to the stomach, liver, kidneys and brain, and eventually results in death. Amelioration of soils and water sources enriched with B can be achieved by immobilization, leaching, adsorption, phytoremediation, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. The development of cost-effective technologies for B removal from B-rich irrigation water including electrodialysis and electrocoagulation techniques is likely to help control the predominant anthropogenic input of B to the soil. Future research initiatives for the sustainable remediation of B contamination using advanced technologies in soil and water environments are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Dhulmy Amarasiri
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Péter Ragályi
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest 1022, Hungary
| | - Milka Brdar-Jokanović
- Department of Vegetable and Alternative Crops, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad 21000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Márk Rékási
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest 1022, Hungary
| | - Jui-Yen Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Haochen Zhao
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia.
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8
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Xiang M, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Liu X, Li Q, Leng Z, Sha J, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Galactosylation of xyloglucan is essential for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane system through the proper assembly of cell walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5104-5123. [PMID: 37386914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan, a major hemicellulose, interacts with cellulose and pectin to assemble primary cell walls in plants. Loss of the xyloglucan galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) leads to the deficiency of galactosylated xyloglucan and perturbs plant growth. However, it is unclear whether defects in xyloglucan galactosylation influence the synthesis of other wall polysaccharides, cell wall integrity, cytoskeleton behaviour, and endomembrane homeostasis. Here, we found that in mur3-7 etiolated seedlings cellulose was reduced, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) genes were down-regulated, the density and mobility of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) were decreased, and cellulose microfibrils become discontinuous. Pectin, rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII), and boron contents were reduced in mur3-7 plants, and B-RGII cross-linking was abnormal. Wall porosity and thickness were significantly increased in mur3-7 seedlings. Endomembrane aggregation was also apparent in the mur3-7 mutant. Furthermore, mutant seedlings and their actin filaments were more sensitive to Latrunculin A (LatA) treatment. However, all defects in mur3-7 mutants were substantially restored by exogenous boric acid application. Our study reveals the importance of MUR3-mediated xyloglucan galactosylation for cell wall structural assembly and homeostasis, which is required for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qingyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhengmei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jingjing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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9
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Begum RA, Messenger DJ, Fry SC. Making and breaking of boron bridges in the pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan-II at apoplastic pH in vivo and in vitro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1310-1329. [PMID: 36658763 PMCID: PMC10952590 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of the cell-wall pectin domain rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) via boron bridges between apiose residues is essential for normal plant growth and development, but little is known about its mechanism or reversibility. We characterized the making and breaking of boron bridges in vivo and in vitro at 'apoplastic' pH. RG-II (13-26 μm) was incubated in living Rosa cell cultures and cell-free media with and without 1.2 mm H3 BO3 and cationic chaperones (Ca2+ , Pb2+ , polyhistidine, or arabinogalactan-protein oligopeptides). The cross-linking status of RG-II was monitored electrophoretically. Dimeric RG-II was stable at pH 2.0-7.0 in vivo and in vitro. In-vitro dimerization required a 'catalytic' cation at all pHs tested (1.75-7.0); thus, merely neutralizing the negative charge of RG-II (at pH 1.75) does not enable boron bridging. Pb2+ (20-2500 μm) was highly effective at pH 1.75-4.0, but not 4.75-7.0. Cationic peptides were effective at approximately 1-30 μm; higher concentrations caused less dimerization, probably because two RG-IIs then rarely bonded to the same peptide molecule. Peptides were ineffective at pH 1.75, their pH optimum being 2.5-4.75. d-Apiose (>40 mm) blocked RG-II dimerization in vitro, but did not cleave existing boron bridges. Rosa cells did not take up d-[U-14 C]apiose; therefore, exogenous apiose would block only apoplastic RG-II dimerization in vivo. In conclusion, apoplastic pH neither broke boron bridges nor prevented their formation. Thus boron-starved cells cannot salvage boron from RG-II, and 'acid growth' is not achieved by pH-dependent monomerization of RG-II. Divalent metals and cationic peptides catalyse RG-II dimerization via co-ordinate and ionic bonding respectively (possible and impossible, respectively, at pH 1.75). Exogenous apiose may be useful to distinguish intra- and extra-protoplasmic dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara Begum
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of DhakaCurzon HallDhaka1000Bangladesh
| | - David J. Messenger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Unilever U.K. Central Resources LimitedColworth Science ParkSharnbrookMK44 1LQUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
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10
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Bolaños L, Abreu I, Bonilla I, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Reguera M. What Can Boron Deficiency Symptoms Tell Us about Its Function and Regulation? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:777. [PMID: 36840125 PMCID: PMC9963425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Warington's discovery of boron (B) as a nutrient essential for higher plants, "boronists" have struggled to demonstrate a role beyond its structural function in cell walls dimerizing pectin molecules of rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII). In this regard, B deficiency has been associated with a plethora of symptoms in plants that include macroscopic symptoms like growth arrest and cell death and biochemical or molecular symptoms that include changes in cell wall pore size, apoplast acidification, or a steep ROS production that leads to an oxidative burst. Aiming to shed light on B functions in plant biology, we proposed here a unifying model integrating the current knowledge about B function(s) in plants to explain why B deficiency can cause such remarkable effects on plant growth and development, impacting crop productivity. In addition, based on recent experimental evidence that suggests the existence of different B ligands other than RGII in plant cells, namely glycolipids, and glycoproteins, we proposed an experimental pipeline to identify putative missing ligands and to determine how they would integrate into the above-mentioned model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bolaños
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ildefonso Bonilla
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Begum RA, Fry SC. Boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II in Rosa and arabidopsis cell cultures occurs mainly in the endo-membrane system and continues at a reduced rate after secretion. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:703-715. [PMID: 36112021 PMCID: PMC9670748 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a domain of primary cell-wall pectin. Pairs of RG-II domains are covalently cross-linked via borate diester bridges, necessary for normal cell growth. Interpreting the precise mechanism and roles of boron bridging is difficult because there are conflicting hypotheses as to whether bridging occurs mainly within the Golgi system, concurrently with secretion or within the cell wall. We therefore explored the kinetics of RG-II bridging. METHODS Cell-suspension cultures of Rosa and arabidopsis were pulse-radiolabelled with [14C]glucose, then the boron bridging status of newly synthesized [14C]RG-II domains was tracked by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of endo-polygalacturonase digests. KEY RESULTS Optimal culture ages for 14C-labelling were ~5 and ~1 d in Rosa and arabidopsis respectively. De-novo [14C]polysaccharide production occurred for the first ~90 min; thereafter the radiolabelled molecules were tracked as they 'aged' in the wall. Monomeric and (boron-bridged) dimeric [14C]RG-II domains appeared simultaneously, both being detectable within 4 min of [14C]glucose feeding, i.e. well before the secretion of newly synthesized [14C]polysaccharides into the apoplast at ~15-20 min. The [14C]dimer : [14C]monomer ratio of RG-II remained approximately constant from 4 to 120 min, indicating that boron bridging was occurring within the Golgi system during polysaccharide biosynthesis. However, [14C]dimers increased slightly over the following 15 h, indicating that limited boron bridging was continuing after secretion. CONCLUSIONS The results show where in the cell (and thus when in the 'career' of an RG-II domain) boron bridging occurs, helping to define the possible biological roles of RG-II dimerization and the probable localization of boron-donating glycoproteins or glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara Begum
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Curzon Hall, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh
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12
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An Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-protein (AGP31) and several cationic AGP fragments catalyse the boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II. Biochem J 2022; 479:1967-1984. [PMID: 36062804 PMCID: PMC9555800 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a complex pectic domain in plant primary cell walls. In vivo, most RG-II domains are covalently dimerised via borate diester bridges, essential for correct cell-wall assembly, but the dimerisation of pure RG-II monomers by boric acid in vitro is extremely slow. Cationic ‘chaperones’ can promote dimerisation, probably by overcoming the mutual repulsion between neighbouring anionic RG-II molecules. Highly effective artificial chaperones include Pb2+ and polyhistidine, but the proposed natural chaperones remained elusive. We have now tested cationic peptide fragments of several Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) as candidates. Fragments of AGP17, 18, 19 and 31 were effective, typically at ∼25 µg/ml (9–19 µM), promoting the boron bridging of 16–20 µM monomeric RG-II at pH 4.8 in vitro. Native AGP31 glycoprotein was also effective, and hexahistidine was moderately so. All chaperones tested interacted reversibly with RG-II and were not consumed during the reaction; thus they acted catalytically, and may constitute the first reported boron-acting enzyme activity, an RG-II borate diesterase. Many of the peptide chaperones became less effective catalysts at higher concentration, which we interpret as due to the formation of RG-II–peptide complexes with a net positive charge, as mutually repulsive as negatively charged pure RG-II molecules. The four unique AGPs studied here may serve an enzymic role in the living plant cell, acting on RG-II within Golgi cisternae and/or in the apoplast after secretion. In this way, RG-II and specific AGPs may contribute to cell-wall assembly and hence plant cell expansion and development.
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13
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Yang G, Qu M, Xu G, Li Y, Li X, Feng Y, Xiao H, He Y, Shabala S, Demidchik V, Liu J, Yu M. pH-Dependent mitigation of aluminum toxicity in pea (Pisum sativum) roots by boron. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 318:111208. [PMID: 35351298 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity are two major constraints on plants grown in acidic soils. B supply mitigates Al toxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms of this process remain elusive. In this work, Pisum sativum plants were used to address this issue. In the absence of pH buffers, B supply had a better mitigation effect on Al-induced root inhibition at pH 4.0 than pH 4.8. However, in MES buffered solution, mitigating effects of B on Al-induced root inhibition were more pronounced at pH 4.8, indicating a strong pH dependency of this process. Quantification of pH-dependent accumulation of Al in various root zones, modification of root pH by an exogenous addition of rapid alkalization factor (RALF), and measuring changes in the rhizosphere pH by fluorescent dyes have revealed operation of two concurrent mechanisms to explain alleviation of the inhibition of root elongation induced by Al toxicity by boron: (1) via enhancing rhizosphere pH under strong acidic stress (pH4.0), and (2) via stabilizing of cell wall by cross-linking with RGII at relatively higher pH (4.8). These findings provide scientific basis and support for the application of B fertilizers in the regions with inherited soil acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Yang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Qu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guilian Xu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yalin Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingming Feng
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongdong Xiao
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongming He
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China; Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jiayou Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000 Foshan, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Silva SLO, Prado RDM, Abreu-Junior CH, da Silva GP, da Silva Júnior GB, da Silva JLF. 10Boron Is Mobile in Cowpea Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:717219. [PMID: 34721451 PMCID: PMC8554063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.717219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, but its production is usually limited by boron (B) deficiency, which can be mitigated by applying B via foliar spraying. In plants with nutrient mobility, the residual effect of foliar fertilization increases, which might improve its efficiency. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the concentration and mobility of the B isotopic tracer (10B) in different organs of cowpea plants, after the application of this micronutrient in the growing media and also to leaves. Treatments were designed based on B fertilization as follows: without B in the growth media, with 10B applied via foliar spraying (10B-L), with B in the growth media (substrate) and 10B via foliar spraying (10B-L + B-S), and with 10B in the growth media (substrate) without foliar spraying (10B-S), and a control without fertilization. A redistribution of 10B was observed in new leaves when the element was supplied via foliar spraying, resulting in greater leaf area, dry mass and dry matter production of aerial parts, and also the whole plant. 10Boron was redistributed when applied via foliar spraying in cowpea plants, regardless of the plant's nutritional status, which in turn might increase internal B cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Soils and Fertilizers Sector, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Lucas Farias da Silva
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Soils and Fertilizers Sector, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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15
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De la Rubia AG, Mélida H, Centeno ML, Encina A, García-Angulo P. Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081514. [PMID: 34451558 PMCID: PMC8401974 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling.
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16
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Wang G, DiTusa SF, Oh DH, Herrmann AD, Mendoza-Cozatl DG, O'Neill MA, Smith AP, Dassanayake M. Cross species multi-omics reveals cell wall sequestration and elevated global transcript abundance as mechanisms of boron tolerance in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1985-2000. [PMID: 33629348 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boron toxicity is a world-wide problem for crops, yet we have a limited understanding of the genetic responses and adaptive mechanisms to this stress in plants. We employed a cross-species comparison between boron stress-sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana and its boron stress-tolerant extremophyte relative Schrenkiella parvula, and a multi-omics approach integrating genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and ionomics to assess plant responses and adaptations to boron stress. Schrenkiella parvula maintains lower concentrations of total boron and free boric acid than Arabidopsis when grown with excess boron. Schrenkiella parvula excludes excess boron more efficiently than Arabidopsis, which we propose is partly driven by SpBOR5, a boron transporter that we functionally characterize in this study. Both species use cell walls as a partial sink for excess boron. When accumulated in the cytoplasm, excess boron appears to interrupt RNA metabolism. The extremophyte S. parvula facilitates critical cellular processes while maintaining the pool of ribose-containing compounds that can bind with boric acid. The S. parvula transcriptome is pre-adapted to boron toxicity. It exhibits substantial overlaps with the Arabidopsis boron-stress responsive transcriptome. Cell wall sequestration and increases in global transcript levels under excess boron conditions emerge as key mechanisms for sustaining plant growth under boron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Sandra Feuer DiTusa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Dong-Ha Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Achim D Herrmann
- Department of Geology & Geophysics and Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - David G Mendoza-Cozatl
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Aaron P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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17
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Zhao X, Ebert B, Zhang B, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Rautengarten C, Li H, Chen X, Bacic A, Wang G, Men S, Zhou Y, Heazlewood JL, Wu AM. UDP-Api/UDP-Xyl synthases affect plant development by controlling the content of UDP-Api to regulate the RG-II-borate complex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:252-267. [PMID: 32662159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is structurally the most complex glycan in higher plants, containing 13 different sugars and 21 distinct glycosidic linkages. Two monomeric RG-II molecules can form an RG-II-borate diester dimer through the two apiosyl (Api) residues of side chain A to regulate cross-linking of pectin in the cell wall. But the relationship of Api biosynthesis and RG-II dimer is still unclear. In this study we investigated the two homologous UDP-D-apiose/UDP-D-xylose synthases (AXSs) in Arabidopsis thaliana that synthesize UDP-D-apiose (UDP-Api). Both AXSs are ubiquitously expressed, while AXS2 has higher overall expression than AXS1 in the tissues analyzed. The homozygous axs double mutant is lethal, while heterozygous axs1/+ axs2 and axs1 axs2/+ mutants display intermediate phenotypes. The axs1/+ axs2 mutant plants are unable to set seed and die. By contrast, the axs1 axs2/+ mutant plants exhibit loss of shoot and root apical dominance. UDP-Api content in axs1 axs2/+ mutants is decreased by 83%. The cell wall of axs1 axs2/+ mutant plants is thicker and contains less RG-II-borate complex than wild-type Col-0 plants. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence of the importance of AXSs for UDP-Api and RG-II-borate complex formation in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huabin Liu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yutao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
- Department of Animal, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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18
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Qin S, Liu H, Rengel Z, Gao W, Nie Z, Li C, Hou M, Cheng J, Zhao P. Boron inhibits cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by regulating gene expression. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 297:110522. [PMID: 32563461 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Various nutrients (Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Si, etc.) can supress cadmium (Cd) uptake and alleviate Cd toxicity, but the mechanisms are not the same. In this study, the molecular mechanism governing the effects of boron (B) on uptake of Cd in hydroponically grown wheat was characterized. As compared to control (0 μM Cd), B concentration per plant decreased by 22% and 29% under 5 μM Cd and 50 μM Cd treatment respectively. In addition, B application decreased Cd concentration and accumulation in whole wheat. Correlation analysis of different elements show that there was a highly negative correlation between concentrations of B and Cd (r = -0.854 with significant correlation) in wheat. Additionally, 16,543 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (7666 up- and 8877 down-regulated) were detected between 0 and 5 μM Cd treatments in wheat roots by transcriptome sequencing. Gene ontology functional category and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analyses indicated that the DEGs were involved in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Five highly homologous genes to Cd transporters were identified; these genes were involved in metal ion binding, transmembrane ion transport, and protein transport. According to the qRT-PCR results, expression of all these genes was down-regulated in the 462 μM of B treatment compared with the 46.2 μM of B treatment regardless of the Cd treatments (0.5 or 5 μM Cd). These results suggest that B is an inhibitor of Cd uptake, and the down-regulation of five highly homologous genes could be associated with decreased uptake of Cd after B application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongen Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaojun Nie
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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19
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Wimmer MA, Abreu I, Bell RW, Bienert MD, Brown PH, Dell B, Fujiwara T, Goldbach HE, Lehto T, Mock HP, von Wirén N, Bassil E, Bienert GP. Boron: an essential element for vascular plants: A comment on Lewis (2019) 'Boron: the essential element for vascular plants that never was'. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1232-1237. [PMID: 31674046 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Wimmer
- Department Quality of Plant Products, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard W Bell
- Agriculture Discipline, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Manuela D Bienert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick H Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bernard Dell
- Agriculture Discipline, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Heiner E Goldbach
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tarja Lehto
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80110, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elias Bassil
- Horticultural Sciences Department and Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Gerd P Bienert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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20
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O'Neill MA, Black I, Urbanowicz B, Bharadwaj V, Crowley M, Koj S, Peña MJ. Locating Methyl-Etherified and Methyl-Esterified Uronic Acids in the Plant Cell Wall Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:329-344. [PMID: 32468908 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320923321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide that exists as a borate ester cross-linked dimer in the cell walls of all vascular plants. The glycosyl sequence of RG-II is largely conserved, but there is evidence that galacturonic acid (GalA) methyl etherification and glucuronic acid (GlcA) methyl esterification vary in the A sidechain across plant species. Methyl esterification of the galacturonan backbone has also been reported but not confirmed. Here we describe a new procedure, utilizing aq. sodium borodeuteride (NaBD4)-reduced RG-II, to identify the methyl esterification status of backbone GalAs. Our data suggest that up to two different GalAs are esterified in the RG-II backbone. We also adapted a procedure based on methanolysis and NaBD4 reduction to identify 3-, 4-, and 3,4-O-methyl GalA in RG-II. These data, together with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of sidechain A generated from selected RG-IIs and their NaBD4-reduced counterparts, suggest that methyl etherification of the β-linked GalA and methyl esterification of the GlcA are widespread. Nevertheless, the extent of these modifications varies between plant species. Our analysis of the sidechain B glycoforms in RG-II from different dicots and nonpoalean monocots suggests that this sidechain has a minimum structure of an O-acetylated hexasaccharide (Ara-[MeFuc]-Gal-AceA-Rha-Api-). To complement these studies, we provide further evidence showing that dimer formation and stability in vitro is cation and borate dependent. Taken together, our data further refine the primary sequence and sequence variation of RG-II and provide additional insight into dimer stability and factors controlling dimer self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Mike Crowley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Sabina Koj
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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21
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FERONIA controls pectin- and nitric oxide-mediated male–female interaction. Nature 2020; 579:561-566. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Du W, Pan ZY, Hussain SB, Han ZX, Peng SA, Liu YZ. Foliar Supplied Boron Can Be Transported to Roots as a Boron-Sucrose Complex via Phloem in Citrus Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:250. [PMID: 32211005 PMCID: PMC7076173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although foliar boron (B) fertilization is regarded as an efficient way to remedy B deficiency, the mechanisms of foliar B transport from leaves to roots are still unclear. In this study, performed with 1-year-old "Newhall" navel orange (Citrus sinensis) grafted on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) plants, we analyzed the B concentration in leaves and roots, B-sucrose complex in the phloem sap after foliar application of 10B, girdling, and/or shading treatments. Results indicated that 10B concentration was significantly increased in roots after foliar 10B treatment. On the other hand, both girdling the scion stem and shading over the plants with a black plastic net significantly reduced the B and 10B concentration in roots. LC-MS analysis revealed that foliar 10B-treated plants had higher concentration of sucrose and some sugar alcohols in the phloem sap as compared to foliar water-treated plants. Combining with the analysis in the artificial mixture of B and sucrose, a higher peak intensity of the 10B-sucrose complex was found in the phloem sap of foliar 10B-treated plants compared to the control plants. Taken together, it is concluded that foliar B can be long distance transported from leaves to roots via phloem, at least by forming a B-sucrose complex in citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Syed Bilal Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-Xing Han
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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23
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Boron Toxicity and Deficiency in Agricultural Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041424. [PMID: 32093172 PMCID: PMC7073067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron is an essential plant micronutrient taken up via the roots mostly in the form of boric acid. Its important role in plant metabolism involves the stabilization of molecules with cis-diol groups. The element is involved in the cell wall and membrane structure and functioning; therefore, it participates in numerous ion, metabolite, and hormone transport reactions. Boron has an extremely narrow range between deficiency and toxicity, and inadequate boron supply exhibits a detrimental effect on the yield of agricultural plants. The deficiency problem can be solved by fertilization, whereas soil boron toxicity can be ameliorated using various procedures; however, these approaches are costly and time-consuming, and they often show temporary effects. Plant species, as well as the genotypes within the species, dramatically differ in terms of boron requirements; thus, the available soil boron which is deficient for one crop may exhibit toxic effects on another. The widely documented intraspecies genetic variability regarding boron utilization efficiency and toxicity tolerance, together with the knowledge of the physiology and genetics of boron, should result in the development of efficient and tolerant varieties that may represent a long-term sustainable solution for the problem of inadequate or excess boron supply.
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24
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Riaz M, Yan L, Wu X, Hussain S, Aziz O, El-Desouki Z, Jiang C. Excess boron inhibited the trifoliate orange growth by inducing oxidative stress, alterations in cell wall structure, and accumulation of free boron. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:105-113. [PMID: 31136933 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The boron (B) is an essential nutrient and plays an important role in the stability of the primary cell wall (CW). Due to the narrow window between B deficiency and toxicity, mismanagement practices lead to B toxicity that inhibit root growth and overall crop productivity. However, the exact cause of root growth inhibition remains unclear. The present study examined the potential causes and targets of B toxicity by studying intercellular mechanism. The trifoliate seedlings were cultured under excess B conditions. The results indicated that plant growth was inhibited by excess B, nevertheless, the effects were prominent on roots and leaves. B toxicity exacerbated oxidative stress and root cell death. The analysis of CW functional groups, CW microstructure and B forms lead to the conclusion that alterations in CW, and accumulation of free-B and carbohydrates might cause inhibition of growth and visible symptoms of B toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Omar Aziz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Depalpur Okara, 56300, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Zeinab El-Desouki
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11241, Egypt
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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25
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A nanostructural view of the cell wall disassembly process during fruit ripening and postharvest storage by atomic force microscopy. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Sechet J, Htwe S, Urbanowicz B, Agyeman A, Feng W, Ishikawa T, Colomes M, Kumar KS, Kawai‐Yamada M, Dinneny JR, O'Neill MA, Mortimer JC. Suppression of Arabidopsis GGLT1 affects growth by reducing the L-galactose content and borate cross-linking of rhamnogalacturonan-II. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:1036-1050. [PMID: 30203879 PMCID: PMC6263843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Boron is a micronutrient that is required for the normal growth and development of vascular plants, but its precise functions remain a subject of debate. One established role for boron is in the cell wall where it forms a diester cross-link between two monomers of the low-abundance pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II). The inability of RG-II to properly assemble into a dimer results in the formation of cell walls with abnormal biochemical and biomechanical properties and has a severe impact on plant productivity. Here we describe the effects on RG-II structure and cross-linking and on the growth of plants in which the expression of a GDP-sugar transporter (GONST3/GGLT1) has been reduced. In the GGLT1-silenced plants the amount of L-galactose in side-chain A of RG-II is reduced by up to 50%. This leads to a reduction in the extent of RG-II cross-linking in the cell walls as well as a reduction in the stability of the dimer in the presence of calcium chelators. The silenced plants have a dwarf phenotype, which is rescued by growth in the presence of increased amounts of boric acid. Similar to the mur1 mutant, which also disrupts RG-II cross-linking, GGLT1-silenced plants display a loss of cell wall integrity under salt stress. We conclude that GGLT1 is probably the primary Golgi GDP-L-galactose transporter, and provides GDP-L-galactose for RG-II biosynthesis. We propose that the L-galactose residue is critical for RG-II dimerization and for the stability of the borate cross-link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sechet
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Present address:
INRAVersailles78000France
| | - Soe Htwe
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Abigail Agyeman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
- Present address:
School of PharmacySouth UniversitySavannahGA31406USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institute for ScienceStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitama338‐8570Japan
| | - Marianne Colomes
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Present address:
NutribioParis75440France
| | - Kavitha Satish Kumar
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Maki Kawai‐Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitama338‐8570Japan
| | - José R. Dinneny
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institute for ScienceStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Malcolm A. O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
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27
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Yan L, Riaz M, Wu X, Du C, Liu Y, Jiang C. Ameliorative effects of boron on aluminum induced variations of cell wall cellulose and pectin components in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.) rootstock. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:764-774. [PMID: 29778812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity is a major limitation in the production of crops in the soils with pH ≤ 5. Boron (B) is indispensable nutrient for the development of higher plants and B role has been reported in the alleviation Al toxicity. Trifoliate orange rootstock was grown in two B and two Al concentrations. The results of the present study showed that Al toxicity adversely inhibited root elongation and exhibited higher oxidative stress in terms of H2O2 and O2- under B-deficiency. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the increase of the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall (CW). Al-induced remarkable variations in the CW components were prominent in terms of alkali-soluble pectin, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) and the degree of methyl-esterification (DME) of pectin. Interesting, B supply reduced the pectin (alkali-soluble) under Al toxicity. Moreover, the results of FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and 13C-NMR (13C nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra revealed the decrease of carboxyl groups and cellulose by B application during Al exposure. Furthermore, B supply tended to decrease the Al uptake, CW thickness and callose formation. The study concluded that B could mitigate Al phytotoxicity by shielding potential Al binding sites and by reducing Al induced alterations in the CW cellulose and pectin components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Chenqing Du
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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28
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Dewhirst RA, Fry SC. Oxalyltransferase, a plant cell-wall acyltransferase activity, transfers oxalate groups from ascorbate metabolites to carbohydrates. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:743-757. [PMID: 29882267 PMCID: PMC6099474 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the plant apoplast, ascorbate is oxidised, via dehydroascorbic acid, to O-oxalyl esters [oxalyl-l-threonate (OxT) and cyclic oxalyl-l-threonate (cOxT)]. We tested whether OxT and cOxT can donate the oxalyl group in transacylation reactions to form oxalyl-polysaccharides, potentially modifying the cell wall. [oxalyl-14 C]OxT was incubated with living spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Arabidopsis cell-suspension cultures in the presence or absence of proposed acceptor substrates (carbohydrates). In addition, [14 C]OxT and [14 C]cOxT were incubated in vitro with cell-wall enzyme preparations plus proposed acceptor substrates. Radioactive products were monitored electrophoretically. Oxalyltransferase activity was detected. Living cells incorporated oxalate groups from OxT into cell-wall polymers via ester bonds. When sugars were added, [14 C]oxalyl-sugars were formed, in competition with OxT hydrolysis. Preferred acceptor substrates were carbohydrates possessing primary alcohols e.g. glucose. A model transacylation product, [14 C]oxalyl-glucose, was relatively stable in vivo (half-life >24 h), whereas [14 C]OxT underwent rapid turnover (half-life ~6 h). Ionically wall-bound enzymes catalysed similar transacylation reactions in vitro with OxT or cOxT as oxalyl donor substrates and any of a range of sugars or hemicelluloses as acceptor substrates. Glucosamine was O-oxalylated, not N-oxalylated. We conclude that plants possess apoplastic acyltransferase (oxalyltransferase) activity that transfers oxalyl groups from ascorbate catabolites to carbohydrates, forming relatively long-lived O-oxalyl-carbohydrates. The findings increase the range of known metabolites whose accumulation in vivo indicates vitamin C catabolism. Possible signalling roles of the resulting oxalyl-sugars can now be investigated, as can the potential ability of polysaccharide oxalylation to modify the wall's physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Dewhirst
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
wildFIRE labHatherly LaboratoriesPrince of Wales RoadUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
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Poza-Viejo L, Abreu I, González-García MP, Allauca P, Bonilla I, Bolaños L, Reguera M. Boron deficiency inhibits root growth by controlling meristem activity under cytokinin regulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:176-189. [PMID: 29576071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the last years trying to identify regulatory pathways that control plant responses to boron (B) deficiency. Still, there is a lack of a deep understanding of how they act regulating growth and development under B limiting conditions. Here, we analyzed the impact of B deficit on cell division leading to root apical meristem (RAM) disorganization. Our results reveal that inhibition of cell proliferation under the regulatory control of cytokinins (CKs) is an early event contributing to root growth arrest under B deficiency. An early recovery of QC46:GUS expression after transferring B-deficient seedlings to control conditions revealed a role of B in the maintenance of QC identity whose loss under deficiency occurred at later stages of the stress. Additionally, the D-type cyclin CYCD3 overexpressor and triple mutant cycd3;1-3 were used to evaluate the effect on mitosis inhibition at the G1-S boundary. Overall, this study supports the hypothesis that meristem activity is inhibited by B deficiency at early stages of the stress as it does cell elongation. Likewise, distinct regulatory mechanisms seem to take place depending on the severity of the stress. The results presented here are key to better understand early signaling responses under B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poza-Viejo
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Present address: Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Present address: Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paúl Allauca
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Bonilla
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Bolaños
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Rossini Oliva S, Mingorance MD, Sanhueza D, Fry SC, Leidi EO. Active proton efflux, nutrient retention and boron-bridging of pectin are related to greater tolerance of proton toxicity in the roots of two Erica species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 126:142-151. [PMID: 29524801 PMCID: PMC5902606 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tolerance to soil acidity was studied in two species of Ericaceae that grow in mine-contaminated soils (S Portugal, SW Spain) to find out if there are interspecific variations in H+ tolerance which might be related to their particular location. METHODS Tolerance to H+ toxicity was tested in nutrient solutions using seeds collected in SW Spain. Plant growth and nutrient contents in leaves, stems and roots were determined. Viability tests and proton exchange were studied in roots exposed, short-term, to acidic conditions. Membrane ATPase activity and the cell-wall pectic polysaccharide domain rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) were analysed to find out interspecific differences. RESULTS Variation in survival, growth and mineral composition was found between species. The H+-tolerant species (Erica andevalensis) showed greater concentration of nutrients than E. australis. Very low pH (pH 2) produced a significant loss of root nutrients (K, P, Mg) in the sensitive species. Root ATPase activity was slightly higher in the tolerant species with a correspondingly greater H+ efflux capacity. In both species, the great majority of the RG-II domains were in their boron-bridged dimeric form. However, shifting to a medium of pH 2 caused some of the boron bridges to break in the sensitive species. CONCLUSIONS Variation in elements linked to the cell wall-membrane complex and the stability of their components (RG-II, H+-ATPases) are crucial for acid stress tolerance. Thus, by maintaining root cell structure, active proton efflux avoided toxic H+ build-up in the cytoplasm and supported greater nutrient acquisition in H+-tolerant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Rossini Oliva
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Av Reina Mercedes, POB 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - M Dolores Mingorance
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (UGR-CSIC), Av Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Eduardo O Leidi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, IRNAS-CSIC, Av Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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31
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Avci U, Peña MJ, O'Neill MA. Changes in the abundance of cell wall apiogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan and conservation of rhamnogalacturonan II structure during the diversification of the Lemnoideae. PLANTA 2018; 247:953-971. [PMID: 29288327 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The diversification of the Lemnoideae was accompanied by a reduction in the abundance of cell wall apiogalacturonan and an increase in xylogalacturonan whereas rhamnogalacturonan II structure and cross-linking are conserved. The subfamily Lemnoideae is comprised of five genera and 38 species of small, fast-growing aquatic monocots. Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza belong to this subfamily and have primary cell walls that contain large amounts of apiogalacturonan and thus are distinct from the primary walls of most other flowering plants. However, the pectins in the cell walls of other members of the Lemnoideae have not been investigated. Here, we show that apiogalacturonan decreased substantially as the Lemnoideae diversified since Wolffiella and Wolffia walls contain between 63 and 88% less apiose than Spirodela, Landoltia, and Lemna walls. In Wolffia, the most derived genus, xylogalacturonan is far more abundant than apiogalacturonan, whereas in Wolffiella pectic polysaccharides have a high arabinose content, which may arise from arabinan sidechains of RG I. The apiose-containing pectin rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) exists in Lemnoideae walls as a borate cross-linked dimer and has a glycosyl sequence similar to RG-II from terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, species-dependent variations in the extent of methyl-etherification of RG-II sidechain A and arabinosylation of sidechain B are discernible. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that pectin methyl-esterification is higher in developing daughter frond walls than in mother frond walls, indicating that methyl-esterification is associated with expanding cells. Our data support the notion that a functional cell wall requires conservation of RG-II structure and cross-linking but can accommodate structural changes in other pectins. The Lemnoideae provide a model system to study the mechanisms by which wall structure and composition has changed in closely related plants with similar growth habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Mahmud JA, Nahar K, Mohsin SM, Parvin K, Fujita M. Interaction of sulfur with phytohormones and signaling molecules in conferring abiotic stress tolerance to plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1477905. [PMID: 29939817 PMCID: PMC6103289 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1477905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is a macronutrient for the plant, which has an immense role in basic plant processes and regulation of several metabolic pathways. It has also a major role in providing protection against adverse conditions. Sulfur-containing amino acids and metabolites maintain plant cell mechanisms to improve stress tolerance. It interacts with several biomolecules such as phytohormones, polyamines, nitric oxide (NO), and even with other plant nutrients, which can produce some derivatives those are essential for abiotic stress tolerance. Different S derivatives stimulate signaling cascades, for the upregulation of different cellular messengers such as abscisic acid, Ca2+, and NO. Sulfur is also known to interact with some essential plant nutrients by influencing their uptake and transport, hence, confers nutrient homeostasis efficiencies. This review focuses on how S is interacted with several signaling molecules like NO, glutathiones, phytohormones, hydrogen sulfide, polyamines, etc. This is a concise summary aimed at guiding the researchers to study S-related plant processes in the light of abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- CONTACT Mirza Hasanuzzaman
| | - M. H. M. B. Bhuyan
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - J. A. Mahmud
- Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K. Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Mohsin
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - K. Parvin
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - M. Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Yoshinari A, Takano J. Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying Boron Homeostasis in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1951. [PMID: 29204148 PMCID: PMC5698777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron is an essential element for plants but is toxic in excess. Therefore, plants must adapt to both limiting and excess boron conditions for normal growth. Boron transport in plants is primarily based on three transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane: passive diffusion of boric acid, facilitated diffusion of boric acid via channels, and export of borate anion via transporters. Under boron -limiting conditions, boric acid channels and borate exporters function in the uptake and translocation of boron to support growth of various plant species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, NIP5;1 and BOR1 are located in the plasma membrane and polarized toward soil and stele, respectively, in various root cells, for efficient transport of boron from the soil to the stele. Importantly, sufficient levels of boron induce downregulation of NIP5;1 and BOR1 through mRNA degradation and proteolysis through endocytosis, respectively. In addition, borate exporters, such as Arabidopsis BOR4 and barley Bot1, function in boron exclusion from tissues and cells under conditions of excess boron. Thus, plants actively regulate intracellular localization and abundance of transport proteins to maintain boron homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms of intracellular localization and abundance of boron transport proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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34
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Zhou T, Hua Y, Zhang B, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Shi L, Xu F. Low-Boron Tolerance Strategies Involving Pectin-Mediated Cell Wall Mechanical Properties in Brassica napus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1991-2005. [PMID: 29016959 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for the growth and development of plants. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is a staple oleaginous crop, which is greatly susceptible to B deficiency. Significant differences in tolerance of low-B stresses are observed in rapeseed genotypes, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear, particularly at the single-cell level. Here we provide novel insights into pectin-mediated cell wall (CW) mechanical properties implicated in the differential tolerance of low B in rapeseed genotypes. Under B deficiency, suspension cells of the low-B-sensitive genotype 'W10' showed more severely deformed morphology, lower viabilities and a more easily ruptured CW than those of the low-B-tolerant genotype 'QY10'. Cell rupture was attributed to the weakened CW mechanical strength detected by atomic force microscopy; the CW mechanical strength of 'QY10' was reduced by 13.6 and 17.4%, whereas that of 'W10' was reduced by 29.0 and 30.4% under 0.25 and 0.10 μM B conditions, respectively. The mechanical strength differences between 'QY10' and 'W10' were diminished after the removal of pectin. Further, 'W10' exhibited significantly higher pectin concentrations with much more rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) monomer, and also presented obviously higher mRNA abundances of pectin biosynthesis-related genes than 'QY10' under B deficiency. CW regeneration was more difficult for protoplasts of 'W10' than for those of 'QY10'. Taking the results together, we conclude that the variations in pectin-endowed CW mechanical properties play key roles in modulating the differential genotypic tolerance of rapeseed to low-B stresses at both the single-cell and the plant level, and this can potentially be used as a selection trait for low-B-tolerant rapeseed breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingpeng Hua
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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35
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Wu D, Cui L, Yang G, Ning X, Sun L, Zhou Y. Preparing rhamnogalacturonan II domains from seven plant pectins using Penicillium oxalicum degradation and their structural comparison. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 180:209-215. [PMID: 29103497 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a complex pectin with diverse pharmaceutical activities. To assess how RG-II functions, the development of methods for its preparation is required. In this paper, pectin from Codonopsis pilosula was used to evaluate the ability of fungi and bacteria to degrade the pectin. We discovered that the fungus Penicillium oxalicum could efficiently lead to the recovery of RG-II domains by degrading the other pectic domains. Further, six pectin fractions from different medical plants were used as the sole carbon source for the growth of Penicillium oxalicum. The major polymeric products remaining after fungus degradation was RG-II domains. Depending of plant source, side chains A differed with respect to their proportion of L-Gal and L-Fuc and to their degree of methyletherification. Side chains B were made of 8-10 sugar residues and up to 2 acetyl groups. Overall, our method provides an effective way to prepare RG-II pectin domains for investigating their structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Liangnan Cui
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Xing Ning
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
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Voxeur A, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Legée F, Sakai K, Antelme S, Durand-Tardif M, Lapierre C, Sibout R. Altered lignification in mur1-1 a mutant deficient in GDP-L-fucose synthesis with reduced RG-II cross linking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184820. [PMID: 28961242 PMCID: PMC5621668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the plant cell wall, boron links two pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) chains together to form a dimer and thus contributes to the reinforcement of cell adhesion. We studied the mur1-1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana which has lost the ability to form GDP-fucose in the shoots and show that the extent of RG-II cross-linking is reduced in the lignified stem of this mutant. Surprisingly, MUR1 mutation induced an enrichment of resistant interunit bonds in lignin and triggered the overexpression of many genes involved in lignified tissue formation and in jasmonic acid signaling. The defect in GDP-fucose synthesis induced a loss of cell adhesion at the interface between stele and cortex, as well as between interfascicular fibers. This led to the formation of regenerative xylem, where tissue detachment occurred, and underlined a loss of resistance to mechanical forces. Similar observations were also made on bor1-3 mutant stems which are altered in boron xylem loading, leading us to suggest that diminished RG-II dimerization is responsible for regenerative xylem formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Voxeur
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment, Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Legée
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Sébastien Antelme
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Mylène Durand-Tardif
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Richard Sibout
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
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37
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Shi DC, Wang J, Hu RB, Zhou GK, O'Neill MA, Kong YZ. Boron-bridged RG-II and calcium are required to maintain the pectin network of the Arabidopsis seed mucilage ultrastructure. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:267-280. [PMID: 28364389 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a pectin network requires both calcium (Ca2+) and boron (B). Ca2+ is involved in crosslinking pectic polysaccharides and arbitrarily induces the formation of an "egg-box" structure among pectin molecules, while B crosslinks rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) side chain A apiosyl residues in primary cell walls to generate a borate-dimeric-rhamnogalacturonan II (dRG-II-B) complex through a boron-bridge bond, leading to the formation of a pectin network. Based on recent studies of dRG-II-B structures, a hypothesis has been proposed suggesting that Ca2+is a common component of the dRG-II-B complex. However, no in vivo evidence has addressed whether B affects the stability of Ca2+ crosslinks. Here, we investigated the L-fucose-deficient dwarf mutant mur1, which was previously shown to require exogenous B treatment for phenotypic reversion. Imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds release hydrated polysaccharides to form a halo of seed mucilage covering the seed surface, which consists of a water-soluble outer layer and an adherent inner layer. Our study of mur1 seed mucilage has revealed that the pectin in the outer layer of mucilage was relocated to the inner layer. Nevertheless, the mur1 inner mucilage was more vulnerable to rough shaking or ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction than that of the wild type. Immunolabeling analysis suggested that dRG-II-B was severely decreased in mur1 inner mucilage. Moreover, non-methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG) exhibited obvious reassembly in the mur1 inner layer compared with the wild type, which may imply a possible connection between dRG-II-B deficiency and pectin network transformation in the seed mucilage. As expected, the concentration of B in the mur1 inner mucilage was reduced, whereas the distribution and concentration of Ca2+in the inner mucilage increased significantly, which could be the reason why pectin relocates from the outer mucilage to the inner mucilage. Consequently, the disruption of B bridges appears to result in the extreme sensitivity of the mur1 mucilage pectin complex to EDTA extraction, despite the reinforcement of the pectin network by excessive Ca2+. Therefore, we propose a hypothesis that B, in the form of dRG-II-B, works together with Ca2+to maintain pectin network crosslinks and ultimately the mucilage ultrastructure in seed mucilage. This work may serve to complement our current understanding of mucilage configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Chuan Shi
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Ke Yuan Jing 4th Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Bo Hu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong-Ke Zhou
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ying-Zhen Kong
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Ke Yuan Jing 4th Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Li XW, Liu JY, Fang J, Tao L, Shen RF, Li YL, Xiao HD, Feng YM, Wen HX, Guan JH, Wu LS, He YM, Goldbach HE, Yu M. Boron Supply Enhances Aluminum Tolerance in Root Border Cells of Pea ( Pisum sativum) by Interacting with Cell Wall Pectins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:742. [PMID: 28533794 PMCID: PMC5421198 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the primary factor limiting crop growth in acidic soils. Boron (B) alleviates Al toxicity in plants, which is mainly considered to be due to the formation of Rhamnogalacturonan II-B (RGII-B) complexes, which helps to stabilize the cytoskeleton. It is unclear yet whether this is due to the increasing of net negative charges and/or further mechanisms. Kinetics of Al accumulation and adsorption were investigated using entire cells, cell wall and pectin of root border cells (RBCs) of pea (Pisum sativum), to reveal the mechanism of B in interacting with alkali-soluble and chelator-soluble pectin for an increased Al tolerance in RBCs. The results show that B could rescue RBCs from Al-induced cell death by accumulating more Al in the cell wall, predominately in alkali-soluble pectin. Boron also promotes Al3+ adsorption and inhibits Al3+ desorption from alkali-soluble pectin. Thus, more Al3+ is immobilized within the alkali-soluble pectin fraction and less in the chelator-soluble pectin, rendering Al3+ less mobile. Boron induces an increase of RG-II (KDO,2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid) content for forming more borate-RGII complexes, and the decrease of pectin methyl-esterification, thus creates more negative charges to immobilize Al3+ in cell wall pectin. The study provides evidence that abundant B supply enhances the immobilization of Al in alkali-soluble pectin, thus most likely reducing the entry of Al3+ into the symplast from the surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wen Li
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Jia You Liu
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ren Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
| | - Ya Lin Li
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Hong Dong Xiao
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Ying Ming Feng
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Hai Xiang Wen
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Jia Hua Guan
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Li Shu Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yong Ming He
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Heiner E. Goldbach
- Plant Nutrition-Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Horticulture, School of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityGuangdong, China
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Mounet-Gilbert L, Dumont M, Ferrand C, Bournonville C, Monier A, Jorly J, Lemaire-Chamley M, Mori K, Atienza I, Hernould M, Stevens R, Lehner A, Mollet JC, Rothan C, Lerouge P, Baldet P. Two tomato GDP-D-mannose epimerase isoforms involved in ascorbate biosynthesis play specific roles in cell wall biosynthesis and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4767-77. [PMID: 27382114 PMCID: PMC4973747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME, EC 5.1.3.18) converts GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L-galactose, and is considered to be a central enzyme connecting the major ascorbate biosynthesis pathway to primary cell wall metabolism in higher plants. Our previous work demonstrated that GME is crucial for both ascorbate and cell wall biosynthesis in tomato. The aim of the present study was to investigate the respective role in ascorbate and cell wall biosynthesis of the two SlGME genes present in tomato by targeting each of them through an RNAi-silencing approach. Taken individually SlGME1 and SlGME2 allowed normal ascorbate accumulation in the leaf and fruits, thus suggesting the same function regarding ascorbate. However, SlGME1 and SlGME2 were shown to play distinct roles in cell wall biosynthesis, depending on the tissue considered. The RNAi-SlGME1 plants harbored small and poorly seeded fruits resulting from alterations of pollen development and of pollination process. In contrast, the RNAi-SlGME2 plants exhibited vegetative growth delay while fruits remained unaffected. Analysis of SlGME1- and SlGME2-silenced seeds and seedlings further showed that the dimerization state of pectin rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) was altered only in the RNAi-SlGME2 lines. Taken together with the preferential expression of each SlGME gene in different tomato tissues, these results suggest sub-functionalization of SlGME1 and SlGME2 and their specialization for cell wall biosynthesis in specific tomato tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mounet-Gilbert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Carine Ferrand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Céline Bournonville
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Monier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Rebecca Stevens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Domaine Saint Maurice, 67, Allée des Chênes, CS 60094 F-84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean Claude Mollet
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A. Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall to morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:449-61. [PMID: 26689854 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the mechanical properties of the cell wall is a key parameter used by plants to control the growth behavior of individual cells and tissues. Modulation of the mechanical properties occurs through the control of the biochemical composition and the degree and nature of interlinking between cell wall polysaccharides. Preferentially oriented cellulose microfibrils restrict cellular expansive growth, but recent evidence suggests that this may not be the trigger for anisotropic growth. Instead, non-uniform softening through the modulation of pectin chemistry may be an initial step that precedes stress-induced stiffening of the wall through cellulose. Here we briefly review the major cell wall polysaccharides and their implication for plant cell wall mechanics that need to be considered in order to study the growth behavior of the primary plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada
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Chormova D, Fry SC. Boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II is promoted in vitro by cationic chaperones, including polyhistidine and wall glycoproteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:241-51. [PMID: 26301520 PMCID: PMC4973674 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dimerization of rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) via boron cross-links contributes to the assembly and biophysical properties of the cell wall. Pure RG-II is efficiently dimerized by boric acid (B(OH)3 ) in vitro only if nonbiological agents for example Pb(2+) are added. By contrast, newly synthesized RG-II domains dimerize very rapidly in vivo. We investigated biological agents that might enable this. We tested for three such agents: novel enzymes, borate-transferring ligands and cationic 'chaperones' that facilitate the close approach of two polyanionic RG-II molecules. Dimerization was monitored electrophoretically. Parsley shoot cell-wall enzymes did not affect RG-II dimerization in vitro. Borate-binding ligands (apiose, dehydroascorbic acid, alditols) and small organic cations (including polyamines) also lacked consistent effects. Polylysine bound permanently to RG-II, precluding electrophoretic analysis. However, another polycation, polyhistidine, strongly promoted RG-II dimerization by B(OH)3 without irreversible polyhistidine-RG-II complexation. Likewise, partially purified spinach extensins (histidine/lysine-rich cationic glycoproteins), strongly promoted RG-II dimerization by B(OH)3 in vitro. Thus certain polycations, including polyhistidine and wall glycoproteins, can chaperone RG-II, manoeuvring this polyanionic polysaccharide domain such that boron-bridging is favoured. These chaperones dissociate from RG-II after facilitating its dimerization, indicating that they act catalytically rather than stoichiometrically. We propose a natural role for extensin-RG-II interaction in steering cell-wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Chormova
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghThe King's BuildingsMayfield RoadEdinburghEH9 3JHUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghThe King's BuildingsMayfield RoadEdinburghEH9 3JHUK
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Dumont M, Lehner A, Bardor M, Burel C, Vauzeilles B, Lerouxel O, Anderson CT, Mollet JC, Lerouge P. Inhibition of fucosylation of cell wall components by 2-fluoro 2-deoxy-L-fucose induces defects in root cell elongation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:1137-51. [PMID: 26565655 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Screening of commercially available fluoro monosaccharides as putative growth inhibitors in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that 2-fluoro 2-l-fucose (2F-Fuc) reduces root growth at micromolar concentrations. The inability of 2F-Fuc to affect an Atfkgp mutant that is defective in the fucose salvage pathway indicates that 2F-Fuc must be converted to its cognate GDP nucleotide sugar in order to inhibit root growth. Chemical analysis of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins demonstrated that fucosylation of xyloglucans and of N-linked glycans is fully inhibited by 10 μm 2F-Fuc in Arabidopsis seedling roots, but genetic evidence indicates that these alterations are not responsible for the inhibition of root development by 2F-Fuc. Inhibition of fucosylation of cell wall polysaccharides also affected pectic rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II). At low concentrations, 2F-Fuc induced a decrease in RG-II dimerization. Both RG-II dimerization and root growth were partially restored in 2F-Fuc-treated seedlings by addition of boric acid, suggesting that the growth phenotype caused by 2F-Fuc was due to a deficiency of RG-II dimerization. Closer investigation of the 2F-Fuc-induced growth phenotype demonstrated that cell division is not affected by 2F-Fuc treatments. In contrast, the inhibitor suppressed elongation of root cells and promoted the emergence of adventitious roots. This study further emphasizes the importance of RG-II in cell elongation and the utility of glycosyltransferase inhibitors as new tools for studying the functions of cell wall polysaccharides in plant development. Moreover, supplementation experiments with borate suggest that the function of boron in plants might not be restricted to RG-II cross-linking, but that it might also be a signal molecule in the cell wall integrity-sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dumont
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, IRIB, VASI, Normandie Université, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, IRIB, VASI, Normandie Université, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, IRIB, VASI, Normandie Université, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Carole Burel
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, IRIB, VASI, Normandie Université, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Boris Vauzeilles
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) UMR CNRS 8182, Université de Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) UPR CNRS 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Click4Tag, Zone Luminy Biotech, Case 922, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Lerouxel
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV) - CNRS BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, IRIB, VASI, Normandie Université, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA 4358, IRIB, VASI, Normandie Université, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Levesque-Tremblay G, Pelloux J, Braybrook SA, Müller K. Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development. PLANTA 2015; 242:791-811. [PMID: 26168980 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent publications have increased our knowledge of how pectin composition and the degree of homogalacturonan methylesterification impact the biochemical and biomechanical properties of plant cell walls, plant development, and plants' interactions with their abiotic and biotic environments. Experimental observations have shown that the relationships between the DM, the pattern of de-methylesterificaton, its effect on cell wall elasticity, other biomechanical parameters, and growth are not straightforward. Working towards a detailed understanding of these relationships at single cell resolution is one of the big tasks of pectin research. Pectins are highly complex polysaccharides abundant in plant primary cell walls. New analytical and microscopy techniques are revealing the composition and mechanical properties of the cell wall and increasing our knowledge on the topic. Progress in plant physiological research supports a link between cell wall pectin modifications and plant development and interactions with the environment. Homogalacturonan pectins, which are major components of the primary cell wall, have a potential for modifications such as methylesterification, as well as an ability to form cross-linked structures with divalent cations. This contributes to changing the mechanical properties of the cell wall. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the pectin component homogalacturonan, including its synthesis, modification, regulation and role in the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levesque-Tremblay
- Energy Bioscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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Pommerrenig B, Diehn TA, Bienert GP. Metalloido-porins: Essentiality of Nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins in metalloid transport. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:212-27. [PMID: 26259189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metalloids are a group of physiologically important elements ranging from the essential to the highly toxic. Arsenic, antimony, germanium, and tellurium are highly toxic to plants themselves and to consumers of metalloid-contaminated plants. Boron, silicon, and selenium fulfill essential or beneficial functions in plants. However, when present at high concentrations, boron and selenium cause toxicity symptoms that are detrimental to plant fitness and yield. Consequently, all plants require efficient membrane transport systems to control the uptake and extrusion of metalloids into or out of the plant and their distribution within the plant body. Several Nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) that belong to the aquaporin plant water channel protein family facilitate the diffusion of uncharged metalloid species. Genetic, physiological, and molecular evidence is that NIPs from primitive to higher plants not only transport all environmentally important metalloids, but that these proteins have a major role in the uptake, translocation, and extrusion of metalloids in plants. As most of the metalloid-permeable NIP aquaporins are impermeable or are poorly permeable to water, these NIP channel proteins should be considered as physiologically essential metalloido-porins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Metalloid Transport Group, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Till Arvid Diehn
- Metalloid Transport Group, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Gerd Patrick Bienert
- Metalloid Transport Group, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Chormova D, Franková L, Defries A, Cutler SR, Fry SC. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity by high-throughput screening. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:220-236. [PMID: 26093490 PMCID: PMC4560162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules (xenobiotics) that inhibit cell-wall-localised enzymes are valuable for elucidating the enzymes' biological roles. We applied a high-throughput fluorescent dot-blot screen to search for inhibitors of Petroselinum xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity in vitro. Of 4216 xenobiotics tested, with cellulose-bound xyloglucan as donor-substrate, 18 inhibited XET activity and 18 promoted it (especially anthraquinones and flavonoids). No compounds promoted XET in quantitative assays with (cellulose-free) soluble xyloglucan as substrate, suggesting that promotion was dependent on enzyme-cellulose interactions. With cellulose-free xyloglucan as substrate, we found 22 XET-inhibitors - especially compounds that generate singlet oxygen ((1)O2) e.g., riboflavin (IC50 29 μM), retinoic acid, eosin (IC50 27 μM) and erythrosin (IC50 36 μM). The riboflavin effect was light-dependent, supporting (1)O2 involvement. Other inhibitors included tannins, sulphydryl reagents and triphenylmethanes. Some inhibitors (vulpinic acid and brilliant blue G) were relatively specific to XET, affecting only two or three, respectively, of nine other wall-enzyme activities tested; others [e.g. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and riboflavin] were non-specific. In vivo, out of eight XET-inhibitors bioassayed, erythrosin (1 μM) inhibited cell expansion in Rosa and Zea cell-suspension cultures, and 40 μM mycophenolic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited Zea culture growth. Our work showcases a general high-throughput strategy for discovering wall-enzyme inhibitors, some being plant growth inhibitors potentially valuable as physiological tools or herbicide leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Chormova
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Andrew Defries
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry (CFM), University of California, 5451 Boyce Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sean R Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry (CFM), University of California, 5451 Boyce Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Martín-Rejano EM, Herrera-Rodríguez MB, Navarro-Gochicoa MT, Rexach J, González-Fontes A. Boron deficiency inhibits root cell elongation via an ethylene/auxin/ROS-dependent pathway in Arabidopsis seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3831-40. [PMID: 25922480 PMCID: PMC4473985 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest symptoms of boron (B) deficiency is the inhibition of root elongation which can reasonably be attributed to the damaging effects of B deprivation on cell wall integrity. It is shown here that exposure of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to B deficiency for 4h led to a drastic inhibition of root cell length in the transition between the elongation and differentiation zones. To investigate the possible mediation of ethylene, auxin, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the effect of B deficiency on root cell elongation, B deficiency was applied together with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, a chemical inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis), silver ions (Ag(+), an antagonist of ethylene perception), α-(phenylethyl-2-oxo)-indoleacetic acid (PEO-IAA, a synthetic antagonist of TIR1 receptor function), and diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of ROS production). Interestingly, all these chemicals partially or fully restored cell elongation in B-deficient roots. To further explore the possible role of ethylene and auxin in the inhibition of root cell elongation under B deficiency, a genetic approach was performed by using Arabidopsis mutants defective in the ethylene (ein2-1) or auxin (eir1-4 and aux1-22) response. Root cell elongation in these mutants was less sensitive to B-deficient treatment than that in wild-type plants. Altogether, these results demonstrated that a signalling pathway involving ethylene, auxin, and ROS participates in the reduction of root cell elongation when Arabidopsis seedlings are subjected to B deficiency. A similar signalling process has been described to reduce root elongation rapidly under various types of cell wall stress which supports the idea that this signalling pathway is triggered by the impaired cell wall integrity caused by B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esperanza M Martín-Rejano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Begoña Herrera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Teresa Navarro-Gochicoa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Rexach
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Agustín González-Fontes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Funakawa H, Miwa K. Synthesis of borate cross-linked rhamnogalacturonan II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 25954281 PMCID: PMC4404806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present review, we describe current knowledge about synthesis of borate crosslinked rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) and it physiological roles. RG-II is a portion of pectic polysaccharide with high complexity, present in primary cell wall. It is composed of homogalacturonan backbone and four distinct side chains (A-D). Borate forms ester bonds with the apiosyl residues of side chain A of two RG-II monomers to generate borate dimerized RG-II, contributing for the formation of networks of pectic polysaccharides. In plant cell walls, more than 90% of RG-II are dimerized by borate under boron (B) sufficient conditions. Borate crosslinking of RG-II in primary cell walls, to our knowledge, is the only experimentally proven molecular function of B, an essential trace-element. Although abundance of RG-II and B is quite small in cell wall polysaccharides, increasing evidence supports that RG-II and its borate crosslinking are critical for plant growth and development. Significant advancement was made recently on the location and the mechanisms of RG-II synthesis and borate cross-linking. Molecular genetic studies have successfully identified key enzymes for RG-II synthesis and regulators including B transporters required for efficient formation of RG-II crosslinking and consequent normal plant growth. The present article focuses recent advances on (i) RG-II polysaccharide synthesis, (ii) occurrence of borate crosslinking and (iii) B transport for borate supply to RG-II. Molecular mechanisms underlying formation of borate RG-II crosslinking and the physiological impacts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Funakawa
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miwa
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kyoko Miwa, Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North-10, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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Durbak AR, Phillips KA, Pike S, O'Neill MA, Mares J, Gallavotti A, Malcomber ST, Gassmann W, McSteen P. Transport of boron by the tassel-less1 aquaporin is critical for vegetative and reproductive development in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2978-95. [PMID: 25035406 PMCID: PMC4145126 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The element boron (B) is an essential plant micronutrient, and B deficiency results in significant crop losses worldwide. The maize (Zea mays) tassel-less1 (tls1) mutant has defects in vegetative and inflorescence development, comparable to the effects of B deficiency. Positional cloning revealed that tls1 encodes a protein in the aquaporin family co-orthologous to known B channel proteins in other species. Transport assays show that the TLS1 protein facilitates the movement of B and water into Xenopus laevis oocytes. B content is reduced in tls1 mutants, and application of B rescues the mutant phenotype, indicating that the TLS1 protein facilitates the movement of B in planta. B is required to cross-link the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) in the cell wall, and the percentage of RG-II dimers is reduced in tls1 inflorescences, indicating that the defects may result from altered cell wall properties. Plants heterozygous for both tls1 and rotten ear (rte), the proposed B efflux transporter, exhibit a dosage-dependent defect in inflorescence development under B-limited conditions, indicating that both TLS1 and RTE function in the same biological processes. Together, our data provide evidence that TLS1 is a B transport facilitator in maize, highlighting the importance of B homeostasis in meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Durbak
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kimberly A Phillips
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jonathan Mares
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Simon T Malcomber
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Voxeur A, Fry SC. Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides from Rosa cell cultures are boron-bridged in the plasma membrane and form complexes with rhamnogalacturonan II. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:139-49. [PMID: 24804932 PMCID: PMC4230332 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is essential for plant cell-wall structure and membrane functions. Compared with its role in cross-linking the pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), little information is known about the biological role of B in membranes. Here, we investigated the involvement of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs), major components of lipid rafts, in the membrane requirement for B. Using thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, we first characterized GIPCs from Rosa cell culture. The major GIPC has one hexose residue, one hexuronic acid residue, inositol phosphate, and a ceramide moiety with a C18 trihydroxylated mono-unsaturated long-chain base and a C24 monohydroxylated saturated fatty acid. Disrupting B bridging (by B starvation in vivo or by treatment with cold dilute HCl or with excess borate in vitro) enhanced the GIPCs' extractability. As RG-II is the main B-binding site in plants, we investigated whether it could form a B-centred complex with GIPCs. Using high-voltage paper electrophoresis, we showed that addition of GIPCs decreased the electrophoretic mobility of radiolabelled RG-II, suggesting formation of a GIPC-B-RG-II complex. Last, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we showed that added GIPCs facilitate RG-II dimerization in vitro. We conclude that B plays a structural role in the plasma membrane. The disruption of membrane components by high borate may account for the phytotoxicity of excess B. Moreover, the in-vitro formation of a GIPC-B-RG-II complex gives the first molecular explanation of the wall-membrane attachment sites observed in vivo. Finally, our results suggest a role for GIPCs in the RG-II dimerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Voxeur
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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Chatterjee M, Tabi Z, Galli M, Malcomber S, Buck A, Muszynski M, Gallavotti A. The boron efflux transporter ROTTEN EAR is required for maize inflorescence development and fertility. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2962-77. [PMID: 25035400 PMCID: PMC4145125 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although boron has a relatively low natural abundance, it is an essential plant micronutrient. Boron deficiencies cause major crop losses in several areas of the world, affecting reproduction and yield in diverse plant species. Despite the importance of boron in crop productivity, surprisingly little is known about its effects on developing reproductive organs. We isolated a maize (Zea mays) mutant, called rotten ear (rte), that shows distinct defects in vegetative and reproductive development, eventually causing widespread sterility in its inflorescences, the tassel and the ear. Positional cloning revealed that rte encodes a membrane-localized boron efflux transporter, co-orthologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana BOR1 protein. Depending on the availability of boron in the soil, rte plants show a wide range of phenotypic defects that can be fully rescued by supplementing the soil with exogenous boric acid, indicating that rte is crucial for boron transport into aerial tissues. rte is expressed in cells surrounding the xylem in both vegetative and reproductive tissues and is required for meristem activity and organ development. We show that low boron supply to the inflorescences results in widespread defects in cell and cell wall integrity, highlighting the structural importance of boron in the formation of fully fertile reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithu Chatterjee
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020
| | - Zara Tabi
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Mary Galli
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020
| | - Simon Malcomber
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840 Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230
| | - Amy Buck
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Michael Muszynski
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Iowa 50011-2156
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020 Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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