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Sarmento MJ, Llorente A, Petan T, Khnykin D, Popa I, Nikolac Perkovic M, Konjevod M, Jaganjac M. The expanding organelle lipidomes: current knowledge and challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:237. [PMID: 37530856 PMCID: PMC10397142 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipids in cell membranes and subcellular compartments play essential roles in numerous cellular processes, such as energy production, cell signaling and inflammation. A specific organelle lipidome is characterized by lipid synthesis and metabolism, intracellular trafficking, and lipid homeostasis in the organelle. Over the years, considerable effort has been directed to the identification of the lipid fingerprints of cellular organelles. However, these fingerprints are not fully characterized due to the large variety and structural complexity of lipids and the great variability in the abundance of different lipid species. The process becomes even more challenging when considering that the lipidome differs in health and disease contexts. This review summarizes the information available on the lipid composition of mammalian cell organelles, particularly the lipidome of the nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and organelles in the endocytic pathway. The lipid compositions of extracellular vesicles and lamellar bodies are also described. In addition, several examples of subcellular lipidome dynamics under physiological and pathological conditions are presented. Finally, challenges in mapping organelle lipidomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Sarmento
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iuliana Popa
- Pharmacy Department, Bâtiment Henri Moissan, University Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Regulation of Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism by Adenylate Kinase Isozymes: Physiological Roles and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065561. [PMID: 36982634 PMCID: PMC10056885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate kinase (AK) regulates adenine nucleotide metabolism and catalyzes the ATP + AMP ⇌ 2ADP reaction in a wide range of organisms and bacteria. AKs regulate adenine nucleotide ratios in different intracellular compartments and maintain the homeostasis of the intracellular nucleotide metabolism necessary for growth, differentiation, and motility. To date, nine isozymes have been identified and their functions have been analyzed. Moreover, the dynamics of the intracellular energy metabolism, diseases caused by AK mutations, the relationship with carcinogenesis, and circadian rhythms have recently been reported. This article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the physiological roles of AK isozymes in different diseases. In particular, this review focused on the symptoms caused by mutated AK isozymes in humans and phenotypic changes arising from altered gene expression in animal models. The future analysis of intracellular, extracellular, and intercellular energy metabolism with a focus on AK will aid in a wide range of new therapeutic approaches for various diseases, including cancer, lifestyle-related diseases, and aging.
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3
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Urinary Extracellular Vesicles in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Bench to Bedside? Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030443. [PMID: 36766548 PMCID: PMC9913975 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a diverse group of particles that include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies and are defined by size, composition, site of origin, and density. They incorporate various bioactive molecules from their cell of origin during formation, such as soluble proteins, membrane receptors, nucleic acids (mRNAs and miRNAs), and lipids, which can then be transferred to target cells. Extracellular vesicles/exosomes have been extensively studied as a critical factor in pathophysiological processes of human diseases. Urinary extracellular vesicles could be a promising liquid biopsy for determining the pattern and/or severity of kidney histologic injury. The signature of urinary extracellular vesicles may pave the way for noninvasive methods to supplement existing testing methods for diagnosing kidney diseases. We discuss the potential role of urinary extracellular vesicles in various chronic kidney diseases in this review, highlighting open questions and discussing the potential for future research.
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Duchez AC, Fauteux-Daniel S, Sut C, Ebermeyer T, Heestermans M, Arthaud CA, Eyraud MA, Prier A, Audoux E, Bertrand-Michel J, Payrastre B, Garraud O, Boilard E, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Cognasse F. Bioactive lipids as biomarkers of adverse reactions associated with apheresis platelet concentrate transfusion. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1031968. [PMID: 37138863 PMCID: PMC10149858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1031968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet concentrate (PC) transfusion seeks to provide haemostasis in patients presenting severe central thrombocytopenia or severe bleeding. PCs may induce adverse reactions (AR) that can occasionally be severe (SAR). PCs contain active biomolecules such as cytokines and lipid mediators. The processing and storage of PCs creates so-called structural and biochemical storage lesions that accumulate when blood products reach their shelf life. We sought to investigate lipid mediators as bioactive molecules of interest during storage and review associations with adverse reactions post-transfusion. To facilitate understanding, we focused on single donor apheresis (SDA) PCs with approximately 31.8% of PCs being delivered in our setting. Indeed, pooled PCs are the most widely transfused products, but the study of a single donor lipid mediator is easier to interpret. We are investigating key lipid mediators involved in AR. Adverse reactions were closely monitored in accordance with current national and regional haemovigilance protocols. Residual PCs were analysed post-transfusion in a series of observations, both with and without severe reactions in recipients. A decrease in the lysophosphatidylcholine species to produce the lysophosphatidic acid species has been observed during storage and in the case of AR. Lysophosphatidic acid increased with primarily platelet-inhibitor lipids. Anti-inflammatory platelet-induced inhibition lipids were weakly expressed in cases of severe adverse reactions. We therefore propose that a decrease in lysophosphatidylcholine and an increase in lysophosphatidic acid can prospectively predict serious adverse transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Duchez
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
- *Correspondence: Anne-Claire Duchez,
| | - Sébastien Fauteux-Daniel
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Caroline Sut
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Theo Ebermeyer
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Marco Heestermans
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Charles-Antoine Arthaud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Marie-Ange Eyraud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Amélie Prier
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Estelle Audoux
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR, ToNIC: Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Eric Boilard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Université Laval and Centre de recherche ARThrite, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fabrice Cognasse
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, University of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
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5
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Microglial Extracellular Vesicles as Modulators of Brain Microenvironment in Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113165. [PMID: 36361947 PMCID: PMC9656645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells represent the resident immune elements of the central nervous system, where they exert constant monitoring and contribute to preserving neuronal activity and function. In the context of glioblastoma (GBM), a common type of tumor originating in the brain, microglial cells deeply modify their phenotype, lose their homeostatic functions, invade the tumoral mass and support the growth and further invasion of the tumoral cells into the surrounding brain parenchyma. These modifications are, at least in part, induced by bidirectional communication among microglial and tumoral cells through the release of soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs produced by GBM and microglial cells transfer different kinds of biological information to receiving cells, deeply modifying their phenotype and activity and could represent important diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Recent evidence demonstrates that in GBM, microglial-derived EVs contribute to the immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thus favoring GBM immune escape. In this review, we report the current knowledge on EV formation, biogenesis, cargo and functions, with a focus on the effects of microglia-derived EVs in GBM. What clearly emerges from this analysis is that we are at the beginning of a full understanding of the complete picture of the biological effects of microglial-derived EVs and that further investigations using multidisciplinary approaches are necessary to validate their use in GBM diagnosis and therapy.
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Platelets’ Nanomechanics and Morphology in Neurodegenerative Pathologies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092239. [PMID: 36140340 PMCID: PMC9496241 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The imaging and force–distance curve modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM) are explored to compare the morphological and mechanical signatures of platelets from patients diagnosed with classical neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and healthy individuals. Our data demonstrate the potential of AFM to distinguish between the three NDDs—Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and normal healthy platelets. The common features of platelets in the three pathologies are reduced membrane surface roughness, area and height, and enhanced nanomechanics in comparison with healthy cells. These changes might be related to general phenomena associated with reorganization in the platelet membrane morphology and cytoskeleton, a key factor for all platelets’ functions. Importantly, the platelets’ signatures are modified to a different extent in the three pathologies, most significant in ALS, less pronounced in PD and the least in AD platelets, which shows the specificity associated with each pathology. Moreover, different degree of activation, distinct pseudopodia and nanocluster formation characterize ALS, PD and AD platelets. The strongest alterations in the biophysical properties correlate with the highest activation of ALS platelets, which reflect the most significant changes in their nanoarchitecture. The specific platelet signatures that mark each of the studied pathologies can be added as novel biomarkers to the currently used diagnostic tools.
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Hullin-Matsuda F, Colosetti P, Rabia M, Luquain-Costaz C, Delton I. Exosomal lipids from membrane organization to biomarkers: Focus on an endolysosomal-specific lipid. Biochimie 2022; 203:77-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Chernyshev VS, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Tsydenzhapova E, Svirshchevskaya EV, Poltavtseva RA, Merdalimova A, Yashchenok A, Keshelava A, Sorokin K, Keshelava V, Sukhikh GT, Gorin D, Leonov S, Skliar M. Asymmetric depth-filtration: A versatile and scalable method for high-yield isolation of extracellular vesicles with low contamination. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12256. [PMID: 35942823 PMCID: PMC9451526 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel asymmetric depth filtration (DF) approach to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from biological fluids that outperforms ultracentrifugation and size‐exclusion chromatography in purity and yield of isolated EVs. By these metrics, a single‐step DF matches or exceeds the performance of multistep protocols with dedicated purification procedures in the isolation of plasma EVs. We demonstrate the selective transit and capture of biological nanoparticles in asymmetric pores by size and elasticity, low surface binding to the filtration medium, and the ability to cleanse EVs held by the filter before their recovery with the reversed flow all contribute to the achieved purity and yield of preparations. We further demonstrate the method's versatility by applying it to isolate EVs from different biofluids (plasma, urine, and cell culture growth medium). The DF workflow is simple, fast, and inexpensive. Only standard laboratory equipment is required for its implementation, making DF suitable for low‐resource and point‐of‐use locations. The method may be used for EV isolation from small biological samples in diagnostic and treatment guidance applications. It can also be scaled up to harvest therapeutic EVs from large volumes of cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy S Chernyshev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Roman N Chuprov-Netochin
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Tsydenzhapova
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | | | - Rimma A Poltavtseva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alexey Yashchenok
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Varlam Keshelava
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation RAS, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Gennadiy T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Leonov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Skliar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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9
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Role of Platelet in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights into Pathophysiology & Theranostic Solutions. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Acquasaliente L, Pontarollo G, Radu CM, Peterle D, Artusi I, Pagotto A, Uliana F, Negro A, Simioni P, De Filippis V. Exogenous human α-Synuclein acts in vitro as a mild platelet antiaggregant inhibiting α-thrombin-induced platelet activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9880. [PMID: 35701444 PMCID: PMC9198058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) is a small disordered protein, highly conserved in vertebrates and involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, αSyn amyloid aggregates are present in the brain of patients with PD. Although the pathogenic role of αSyn is widely accepted, the physiological function of this protein remains elusive. Beyond the central nervous system, αSyn is expressed in hematopoietic tissue and blood, where platelets are a major cellular host of αSyn. Platelets play a key role in hemostasis and are potently activated by thrombin (αT) through the cleavage of protease-activated receptors. Furthermore, both αT and αSyn could be found in the same spatial environment, i.e. the platelet membrane, as αT binds to and activates platelets that can release αSyn from α-granules and microvesicles. Here, we investigated the possibility that exogenous αSyn could interfere with platelet activation induced by different agonists in vitro. Data obtained from distinct experimental techniques (i.e. multiple electrode aggregometry, rotational thromboelastometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy) on whole blood and platelet-rich plasma indicate that exogenous αSyn has mild platelet antiaggregating properties in vitro, acting as a negative regulator of αT-mediated platelet activation by preferentially inhibiting P-selectin expression on platelet surface. We have also shown that both exogenous and endogenous (i.e. cytoplasmic) αSyn preferentially bind to the outer surface of activated platelets. Starting from these findings, a coherent model of the antiplatelet function of αSyn is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Acquasaliente
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Maria Radu
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniele Peterle
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave. 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilaria Artusi
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Pagotto
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Uliana
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padua, Italy.
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 5, 35131, Padua, Italy. .,Biotechnology Center, CRIBI, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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11
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Saumell-Esnaola M, Delgado D, García del Caño G, Beitia M, Sallés J, González-Burguera I, Sánchez P, López de Jesús M, Barrondo S, Sánchez M. Isolation of Platelet-Derived Exosomes from Human Platelet-Rich Plasma: Biochemical and Morphological Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052861. [PMID: 35270001 PMCID: PMC8911307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is enriched in molecular messengers with restorative effects on altered tissue environments. Upon activation, platelets release a plethora of growth factors and cytokines, either in free form or encapsulated in exosomes, which have been proven to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Translational research on the potential of exosomes as a safe nanosystem for therapeutic cargo delivery requires standardizing exosome isolation methods along with their molecular and morphological characterization. With this aim, we isolated and characterized the exosomes released by human PRP platelets. Western blot analysis revealed that CaCl2-activated platelets (PLT-Exos-Ca2+) released more exosomes than non-activated ones (PLT-Exos). Moreover, PLT-Exos-Ca2+ exhibited a molecular signature that meets the most up-to-date biochemical criteria for platelet-derived exosomes and possessed morphological features typical of exosomes as assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Array analysis of 105 analytes including growth factors and cytokines showed that PLT-Exos-Ca2+ exhibited lower levels of most analytes compared to PLT-Exos, but relatively higher levels of those consistently validated as components of the protein cargo of platelet exosomes. In summary, the present study provides new insights into the molecular composition of human platelet-derived exosomes and validates a method for isolating highly pure platelet exosomes as a basis for future preclinical studies in regenerative medicine and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Saumell-Esnaola
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (M.S.-E.); (M.L.d.J.); (S.B.)
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (G.G.d.C.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Diego Delgado
- Advanced Biological Therapy Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (D.D.); (M.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Gontzal García del Caño
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (G.G.d.C.); (I.G.-B.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maider Beitia
- Advanced Biological Therapy Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (D.D.); (M.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Joan Sallés
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (M.S.-E.); (M.L.d.J.); (S.B.)
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (G.G.d.C.); (I.G.-B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +34-945-013114 (J.S.); +34-945-252077 (M.S.)
| | - Imanol González-Burguera
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (G.G.d.C.); (I.G.-B.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Pello Sánchez
- Advanced Biological Therapy Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (D.D.); (M.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Maider López de Jesús
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (M.S.-E.); (M.L.d.J.); (S.B.)
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (G.G.d.C.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Sergio Barrondo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (M.S.-E.); (M.L.d.J.); (S.B.)
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (G.G.d.C.); (I.G.-B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Sánchez
- Advanced Biological Therapy Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (D.D.); (M.B.); (P.S.)
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Hospital Vithas Vitoria, 01008 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +34-945-013114 (J.S.); +34-945-252077 (M.S.)
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12
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Yates AG, Pink RC, Erdbrügger U, Siljander PRM, Dellar ER, Pantazi P, Akbar N, Cooke WR, Vatish M, Dias-Neto E, Anthony DC, Couch Y. In sickness and in health: The functional role of extracellular vesicles in physiology and pathology in vivo: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12151. [PMID: 35041249 PMCID: PMC8765331 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously thought to be nothing more than cellular debris, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now known to mediate physiological and pathological functions throughout the body. We now understand more about their capacity to transfer nucleic acids and proteins between distant organs, the interaction of their surface proteins with target cells, and the role of vesicle‐bound lipids in health and disease. To date, most observations have been made in reductionist cell culture systems, or as snapshots from patient cohorts. The heterogenous population of vesicles produced in vivo likely act in concert to mediate both beneficial and detrimental effects. EVs play crucial roles in both the pathogenesis of diseases, from cancer to neurodegenerative disease, as well as in the maintenance of system and organ homeostasis. This two‐part review draws on the expertise of researchers working in the field of EV biology and aims to cover the functional role of EVs in physiology and pathology. Part I will outline the role of EVs in normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ryan C Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pia R-M Siljander
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elizabeth R Dellar
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William R Cooke
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics. A.C. Camargo Cancer Centre, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27) Institute of Psychiatry, São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme - Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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13
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Low-density lipoprotein receptor and apolipoprotein A 5, myocardial infarction biomarkers in plasma-derived exosomes. J Cardiol 2022; 79:605-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Allan HE, Hayman MA, Marcone S, Chan MV, Edin ML, Maffucci T, Joshi A, Menke L, Crescente M, Mayr M, Zeldin DC, Armstrong PC, Warner TD. Proteome and functional decline as platelets age in the circulation. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:3095-3112. [PMID: 34390534 PMCID: PMC8604765 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets circulate in the blood of healthy individuals for approximately 7-10 days regulated by finely balanced processes of production and destruction. As platelets are anucleate we reasoned that their protein composition would change as they age and that this change would be linked to alterations in structure and function. OBJECTIVE To isolate platelets of different ages from healthy individuals to test the hypothesis that changes in protein content cause alterations in platelet structure and function. METHODS Platelets were separated according to thiazole orange fluorescence intensity as a surrogate indicator of mRNA content and so a marker of platelet age and then subjected to proteomics, imaging, and functional assays to produce an in-depth analysis of platelet composition and function. RESULTS Total protein content was 45 ± 5% lower in old platelets compared to young platelets. Predictive proteomic pathway analysis identified associations with 28 biological processes, notably higher hemostasis in young platelets whilst apoptosis and senescence were higher in old platelets. Further studies confirmed platelet ageing was linked to a decrease in cytoskeletal protein and associated capability to spread and adhere, a reduction in mitochondria number, and lower calcium dynamics and granule secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate changes in protein content are linked to alterations in function as platelets age. This work delineates physical and functional changes in platelets as they age and serves as a base to examine differences associated with altered mean age of platelet populations in conditions such as immune thrombocytopenia and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E. Allan
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A. Hayman
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Marcone
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melissa V. Chan
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L. Edin
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tania Maffucci
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Joshi
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Menke
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul C. Armstrong
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. Warner
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
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Sweedo A, Wise LM, Roka-Moiia Y, Arce FT, Saavedra SS, Sheriff J, Bluestein D, Slepian MJ, Purdy JG. Shear-Mediated Platelet Activation is Accompanied by Unique Alterations in Platelet Release of Lipids. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:597-612. [PMID: 34900013 PMCID: PMC8630256 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelet activation by mechanical means such as shear stress exposure, is a vital driver of thrombotic risk in implantable blood-contacting devices used in the treatment of heart failure. Lipids are essential in platelets activation and have been studied following biochemical activation. However, little is known regarding lipid alterations occurring with mechanical shear-mediated platelet activation. METHODS Here, we determined if shear-activation of platelets induced lipidome changes that differ from those associated with biochemically-mediated platelet activation. We performed high-resolution lipidomic analysis on purified platelets from four healthy human donors. For each donor, we compared the lipidome of platelets that were non-activated or activated by shear, ADP, or thrombin treatment. RESULTS We found that shear activation altered cell-associated lipids and led to the release of lipids into the extracellular environment. Shear-activated platelets released 21 phospholipids and sphingomyelins at levels statistically higher than platelets activated by biochemical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that shear-mediated activation of platelets alters the basal platelet lipidome. Further, these alterations differ and are unique in comparison to the lipidome of biochemically activated platelets. Many of the released phospholipids contained an arachidonic acid tail or were phosphatidylserine lipids, which have known procoagulant properties. Our findings suggest that lipids released by shear-activated platelets may contribute to altered thrombosis in patients with implanted cardiovascular therapeutic devices. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00692-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sweedo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Lisa M. Wise
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel Street, PO Box 245221, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Yana Roka-Moiia
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Fernando Teran Arce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - S. Scott Saavedra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Jawaad Sheriff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Danny Bluestein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Marvin J. Slepian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - John G. Purdy
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel Street, PO Box 245221, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
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Saviana M, Romano G, Le P, Acunzo M, Nana-Sinkam P. Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5633. [PMID: 34830787 PMCID: PMC8616161 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous membrane-encapsulated vesicles secreted by every cell into the extracellular environment. EVs carry bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, and different RNA forms, which can be internalized by recipient cells, thus altering their biological characteristics. Given that EVs are commonly found in most body fluids, they have been widely described as mediators of communication in several physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Moreover, their easy detection in biofluids makes them potentially useful candidates as tumor biomarkers. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge regarding EVs and non-coding RNAs and their role as drivers of the metastatic process in lung cancer. Furthermore, we present the most recent applications for EVs and non-coding RNAs as cancer therapeutics and their relevance as clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Saviana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Romano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patricia Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patrick Nana-Sinkam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
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Suga K, Matsui D, Watanabe N, Okamoto Y, Umakoshi H. Insight into the Exosomal Membrane: From Viewpoints of Membrane Fluidity and Polarity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11195-11202. [PMID: 34528800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous research studies have been done for exosomes, particularly focusing on membrane proteins and included nucleic acids, and the volume of the knowledge about the lipids in the exosomal membrane has been increasing. However, the dynamic property of the exosomal membrane is hardly studied. By employing milk exosome as an example, herein the exosomal membrane was characterized focusing on the membrane fluidity and polarity. The lipid composition and phase state of milk exosome (exosome from bovine milk) were estimated. The milk exosome contained enriched Chol (43.6 mol % in total lipid extracts), which made the membrane in the liquid-ordered (lo) phase by interacting with phospholipids. To suggest a model of exosomal vesicle cargo, the liposome compositions that mimic milk exosome were studied: liposomes were made of cholesterol (Chol), milk sphingomyelin (milk SM), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). By using fluorescent probes 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene, the microenvironments of submicron-sized membranes of exosome and model liposomes were investigated. The membrane fluidity of milk exosome was slightly higher than those of Chol/milk SM/POPC liposomes with a similar content of Chol, suggesting the presence of enriched unsaturated lipids. The most purposeful membrane property was obtained by the liposome composition of Chol/milk SM/POPC = 40/15/45. From the above, it is concluded that Chol is a fundamental component of the milk exosomal membrane to construct the enriched lo phase, which could increase the membrane rigidity and contribute to the function of exosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Suga
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan
| | - Daiki Matsui
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
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Ferrer-Raventós P, Beyer K. Alternative platelet activation pathways and their role in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105512. [PMID: 34537329 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The study of platelets in the context of neurodegenerative diseases is intensifying, and increasing evidence suggests that platelets may play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of platelets and their diverse activation pathways in the development of these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Platelets participate in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and platelets activated by exercise promote neuronal differentiation in several brain regions. Platelets also contribute to the immune response by modulating their surface protein profile and releasing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. In Alzheimer's disease, increased levels of platelet amyloid precursor protein raise the production of amyloid-beta peptides promoting platelet activation, triggering at the same time amyloid-beta fibrillation. In Parkinson's disease, increased platelet α-synuclein is associated with elevated ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. SUMMARY In this review, we revise different platelet activation pathways, those classically involved in hemostasis and wound healing, and alternative activation pathways recently described in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ferrer-Raventós
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Katrin Beyer
- Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Microglia extracellular vesicles: focus on molecular composition and biological function. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1779-1790. [PMID: 34415305 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous family of cell-derived lipid bounded vesicles comprising exosomes and microvesicles. They are potentially produced by all types of cells and are used as a cell-to-cell communication method that allows protein, lipid, and genetic material exchange. Microglia cells produce a large number of EVs both in resting and activated conditions, in the latter case changing their production and related biological effects. Several actions of microglia in the central nervous system are ascribed to EVs, but the molecular mechanisms by which each effect occurs are still largely unknown. Conflicting functions have been ascribed to microglia-derived EVs starting from the neuronal support and ending with the propagation of inflammation and neurodegeneration, confirming the crucial role of these organelles in tuning brain homeostasis. Despite the increasing number of studies reported on microglia-EVs, there is also a lot of fragmentation in the knowledge on the mechanism at the basis of their production and modification of their cargo. In this review, a collection of literature data about the surface and cargo proteins and lipids as well as the miRNA content of EVs produced by microglial cells has been reported. A special highlight was given to the works in which the EV molecular composition is linked to a precise biological function.
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20
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Valentino TR, Rule BD, Mobley CB, Nikolova-Karakashian M, Vechetti IJ. Skeletal Muscle Cell Growth Alters the Lipid Composition of Extracellular Vesicles. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:619. [PMID: 34436382 PMCID: PMC8397976 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We sought to characterize the lipid profile of skeletal muscle cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) to determine if a hypertrophic stimulus would affect the lipid composition of C2C12 myotube-derived EVs. Analyses included C2C12 murine myoblasts differentiated into myotubes and treated with Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) for 24 h to induce hypertrophic growth. EVs were isolated from cell culture media, quantified using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and analyzed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). EVs were homogenized and lipids extracted for quantification by Mass Spectrometry followed by downstream lipid class enrichment and lipid chain analysis. IGF-1 treatment elicited an increase in CD63 and CD81 levels (39% and 21%) compared to the controls (16%), respectively. Analysis revealed that skeletal muscle-derived EVs are enriched in bioactive lipids that are likely selectively incorporated into EVs during hypertrophic growth. IGF-1 treatment of myotubes had a significant impact on the levels of diacylglycerol (DG) and ceramide (Cer) in secreted EVs. Specifically, the proportion of unsaturated DG was two- to three-fold higher in EVs derived from IGF-treated cells, as compared to those from control cells. The levels of saturated DG were unaffected. Selective increases were similarly seen in C16- and C24-Cer but not in other species. Levels of free sphingoid bases tended to decrease, while those of sphingosine-1-phosphate was unaffected. Our results suggest that the lipid composition and biogenesis of skeletal muscle-derived EVs, are specific and highly selective during hypertrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Valentino
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (T.R.V.); (C.B.M.); (M.N.-K.)
| | - Blake D. Rule
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - C. Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (T.R.V.); (C.B.M.); (M.N.-K.)
| | | | - Ivan J. Vechetti
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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Haddad M, Hervé V, Ben Khedher MR, Rabanel JM, Ramassamy C. Glutathione: An Old and Small Molecule with Great Functions and New Applications in the Brain and in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:270-292. [PMID: 33637005 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Glutathione (GSH) represents the most abundant and the main antioxidant in the body with important functions in the brain related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent Advances: Oxidative stress is one of the central mechanisms in AD. We and others have demonstrated the alteration of GSH levels in the AD brain, its important role in the detoxification of advanced glycation end-products and of acrolein, a by-product of lipid peroxidation. Recent in vivo studies found a decrease of GSH in several areas of the brain from control, mild cognitive impairment, and AD subjects, which are correlated with cognitive decline. Critical Issues: Several strategies were developed to restore its intracellular level with the l-cysteine prodrugs or the oral administration of γ-glutamylcysteine to prevent alterations observed in AD. To date, no benefit on GSH level or on oxidative biomarkers has been reported in clinical trials. Thus, it remains uncertain if GSH could be considered a potential preventive or therapeutic approach or a biomarker for AD. Future Directions: We address how GSH-coupled nanocarriers represent a promising approach for the functionalization of nanocarriers to overcome the blood/brain barrier (BBB) for the brain delivery of GSH while avoiding cellular toxicity. It is also important to address the presence of GSH in exosomes for its potential intercellular transfer or its shuttle across the BBB under certain conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 270-292.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada.,Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Hervé
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada.,Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Raâfet Ben Khedher
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada.,Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada.,Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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22
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081959. [PMID: 34440728 PMCID: PMC8393426 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cell types to aid in a vast array of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to contribute to several distinct processes is due to the complexity of exosomes, as they carry a multitude of signaling moieties, including proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, transcription factors, and nucleic acids. The favorable biological properties of exosomes including biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and proficient exchange of molecular cargos make exosomes prime candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exploring the functions and molecular payloads of exosomes can facilitate tissue regeneration therapies and provide mechanistic insight into paracrine modulation of cellular activities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods. We also discuss emerging healing properties of exosomes and exosomal cargos, such as microRNAs, in brain injuries, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 amongst others. Overall, this review highlights the burgeoning roles and potential applications of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
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Alberro A, Iparraguirre L, Fernandes A, Otaegui D. Extracellular Vesicles in Blood: Sources, Effects, and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158163. [PMID: 34360924 PMCID: PMC8347110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players for intercellular communication. EVs are secreted by almost all cell types; they can transfer information between nearby or distant cells, and they are highly abundant in body fluids. In this review, we describe the general characteristics of EVs, as well as isolation and characterization approaches. Then, we focus on one of the most relevant sources of EVs: the blood. Indeed, apart from EVs secreted by blood cells, EVs of diverse origins travel in the bloodstream. We present the numerous types of EVs that have been found in circulation. Besides, the implications of blood-derived EVs in both physiological and pathological processes are summarized, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases, and also as indicators of physiological modifications. Finally, the applications of EVs introduced in the circulatory system are discussed. We describe the use of EVs from distinct origins, naturally produced or engineered, autologous, allogeneic, or even from different species and the effects they have when introduced in circulation. Therefore, the present work provides a comprehensive overview of the components, effects, and applications of EVs in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Alberro
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Leire Iparraguirre
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Fatty Acid Unsaturation Degree of Plasma Exosomes in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Promising Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105060. [PMID: 34064646 PMCID: PMC8151919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most preventable cancers, it is currently one of the deadliest. Worryingly, incidence in people <50 years has increased unexpectedly, and for unknown causes, despite the successful implementation of screening programs in the population aged >50 years. Thus, there is a need to improve early diagnosis detection strategies by identifying more precise biomarkers. In this scenario, the analysis of exosomes is given considerable attention. Previously, we demonstrated the exosome lipidome was able to classify CRC cell lines according to their malignancy. Herein, we investigated the use of the lipidome of plasma extracellular vesicles as a potential source of non-invasive biomarkers for CRC. A plasma exosome-enriched fraction was analyzed from patients undergoing colonoscopic procedure. Patients were divided into a healthy group and four pathological groups (patients with hyperplastic polyps; adenomatous polyps; invasive neoplasia (CRC patients); or hereditary non-polyposis CRC. The results showed a shift from 34:1- to 38:4-containing species in the pathological groups. We demonstrate that the ratio Σ34:1-containing species/Σ38:4-containing species has the potential to discriminate between healthy and pathological patients. Altogether, the results reinforce the utility of plasma exosome lipid fingerprint to provide new non-invasive biomarkers in a clinical context.
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25
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Hermida-Nogueira L, García Á. Extracellular vesicles in the transfusion medicine field: The potential of proteomics. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000089. [PMID: 33754471 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In transfusion centres, blood components are divided and stored following specific guidelines. The storage temperature and time vary among the blood cells but all of them release extracellular vesicles (EVs) under blood bank conditions. The clinical impact of such vesicles in blood components for transfusion is an object of debate, but should be considered and is being investigated. In this context, proteomics is an excellent tool to study the cargo and composition of EVs derived from red blood cells and platelets, since such vesicles are enriched in lipids and proteins. The development of quantitative mass spectrometry techniques and the evolution of bioinformatics have allowed the identification of novel EVs biomarkers for different diseases. In this context, the application of high coverage proteomic tools to the analysis of EVs in the transfusion medicine field would provide information about storage lesions and possible transfusion adverse reactions. This viewpoint article approaches the potential of proteomics to investigate the impact of EVs in blood bank transfusion components, especially red blood cells and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Hermida-Nogueira
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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26
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Oggero S, de Gaetano M, Marcone S, Fitzsimons S, Pinto AL, Ikramova D, Barry M, Burke D, Montero-Melendez T, Cooper D, Burgoyne T, Belton O, Norling LV, Brennan EP, Godson C, Perretti M. Extracellular vesicles from monocyte/platelet aggregates modulate human atherosclerotic plaque reactivity. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:12084. [PMID: 33936566 PMCID: PMC8077084 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as key players in different stages of atherosclerosis. Here we provide evidence that EVs released by mixed aggregates of monocytes and platelets in response to TNF‐α display pro‐inflammatory actions on endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. Tempering platelet activation with Iloprost, Aspirin or a P2Y12 inhibitor impacted quantity and phenotype of EV produced. Proteomics of EVs from cells activated with TNF‐α alone or in the presence of Iloprost revealed a distinct composition, with interesting hits like annexin‐A1 and gelsolin. When added to human atherosclerotic plaque explants, EVs from TNF‐α stimulated monocytes augmented release of cytokines. In contrast, EVs generated by TNF‐α together with Iloprost produced minimal plaque activation. Notably, patients with coronary artery disease that required percutaneous coronary intervention had elevated plasma numbers of monocyte, platelet as well as double positive EV subsets. In conclusion, EVs released following monocyte/platelet activation may play a potential role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Whereas attenuating platelet activation modifies EV composition released from monocyte/platelet aggregates, curbing their pro‐inflammatory actions may offer therapeutic avenues for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Oggero
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Monica de Gaetano
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Simone Marcone
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Dinara Ikramova
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Mary Barry
- Department of Vascular Surgery St. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - David Burke
- Department of Vascular Surgery St. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences University College London London UK
| | - Orina Belton
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Lucy V Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Eoin P Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
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27
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Srivatsav AT, Kapoor S. The Emerging World of Membrane Vesicles: Functional Relevance, Theranostic Avenues and Tools for Investigating Membrane Function. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:640355. [PMID: 33968983 PMCID: PMC8101706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.640355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential components of cell membranes and govern various membrane functions. Lipid organization within membrane plane dictates recruitment of specific proteins and lipids into distinct nanoclusters that initiate cellular signaling while modulating protein and lipid functions. In addition, one of the most versatile function of lipids is the formation of diverse lipid membrane vesicles for regulating various cellular processes including intracellular trafficking of molecular cargo. In this review, we focus on the various kinds of membrane vesicles in eukaryotes and bacteria, their biogenesis, and their multifaceted functional roles in cellular communication, host-pathogen interactions and biotechnological applications. We elaborate on how their distinct lipid composition of membrane vesicles compared to parent cells enables early and non-invasive diagnosis of cancer and tuberculosis, while inspiring vaccine development and drug delivery platforms. Finally, we discuss the use of membrane vesicles as excellent tools for investigating membrane lateral organization and protein sorting, which is otherwise challenging but extremely crucial for normal cellular functioning. We present current limitations in this field and how the same could be addressed to propel a fundamental and technology-oriented future for extracellular membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin T. Srivatsav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Wadhwani Research Center of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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28
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Kovács OT, Soltész-Katona E, Marton N, Baricza E, Hunyady L, Turu G, Nagy G. Impact of Medium-Sized Extracellular Vesicles on the Transduction Efficiency of Adeno-Associated Viruses in Neuronal and Primary Astrocyte Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084221. [PMID: 33921740 PMCID: PMC8073863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are safe and efficient gene therapy vectors with promising results in the treatment of several diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are phospholipid bilayer-surrounded structures carrying several types of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with the ability to cross biological barriers. EV-associated AAVs might serve as new and efficient gene therapy vectors considering that they carry the benefits of both AAVs and EVs. (2) We tested vesicle-associated AAVs and vesicles mixed with AAVs on two major cell types of the central nervous system: a neural cell line (N2A) and primary astrocyte cells. (3) In contrast to previously published in vivo observations, the extracellular vesicle packaging did not improve but, in the case of primary astrocyte cells, even inhibited the infection capacity of the AAV particles. The observed effect was not due to the inhibitory effects of the vesicles themselves, since mixing the AAVs with extracellular vesicles did not change the effectiveness. (4) Our results suggest that improvement of the in vivo efficacy of the EV-associated AAV particles is not due to the enhanced interaction between the AAV and the target cells, but most likely to the improved delivery of the AAVs through tissue barriers and to the shielding of AAVs from neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Tünde Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (O.T.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.-K.); (L.H.)
| | - Eszter Soltész-Katona
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.-K.); (L.H.)
| | - Nikolett Marton
- Jahn Ferenc Dél-pesti Hospital, Department of Radiology, Köves street 1, 1204 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Eszter Baricza
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (O.T.K.); (E.B.)
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.-K.); (L.H.)
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Turu
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.-K.); (L.H.)
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (G.N.)
| | - György Nagy
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (O.T.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Árpád fejedelem street 7, 1023 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (G.N.)
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29
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Vazquez-Jimenez JG, Corpus-Navarro MS, Rodriguez-Chavez JM, Jaramillo-Ramirez HJ, Hernandez-Aranda J, Galindo-Hernandez O, Machado-Contreras JR, Trejo-Trejo M, Guerrero-Hernandez A, Olivares-Reyes JA. The Increased Expression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 2 (RGS2) Inhibits Insulin-Induced Akt Phosphorylation and Is Associated with Uncontrolled Glycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolites 2021; 11:91. [PMID: 33562475 PMCID: PMC7915073 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence in mice models has demonstrated that a high regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RSG2) protein levels precede an insulin resistance state. In the same context, a diet rich in saturated fatty acids induces an increase in RGS2 protein expression, which has been associated with decreased basal metabolism in mice; however, the above has not yet been analyzed in humans. For this reason, in the present study, we examined the association between RGS2 expression and insulin resistance state. The incubation with palmitic acid (PA), which inhibits insulin-mediated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation, resulted in the increased RGS2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial-CS (HUVEC-CS) cells. The RGS2 overexpression without PA was enough to inhibit insulin-mediated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation in HUVEC-CS cells. Remarkably, the platelet RGS2 expression levels were higher in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients than in healthy donors. Moreover, an unbiased principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that RGS2 expression level positively correlated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and negatively with age and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in T2DM patients. Furthermore, PCA showed that healthy subjects segregated from T2DM patients by having lower levels of HbA1c and RGS2. These results demonstrate that RGS2 overexpression leads to decreased insulin signaling in a human endothelial cell line and is associated with poorly controlled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gustavo Vazquez-Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.V.-J.); (J.H.-A.); (A.G.-H.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico; (M.S.C.-N.); (J.M.R.-C.); (J.R.M.-C.)
| | - M. Stephanie Corpus-Navarro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico; (M.S.C.-N.); (J.M.R.-C.); (J.R.M.-C.)
| | - J. Miguel Rodriguez-Chavez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico; (M.S.C.-N.); (J.M.R.-C.); (J.R.M.-C.)
| | | | - Judith Hernandez-Aranda
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.V.-J.); (J.H.-A.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Octavio Galindo-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico;
| | - J. Rene Machado-Contreras
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico; (M.S.C.-N.); (J.M.R.-C.); (J.R.M.-C.)
| | - Marina Trejo-Trejo
- School of Sports, Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico;
| | - Agustin Guerrero-Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.V.-J.); (J.H.-A.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - J. Alberto Olivares-Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.V.-J.); (J.H.-A.); (A.G.-H.)
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30
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Claus RA, Graeler MH. Sphingolipidomics in Translational Sepsis Research-Biomedical Considerations and Perspectives. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:616578. [PMID: 33553212 PMCID: PMC7854573 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.616578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific Background: Sphingolipids are a highly diverse group of lipids with respect to physicochemical properties controlling either structure, distribution, or function, all of them regulating cellular response in health and disease. Mass spectrometry, on the other hand, is an analytical technique characterizing ionized molecules or fragments thereof by mass-to-charge ratios, which has been prosperingly developed for rapid and reliable qualitative and quantitative identification of lipid species. Parallel to best performance of in-depth chromatographical separation of lipid classes, preconditions of precise quantitation of unique molecular species by preprocessing of biological samples have to be fulfilled. As a consequence, “lipid profiles” across model systems and human individuals, esp. complex (clinical) samples, have become eminent over the last couple of years due to sensitivity, specificity, and discriminatory capability. Therefore, it is significance to consider the entire experimental strategy from sample collection and preparation, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Areas Covered: In this review, we outline considerations with clinical (i.e., human) samples with special emphasis on sample handling, specific physicochemical properties, target measurements, and resulting profiling of sphingolipids in biomedicine and translational research to maximize sensitivity and specificity as well as to provide robust and reproducible results. A brief commentary is also provided regarding new insights of “clinical sphingolipidomics” in translational sepsis research. Expert Opinion: The role of mass spectrometry of sphingolipids and related species (“sphingolipidomics”) to investigate cellular and compartment-specific response to stress, e.g., in generalized infection and sepsis, is on the rise and the ability to integrate multiple datasets from diverse classes of biomolecules by mass spectrometry measurements and metabolomics will be crucial to fostering our understanding of human health as well as response to disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Claus
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sepsis Research, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus H Graeler
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sepsis Research, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Care & Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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31
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Tsai CY, Chen CT, Lin CH, Liao CC, Hua K, Hsu CH, Chen CF. Proteomic analysis of Exosomes derived from the Aqueous Humor of Myopia Patients. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2023-2029. [PMID: 33850473 PMCID: PMC8040407 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Myopia is the most common refractive vision disorder. In recent years, several studies have suggested that the alteration of the exosomal protein levels in the aqueous humor (AH) is associated with the development of several eye diseases. Therefore, we aimed to explore the exosomal protein profile of the AH from myopia patients. Methods: Exosomes were isolated from the AH. The quality, concentration, and size distribution of exosomes for each patient were measured using nanoparticle tracking analysis system. Then, the exosomal proteins were purified and digested by trypsin for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Results: There was no significant difference observed between the myopia and control when comparing the concentration and size distribution of exosomes in the AH for each sample. Based on LC-MS/MS analysis, myopia patients had higher and more complex exosomal peptide content. We found two proteins that were common in AH exosomes and eight proteins that were highly expressed in the myopia group. Conclusions: Our results provide pioneering findings for the exploration of the exosomal protein profile in myopia development. Further studies may provide significant information for the diagnosis, clinical treatment, and prognosis of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yao Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,MS Program in Transdisciplinary Long Term Care, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Community Medicine Research Center and Institution of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Tan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hui Lin
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Metabolomics-Proteomics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hua
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hua Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Linsen, Chinese Medicine, and Kunming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Feng Chen
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Ouweneel AB, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. The ins and outs of lipid rafts: functions in intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, microparticles, and cell membranes: Thematic Review Series: Biology of Lipid Rafts. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:676-686. [PMID: 33715815 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular membranes are not homogenous mixtures of proteins; rather, they are segregated into microdomains on the basis of preferential association between specific lipids and proteins. These microdomains, called lipid rafts, are well known for their role in receptor signaling on the plasma membrane (PM) and are essential to such cellular functions as signal transduction and spatial organization of the PM. A number of disease states, including atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders, may be caused by dysfunctional maintenance of lipid rafts. Lipid rafts do not occur only in the PM but also have been found in intracellular membranes and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we focus on discussing newly discovered functions of lipid rafts and microdomains in intracellular membranes, including lipid and protein trafficking from the ER, Golgi bodies, and endosomes to the PM, and we examine lipid raft involvement in the production and composition of EVs. Because lipid rafts are small and transient, visualization remains challenging. Future work with advanced techniques will continue to expand our knowledge about the roles of lipid rafts in cellular functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Ouweneel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Cardiovascular Center,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Cardiovascular Center,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Cardiovascular Center,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226. mailto:
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33
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Label-free characterization and real-time monitoring of cell uptake of extracellular vesicles. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Kim H, Kim M, Myoung K, Kim W, Ko J, Kim KP, Cho EG. Comparative Lipidomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Lactobacillus plantarum APsulloc 331261 Living in Green Tea Leaves Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8076. [PMID: 33138039 PMCID: PMC7663264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum is a popular probiotic species due to its safe and beneficial effects on humans; therefore, novel L. plantarum strains have been isolated and identified from various dietary products. Given that bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been considered as efficient carriers of bioactive materials and shown to evoke cellular responses effectively, L. plantarum-derived EVs are expected to efficiently elicit health benefits. Herein, we identified L. plantarum APsulloc 331261 living in green tea leaves and isolated EVs from the culture medium. We performed quantitative lipidomic analysis of L. plantarum APsulloc 331261 derived EVs (LEVs) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In comparison to L. plantarum APsulloc 331261, in LEVs, 67 of 320 identified lipid species were significantly increased and 19 species were decreased. In particular, lysophosphatidylserine(18:4) and phosphatidylcholine(32:2) were critically increased, showing over 21-fold enrichment in LEVs. In addition, there was a notable difference between LEVs and the parent cells in the composition of phospholipids. Our results suggest that the lipidomic profile of bacteria-derived EVs is different from that of the parent cells in phospholipid content and composition. Given that lipids are important components of EVs, quantitative and comparative analyses of EV lipids may improve our understanding of vesicle biogenesis and lipid-mediated intercellular communication within or between living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Kilsun Myoung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Wanil Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
- Division of Cosmetic Science & Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Ko
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
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35
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Inyushin M, Zayas-Santiago A, Rojas L, Kucheryavykh L. On the Role of Platelet-Generated Amyloid Beta Peptides in Certain Amyloidosis Health Complications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571083. [PMID: 33123145 PMCID: PMC7567018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As do many other immunity-related blood cells, platelets release antimicrobial peptides that kill bacteria, fungi, and even certain viruses. Here we review the literature suggesting that there is a similarity between the antimicrobials released by other blood cells and the amyloid-related Aβ peptide released by platelets. Analyzing the literature, we also propose that platelet-generated Aβ amyloidosis may be more common than currently recognized. This systemic Aβ from a platelet source may participate in various forms of amyloidosis in pathologies ranging from brain cancer, glaucoma, skin Aβ accumulation, and preeclampsia to Alzheimer’s disease and late-stage Parkinson’s disease. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of specific animal models for studying platelet-related Aβ. This field is undergoing rapid change, as it evaluates competing ideas in the light of new experimental observations. We summarized both in order to clarify the role of platelet-generated Aβ peptides in amyloidosis-related health disorders, which may be helpful to researchers interested in this growing area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Astrid Zayas-Santiago
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Legier Rojas
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Lilia Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
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Braun F, Rinschen M, Buchner D, Bohl K, Plagmann I, Bachurski D, Richard Späth M, Antczak P, Göbel H, Klein C, Lackmann J, Kretz O, Puelles VG, Wahba R, Hallek M, Schermer B, Benzing T, Huber TB, Beyer A, Stippel D, Kurschat CE, Müller R. The proteomic landscape of small urinary extracellular vesicles during kidney transplantation. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12026. [PMID: 33304478 PMCID: PMC7710132 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the preferred renal replacement therapy available. Yet, long-term transplant survival is unsatisfactory, partially due to insufficient possibilities of longitudinal monitoring and understanding of the biological processes after transplantation. Small urinary extracellular vesicles (suEVs) - as a non-invasive source of information - were collected from 22 living donors and recipients. Unbiased proteomic analysis revealed temporal patterns of suEV protein signature and cellular processes involved in both early response and longer-term graft adaptation. Complement activation was among the most dynamically regulated components. This unique atlas of the suEV proteome is provided through an online repository allowing dynamic interrogation by the user. Additionally, a correlative analysis identified putative prognostic markers of future allograft function. One of these markers - phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2) - could be confirmed using targeted MS in an independent validation cohort of 22 additional patients. This study sheds light on the impact of kidney transplantation on urinary extracellular vesicle content and allows the first deduction of early molecular processes in transplant biology. Beyond that our data highlight the potential of suEVs as a source of biomarkers in this setting.
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Extracellular Vesicles as an Efficient and Versatile System for Drug Delivery. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102191. [PMID: 33003285 PMCID: PMC7600121 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in drug development, the majority of novel therapeutics have not been successfully translated into clinical applications. One of the major factors hindering their clinical translation is the lack of a safe, non-immunogenic delivery system with high target specificity upon systemic administration. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural carriers of bioactive cargo, have emerged as a promising solution and can be further modified to improve their therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we provide an overview of the biogenesis pathways, biochemical features, and isolation methods of EVs with an emphasis on their many intrinsic properties that make them desirable as drug carriers. We then describe in detail the current advances in EV therapeutics, focusing on how EVs can be engineered to achieve improved target specificity, better circulation kinetics, and efficient encapsulation of therapeutic payloads. We also identify the challenges and obstacles ahead for clinical translation and provide an outlook on the future perspective of EV-based therapeutics.
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Guo W, Wang X, Li Y, Bai O. Function and regulation of lipid signaling in lymphomagenesis: A novel target in cancer research and therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 154:103071. [PMID: 32810718 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive under the challenging conditions, cancer cells adapt their own metabolic mechanism(s) to be able steady supplying energy and metabolites for synthesis of new biomass. Aberrant lipid metabolism in cancer cells becomes a hall marker of carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that fat intake, in particular saturated or animal fat, may increase the risk of lymphoma. Understanding the specific alterations of lymphoma metabolism becomes essential to address malignant transformation, progression, and therapeutic approaches. This review is focused on the lipid metabolism, with emphasis on fatty acid synthase, lipid rafts, exosomes, and metabolic diseases, in distinct lymphoma entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingtong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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39
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Common and Differential Traits of the Membrane Lipidome of Colon Cancer Cell Lines and their Secreted Vesicles: Impact on Studies Using Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051293. [PMID: 32443825 PMCID: PMC7281030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world. Despite the screening programs, its incidence in the population below the 50s is increasing. Therefore, new stratification protocols based on multiparametric approaches are highly needed. In this scenario, the lipidome is emerging as a powerful tool to classify tumors, including CRC, wherein it has proven to be highly sensitive to cell malignization. Hence, the possibility to describe the lipidome at the level of lipid species has renewed the interest to investigate the role of specific lipid species in pathologic mechanisms, being commercial cell lines, a model still heavily used for this purpose. Herein, we characterize the membrane lipidome of five commercial colon cell lines and their extracellular vesicles (EVs). The results demonstrate that both cell and EVs lipidome was able to segregate cells according to their malignancy. Furthermore, all CRC lines shared a specific and strikingly homogenous impact on ether lipid species. Finally, this study also cautions about the need of being aware of the singularities of each cell line at the level of lipid species. Altogether, this study firmly lays the groundwork of using the lipidome as a solid source of tumor biomarkers.
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40
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Battista T, Fiorillo A, Chiarini V, Genovese I, Ilari A, Colotti G. Roles of Sorcin in Drug Resistance in Cancer: One Protein, Many Mechanisms, for a Novel Potential Anticancer Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040887. [PMID: 32268494 PMCID: PMC7226229 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance is one of the main causes of failure in anti-cancer treatments. Tumor cells adopt many strategies to counteract the action of chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., enhanced DNA damage repair, inactivation of apoptotic pathways, alteration of drug targets, drug inactivation, and overexpression of ABC (Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, or ATP-binding cassette) transporters. These are broad substrate-specificity ATP-dependent efflux pumps able to export toxins or drugs out of cells; for instance, ABCB1 (MDR1, or P-glycoprotein 1), overexpressed in most cancer cells, confers them multidrug resistance (MDR). The gene coding for sorcin (SOluble Resistance-related Calcium-binding proteIN) is highly conserved among mammals and is located in the same chromosomal locus and amplicon as the ABC transporters ABCB1 and ABCB4, both in human and rodent genomes (two variants of ABCB1, i.e., ABCB1a and ABCB1b, are in rodent amplicon). Sorcin was initially characterized as a soluble protein overexpressed in multidrug (MD) resistant cells and named "resistance-related" because of its co-amplification with ABCB1. Although for years sorcin overexpression was thought to be only a by-product of the co-amplification with ABC transporter genes, many papers have recently demonstrated that sorcin plays an important part in MDR, indicating a possible role of sorcin as an oncoprotein. The present review illustrates sorcin roles in the generation of MDR via many mechanisms and points to sorcin as a novel potential target of different anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Battista
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (T.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (T.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Valerio Chiarini
- Doctoral Programme in Integrative Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Ilaria Genovese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.C.)
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41
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Kirchner B, Buschmann D, Paul V, Pfaffl MW. Postprandial transfer of colostral extracellular vesicles and their protein and miRNA cargo in neonatal calves. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229606. [PMID: 32109241 PMCID: PMC7048281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes are key regulators of intercellular communication that can be found in almost all bio fluids. Although studies in the last decade have made great headway in discerning the role of EVs in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, the bioavailability and impact of dietary EVs and their cargo still remain to be elucidated. Due to its widespread consumption and high content of EV-associated microRNAs and proteins, a major focus in this field has been set on EVs in bovine milk and colostrum. Despite promising in vitro studies in recent years that show high resiliency of milk EVs to degradation and uptake of milk EV cargo in a variety of intestinal and blood cell types, in vivo experiments continue to be inconclusive and sometimes outright contradictive. To resolve this discrepancy, we assessed the potential postprandial transfer of colostral EVs to the circulation of newborn calves by analysing colostrum-specific protein and miRNAs, including specific isoforms (isomiRs) in cells, EV isolations and unfractionated samples from blood and colostrum. Our findings reveal distinct populations of EVs in colostrum and blood from cows that can be clearly separated by density, particle concentration and protein content (BTN1A1, MFGE8). Postprandial blood samples of calves show a time-dependent increase in EVs that share morphological and protein characteristics of colostral EVs. Analysis of miRNA expression profiles by Next-Generation Sequencing gave a different picture however. Although significant postprandial expression changes could only be detected for calf EV samples, expression profiles show very limited overlap with highly expressed miRNAs in colostral EVs or colostrum in general. Taken together our results indicate a selective uptake of membrane-associated protein cargo but not luminal miRNAs from colostral EVs into the circulation of neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kirchner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vijay Paul
- National Research Centre on Yak, ICAR, Dirang, India
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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42
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Surman M, Drożdż A, Stępień E, Przybyło M. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems - Methods of Production and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:132-154. [PMID: 30848183 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190306153318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are created to achieve the desired therapeutic effect of a specific pharmaceutical compound. Numerous drawbacks and side effects such as unfavorable pharmacokinetics, lack of tissue selectivity, immunogenicity, increased systemic clearance and toxicity, have been observed for currently available drug delivery systems (DDSs). The use of natural and artificial extracellular vesicles (EVs) in drug delivery may help to solve the aforementioned problems faced by different DDSs. Due to their self-origin, small size, flexibility, the presence of multiple adhesive molecules on their surfaces as well as their function as biomolecules carriers, EVs are the perfect candidates for DDSs. Currently, several drug delivery systems based on EVs have been proposed. While the great potential of these particles in targeted drug delivery has been recognized in cancer, hepatitis C, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory states etc., this field is still in the early stage of development. Unfortunately, the use of EVs from natural sources (cell cultures, body fluids) results in numerous problems in terms of the heterogeneity of isolated vesicle population as well as the method of isolation thereof, which may influence vesicle composition and properties. Therefore, there is a significant need for the synthesis of artificial EV-based DDSs under strictly controlled laboratory conditions and from well-defined biomolecules (proteins and lipids). Vesicle-mimetic delivery systems, characterized by properties similar to natural EVs, will bring new opportunities to study the mechanisms of DDS internalization and their biological activity after delivering their cargo to a target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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43
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Stolla M, Bailey SL, Fang L, Fitzpatrick L, Gettinger I, Pellham E, Christoffel T. Effects of storage time prolongation on in vivo and in vitro characteristics of 4°C-stored platelets. Transfusion 2020; 60:613-621. [PMID: 32017135 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold (4°C)-stored platelets are currently under investigation for transfusion in bleeding patients. It is currently unknown how long cold-stored platelets can be stored for clinical applications. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty three subjects were recruited. Twenty-one subjects were available for in vivo assessment and received indium-111 radiolabeled, cold-stored platelets. We investigated 5- (n = 5), 10- (n = 6), 15- (n = 5), and 20-day-stored (n = 5) platelets and obtained samples for in vitro testing at baseline and after the designated storage time. Twenty three units were available for in vitro testing. Five- and 7-day (n = 5 each), room temperature (RT)-stored platelets served as the current clinical standard control. RESULTS In vivo, we found a continuous decline in platelet recovery from 5 to 20 days. Platelet survival reached a low nadir after 10 days of storage. Ex vivo, we observed the maximum platelet αIIbβ3 integrin response to collagen at 5 days of cold storage, and we saw a continuous decline thereafter. However, platelet integrin activation and mitochondrial membrane integrity were better preserved after 20 days at 4°C, compared to 5 days at RT. Platelet metabolic parameters suggest comparable results between 20-day cold-stored platelets and 5- or 7-day RT-stored platelets. CONCLUSION In summary, we performed the first studies with extended, cold-stored, apheresis platelets in plasma for up to 20 days with a fresh comparator. Storing cold-stored platelets up to 20 days yields better results in vitro, but further studies in actively bleeding patients are needed to determine the best compromise between hemostatic efficacy and storage prolongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Stolla
- Platelet Transfusion Research Laboratory, Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - S Lawrence Bailey
- Platelet Transfusion Research Laboratory, Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lydia Fang
- Platelet Transfusion Research Laboratory, Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lynda Fitzpatrick
- Platelet Transfusion Research Laboratory, Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Irena Gettinger
- Platelet Transfusion Research Laboratory, Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Esther Pellham
- Platelet Transfusion Research Laboratory, Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Todd Christoffel
- Platelet Transfusion Research Laboratory, Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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44
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Green SM, Padula MP, Marks DC, Johnson L. The Lipid Composition of Platelets and the Impact of Storage: An Overview. Transfus Med Rev 2020; 34:108-116. [PMID: 31987597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids and bioactive lipid mediators are essential for platelet function. The lipid profile of platelets is highly dynamic due to free exchange of lipids with the plasma, release of extracellular vesicles, and both enzymatic and nonenzymatic lipid conversion. The lipidome of platelets changes in response to activation to accommodate the functional requirements of platelets, particularly for maintenance of hemostasis. Furthermore, when stored at room temperature as a component for transfusion, the lipid profile of platelets is altered. Although there is a growing interest in alternate storage conditions, such as refrigeration and cryopreservation, few contemporary studies have examined the impact of these storage modes on the lipid profile. However, evidence exists that bioactive lipid mediators produced over the storage of blood products may have functional implications once these products are transfused. As such, there is a need to determine the changes occurring to the lipid profile of these products over storage. This review outlines the role of lipids in platelets and discusses the current state of lipidomics for studying platelet components for transfusion in an effort to highlight the necessity for additional transfusion-focused investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Green
- Research & Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Alexandria, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denese C Marks
- Research & Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Alexandria, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lacey Johnson
- Research & Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Alexandria, NSW, Australia.
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45
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Skotland T, Sagini K, Sandvig K, Llorente A. An emerging focus on lipids in extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:308-321. [PMID: 32151658 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles contain a lipid bilayer membrane that protects the encapsulated material, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, from the extracellular environment. These vesicles are released from cells via different mechanisms. During recent years extracellular vesicles have been studied as possible biomarkers for different diseases, as biological nanoparticles for drug delivery, and in basic studies as a tool to understand the structure of biological membranes and the mechanisms involved in vesicular trafficking. Lipids are essential molecular components of extracellular vesicles, but at the moment our knowledge about the lipid composition and the function of lipids in these vesicles is limited. However, the interest of the research community in these molecules is increasing as their role in extracellular vesicles is starting to be acknowledged. In this review, we will present the status of the field and describe what is needed to bring it forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
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46
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Yao B, Qu S, Hu R, Gao W, Jin S, Liu M, Zhao Q. A panel of miRNAs derived from plasma extracellular vesicles as novel diagnostic biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:2149-2158. [PMID: 31677346 PMCID: PMC6886307 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) being the most common histological subtype (approximately 40%). In the absence of reliable screening biomarkers for early diagnosis, most patients with LUAD are inevitably diagnosed at an advanced stage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated within plasma‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be suitable for use as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for aggressive malignancies, including LUAD. In this study, we first investigated the miRNA profiles of plasma‐derived EVs from LUAD patients and healthy donors, and then systematically evaluated the expression patterns of selected plasma‐derived EV miRNAs in a large cohort of patients with LUAD and healthy controls. Notably, we observed that miR‐451a, miR‐194‐5p, and miR‐486‐5p were significantly increased in EVs from LUAD patients, compared to healthy controls. The area under the curve values for the three miRNAs were 0.9040 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8633–0.9447) for miR‐451a, 0.7492 (95% CI, 0.6992–0.7992) for miR‐194‐5p, and 0.9574 (95% CI, 0.9378–0.9769) for miR‐486‐5p, while the AUC of the combination of these three miRNAs was 0.9650. Thus, these results suggest that these EV miRNAs may be promising candidates for the development of highly effective, noninvasive biomarkers for early LUAD diagnosis. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) being the most common histological subtype (approximately 40%). In this study, we observed that miR‐451a, miR‐194‐5p, and miR‐486‐5p in extracellular vesicles derived from plasma may be suitable as highly effective and noninvasive biomarkers for early LUAD diagnosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, China
| | - Shuang Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, China
| | - Ruifeng Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Shidai Jin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Ming Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, China
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47
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Ramirez GA, Manfredi AA, Maugeri N. Misunderstandings Between Platelets and Neutrophils Build in Chronic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2491. [PMID: 31695699 PMCID: PMC6817594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated hemostasis, inflammation and innate immunity entail extensive interactions between platelets and neutrophils. Under physiological conditions, vascular inflammation offers a template for the establishment of effective intravascular immunity, with platelets providing neutrophils with an array of signals that increase their activation threshold, thus limiting collateral damage to tissues and promoting termination of the inflammatory response. By contrast, persistent systemic inflammation as observed in immune-mediated diseases, such as systemic vasculitides, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by platelet and neutrophil reciprocal activation, which ultimately culminates in the generation of thrombo-inflammatory lesions, fostering vascular injury and organ damage. Here, we discuss recent evidence regarding the multifaceted aspects of platelet-neutrophil interactions from bone marrow precursors to shed microparticles. Moreover, we analyse shared and disease-specific events due to an aberrant deployment of these interactions in human diseases. To restore communications between the pillars of the immune-hemostatic continuum constitutes a fascinating challenge for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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48
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Pei Y, Maitta RW. Alpha synuclein in hematopoiesis and immunity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02590. [PMID: 31692680 PMCID: PMC6806402 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and intracellular deposition of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra (SN), which can cause dopaminergic neuronal death, is the hallmark of this syndrome. α-synuclein (syn) is a small protein expressed mainly in neurons but can also be found in a number of tissues. It can be present as a soluble monomer under normal physiological conditions, but can be toxic in its oligomeric or fibrillary forms. Most of the available literature has focused on the effects of α-syn pathology in the mechanisms leading to PD. However, the normal functions of α-syn still remain to be fully elucidated. Notably, α-syn in the hematopoietic system seems to mediate important functions as indicated by anemia and incomplete cell maturation when this protein is absent. This review will summarize basic genetic and structural findings, and critical information that suggests an essential role of α-syn in the development and activation of the hematopoietic system and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pei
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert W. Maitta
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Dyer MR, Alexander W, Hassoune A, Chen Q, Alvikas J, Liu Y, Haldeman S, Plautz W, Loughran P, Li H, Boone B, Sadovsky Y, Sunnd P, Zuckerbraun BS, Neal MD. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles released after trauma promote hemostasis and contribute to DVT in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1733-1745. [PMID: 31294514 PMCID: PMC6773503 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic injury can lead to dysregulation of the normal clotting system, resulting in hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. Platelet activation is robust following traumatic injury and one process of platelet activation is to release of extracellular vesicles (PEV) that carry heterogenous cargo loads and surface ligands. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate and characterize the release and function of PEVs generated following traumatic injury. METHODS PEV content and quantity in circulation following trauma in humans and mice was measured using flow cytometry, size exclusion chromatography, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. PEVs were isolated from circulation and the effects on thrombin generation, bleeding time, hemorrhage control, and thrombus formation were determined. Finally, the effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on PEV release and thrombosis were examined. RESULTS Human and murine trauma results in a significant release of PEVs into circulation compared with healthy controls. These PEVs result in abundant thrombin generation, increased platelet aggregation, decreased bleeding times, and decreased hemorrhage in uncontrolled bleeding. Conversely, PEVs contributed to enhanced venous thrombus formation and were recruited to the developing thrombus site. Interestingly, HCQ treatment resulted in decreased platelet aggregation, decreased PEV release, and reduced deep vein thrombosis burden in mice. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that trauma results in significant release of PEVs which are both pro-hemostatic and pro-thrombotic. The effects of PEVs can be mitigated by treatment with HCQ, suggesting the potential use as a form of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. Dyer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Adnan Hassoune
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jurgis Alvikas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shannon Haldeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Will Plautz
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patricia Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hui Li
- Magee-Women’s Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Pittsburgh, PA
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Brian Boone
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Women’s Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Prithu Sunnd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Matthew D. Neal
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Li W, Yang F, Gao J, Tang Y, Wang J, Pan Y. Over-Expression of TRPC6 via CRISPR Based Synergistic Activation Mediator in BMSCs Ameliorates Brain Injury in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. Neuroscience 2019; 415:147-160. [PMID: 31369718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major life-threatening and disabling disease with a restricted therapeutic approach. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) possess proliferative ability and a multi-directional differentiation potential, and secrete a range of trophic/growth factors that can protect neurons after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) is a family of non-selective channels permeable to Ca2+, with several functions including neuronal survival. Over-expression of TRPC6, a subtype of the TRPC family, was shown to protect neurons against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, it remains unclear whether over-expression of TRPC6 in BMSCs can further reduce brain injury after ischemia/reperfusion. In the present study, we report that over-expression of TRPC6 via a CRISPR-based synergistic activation mediator in BMSCs provided a greater reduction of brain injury in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion. Further, the improved neurofunctional outcomes were associated with increased TRPC6 and brain derived neurotrophic factor expression levels. Overall, these data suggest that TRPC6 over-expressing BMSCs may be a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Gao
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushi Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Pan
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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