1
|
Plotkin DL, Mattingly ML, Anglin DA, Michel JM, Godwin JS, McIntosh MC, Kontos NJ, Bergamasco JGA, Scarpelli MC, Angleri V, Taylor LW, Willoughby DS, Mobley CB, Kavazis AN, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA, Roberts MD. Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain fragmentation as a potential marker of protein degradation in response to resistance training and disuse atrophy. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39180757 DOI: 10.1113/ep092093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
We examined how resistance exercise (RE), cycling exercise and disuse atrophy affect myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein fragmentation. The 1boutRE study involved younger men (n = 8; 5 ± 2 years of RE experience) performing a lower body RE bout with vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies being obtained prior to and acutely following exercise. With the 10weekRT study, VL biopsies were obtained in 36 younger adults before and 24 h after their first/naïve RE bout. Participants also engaged in 10 weeks of resistance training and donated VL biopsies before and 24 h after their last RE bout. VL biopsies were also examined in an acute cycling study (n = 7) and a study involving 2 weeks of leg immobilization (n = 20). In the 1boutRE study, fragmentation of all MyHC isoforms (MyHCTotal) increased 3 h post-RE (∼200%, P = 0.018) and returned to pre-exercise levels by 6 h post-RE. Interestingly, a greater magnitude increase in MyHC type IIa versus I isoform fragmentation occurred 3 h post-RE (8.6 ± 6.3-fold vs. 2.1 ± 0.7-fold, P = 0.018). In 10weekRT participants, the first/naïve and last RE bouts increased MyHCTotal fragmentation 24 h post-RE (+65% and +36%, P < 0.001); however, the last RE bout response was attenuated compared to the first bout (P = 0.045). Although cycling exercise did not alter MyHCTotal fragmentation, ∼8% VL atrophy with 2 weeks of leg immobilization increased MyHCTotal fragmentation (∼108%, P < 0.001). Mechanistic C2C12 myotube experiments indicated that MyHCTotal fragmentation is likely due to calpain proteases. In summary, RE and disuse atrophy increase MyHC protein fragmentation. Research into how ageing and disease-associated muscle atrophy affect these outcomes is needed. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the central question of this study? How different exercise stressors and disuse affect skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain fragmentation. What is the main finding and its importance? This investigation is the first to demonstrate that resistance exercise and disuse atrophy lead to skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain protein fragmentation in humans. Mechanistic in vitro experiments provide additional evidence that MyHC fragmentation occurs through calpain proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derick A Anglin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - J Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | - João G A Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra C Scarpelli
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lemuel W Taylor
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
van den Tillaar R, Bao Fredriksen A, Hegdahl Gundersen A, Nygaard Falch H. Sex differences in intra-set kinematics and electromyography during different maximum repetition sets in the barbell back squat? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308344. [PMID: 39110682 PMCID: PMC11305552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Barbell squats are commonly utilized in resistance training for rehabilitation, daily living enhancement, and improving sports performance. The current study investigated the kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) parameters in the squat between sexes across different repetition ranges (1-, 3-, 6-, and 10-RM) among recreationally strength-trained subjects. A total of 26 subjects (13 men: age 25 ± 3.5 years, height 178.2 ± 5.8 cm, weight 82.3 ± 9.1 kg; 13 women: age 24 ± 4.1 years, height 165.4 ± 6.3 cm, weight 68.2 ± 8.7 kg) participated in the study. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. The findings revealed no sex-specific differences in average barbell velocity across repetition ranges. However, the 1-RM showed a significantly lower average velocity compared to the final repetition of other repetition ranges (p<0.001), with the last repetition at 10-RM revealing a significantly higher velocity (p<0.001). Women had greater maximal angular hip extension velocity in the final repetitions of the 6- and 10-RM (p≤0.035, ηp2≤0.20), while both sexes displayed lower maximal angular knee extension velocity in the final repetition of the 10-RM (p = 0.028, ηp2 = 0.15). Moreover, men had lower EMG amplitude in the rectus femoris (3- and 10-RM), soleus, and lateral vastus (10-RM) compared to women (p≥0.011, ηp2≥0.26). It was concluded that 10-RM differed greatly in kinematics and EMG, suggesting different fatigue mechanisms compared to other repetition ranges with heavier loads. Furthermore, sex differences in EMG and angular hip extension velocity might imply sex-specific fatiguing mechanisms during high-repetition squats. These considerations could be important when prescribing training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Bao Fredriksen
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schröder BM, Koller H, Liodakis E, Sehmisch S, Körner S, Decker S. First In Vivo Electromyographic Analysis of Mechanical Load Scenarios of the Cervicothoracic Junction During Daily Activities as a Basis for Future Postoperative Behavioral Instructions. Clin Spine Surg 2024:01933606-990000000-00344. [PMID: 39092832 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Clinical Research. OBJECTIVES Study participants were twenty- eigth healty volunteers. BACKGROUND Soft tissue complications after posterior cervicothoracic fusion surgery occur frequently. Postoperative myofascial dehiscence (PMD) can cause disability and pain. So far, it is unknown whether patients can affect PMD development through behavioral adjustment. Consequently, this study aimed to analyze how much mechanical stress daily activities exert on the posterior muscles and fascia at the cervicothoracic junction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surface electromyography was applied next to the upper thoracic spine at the trapezius muscle. All volunteers performed 22 different daily activities, such as tooth brushing, dressing, standing up, and different horizontal positions. During the exercises, the electromyographic activity was measured. For each volunteer, root mean square values were determined. All exercises were then repeated with the use of a clavicular bandage to unload the shoulder and cervicothoracic muscles. Afterwards, the rankings were statistically compared interindividually. RESULTS Among the different tasks, significant differences in regard to the root mean square values were noted. For instance, horizontal positions caused significantly lower muscle activation compared with all other exercises (P≤ 0.001). Notably, no relevant electromyographic differences were detected between the tasks with and without a clavicular bandage. CONCLUSIONS This in vivo electromyographic analysis of cervicothoracic muscle activity during daily activities demonstrates that myofascial strain differs among various daily activities. Data indicate that potential postoperative mobilization protocols and behavioral instructions may have the potential to reduce the biomechanical load and consequently the risk of PMD and, therefore, may reduce the risk for surgical wound-related complications, disability, and need for revision surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heiko Koller
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- International Center for Spinal Disease and Deformities, Asklepios Clinics Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Liodakis
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Körner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Decker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun R, Wan J, Tang J, Deng Y, Zhang M, Liu C, Li J, Zhang Q. Effectiveness of resistance training on body composition, muscle strength, and biomarker in sarcopenic older adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 128:105595. [PMID: 39191151 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study analyzed 22 randomized controlled trials involving 959 participants to determine the impact of resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscle strength, and biomarkers in sarcopenic older adults. Regarding body composition, RT had a small effect size on relative muscle mass (RMM, SMD = 0.25[0.06,0.45]) and absolute muscle mass (AMM, SMD = 0.28[0.06,0.50]) but no effect on reducing body fat percentage (BF%). Meta-regression analysis pinpointed key predictors (p < 0.05): training period, number of sets, contraction speed, and average age. Subgroup analysis revealed that 3 sets over an 8-12 weeks training period, with slower muscle contraction speed at a 60-70 % 1-repetition maximum (1RM) training intensity, produced the most significant effects on reducing BF% and increasing RMM, respectively. Regarding muscle strength, RT had a large effect size on handgrip strength (HS, SMD = 0.83[0.43,1.23]), knee extension strength (KES, SMD = 0.90[0.50,1.30]), but no effect on chair stand test. Meta-regression analysis pinpointed key predictors (p < 0.05): training intensity, number of sets, body mass index, and sample size. Subgroup analysis revealed that the number of sets ≥ 3 and training intensity >70 % 1RM produced the most significant effect of RT on HS. Regarding biomarkers, RT had a medium effect size on insulin-like growth factor-1 (SMD = 0.70[0.10,1.30]), interleukin-10 (SMD = 0.61[0.09,1.13]), follistatin (SMD = 0.56[0.16,0.96]), but no effect on interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and myostatin. It concludes that RT is an effective way to improve muscle strength and the level of synthetic hormones and anti-inflammatory factors in sarcopenic older adults, with a slight impact on body composition and no impact on pro-inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Sun
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqian Wan
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxing Tang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Deng
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjiang Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Anqing First People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Center of Medical, Joyful Retirement Village, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan R, Merrill C, Riley CF, Hammer MA, Kenney RT, Riley AA, Li J, Zink AC, Karl ST, Price KM, Sharabidze LK, Rowland SN, Bailey SJ, Stiemsma LT, Pennell A. Acute inorganic nitrate ingestion does not impact oral microbial composition, cognitive function, or high-intensity exercise performance in female team-sport athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05552-w. [PMID: 39017740 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute nitrate (NO3-)-rich beetroot juice ingestion on explosive and high-intensity exercise performance, oral microbiota composition, and cognitive flexibility (i.e., function), before and after maximal intermittent running exercise. Fifteen women team-sport athletes were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to consume concentrated NO3--depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.1 mmol NO3-) and NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR; 12.0 mmol NO3-) 2.5 h prior to performing a battery of exercise performance tasks and cognitive testing before and after the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) running test. Resting plasma [NO3-] and plasma nitrite ([NO2-]) were elevated following BR (P < 0.001). BR did not impact global composition or relative abundance of taxa in the oral microbiome (P > 0.05) or cognitive flexibility before or after exercise (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in performance during 20-m (PRE, PL: 4.38 ± 0.27 vs. BR: 4.38 ± 0.32 s; POST, PL: 4.45 ± 0.29 vs. BR: 4.43 ± 0.35 s) and 10-m sprints (PRE, PL 2.78 ± 0.15 vs. BR 2.79 ± 0.18 s; POST, PL: 2.82 ± 0.16 vs. BR: 2.81 ± 0.19 s), isokinetic handgrip dynamometry, medicine ball throw, horizontal countermovement jump, or YYIR1 (PL: 355 ± 163 m vs. BR: 368 ± 184 m) between BR and PL (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that acute dietary NO3- may not influence the oral microbiome, explosive and high-intensity exercise performance, or cognitive function in women team-sport athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Courtney Merrill
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chandler F Riley
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Maya A Hammer
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Ryan T Kenney
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Alyssa A Riley
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Jeffrey Li
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Alexandra C Zink
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Katherine M Price
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Luka K Sharabidze
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Leah T Stiemsma
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Adam Pennell
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Robinson ZP, Pelland JC, Remmert JF, Refalo MC, Jukic I, Steele J, Zourdos MC. Exploring the Dose-Response Relationship Between Estimated Resistance Training Proximity to Failure, Strength Gain, and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Series of Meta-Regressions. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02069-2. [PMID: 38970765 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proximity to failure in which sets are terminated has gained attention in the scientific literature as a potentially key resistance training variable. Multiple meta-analyses have directly (i.e., failure versus not to failure) or indirectly (e.g., velocity loss, alternative set structures) evaluated the effect of proximity to failure on strength and muscle hypertrophy outcomes categorically; however, the dose-response effects of proximity to failure have not been analyzed collectively in a continuous manner. OBJECTIVE To meta-analyze the aforementioned areas of relevant research, proximity to failure was quantified as the number of repetitions in reserve (RIR). Importantly, the RIR associated with each effect in the analysis was estimated on the basis of the available descriptions of the training interventions in each study. Data were extracted and a series of exploratory multilevel meta-regressions were performed for outcomes related to both strength and muscle hypertrophy. A range of sensitivity analyses were also performed. All models were adjusted for the effects of load, method of volume equating, duration of intervention, and training status. RESULTS The best fit models for both strength and muscle hypertrophy outcomes demonstrated modest quality of overall fit. In all of the best-fit models for strength, the confidence intervals of the marginal slopes for estimated RIR contained a null point estimate, indicating a negligible relationship with strength gains. However, in all of the best-fit models for muscle hypertrophy, the marginal slopes for estimated RIR were negative and their confidence intervals did not contain a null point estimate, indicating that changes in muscle size increased as sets were terminated closer to failure. CONCLUSIONS The dose-response relationship between proximity to failure and strength gain appears to differ from the relationship with muscle hypertrophy, with only the latter being meaningfully influenced by RIR. Strength gains were similar across a wide range of RIR, while muscle hypertrophy improves as sets are terminated closer to failure. Considering the RIR estimation procedures used, however, the exact relationship between RIR and muscle hypertrophy and strength remains unclear. Researchers and practitioners should be aware that optimal proximity to failure may differ between strength and muscle hypertrophy outcomes, but caution is warranted when interpreting the present analysis due to its exploratory nature. Future studies deliberately designed to explore the continuous nature of the dose-response effects of proximity to failure in large samples should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zac P Robinson
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Joshua C Pelland
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Jacob F Remmert
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Martin C Refalo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Steele
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, South Hampton, England
| | - Michael C Zourdos
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang J, O'Keeffe R, Shirazi SY, Mehrdad S, Atashzar SF, Rao S. Muscle activity and hypoalgesia in blood flow restricted versus unrestricted effort-matched resistance exercise in healthy adults. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16037. [PMID: 39034596 PMCID: PMC11260880 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed muscle activity (root mean square, RMS, and median frequency, MDF) to evaluate the acute response to blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance exercise (RE) and conventional moderate intensity (MI) RE. We also performed exploratory analyses of differences based on sex and exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Fourteen asymptomatic individuals performed four sets of unilateral leg press with their dominant leg to volitional fatigue under two exercise conditions: BFR RE and MI RE. Dominant side rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activity were measured using surface electromyography (sEMG) through exercise. RMS and MDF were calculated and compared between conditions and timepoints using a linear mixed model. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were tested before and immediately after exercise and used to quantify EIH. Participants were then divided into EIH responders and nonresponders, and the differences on RMS and MDF were compared between the two groups using Hedges' g. RMS significantly increased over time (RF: p = 0.0039; VL: p = 0.001) but not between conditions (RF: p = 0.4; VL: p = 0.67). MDF decreased over time (RF: p = 0.042; VL: p < 0.001) but not between conditions (RF: p = 0.74; VL: p = 0.77). Consistently lower muscle activation was found in females compared with males (BRF, RF: g = 0.63; VL, g = 0.5. MI, RF: g = 0.72; VL: g = 1.56), with more heterogeneous findings in MDF changes. For BFR, EIH responders showed greater RMS changes (Δ RMS) (RF: g = 0.90; VL: g = 1.21) but similar MDF changes (Δ MDF) (RF: g = 0.45; VL: g = 0.28) compared to nonresponders. For MI, EIH responders demonstrated greater increase on Δ RMS (g = 0.61) and decrease on Δ MDF (g = 0.68) in RF but similar changes in VL (Δ RMS: g = 0.40; Δ MDF: g = 0.39). These results indicate that when exercising to fatigue, no statistically significant difference was observed between BFR RE and conventional MI RE in Δ RMS and Δ MDF. Lower muscle activity was noticed in females. While exercising to volitional fatigue, muscle activity may contribute to EIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- Department of Physical TherapyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Rory O'Keeffe
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Seyed Yahya Shirazi
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sarmad Mehrdad
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - S. Farokh Atashzar
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew York University (NYU)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Smita Rao
- Department of Physical TherapyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramirez VJ, Bazrgari B, Spencer A, Gao F, Samaan MA. Influence of Repetitions-to-Failure Deadlift on Lumbo-Pelvic Coordination, With and Without Body Armor. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00461. [PMID: 38917029 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramirez, VJ, Bazrgari, B, Spencer, A, Gao, F, and Samaan, MA. Influence of repetitions-to-failure deadlift on lumbo-pelvic coordination, with and without body armor. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Repetition-to-failure (RTF) deadlift is a training modality for building lifting capacity that is often implemented by service members to maintain a minimum level of physical fitness. Despite its physiological benefits, little is known about the effects of RTF on the biomechanics of lumbar spine. Additionally, the effects of heavy deadlift training with body armor are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RTF deadlift on lumbo-pelvic coordination and posture, with and without body armor. Twenty-three healthy subjects, recreational powerlifters, were recruited for this study. Kinematics of the trunk and pelvis were measured using a 3D motion capture system while subjects conducted RTF deadlifts with a 68-kg low-handle hexagonal bar with and without a simulated body armor (22.68 kg). Lumbo-pelvic coordination was characterized using a vector coding approach and coupling angle variability (CAV) using circular statistics, over 3 equally divided segments of the lifting phase. More specifically, the coupling angle values were used to determine the coordination pattern between the thorax and pelvis. Trunk and pelvis ranges of motion and the amount of in-phase lumbo-pelvic coordination pattern increased with RTF deadlift. Additionally, CAV of the first and the third segments of deadlift cycle increased with RTF deadlift. Increase in variability of lumbo-pelvic coordination and peak trunk flexion (i.e., indication of increased mechanical demand of lifting on the spine), as a result of RTF deadlifting, can have deleterious soft tissue responses and contribute to an increase in risk of lower back injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Ramirez
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Babak Bazrgari
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Alexander Spencer
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fan Gao
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Michael A Samaan
- Departments of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Plotkin DL, Mattingly ML, Anglin DA, Michel JM, Godwin JS, McIntosh MC, Bergamasco JGA, Scarpelli MC, Angleri V, Taylor LW, Willoughby DS, Mobley CB, Kavazis AN, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA, Roberts MD. Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain protein fragmentation as a potential marker of protein degradation in response to resistance training and disuse atrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595789. [PMID: 38826385 PMCID: PMC11142278 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
We sought to examine how resistance exercise (RE), cycling exercise, and disuse atrophy affect myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein fragmentation in humans. In the first study (1boutRE), younger adult men (n=8; 5±2 years of RE experience) performed a lower body RE bout with vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies obtained immediately before, 3-, and 6-hours post-exercise. In the second study (10weekRT), VL biopsies were obtained in untrained younger adults (n=36, 18 men and 18 women) before and 24 hours (24h) after their first/naïve RE bout. These participants also engaged in 10 weeks (24 sessions) of resistance training and donated VL biopsies before and 24h after their last RE bout. VL biopsies were also examined from a third acute cycling study (n=7) and a fourth study involving two weeks of leg immobilization (n=20, 15 men and 5 women) to determine how MyHC fragmentation was affected. In the 1boutRE study, the fragmentation of all MyHC isoforms (MyHCTotal) increased 3 hours post-RE (~ +200%, p=0.018) and returned to pre-exercise levels by 6 hours post-RE. Immunoprecipitation of MyHCTotal revealed ubiquitination levels remained unaffected at the 3- and 6-hour post-RE time points. Interestingly, a greater increase in magnitude for MyHC type IIa versus I isoform fragmentation occurred 3-hours post-RE (8.6±6.3-fold versus 2.1±0.7-fold, p=0.018). In all 10weekRT participants, the first/naïve and last RE bouts increased MyHCTotal fragmentation 24h post-RE (+65% and +36%, respectively; p<0.001); however, the last RE bout response was attenuated compared to the first bout (p=0.045). The first/naïve bout response was significantly elevated in females only (p<0.001), albeit females also demonstrated a last bout attenuation response (p=0.002). Although an acute cycling bout did not alter MyHCTotal fragmentation, ~8% VL atrophy with two weeks of leg immobilization led to robust MyHCTotal fragmentation (+108%, p<0.001), and no sex-based differences were observed. In summary, RE and disuse atrophy increase MyHC protein fragmentation. A dampened response with 10 weeks of resistance training, and more refined responses in well-trained men, suggest this is an adaptive process. Given the null polyubiquitination IP findings, more research is needed to determine how MyHC fragments are processed. Moreover, further research is needed to determine how aging and disease-associated muscle atrophy affect these outcomes, and whether MyHC fragmentation is a viable surrogate for muscle protein turnover rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | - João G. A. Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra C. Scarpelli
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lemuel W. Taylor
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Z, Guo Y, Zheng C. Type 2 diabetes mellitus related sarcopenia: a type of muscle loss distinct from sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1375610. [PMID: 38854688 PMCID: PMC11157032 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1375610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle loss is a significant health concern, particularly with the increasing trend of population aging, and sarcopenia has emerged as a common pathological process of muscle loss in the elderly. Currently, there has been significant progress in the research on sarcopenia, including in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia caused by aging and the development of corresponding diagnostic criteria, forming a relatively complete system. However, as research on sarcopenia progresses, the concept of secondary sarcopenia has also been proposed. Due to the incomplete understanding of muscle loss caused by chronic diseases, there are various limitations in epidemiological, basic, and clinical research. As a result, a comprehensive concept and diagnostic system have not yet been established, which greatly hinders the prevention and treatment of the disease. This review focuses on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-related sarcopenia, comparing its similarities and differences with sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. The review show significant differences between the three muscle-related issues in terms of pathological changes, epidemiology and clinical manifestations, etiology, and preventive and therapeutic strategies. Unlike sarcopenia, T2DM-related sarcopenia is characterized by a reduction in type I fibers, and it differs from disuse muscle atrophy as well. The mechanism involving insulin resistance, inflammatory status, and oxidative stress remains unclear. Therefore, future research should further explore the etiology, disease progression, and prognosis of T2DM-related sarcopenia, and develop targeted diagnostic criteria and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to better address the muscle-related issues faced by T2DM patients and improve their quality of life and overall health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Liu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chongwen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The 2 Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Falch HN, Hegdahl Gundersen A, Larsen S, Estifanos Haugen M, van den Tillaar R. Comparison of kinematics and electromyography in the last repetition during different maximum repetition sets in the barbell back squat. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16865. [PMID: 38313010 PMCID: PMC10838531 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The barbell squat is an exercise used to strengthen the lower limbs, with implications for both performance in sports and improving movement during everyday tasks. Although the exercise is being trained across a variety of repetition ranges, the technical requirements may vary, affecting appropriate repetition range for specific training goals. Methods A randomised within-subject design was used to compare kinematics and surface electromyography (EMG) in the lower extremities during different concentric phases (pre-, sticking- and post-sticking region) of the last repetition when performing squats at different repetition maximums (RMs). Thirteen strength-trained men (age: 23.6 ± 1.9 years; height: 181.1 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 82.2 kg, 1RM: 122.8 ± 16.2, relative strength: 1.5 ± 0.2 x body mass in external load) performed a 1, 3, 6, and 10RM squat, in a randomised order. Results The main findings were that barbell-, ankle-, knee- and hip kinematics were similar across different repetition ranges, except for a smaller trunk lean at 1RM in the pre-sticking region compared to other repetitions and in the sticking region compared to 10RM (p ≤ 0.04). Furthermore, 1RM revealed significantly higher EMG amplitude in the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and soleus in the sticking and post-sticking regions when compared to 10RM. It was concluded that 10RM may locally fatigue the vastus lateralis and plantar flexors, explaining the lower EMG amplitude. The observed differences indicate that requirements vary for completing the final repetition of the 10RM compared to the 1RM, an important aspect to consider in training to enhance 1RM strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hallvard Nygaard Falch
- Department for Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Trøndelag, Norway
| | | | - Stian Larsen
- Department for Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Trøndelag, Norway
| | - Markus Estifanos Haugen
- Department for Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Trøndelag, Norway
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department for Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Trøndelag, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Louis M, Hwang R, Sabapathy S, Roberts LA, Morris NR. High-Intensity Small Muscle Mass Training in Patients With Heart Failure: Rationale and Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Phys Ther 2024; 104:pzad130. [PMID: 37758445 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small muscle mass training localized to the quadriceps femoris muscle group has been proposed as an intervention to reverse heart failure-related skeletal muscle impairments. Although this training paradigm has demonstrated efficacy in heart failure, it remains to be evaluated in a conventional clinical context. Hence, the aim of this proposed study is to determine the effects of integrating high-intensity small muscle mass training (HISMT) isolated to the knee extensor muscles within a standard heart failure rehabilitation program. METHODS This single-blind, randomized controlled trial will aim to recruit 70 participants with heart failure. Participants will be randomized to either (1) standard training: combination of upper and lower extremity cardiovascular and resistance-based exercises, or (2) HISMT plus modified standard training: bilateral knee extensor HISMT and a modified version of the standard training, so that the total volume of work will be similar to standard training alone. The training interventions will be undertaken twice weekly for 12 weeks in an outpatient clinical setting. Outcome measurements will be performed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention period. The primary outcome will be exercise capacity (6-Minute Walk Test), with secondary outcomes being physical performance measures, muscle strength, and health-related quality of life. Data will be analyzed using the intention-to-treat principle. IMPACT This study will address a gap in the literature regarding the efficacy of small muscle training under routine clinical conditions for individuals with heart failure. The findings will also provide insight into the effects of HISMT within a heart failure rehabilitation program, thus enabling the optimization of exercise prescription for this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menaka Louis
- Chronic Disease and Post-Acute Programs, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Robina Health Precinct, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rita Hwang
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Surendran Sabapathy
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Llion Arwyn Roberts
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Norman Rolston Morris
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- The Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Allied Health Research Collaborative, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mao J, Wang T, Wang Y, Kuan G. Effect of resistance training programs differing in set structure on muscular hypertrophy and performance in untrained young men. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1301535. [PMID: 38148897 PMCID: PMC10749963 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1301535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects on muscle hypertrophy and muscular performance of two resistance training (RT) programs that differed only in set structure: traditional set structure (TS) vs. rest redistribution set structure (RR). Methods: Thirty untrained young men were pair-matched and randomly assigned to a TS (n = 15) or an RR (n = 15) protocol based on individual baseline measures. Participants trained for 8 weeks using the same total body RT routines performed twice weekly. The TS protocol comprised four sets of 10 repetitions per exercise with 120-s interset rest, and the RR involved eight sets of five repetitions per exercise with 51-s interset rest. Participants were tested pre- and post-intervention for body composition, regional muscle thickness, upper- and lower-body muscle maximal strength [1-repetition maximum (1RM)], mean power output and velocity at 75% 1RM and muscular endurance (repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM). Results: Compared to baseline, both groups exhibited equally significantly decreased body fat mass (p < 0.05), increased fat-free mass (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.05), upper and lower-body muscular maximal strength (p < 0.001) and endurance performance (p < 0.001). However, both groups only increase the lower-body power output (p < 0.001) but not the upper-body (p > 0.05). No significant differences existed between groups for all measurements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that RR and TS groups have similar effects for improving muscle hypertrophy and performance in untrained young men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mao
- College of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- College of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Garry Kuan
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cadeo GM, Fujita RA, Villalba MM, Silva NRS, Júnior CI, Pearcey GEP, Gomes MM. Myoelectric activity and improvements in strength and hypertrophy are unaffected by the ankle position during prone leg curl exercise - a within person randomized trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2200-2209. [PMID: 37194431 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2214794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effect of ankle position (i.e. gastrocnemius muscle length) on training outcomes during leg curl exercise, we recruited untrained and trained healthy adults to participate in two separate experiments. In Experiment 1, we studied the acute influence of ankle position on knee flexor myoelectric (EMG) activity during leg curl exercise in a group of trained and a separate group of untrained adults. In Experiment 2, we studied the effects of ankle position on knee flexors muscle thickness and torque across a 10-week training protocol in trained adults. We hypothesized that leg curl exercise with the ankle in a plantarflexed position would enhance EMG activity, muscular strength, and hamstrings muscle thickness. We randomized the legs within a person to perform leg curl exercise with one in a plantarflexed position and the other in a dorsiflexed position. Experiment 1 revealed no significant differences between ankle positions in the EMG activity of hamstring muscle in either group (all p > 0.05). Experiment 2 revealed a significant pre- to post-intervention increase in biceps femoris long head (BFLH) muscle thickness (p = 0.026) and isometric torque (p = 0.03), but there were no significant effects of the ankle position (p = 0.596) or interaction between ankle position and timepoint for these variables (p = 0.420). In sum, the ankle position did not have acute effects on hamstrings EMG activity, nor did it affect strength and hypertrophy adaptations after 10-weeks of leg curl exercise training. Interestingly, however, the limb which performed leg curl exercise in a dorsiflexed position performed a higher total training volume.Highlights Different ankle positions (i.e. dorsiflexion or plantarflexion) do not affect hamstrings EMG activity during prone leg curl exercise.Different ankle positions show similar adaptation in strength and hypertrophy of biceps femoris long head after 10 weeks of training.Training in the plantarflexed position may be useful for time-constrained individuals, allowing similar training adaptations with smaller training volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Cadeo
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Fujita
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marina M Villalba
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nilson R S Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudinei Iossi Júnior
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gregory E P Pearcey
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Matheus M Gomes
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tan R, Pennell A, Karl ST, Cass JK, Go K, Clifford T, Bailey SJ, Perkins Storm C. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Back Squat and Bench Press Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112493. [PMID: 37299456 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on resistance exercise performance according to the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted on MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases up to April 2023. Inclusion criteria were adult resistance-trained males who supplemented with a nitrate-rich supplement and nitrate-deficient placebo to assess repetitions-to-failure (RTF), peak power, mean power, peak velocity, and/or mean velocity during back squat and bench press exercise. A random effects model was performed on six studies and showed that nitrate supplementation improved RTF (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.43, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 0.156 to 0.699, p = 0.002), mean power (SMD: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.127 to 0.678, p = 0.004), and mean velocity (SMD: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.07 to 1.061, p = 0.025) but had no effect on peak power (SMD: 0.204, 95% CI: -0.004 to 0.411, p = 0.054) or peak velocity (SMD: 0.00, 95% CI: -0.173 to 0.173, p = 1.000) when back squat and bench press were combined. Subgroup analyses revealed that back squats were more likely to be enhanced and that a dosing regimen may influence the efficacy of nitrate supplementation. Overall, nitrate supplementation had a small beneficial effect on some aspects of resistance exercise performance, but there were limited studies available and the variability was large. Additional studies that focus on upper and lower body resistance exercise and nitrate dosage are required to elucidate the efficacy of dietary nitrate supplementation on resistance exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Adam Pennell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Jordan K Cass
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Katherine Go
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Weakley J, Schoenfeld BJ, Ljungberg J, Halson SL, Phillips SM. Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Lower Load Resistance Training: Implications for Health and Performance. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 37171517 PMCID: PMC10182225 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance training is a method of enhancing strength, gait speed, mobility, and health. However, the external load required to induce these benefits is a contentious issue. A growing body of evidence suggests that when lower load resistance training [i.e., loads < 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)] is completed within close proximity to concentric failure, it can serve as an effective alternative to traditional higher load (i.e., loads > 70% of 1RM) training and in many cases can promote similar or even superior physiological adaptations. Such findings are important given that confidence with external loads and access to training facilities and equipment are commonly cited barriers to regular resistance training. Here, we review some of the mechanisms and physiological changes in response to lower load resistance training. We also consider the evidence for applying lower loads for those at risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and those with reduced mobility. Finally, we provide practical recommendations, specifically that to maximize the benefits of lower load resistance training, high levels of effort and training in close proximity to concentric failure are required. Additionally, using lower loads 2-3 times per week with 3-4 sets per exercise, and loads no lower than 30% of 1RM can enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength adaptations. Consequently, implementing lower load resistance training can be a beneficial and viable resistance training method for a wide range of fitness- and health-related goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | | | - Johanna Ljungberg
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 211.1.26, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McIntosh MC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Dwaraka VB, Sharples AP, Dalbo VJ, Mobley CB, Vann CG, Roberts MD. Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers. Cells 2023; 12:898. [PMID: 36980239 PMCID: PMC10047349 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transcriptome profiling has been used in several resistance training studies, the associated analytical approaches seldom provide in-depth information on individual genes linked to skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, a secondary analysis was performed herein on a muscle transcriptomic dataset we previously published involving trained college-aged men (n = 11) performing two resistance exercise bouts in a randomized and crossover fashion. The lower-load bout (30 Fail) consisted of 8 sets of lower body exercises to volitional fatigue using 30% one-repetition maximum (1 RM) loads, whereas the higher-load bout (80 Fail) consisted of the same exercises using 80% 1 RM loads. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected prior to (PRE), 3 h, and 6 h after each exercise bout, and 58 genes associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy were manually interrogated from our prior microarray data. Select targets were further interrogated for associated protein expression and phosphorylation induced-signaling events. Although none of the 58 gene targets demonstrated significant bout x time interactions, ~57% (32 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 3 h (15↑ and 17↓, p < 0.01), and ~26% (17 genes) showed a significant main effect of time from PRE to 6 h (8↑ and 9↓, p < 0.01). Notably, genes associated with the myostatin (9 genes) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) (9 genes) signaling pathways were most represented. Compared to mTORC1 signaling mRNAs, more MSTN signaling-related mRNAs (7 of 9) were altered post-exercise, regardless of the bout, and RHEB was the only mTORC1-associated mRNA that was upregulated following exercise. Phosphorylated (phospho-) p70S6K (Thr389) (p = 0.001; PRE to 3 h) and follistatin protein levels (p = 0.021; PRE to 6 h) increased post-exercise, regardless of the bout, whereas phospho-AKT (Thr389), phospho-mTOR (Ser2448), and myostatin protein levels remained unaltered. These data continue to suggest that performing resistance exercise to volitional fatigue, regardless of load selection, elicits similar transient mRNA and signaling responses in skeletal muscle. Moreover, these data provide further evidence that the transcriptional regulation of myostatin signaling is an involved mechanism in response to resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0164 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent J. Dalbo
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4700, Australia
| | | | - Christopher G. Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 03824, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Refalo MC, Helms ER, Trexler ET, Hamilton DL, Fyfe JJ. Influence of Resistance Training Proximity-to-Failure on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:649-665. [PMID: 36334240 PMCID: PMC9935748 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the influence of resistance training proximity-to-failure on muscle hypertrophy. METHODS Literature searches in the PubMed, SCOPUS and SPORTDiscus databases identified a total of 15 studies that measured muscle hypertrophy (in healthy adults of any age and resistance training experience) and compared resistance training performed to: (A) momentary muscular failure versus non-failure; (B) set failure (defined as anything other than momentary muscular failure) versus non-failure; or (C) different velocity loss thresholds. RESULTS There was a trivial advantage for resistance training performed to set failure versus non-failure for muscle hypertrophy in studies applying any definition of set failure [effect size=0.19 (95% confidence interval 0.00, 0.37), p=0.045], with no moderating effect of volume load (p=0.884) or relative load (p=0.525). Given the variability in set failure definitions applied across studies, sub-group analyses were conducted and found no advantage for either resistance training performed to momentary muscular failure versus non-failure for muscle hypertrophy [effect size=0.12 (95% confidence interval -0.13, 0.37), p=0.343], or for resistance training performed to high (>25%) versus moderate (20-25%) velocity loss thresholds [effect size=0.08 (95% confidence interval -0.16, 0.32), p=0.529]. CONCLUSION Overall, our main findings suggest that (i) there is no evidence to support that resistance training performed to momentary muscular failure is superior to non-failure resistance training for muscle hypertrophy and (ii) higher velocity loss thresholds, and theoretically closer proximities-to-failure do not always elicit greater muscle hypertrophy. As such, these results provide evidence for a potential non-linear relationship between proximity-to-failure and muscle hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Refalo
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - D Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jackson J Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marshall RN, Morgan PT, Smeuninx B, Quinlan JI, Brook MS, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Breen L. Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis and Acute Intracellular Signaling with Elastic Band Resistance Exercise in Young and Older Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:398-408. [PMID: 36731005 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance exercise training (RET) attenuates age-related muscle and strength loss ("sarcopenia"). However, compared with machine-based RET, the efficacy of cost-effective, accessible elastic band RET (EB-RET) for muscle adaptive remodeling lacks supporting mechanistic evidence. METHODS Eight young (YM; 24 ± 4 yr) and eight older (OM; 68 ± 6 yr) untrained males consumed an oral stable isotope tracer (D 2 O) combined with serial vastus lateralis muscle biopsies to measure integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (iMyoPS) and regulatory signaling over ~48 h before (habitual) and after an acute bout of EB-RET (6 × 12 repetitions at ~70% of one-repetition maximum). iMyoPS was determined via gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectroscopy and regulatory signaling expression by immunoblot. RESULTS Habitual iMyoPS did not differ between YM and OM (1.62% ± 0.21% vs 1.43% ± 0.47%·d -1 , respectively, P = 0.128). There was a significant increase in iMyoPS after EB-RET in YM (2.23% ± 0.69%·d -1 , P = 0.02), but not OM (1.75% ± 0.54%·d -1 , P = 0.30). EB-RET increased the phosphorylation of key anabolic signaling proteins similarly in YM and OM at 1 h postexercise, including p-IRS-1 Ser636/639 , p-Akt Ser473 , p-4EBP-1 Thr37/46 , p-P70S6K Thr389 , and p-RPS6 Ser240/244 , whereas p-TSC2 Thr1462 and p-mTOR Ser2448 increased only in YM (all P < 0.05). There were no differences in the expression of amino acid transporters/sensors or proteolytic markers after EB-RET. CONCLUSIONS iMyoPS was elevated after EB-RET in YM but not OM. However, the increase in acute anabolic signaling with EB-RET was largely similar between groups. In conclusion, the capacity for EB-RET to stimulate iMyoPS may be impaired in older age. Further work may be necessary to optimize prescriptive programming in YM and OM.
Collapse
|
20
|
Flor-Rufino C, Barrachina-Igual J, Pérez-Ros P, Pablos-Monzó A, Sanz-Requena R, Martínez-Arnau FM. Fat infiltration and muscle hydration improve after high-intensity resistance training in women with sarcopenia. A randomized clinical trial. Maturitas 2023; 168:29-36. [PMID: 36423489 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is recommended for preventing sarcopenia, but the benefits for the quality and quantity of muscle mass are uncertain. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in women with sarcopenia. METHODS A researcher-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted. Community-dwelling older women with sarcopenia were randomized to six months of HIRT or a control group (CG). Body composition was assessed with bioimpedance equipment, and participants underwent strength and functional performance tests (short physical performance battery [SPPB] and gait speed). MRI scans of the thigh were taken to quantify muscle mass and quality. RESULTS Thirty-eight women completed the study (20 in the HIRT group). Sarcopenia remitted in 50 % of the HIRT group. HIRT elicited a significant group × time interaction effect for muscle mass (p = 0.027; Ƞ2 = 0.129), muscle mass index (p = 0.023; Ƞ2 = 0.135), fat mass (p = 0.048; Ƞ2 = 0.103) and all strength variables (p < 0.05; Ƞ2 > 0.120). Moreover, the HIRT group obtained higher scores on the SPPB (mean difference [MD] 1.2; p = 0.005) and the 5 times sit-to-stand test (MD = 0.7; p = 0.009). Regarding MRI parameters, infiltrated microscopic fat decreased significantly (HIRT: MD = -0.01; p < 0.05), while hydration (T2) decreased in the CG (MD = 3.6 ms; p = 0.053) at six months. There were significant between-group differences at six months for water diffusion (HIRT: 1.09 × 10-3 mm2/s vs CG: 1.26 × 10-3 mm2/s) and total muscular volume (HIRT: 832.4 L vs CG: 649.2 L). CONCLUSIONS HIRT led to the remission of sarcopenia in half of the older women, as seen in muscle mass, strength, and functional performance and MRI biomarkers, with significant increases in muscle quality. REGISTERED IN CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT03834558.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Flor-Rufino
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, Gascó Oliag 5, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Barrachina-Igual
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de València San Vicente Mártir, Ramiro de Maetzu 14, 46900 Torrent, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Pérez-Ros
- Department of Nursing, Universitat de València, Menéndez y Pelayo, 19, 46010 Valencia, Spain; ICT Deparment, Florida Universitaria, C/ Rei en Jaume I, nº 2. 46470 CATARROJA (Valencia).
| | - Ana Pablos-Monzó
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de València San Vicente Mártir, Ramiro de Maetzu 14, 46900 Torrent, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Roberto Sanz-Requena
- ICT Deparment, Florida Universitaria, C/ Rei en Jaume I, nº 2. 46470 CATARROJA (Valencia).
| | - Francisco M Martínez-Arnau
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, Gascó Oliag 5, 46010 Valencia, Spain; ICT Deparment, Florida Universitaria, C/ Rei en Jaume I, nº 2. 46470 CATARROJA (Valencia).
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Corrêa HDL, Raab ATO, Araújo TM, Deus LA, Reis AL, Honorato FS, Rodrigues-Silva PL, Neves RVP, Brunetta HS, Mori MADS, Franco OL, Rosa TDS. A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrating Klotho as an emerging exerkine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17587. [PMID: 36266389 PMCID: PMC9585050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Klotho is an anti-aging protein with several therapeutic roles in the pathophysiology of different organs, such as the skeletal muscle and kidneys. Available evidence suggests that exercise increases Klotho levels, regardless of the condition or intervention, shedding some light on this anti-aging protein as an emergent and promising exerkine. Development of a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to verify the role of different exercise training protocols on the levels of circulating soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) protein. A systematic search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE through PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, CT.gov, and PEDro. Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials that investigated effects of exercise training on S-Klotho levels. We included 12 reports in the analysis, comprising 621 participants with age ranging from 30 to 65 years old. Klotho concentration increased significantly after chronic exercise training (minimum of 12 weeks) (Hedge' g [95%CI] 1.3 [0.69-1.90]; P < 0.0001). Moreover, exercise training increases S-Klotho values regardless of the health condition of the individual or the exercise intervention, with the exception of combined aerobic + resistance training. Furthermore, protocol duration and volume seem to influence S-Klotho concentration, since the effect of the meta-analysis changes when subgrouping these variables. Altogether, circulating S-Klotho protein is altered after chronic exercise training and it might be considered an exerkine. However, this effect may be influenced by different training configurations, including protocol duration, volume, and intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo de Luca Corrêa
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), EPTC, QS07, LT1 S/N, Bloco G Sala 119, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 72030-170 Brazil
| | - Artur Temizio Oppelt Raab
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Thamires Marra Araújo
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Faculty of Bio-Medicine, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Lysleine Alves Deus
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), EPTC, QS07, LT1 S/N, Bloco G Sala 119, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 72030-170 Brazil
| | - Andrea Lucena Reis
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), EPTC, QS07, LT1 S/N, Bloco G Sala 119, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 72030-170 Brazil
| | - Fernando Sousa Honorato
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), EPTC, QS07, LT1 S/N, Bloco G Sala 119, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 72030-170 Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Vanerson Passos Neves
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), EPTC, QS07, LT1 S/N, Bloco G Sala 119, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 72030-170 Brazil
| | - Henver Simionato Brunetta
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves da Silva Mori
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil ,grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil ,grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF Brazil ,grid.442132.20000 0001 2111 5825S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS Brazil
| | - Thiago dos Santos Rosa
- grid.411952.a0000 0001 1882 0945Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), EPTC, QS07, LT1 S/N, Bloco G Sala 119, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 72030-170 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Diaz-Canestro C, Pentz B, Sehgal A, Yang R, Xu A, Montero D. Lean body mass and the cardiovascular system constitute a female-specific relationship. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo2641. [PMID: 36260693 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence points toward a link between lean body mass (LBM) and cardiovascular capacity in women. This study aimed at determining the sex-specific relationship of LBM with central and peripheral circulatory variables in healthy women and men (n=70) matched by age (60±12 years versus 58±15 years), physical activity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Regional (legs, arms, and trunk) and whole-body (total) body composition were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Cardiac structure, function, and central/peripheral hemodynamics were measured via transthoracic echocardiography and the volume-clamp method at rest and peak incremental exercise. Regression analyses determined sex-specific relationships between LBM and cardiovascular variables. Regional and total LBM were lower in women than men (P<0.001), with little overlap between sexes. Leg and arm LBM positively associated with left ventricular (LV) internal resting dimensions in women (r≥0.53, P≤0.002) but not men (P≥0.156). Leg, arm, and total LBM only associated with LV relaxation in women (r≥0.43, P≤0.013). All LBM variables strongly associated with LV volumes at peak exercise in women (r≥0.54, P≤0.001) but not men and negatively associated with total peripheral resistance at peak exercise in women (r≥0.43, P≤0.023). Adjustment by adiposity-related or cardiovascular risk factors did not alter results. In conclusion, leg and arm LBM independently associate with internal cardiac dimensions, ventricular relaxation, and systemic vascular resistance in a sex-specific manner, with these relationships exclusively present in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candela Diaz-Canestro
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 279, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Brandon Pentz
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arshia Sehgal
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - David Montero
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 279, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam 999077, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thomas ACQ, Brown A, Hatt AA, Manta K, Costa-Parke A, Kamal M, Joanisse S, McGlory C, Phillips SM, Kumbhare D, Parise G. Short-term aerobic conditioning prior to resistance training augments muscle hypertrophy and satellite cell content in healthy young men and women. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22500. [PMID: 35971745 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200398rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Factors influencing inter-individual variability of responses to resistance training (RT) remain to be fully elucidated. We have proposed the importance of capillarization in skeletal muscle for the satellite cell (SC) response to RT-induced muscle hypertrophy, and hypothesized that aerobic conditioning (AC) would augment RT-induced adaptations. Fourteen healthy young (22 ± 2 years) men and women underwent AC via 6 weeks of unilateral cycling followed by 10 weeks of bilateral RT to investigate how AC alters SC content, activity, and muscle hypertrophy following RT. Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline (unilateral), post AC (bilateral), and post RT (bilateral) in the aerobically conditioned (AC + RT) and unconditioned (RT) legs. Immunofluorescence was used to determine muscle capillarization, fiber size, SC content, and activity. Type I and type II fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) increased following RT, and when legs were analyzed independently, AC + RT increased type I, type II, and mixed-fiber CSA, where the RT leg tended to increase type II (p = .05), but not type I or mixed-fiber CSA. SC content, activation, and differentiation increased with RT, where type I total and quiescent SC content was greater in AC + RT compared to the RT leg. Those with the greatest capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index before RT had the greatest change in CSA following RT and a significant relationship was observed between type II fiber capillarization and the change in type II-fiber CSA with RT (r = 0.35). This study demonstrates that AC prior to RT can augment RT-induced muscle adaptions and that these differences are associated with increases in capillarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Q Thomas
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Brown
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aidan A Hatt
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Manta
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anamaria Costa-Parke
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kamal
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gianni Parise
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Davies TB, Halaki M, Orr R, Mitchell L, Helms ER, Clarke J, Hackett DA. Effect of Set-Structure on Upper-Body Muscular Hypertrophy and Performance in Recreationally-Trained Male and Female. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2176-2185. [PMID: 35916746 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Davies, TB, Halaki, M, Orr, R, Mitchell, L, Helms, ER, Clarke, J, and Hackett, DA. Effect of set structure on upper-body muscular hypertrophy and performance in recreationally trained men and women. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2176-2185, 2022-This study explored the effect of volume-equated traditional-set and cluster-set structures on muscular hypertrophy and performance after high-load resistance training manipulating the bench press exercise. Twenty-one recreationally trained subjects (12 men and 9 women) performed a 3-week familiarization phase and were then randomized into one of two 8-week upper-body and lower-body split programs occurring over 3 and then progressing to 4 sessions per week. Subjects performed 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 85% one repetition maximum (1RM) using a traditional-set structure (TRAD, n = 10), which involved 5 minutes of interset rest only, or a cluster-set structure, which included 30-second inter-repetition rest and 3 minutes of interset rest (CLUS, n = 11). A 1RM bench press, repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM, regional muscle thickness, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to estimate changes in muscular strength, local muscular endurance, regional muscular hypertrophy, and body composition, respectively. Velocity loss was assessed using a linear position transducer at the intervention midpoint. TRAD demonstrated a significantly greater velocity loss magnitude (g = 1.50) and muscle thickness of the proximal pectoralis major (g = -0.34) compared with CLUS. There were no significant differences between groups for the remaining outcomes, although a small effect size favoring TRAD was observed for the middle region of the pectoralis major (g = -0.25). It seems that the greater velocity losses during sets observed in traditional-set compared with cluster-set structures may promote superior muscular hypertrophy within specific regions of the pectoralis major in recreationally trained subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Davies
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhonda Orr
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lachlan Mitchell
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Jillian Clarke
- Discipline of Medical Imaging Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Daniel A Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bell LR, Gabbett TJ, Davis GM, Wallen MP, O’Brien BJ. Stubborn Exercise Responders-Where to Next? Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060095. [PMID: 35736835 PMCID: PMC9229615 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variance in the magnitude of physiological adaptations after resistance or endurance training. The incidence of “non” or “poor” responders to training has been reported to represent as high as 40% of the project’s sample. However, the incidence of poor responders to training can be ameliorated with manipulation of either the training frequency, intensity, type and duration. Additionally, global non-response to cardio-respiratory fitness training is eliminated when evaluating several health measures beyond just the target variables as at least one or more measure improves. More research is required to determine if altering resistance training variables results in a more favourable response in individuals with an initial poor response to resistance training. Moreover, we recommend abandoning the term “poor” responders, as ultimately the magnitude of change in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training is similar in “poor” and “high” responders if the training frequency is subsequently increased. Therefore, we propose “stubborn” responders as a more appropriate term. Future research should focus on developing viable physiological and lifestyle screening tests that identify likely stubborn responders to conventional exercise training guidelines before the individual engages with training. Exerkines, DNA damage, metabolomic responses in blood, saliva and breath, gene sequence, gene expression and epigenetics are candidate biomarkers that warrant investigation into their relationship with trainability. Crucially, viable biomarker screening tests should show good construct validity to distinguish between different exercise loads, and possess excellent sensitivity and reliability. Furthermore “red flag” tests of likely poor responders to training should be practical to assess in clinical settings and be affordable and non-invasive. Early identification of stubborn responders would enable optimization of training programs from the onset of training to maintain exercise motivation and optimize the impact on training adaptations and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo R. Bell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, QLD 4011, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Davis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Matthew P. Wallen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Brendan J. O’Brien
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Refalo MC, Helms ER, Hamilton DL, Fyfe JJ. Towards an improved understanding of proximity-to-failure in resistance training and its influence on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, neuromuscular fatigue, muscle damage, and perceived discomfort: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1369-1391. [PMID: 35658845 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2080165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While proximity-to-failure is considered an important resistance training (RT) prescription variable, its influence on physiological adaptations and short-term responses to RT is uncertain. Given the ambiguity in the literature, a scoping review was undertaken to summarise evidence for the influence of proximity-to-failure on muscle hypertrophy, neuromuscular fatigue, muscle damage and perceived discomfort. Literature searching was performed according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines and identified three themes of studies comparing either: i) RT performed to momentary muscular failure versus non-failure, ii) RT performed to set failure (defined as anything other than momentary muscular failure) versus non-failure, and iii) RT performed to different velocity loss thresholds. The findings highlight that no consensus definition for "failure" exists in the literature, and the proximity-to-failure achieved in "non-failure" conditions is often ambiguous and variable across studies. This poses challenges when deriving practical recommendations for manipulating proximity-to-failure in RT to achieve desired outcomes. Based on the limited available evidence, RT to set failure is likely not superior to non-failure RT for inducing muscle hypertrophy, but may exacerbate neuromuscular fatigue, muscle damage, and post-set perceived discomfort versus non-failure RT. Together, these factors may impair post-exercise recovery and subsequent performance, and may also negatively influence long-term adherence to RT.KEY POINTS This scoping review identified three broad themes of studies investigating proximity-to-failure in RT, based on the specific definition of set failure used (and therefore the research question being examined), to improve the validity of study comparisons and interpretations.There is no consensus definition for set failure in RT, and the proximity-to-failure achieved during non-failure RT is often unclear and varies both within and between studies, which together poses challenges when interpreting study findings and deriving practical recommendations regarding the influence of RT proximity-to-failure on muscle hypertrophy and other short-term responses.Based on the limited available evidence, performing RT to set failure is likely not superior to non-failure RT to maximise muscle hypertrophy, but the optimal proximity to failure in RT for muscle hypertrophy is unclear and may be moderated by other RT variables (e.g., load, volume-load). Also, RT performed to set failure likely induces greater neuromuscular fatigue, muscle damage, and perceived discomfort than non-failure RT, which may negatively influence RT performance, post-RT recovery, and long-term adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Refalo
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jackson J Fyfe
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mang ZA, Realzola RA, Ducharme J, Bellissimo GF, Beam JR, Mermier C, de Castro Magalhaes F, Kravitz L, Amorim FT. The effect of repetition tempo on cardiovascular and metabolic stress when time under tension is matched during lower body exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1485-1495. [PMID: 35394146 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of repetition tempo on cardiovascular and metabolic stress when time under tension (TUT) and effort are matched during sessions of lower body resistance training (RT). METHODS In a repeated-measures, cross-over design, 11 recreationally trained females (n = 5) and males (n = 6) performed 5 sets of belt squats under the following conditions: slow-repetition tempo (SLOW; 10 reps with 4-s eccentric and 2-s concentric) and traditional-repetition tempo (TRAD; 20 reps with 2-s eccentric and 1-s concentric). TUT (60 s) was matched between conditions and external load was adjusted so that lifters were close to concentric muscular failure at the end of each set. External load, total volume load (TVL), impulse (IMP), blood lactate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), HR, and muscle oxygenation were measured. RESULTS Data indicated that TVL (p < 0.001), blood lactate (p = 0.017), RPE (p = 0.015), and HR (p < 0.001) were significantly greater during TRAD while external load (p = 0.030) and IMP (p = 0.002) were significantly greater during SLOW. Whether it was expressed as minimal values or change scores, muscle oxygenation was not different between protocols. CONCLUSION When TUT is matched, TVL, cardiovascular stress, metabolic stress, and perceived exertion are greater when faster repetition tempos are used. In contrast, IMP and external load are greater when slower repetition tempos are used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Mang
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Rogelio A Realzola
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Ducharme
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Jason R Beam
- School of Fitness Education, Santa Fe Community College, Santa Fe, NM, 87508, USA
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Flavio de Castro Magalhaes
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Len Kravitz
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nishimura Y, Tsuboi H, Murata KY, Minoshima Y, Sato H, Umezu Y, Tajima F. Comparison of erector spinae fatigability between female patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy individuals: a cross sectional pilot study. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:189. [PMID: 35606705 PMCID: PMC9125835 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural abnormality is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The erector spinae muscles play an important role in maintaining an upright posture, but the fatigability of the erector spinae in patients with PD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the trunk extension maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and the fatigability of the erector spinae between female patients with PD and healthy volunteers. METHODS Th participants of this cross-sectional pilot study comprised 19 patients with PD and nine healthy volunteers matched for sex, age, and physical characteristics as a control group. The MVC of all participants was measured, and after sufficient rest, the Sørensen back endurance test was conducted to the point of exhaustion. The muscle activity of the erector spinae during the Sørensen back endurance test was measured using surface electromyography. The median frequency (MF) slope, which is an index of fatigability, was calculated from the recorded surface muscle activity by means of power spectrum analysis using a Fast Fourier transformation. RESULTS Nine of the 19 patients with PD were unable to perform the Sørensen back endurance test, and a lower proportion of the PD group were able to perform it compared with the control group. The MVC of those patients with PD who were able to perform the Sørensen back endurance test was lower than that of the control group, and the time for which the pose could be maintained was shorter. There was no significant difference between the MF slope on the left and right side in the PD group, and it was higher on both sides than in the control group. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate a reduction of maximum muscle strength and great fatigability of the erector spinae in patients with PD. This discovery strongly underlines the need for paraspinal muscle training from an early stage with the aim of preventing the progression of postural abnormality in patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Nishimura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho Shiwa-gun, Iwate, 028-3695, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuboi
- Rehabilitation Division, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ken-Ya Murata
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Minoshima
- Division of Rehabilitation, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Department of Rehabilitation, Konan Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umezu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kokura Rehabilitation Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hackett DA. Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male Bodybuilders Across Training Phases. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:963-970. [PMID: 33651737 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hackett, DA. Training, supplementation, and pharmacological practices of competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 963-970, 2022-Bodybuilding involves the pursuit of muscularity and leanness primarily through the use of progressive resistance training in combination with other practices such as manipulation of diet and use of ergogenic aids. This study aimed to compare the training practices and ergogenic aids used by competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. An online survey was completed by 235 competitive male bodybuilders with a median age of 26.0 (interquartile range 23.0-31.3) years. Results showed that most respondents performed split-routines (85.5%), 4-7 sessions per week (95.7%), trained major muscle groups twice a week (>50%), and session duration being 60-90 minutes (55.7%). Off-season resistance training sessions mostly comprised of targeting 2-3 muscle groups (56%), 2-3 exercises per muscle group (60.4%), 3-4 sets per exercise (73.2%), 7-12 repetition maximum (RM) per set (71.6%), and 61-180 seconds recovery between sets and exercises (80.5%). At the precompetition phase (6 weeks before competition), there was a decrease in the number of muscle groups trained per session (p = 0.027) and a greater number of repetitions performed per set (p < 0.001). A significant increase in the reported aerobic exercise volume was found during precompetition (<0.001). Performance enhancing drugs were used by 53.6% of respondents who did not compete in natural bodybuilding competitions. Dietary supplements were used by 95.7% of respondents with the most common being creatine monohydrate (80.4%) and whey protein (65.8%). Findings suggest that competitive bodybuilders follow resistance training practices consistent with the broad muscular hypertrophy recommendations but a notable shift in practices occur in the weeks before competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carvalho L, Junior RM, Barreira J, Schoenfeld BJ, Orazem J, Barroso R. Muscle hypertrophy and strength gains after resistance training with different volume-matched loads: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:357-368. [PMID: 35015560 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that compared muscle hypertrophy and strength gains between resistance training protocols employing very low (VLL < 30% of 1-repetition maximum (RM) or >35RM), low (LL30%-59% of 1RM, or 16-35RM), moderate (ML60%-79% of 1RM, or 8-15RM), and high (HL ≥ 80% of 1RM, or ≤7RM) loads with matched volume loads (sets × repetitions × weight). A pooled analysis of the standardized mean difference for 1RM strength outcomes across the studies showed a benefit favoring HL vs. LL and vs. ML and favoring ML vs. LL. The LL and VLL results showed little difference. A pooled analysis of the standardized mean difference for hypertrophy outcomes across all studies showed no differences between training loads. Our findings indicate that when the volume load is equal between conditions, the highest loads induce superior dynamic strength gains. Alternatively, hypertrophic adaptations were similar irrespective of the load magnitude. Novelty: Training with higher loads elicits greater gains in 1RM muscle strength when compared to lower loads, even when the volume load is equal between conditions. Muscle hypertrophy is similar irrespective of the magnitude of the load, even when the volume load is equal between conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carvalho
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Moriggi Junior
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Barreira
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - John Orazem
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bell L, Wallen M, Talpey S, Myers M, O'Brien B. Can exhaled volatile organic compounds differentiate high and low responders to resistance exercise? Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
32
|
Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Monson JK, Schoenecker J, Matheson JW, O'Keefe J, Schwery N, Hickmann A. Modern Principles for Rehabilitation for Medial and Lateral Knee Ligament Surgery: How to Optimize Outcomes. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2022.150915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
34
|
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Different Resistance Training Volumes on Muscle Hypertrophy. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:199-210. [PMID: 35291645 PMCID: PMC8884877 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to compare responses to moderate and high training volumes aimed at inducing muscle hypertrophy. A literature search on 3 databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Chocrane Library) was conducted in January 2021. After analyzing 2083 resultant articles, studies were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: a) studies were randomized controlled trials (with the number of sets explicitly reported), b) interventions lasted at least six weeks, c) participants had a minimum of one year of resistance training experience, d) participants’ age ranged from 18 to 35 years, e) studies reported direct measurements of muscle thickness and/or the cross-sectional area, and f) studies were published in peer-review journals. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, whereas just six were included in the quantitative analysis. All participants were divided into three groups: “low” (<12 weekly sets), “moderate” (12-20 weekly sets) and “high” volume (>20 weekly sets). According to the results of this meta-analysis, there were no differences between moderate and high training volume responses for the quadriceps (p = 0.19) and the biceps brachii (p = 0.59). However, it appears that a high training volume is better to induce muscle mass gains in the triceps brachii (p = 0.01). According to the results of this review, a range of 12-20 weekly sets per muscle group may be an optimum standard recommendation for increasing muscle hypertrophy in young, trained men.
Collapse
|
35
|
Alix-Fages C, Del Vecchio A, Baz-Valle E, Santos-Concejero J, Balsalobre-Fernández C. The role of the neural stimulus in regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1111-1128. [PMID: 35138447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance training is frequently performed with the goal of stimulating muscle hypertrophy. Due to the key roles motor unit recruitment and mechanical tension play to induce muscle growth, when programming, the manipulation of the training variables is oriented to provoke the correct stimulus. Although it is known that the nervous system is responsible for the control of motor units and active muscle force, muscle hypertrophy researchers and trainers tend to only focus on the adaptations of the musculotendinous unit and not in the nervous system behaviour. To better guide resistance exercise prescription for muscle hypertrophy and aiming to delve into the mechanisms that maximize this goal, this review provides evidence-based considerations for possible effects of neural behaviour on muscle growth when programming resistance training, and future neurophysiological measurement that should be tested when training to increase muscle mass. Combined information from the neural and muscular structures will allow to understand the exact adaptations of the muscle in response to a given input (neural drive to the muscle). Changes at different levels of the nervous system will affect the control of motor units and mechanical forces during resistance training, thus impacting the potential hypertrophic adaptations. Additionally, this article addresses how neural adaptations and fatigue accumulation that occur when resistance training may influence the hypertrophic response and propose neurophysiological assessments that may improve our understanding of resistance training variables that impact on muscular adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alix-Fages
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, C/ Fco Tomas y Valiente 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Neuromuscular Physiology and Neural Interfacing Group, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Eneko Baz-Valle
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, C/ Fco Tomas y Valiente 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vigotsky AD, Halperin I, Trajano GS, Vieira TM. Longing for a Longitudinal Proxy: Acutely Measured Surface EMG Amplitude is not a Validated Predictor of Muscle Hypertrophy. Sports Med 2022; 52:193-199. [PMID: 35006527 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography amplitudes are commonly measured in acute sports and exercise science studies to make inferences about muscular strength, performance, and hypertrophic adaptations that may result from different exercises or exercise-related variables. Here, we discuss the presumptive logic and assumptions underlying these inferences, focusing on hypertrophic adaptations for simplicity's sake. We present counter-evidence for each of its premises and discuss evidence both for and against the logical conclusion. Given the limited evidence validating the amplitude of surface electromyograms as a predictor of longitudinal hypertrophic adaptations, coupled with its weak mechanistic foundation, we suggest that acute comparative studies that wish to assess stimulus potency be met with scrutiny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Taian M Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Viecelli C, Aguayo D. May the Force and Mass Be With You-Evidence-Based Contribution of Mechano-Biological Descriptors of Resistance Exercise. Front Physiol 2022; 12:686119. [PMID: 35069229 PMCID: PMC8769283 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.686119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is one of the most important tissues of the human body. It comprises up to 40% of the body mass and is crucial to survival. Hence, the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength is pivotal. It is well-established that resistance exercise provides a potent anabolic stimulus to increase muscle mass and strength in men and women of all ages. Resistance exercise consists of mechano-biological descriptors, such as load, muscle action, number of repetitions, repetition duration, number of sets, rest interval between sets, frequency, volitional muscular failure, and range of motion, which can be manipulated. Herein, we discuss the evidence-based contribution of these mechano-biological descriptors to muscle mass and strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Viecelli
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Muscle growth adaptations to high-load training and low-load training with blood flow restriction in calf muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:623-634. [PMID: 34981201 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare muscle growth adaptations between traditional high-load training and low-load training with blood flow restriction (BFR) in the calf muscles over 6 weeks. METHODS 27 trained individuals performed calf exercise in both legs for 6 weeks. Each leg was randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (1) Traditional (70% of 1RM) training (TRAD); and (2) Low-load (30% of 1RM) training with BFR. In addition, subjects performed standing calf raises with or without BFR. Measures were taken pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS For the posterior muscle site, there was no condition (BFR vs. TRAD) × time (pre vs. post) interaction (p = 0.15). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.83) or time (p = 0.20). For the lateral muscle site, there was no condition × time interaction (p = 0.47). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.10) or time (p = 0.57). For the medial muscle site, there was no condition × time interaction (p = 0.60). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.44) or time (p = 0.72). For RPE, there was no condition × time interaction. However, there was a main effect for condition (p < 0.05) with BFR having higher RPE. For discomfort, there was no condition × time interaction. However, there was a main effect for condition (p < 0.001) with the BFR condition displaying higher discomfort. CONCLUSION No muscle growth was detected in the calf musculature. BFR was not more effective at eliciting muscle hypertrophy compared to traditional training. However, it was accompanied with higher exertion and discomfort.
Collapse
|
39
|
Monson J, Schoenecker J, Schwery N, Palmer J, Rodriguez A, LaPrade RF. Postoperative Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Following Multiligament Knee Reconstruction. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e29-e40. [PMID: 35141534 PMCID: PMC8811527 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) are debilitating injuries that increasingly occur in young athletes. Return to sport (RTS) has historically been considered unlikely due to the severity of these injuries. Reporting in the literature regarding objective outcomes following MLKI, including RTS, is lacking, as are clear protocols for both rehabilitation progressions and RTS testing. RTS following MLKI is a complex process that requires an extended recovery duration compared to other surgery types. Progressions through postoperative rehabilitation and RTS should be thoughtful, gradual, and criterion based. After effective anatomic reconstruction to restore joint stability, objective measures of recovery including range of motion, strength, movement quality, power, and overall conditioning guide decision-making throughout the recovery process. It is important to frame the recovery process of the athlete in the context of the severity of their injury, as it is typically slower and less linear. Improved reporting on objective outcomes will enhance our understanding of recovery expectations within this population by highlighting persistent deficits that may interfere with a full recovery, including RTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Monson
- Twin Cities Orthopedics, Eagan, Minnesota, U.S.A
- Training HAUS, Eagan, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Jon Schoenecker
- Twin Cities Orthopedics, Eagan, Minnesota, U.S.A
- Training HAUS, Eagan, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | | | - Jamie Palmer
- Twin Cities Orthopedics, Edina, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
João GA, Almeida GPL, Tavares LD, Kalva-Filho CA, Carvas Junior N, Pontes FL, Baker JS, Bocalini DS, Figueira AJ. Acute Behavior of Oxygen Consumption, Lactate Concentrations, and Energy Expenditure During Resistance Training: Comparisons Among Three Intensities. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:797604. [PMID: 34977570 PMCID: PMC8714826 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.797604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the oxygen consumption, lactate concentrations, and energy expenditure using three different intensities during the resistance training sessions. Methods: A total of 15 men (22.9 ± 2.61 years) experienced in resistance training underwent 3 sessions composed of 8 exercises (chest press, pec deck, squat, lat pull-down, biceps curl, triceps extension, hamstring curl, and crunch machine), which were applied in the same order. The weight lifted differed among the sessions [high session: 6 sets of 5 repetitions at 90% of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM); intermediary session: 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1-RM; and low session: 2 sets of 15 repetitions at 60% of 1-RM]. The oxygen consumption (VO2)—during and after (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)) the session, blood lactate concentration, and energy expenditure (i.e., the sum of aerobic and anaerobic contributions, respectively) were assessed. Results: The VO2 significantly decreased in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 17.02; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.32). However, the aerobic contributions significantly increase in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 79.18; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.75). The anaerobic contributions were not different among the sessions (p > 0.05; ηG2 < 0.01). Thus, the total energy expenditure during the session (kcal) significantly increased in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 86.68; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.75). The energy expenditure expressed in time unit (kcal·min−1) was higher in low session than in high session (F(2.28) = 6.20; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.15). Conclusion: The weight lifted during resistance training-induced different physiological responses, which induced higher energy expenditure per unit of time during the low session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. João
- Department of Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Metropolitanas Unidas College, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Physiology Laboratory, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P. L. Almeida
- Department of Translational Physiology Laboratory, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gustavo P. L. Almeida
| | - Lucas D. Tavares
- Department of Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Metropolitanas Unidas College, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Nelson Carvas Junior
- Department of Evidence-Based Health, Brazilian Cochrane Center, University Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco L. Pontes
- Physical Activity and Aging Laboratory, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danilo S. Bocalini
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Aylton J. Figueira
- Department of Translational Physiology Laboratory, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Marshall PW, Forward T, Enoka RM. Fatigability of the knee extensors following high- and low-load resistance exercise sessions in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:245-254. [PMID: 34669044 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatigability after gym-based resistance exercises with high and low loads has not been well described, thus limiting the translation of exhaustive low-weight prescription into athletic practice. We compared the fatigability and recovery of the knee extensor muscles for up to 1H after sessions that involved either high- or low-load resistance exercises. METHODS 16 trained men performed two resistance exercise sessions between 5 and 7 days apart. The LIGHT session involved five sets to task failure at 50% of maximal knee-extension strength, whereas the HEAVY session accrued repetitions across seven sets at intensities ≥ 80% maximal knee-extension strength. Measures of quadriceps maximal torque and rate of torque development were measured before, after, and 1H after each exercise session. Muscle activation (electromyography and voluntary activation) and contractility were measured from doublet stimulation of the femoral nerve during and after maximal contractions, respectively. RESULTS Greater declines in maximal rate of torque development were observed after the LIGHT compared with the HEAVY session (p < 0.001), with full recovery after 1H. Voluntary activation (100-Hz doublet stimulation) and surface electromyograms were reduced immediately after the HEAVY session only (p < 0.05), with greater declines in quadriceps twitch amplitudes after the LIGHT session (p < 0.01). Voluntary activation (100-Hz doublet stimulation) was reduced at 1H after both the HEAVY and LIGHT sessions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in the decreases in muscle activation and contractility after high- and low-load resistance-exercise sessions, recovery of neuromuscular function was essentially complete after 1H of rest for both sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Marshall
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Building 907, Newmarket, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Human Performance Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.
| | - Thomas Forward
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mesquita PHC, Vann CG, Phillips SM, McKendry J, Young KC, Kavazis AN, Roberts MD. Skeletal Muscle Ribosome and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Response to Different Exercise Training Modalities. Front Physiol 2021; 12:725866. [PMID: 34646153 PMCID: PMC8504538 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.725866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance and endurance training include increased ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, respectively. Such adaptations are believed to contribute to the notable increases in hypertrophy and aerobic capacity observed with each exercise mode. Data from multiple studies suggest the existence of a competition between ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, in which the first adaptation is prioritized with resistance training while the latter is prioritized with endurance training. In addition, reports have shown an interference effect when both exercise modes are performed concurrently. This prioritization/interference may be due to the interplay between the 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling cascades and/or the high skeletal muscle energy requirements for the synthesis and maintenance of cellular organelles. Negative associations between ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA copy number in human blood cells also provide evidence of potential competition in skeletal muscle. However, several lines of evidence suggest that ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis can occur simultaneously in response to different types of exercise and that the AMPK-mTORC1 interaction is more complex than initially thought. The purpose of this review is to provide in-depth discussions of these topics. We discuss whether a curious competition between mitochondrial and ribosome biogenesis exists and show the available evidence both in favor and against it. Finally, we provide future research avenues in this area of exercise physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lysenko EA, Vinogradova OL, Popov DV. The Mechanisms of Muscle Mass and Strength Increase during Strength Training. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
44
|
Tsoukos A, Brown LE, Terzis G, Wilk M, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC. Changes in EMG and movement velocity during a set to failure against different loads in the bench press exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2071-2082. [PMID: 34329514 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined changes in movement velocity and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity of the pectoralis major (PM) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles during the bench press exercise to failure against different loads. Fourteen men performed a set to failure with maximum intended velocity, against low (40%-1 repetition maximum-RM), moderate (60%-1RM), and heavy loads (80%-1RM). Number of repetitions, volume load, mean and peak velocity, and total time increased with decreasing load (40% > 60% > 80%, p < 0.01). sEMG comparisons between different loads were performed by matching time under tension at the initial, middle, and last part of the set. sEMG was higher in the middle and last repetitions, compared with the initial, for all loads in both muscles (p < 0.001). sEMG activity of both muscles was higher in the 60% and 80%-1RM conditions compared with the 40%1-RM (p < 0.007). Also, sEMG of both muscles was similar for the 60%-1RM and 80%-1RM loads at the initial, middle, and last repetitions, with the exception of the last repetitions for the TB muscle. In contrast, sEMG integrated activity was higher for the 40% 1-RM and 60% 1-RM (p < 0.01) compared with the 80% 1-RM load. Mean velocity loss at exhaustion and drop in sEMG median frequency were greater in the 40% and 60%-1RM compared with the 80%-1RM condition (p < 0.05). It was concluded that performing a set to exhaustion with maximum intended velocity using a load of 60% 1-RM combines the characteristics of the high average sEMG activity of heavier loads, and the high total integrated sEMG observed at lighter loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Lee E Brown
- Human Performance Laboratory, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Carneiro MAS, Oliveira Júnior GND, de Sousa JFR, Orsatti CL, Murta EFC, Michelin MA, Cyrino ES, Orsatti FL. Effect of whole-body resistance training at different load intensities on circulating inflammatory biomarkers, body fat, muscular strength, and physical performance in postmenopausal women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:925-933. [PMID: 34283660 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to identify the impact of whole-body resistance training (RT) at different load intensities on adipokines, adhesion molecules, and extracellular heat shock proteins in postmenopausal women. As secondary purpose, we analyzed the impact of RT at different load intensities on body fat, muscular strength, and physical performance. Forty participants were randomized into lower-load intensity RT (LIRT, n = 20, 30-35 repetition maximum in the first set of each exercise) or higher-load intensity RT (HIRT, n = 20, 8-12 repetition maximum in the first set of each exercise). Adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), adhesion molecules (MCP-1 and ICAM-1), extracellular heat shock proteins (HO-1 and eHSP60), body fat, muscular strength (1RM), and physical performance [400-meter walking test (400-M) and 6-minute walking test (6MWT)] were analyzed at baseline and after 12-weeks RT. There was a significant time-by-group interaction for eHSP60 (P = 0.049) and 400-M (P = 0.003), indicating superiority of HIRT (d = 0.47 and 0.55). However, both groups similarly improved adiponectin, ICAM-1, HO-1, body fat, 1RM, and 6MWT (P < 0.05). Our study suggests that load intensity does not seem to determine the RT effect on several obesity-related pro-inflammatory and chemotactic compounds, body fat, 1RM, and 6MWT in postmenopausal women, although a greater improvement has been revealed for eHSP60 and 400-M in HIRT. Novelty: Higher-load intensity resistance training improves eHSP60 and 400-M in postmenopausal women. Resistance training improves the inflammatory profile, body fat, muscle strength, and 6MWT, regardless of load intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A S Carneiro
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gersiel N de Oliveira Júnior
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jairo F R de Sousa
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Claudio L Orsatti
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Health Science, Oeste Paulista University - UNOESTE, Jaú, SP, Brazil
| | - Eddie F C Murta
- Research Institute of Oncology, Departament of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcia A Michelin
- Research Institute of Oncology, Departament of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fábio L Orsatti
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Sport Sciences, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Barakat C, Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ. Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: an evidence based approach. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:68. [PMID: 34120635 PMCID: PMC8201693 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combination of muscle size, symmetry, "conditioning" (low body fat levels), and stage presentation are judged. Success in bodybuilding requires that competitors achieve their peak physique during the day of competition. To this end, competitors have been reported to employ various peaking interventions during the final days leading to competition. Commonly reported peaking strategies include altering exercise and nutritional regimens, including manipulation of macronutrient, water, and electrolyte intake, as well as consumption of various dietary supplements. The primary goals for these interventions are to maximize muscle glycogen content, minimize subcutaneous water, and reduce the risk abdominal bloating to bring about a more aesthetically pleasing physique. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of evidence to support the commonly reported practices employed by bodybuilders during peak week. Hence, the purpose of this article is to critically review the current literature as to the scientific support for pre-contest peaking protocols most commonly employed by bodybuilders and provide evidence-based recommendations as safe and effective strategies on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University- San Bernardino, CA San Bernardino, USA
| | | | - Christopher Barakat
- Competitive Breed LLC, FL Tampa, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Tampa, FL Tampa, USA
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University- Northridge, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Calatayud J, Martín-Cuesta J, Carrasco JJ, Pérez-Alenda S, Cruz-Montecinos C, Andersen LL, Querol-Giner F, Casaña J. Safety, Fear and Neuromuscular Responses after a Resisted Knee Extension Performed to Failure in Patients with Severe Haemophilia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122587. [PMID: 34208148 PMCID: PMC8230803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: low–moderate intensity strength training to failure increases strength and muscle hypertrophy in healthy people. However, no study assessed the safety and neuromuscular response of training to failure in people with severe haemophilia (PWH). The purpose of the study was to analyse neuromuscular responses, fear of movement, and possible adverse effects in PWH, after knee extensions to failure. Methods: twelve severe PWH in prophylactic treatment performed knee extensions until failure at an intensity of five on the Borg CR10 scale. Normalised values of amplitude (nRMS) and neuromuscular fatigue were determined using surface electromyography for the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis. After the exercise, participants were asked about their perceived change in fear of movement, and to report any possible adverse effects. Results: Patients reported no adverse effects or increased fear. The nRMS was maximal for all the muscles before failure, the median frequency decreased, and wavelet index increased during the repetitions. The vastus lateralis demonstrated a higher maximum nRMS threshold and earlier fatigue, albeit with a lower and more progressive overall fatigue. Conclusions: severe PWH with adequate prophylactic treatment can perform knee extensions to task failure using a moderate intensity, without increasing fear of movement, or adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.-C.); (J.C.)
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jonathan Martín-Cuesta
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.-C.); (J.C.)
| | - Juan J. Carrasco
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
- Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-65-538-2100
| | - Sofía Pérez-Alenda
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Universitary and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Lars L. Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Felipe Querol-Giner
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
| | - José Casaña
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.-C.); (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lorenz D. Blood Flow Restriction: Cause for Optimism, But Let's Not Abandon The Fundamentals. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:962-967. [PMID: 34123546 PMCID: PMC8169004 DOI: 10.26603/001c.23725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
49
|
LOPEZ PEDRO, RADAELLI RÉGIS, TAAFFE DENNISR, NEWTON ROBERTU, GALVÃO DANIELA, TRAJANO GABRIELS, TEODORO JULIANAL, KRAEMER WILLIAMJ, HÄKKINEN KEIJO, PINTO RONEIS. Resistance Training Load Effects on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1206-1216. [PMID: 33433148 PMCID: PMC8126497 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the effect of resistance training (RT) performed until volitional failure with low, moderate, and high loads on muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength in healthy adults and to assess the possible participant-, design-, and training-related covariates that may affect the adaptations. METHODS Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched. Including only studies that performed sets to volitional failure, the effects of low- (>15 repetitions maximum (RM)), moderate- (9-15 RM), and high-load (≤8 RM) RTs were examined in healthy adults. Network meta-analysis was undertaken to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between RT loads in overall and subgroup analyses involving studies deemed of high quality. Associations between participant-, design-, and training-related covariates with SMD were assessed by univariate and multivariate network meta-regression analyses. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies involving 747 healthy adults were included. Although no differences in muscle hypertrophy between RT loads were found in overall (P = 0.113-0.469) or subgroup analysis (P = 0.871-0.995), greater effects were observed in untrained participants (P = 0.033) and participants with some training background who undertook more RT sessions (P = 0.031-0.045). Muscle strength improvement was superior for both high-load and moderate-load compared with low-load RT in overall and subgroup analysis (SMD, 0.60-0.63 and 0.34-0.35, respectively; P < 0.001-0.003), with a nonsignificant but superior effect for high compared with moderate load (SMD, 0.26-0.28, P = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS Although muscle hypertrophy improvements seem to be load independent, increases in muscle strength are superior in high-load RT programs. Untrained participants exhibit greater muscle hypertrophy, whereas undertaking more RT sessions provides superior gains in those with previous training experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- PEDRO LOPEZ
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - RÉGIS RADAELLI
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
| | - DENNIS R. TAAFFE
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - ROBERT U. NEWTON
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - DANIEL A. GALVÃO
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - GABRIEL S. TRAJANO
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - JULIANA L. TEODORO
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
| | | | - KEIJO HÄKKINEN
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - RONEI S. PINTO
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Vieira IP, Lobo PCB, Fisher J, Ramirez-Campilo R, Pimentel GD, Gentil P. Effects of High-Speed Versus Traditional Resistance Training in Older Adults. Sports Health 2021; 14:283-291. [PMID: 34053371 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211015211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The losses of strength, agility, balance, and functionality caused by aging are harmful to the elderly population. Resistance training (RT) may be an efficient tool to mitigate such neuromuscular decline and different RT methods can be used. Therefore, it is important to investigate the different responses to different training methods. HYPOTHESIS Eight weeks of traditional resistance training (TRT) are expected to promote similar results to high-speed training (HST) in physical functional performance (PFP) and quality of life in the elderly. STUDY DESIGN A clinical trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Participants (n = 24) with a mean age of 67.8 ± 6.3 years completed 8 weeks of RT. They were allocated into HST (n = 12) and TRT (n = 12). TRT involved training with 10 to 12 repetitions at controlled velocity until momentary muscle failure, while HST involved performing 6 to 8 repetitions at 40% to 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) at maximum velocity. Pre- and posttraining, the participants were tested for (1) maximum strength in the 45° leg press and chest press; (2) PFP in the 30-second chair stand, timed-up-and-go (TUG), and medicine ball throw test; and (3) quality of life. RESULTS Both groups improved muscle strength in the 45° leg press, with greater increases for TRT (HST: +21% vs TRT: +49%, P = 0.019). There was no change in chest press strength for HST (-0.6%) (P = 0.61), but there was a significant increase for the TRT group (+21%, P = 0.001). There was a similar improvement (P < 0.05) for both groups in TUG (HST: 7%; TRT: 10%), chair stand (HST: 18%; TRT: 21%), and medicine ball throwing performance (HST: 9%; TRT: 9%), with no difference between groups (P = 0.08-0.94). Emotional aspect significantly increased by 20% (P = 0.04) in HST and 50% (P = 0.04) in TRT. CONCLUSION Both TRT and HST are able to promote improvements in functional performance in the elderly with greater in strength gains for TRT. Therefore, exercise professionals could choose based on individual characteristics and preferences. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings provide important insights into how health care professionals can prescribe HST and TRT, considering efficiency, safety, and individual aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itamar P Vieira
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C B Lobo
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - James Fisher
- School for Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|