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Cázares-Preciado JA, López-Arredondo A, Cruz-Cardenas JA, Luévano-Martínez LA, García-Rivas G, Prado-Garcia H, Brunck MEG. Metabolic features of neutrophilic differentiation of HL-60 cells in hyperglycemic environments. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2024; 12:e004181. [PMID: 39122366 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic hyperglycemia affects neutrophil functions, leading to reduced pathogen killing and increased morbidity. This impairment has been directly linked to increased glycemia, however, how this specifically affects neutrophils metabolism and their differentiation in the bone marrow is unclear and difficult to study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used high-resolution respirometry to investigate the metabolism of resting and activated donor neutrophils, and flow cytometry to measure surface CD15 and CD11b expression. We then used HL-60 cells differentiated towards neutrophil-like cells in standard media and investigated the effect of doubling glucose concentration on differentiation metabolism. We measured the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and the enzymatic activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and citrate synthase during neutrophil-like differentiation. We compared the surface phenotype, functions, and OCR of neutrophil-like cells differentiated under both glucose concentrations. RESULTS Donor neutrophils showed significant instability of CD11b and OCR after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation at 3 hours post-enrichment. During HL-60 neutrophil-like cell differentiation, there was a significant increase in surface CD15 and CD11b expression together with the loss of mitochondrial mass. Differentiated neutrophil-like cells also exhibited higher CD11b expression and were significantly more phagocytic. In higher glucose media, we measured a decrease in citrate synthase and CPT1 activities during neutrophil-like differentiation. CONCLUSIONS HL-60 neutrophil-like differentiation recapitulated known molecular and metabolic features of human neutrophil differentiation. Increased glucose concentrations correlated with features described in hyperglycemic donor neutrophils including increased CD11b and phagocytosis. We used this model to describe metabolic features of neutrophil-like cell differentiation in hyperglycemia and show for the first time the downregulation of CPT1 and citrate synthase activity, independently of mitochondrial mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Alberto Luévano-Martínez
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de La Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Prado-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Onco-Inmunobiología, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marion E G Brunck
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Marin-Couture E, Pérusse L, Bouchard C, Schrauwen P, Joanisse DR, Tremblay A. Mechanical efficiency: associations with body composition and glycemic profile in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05528-w. [PMID: 39068628 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association between net mechanical efficiency (NME) and body composition and glycemic profile, in middle-aged (38.3 ± 14.3 years) participants from the Quebec Family Study (QFS). Analyses were completed on a sample of 605 participants (271 males and 334 females) who performed a submaximal exercise test on an ergometer consisting of three consecutive 6-min workloads at increasing intensity during which respiratory gas exchange was assessed. The calculation of NME [power output/ (vO2-vO2seated before exercise)] was based on the values of the last 3 min of the first workload at a targeted power output of 30 W. Correlations between NME and dependent variables were computed separately in males and females. Associations between NME and body composition and glucose-insulin variables were assessed by comparing groups of subjects categorized in sex-specific tertiles of NME after adjustments for age. Significant negative correlations were observed between NME and body composition and glycemic profile in both sexes. Comparison across tertiles showed that individuals with high NME displayed more favorable adiposity and glycemic profiles. These differences remained significant after further adjustments for participation in vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and mean exercise respiratory exchange ratio whereas most differences in glucose-insulin variables became non-significant after further adjustment for percent body fat. QFS familial data indicate that the heritability of NME reaches about 30%. In conclusion, the results of this study show that beyond aerobic fitness and physical activity-participation, mechanical efficiency is an additional activity-related variable that is independently associated with variations in body composition and glycemic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marin-Couture
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Durable - VITAM, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Denis R Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, PEPS, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Quebec City, Canada.
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Canada.
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3
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Flanagan E, Sanchez-Delgado G, Martin C, Ravussin E, Pontzer H, Redman L. No evidence for metabolic adaptation during exercise-related energy compensation. iScience 2024; 27:109842. [PMID: 38947494 PMCID: PMC11214370 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The constrained energy model posits that the increased total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in response to exercise is often less than the energy cost of the exercise prescribed. The mechanisms behind this phenomenon, coined "exercise-related energy compensation" (ExEC), are poorly understood, and it is unknown if ExEC is coupled with metabolic adaptation. Using a randomized controlled 24-week exercise intervention, individuals who demonstrated ExEC were identified. Changes to all components of TDEE and metabolic adaptation were assessed using doubly labeled water over 14 days and room calorimetry over 24-h 48% of individuals exhibited ExEC (-308 ± 158 kcals/day). There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, or BMI between ExEC and non-ExEC. ExEC was associated with baseline TDEE (r = -0.50, p = 0.006). There were no statistically significant differences in metabolic adaptations for 24 h, sleep, or resting expenditures. These findings reveal that ExEC occurs independent of metabolic adaptation in sedentary components of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.W. Flanagan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - G. Sanchez-Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue N Porte 6, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- University of Granada, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix” and Sport and Health University Research Institute, Cuesta del Hospicio Viejo s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - C.K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - E. Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - H. Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 211 Biological Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - L.M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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4
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Artman JL, Wesolowski LT, Semanchik PL, Isles JK, Norton SA, White-Springer SH. Local and systemic responses to repeated gluteal muscle microbiopsies in mature sedentary horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 136:105070. [PMID: 38642813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to test the hypothesis that repeated muscle collections would impact mitochondrial function, antioxidant status, and markers of inflammation and muscle damage. Twenty-six horses (8 geldings, 18 mares; mean ± SD 9.5 ± 3.5 y) had gluteus medius muscle biopsy samples collected at: 0 and 24h (n=7); 0 and 6h (n = 6); 0, 6, and 12h (n=7); or 0, 6, 12, and 24h (n=6). Blood was collected from all horses every 6h for 72h, starting 24h prior to the 0h muscle collection. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models. Muscle integrative (per mg tissue) electron transfer capacity of complex II decreased (P=0.004) and intrinsic (relative to citrate synthase (CS) activity) LEAK increased (P<0.03) from 0 to 6h but both returned to 0h levels by 12h. Activity of CS was greater at 0 than 12 and 24h (P≤0.02). Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was similar from -24 through 0h but increased in all horses at 6h and remained elevated through 48h (P<0.05) though not above reference ranges. Whole blood superoxide dismutase activity fluctuated throughout the 72-h collection period (P=0.03) and serum cortisol concentration displayed a circadian pattern (P<0.0001) but neither were altered by muscle collections. No other variable, including muscle mitochondrial capacities and function, blood and muscle antioxidant status and concentrations of select cytokines, and serum amyloid A, differed by time or muscle collection. Repeated gluteal collections had limited short-term or no effect on physiological markers in unstressed, mature horses except serum CK activity, which should be interpreted with caution during repeated tissue collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Artman
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lauren T Wesolowski
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pier L Semanchik
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - JadaLea K Isles
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, 2929 Research Pkwy College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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5
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Beiter T, Zügel M, Hudemann J, Schild M, Fragasso A, Burgstahler C, Krüger K, Mooren FC, Steinacker JM, Nieß AM. The Acute, Short-, and Long-Term Effects of Endurance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2881. [PMID: 38474128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise is fundamentally important to take full advantage of the enormous benefits that exercise training offers in disease prevention and therapy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the transcriptional signatures that distinguish the endurance-trained and untrained muscles in young adult males (24 ± 3.5 years). We characterized baseline differences as well as acute exercise-induced transcriptome responses in vastus lateralis biopsy specimens of endurance-trained athletes (ET; n = 8; VO2max, 67.2 ± 8.9 mL/min/kg) and sedentary healthy volunteers (SED; n = 8; VO2max, 40.3 ± 7.6 mL/min/kg) using microarray technology. A second cohort of SED volunteers (SED-T; n = 10) followed an 8-week endurance training program to assess expression changes of selected marker genes in the course of skeletal muscle adaptation. We deciphered differential baseline signatures that reflected major differences in the oxidative and metabolic capacity of the endurance-trained and untrained muscles. SED-T individuals in the training group displayed an up-regulation of nodal regulators of oxidative adaptation after 3 weeks of training and a significant shift toward the ET signature after 8 weeks. Transcriptome changes provoked by 1 h of intense cycling exercise only poorly overlapped with the genes that constituted the differential baseline signature of ETs and SEDs. Overall, acute exercise-induced transcriptional responses were connected to pathways of contractile, oxidative, and inflammatory stress and revealed a complex and highly regulated framework of interwoven signaling cascades to cope with exercise-provoked homeostatic challenges. While temporal transcriptional programs that were activated in SEDs and ETs were quite similar, the quantitative divergence in the acute response transcriptomes implicated divergent kinetics of gene induction and repression following an acute bout of exercise. Together, our results provide an extensive examination of the transcriptional framework that underlies skeletal muscle plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beiter
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Zügel
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Hudemann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Schild
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, University of Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - Annunziata Fragasso
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christof Burgstahler
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, University of Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Nieß
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Venturelli M, Morgan GR, Tarperi C, Zhao J, Naro F, Reggiani C, Donato AJ, Richardson RS, Schena F. Physiological determinants of mechanical efficiency during advanced ageing and disuse. J Physiol 2024; 602:355-372. [PMID: 38165402 DOI: 10.1113/jp285639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine which physiological factors impact net efficiency (ηnet) in oldest-old individuals at different stages of skeletal muscle disuse. To this aim, we examined ηnet, central haemodynamics, peripheral circulation, and peripheral factors (skeletal muscle fibre type, capillarization and concentration of mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]). Twelve young (YG; 25 ± 2 years), 12 oldest-old mobile (OM; 87 ± 3 years), and 12 oldest-old immobile (OI; 88 ± 4 years) subjects performed dynamic knee extensor (KE) and elbow flexors (EF) exercise. Pulmonary oxygen uptake, photoplethysmography, Doppler ultrasound and muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii were used to assess central and peripheral adaptations to advanced ageing and disuse. Compared to the YG (12.1 ± 2.4%), the ηnet of lower-limb muscle was higher in the OM (17.6 ± 3.5%, P < 0.001), and lower in the OI (8.9 ± 1.9%, P < 0.001). These changes in ηnet during KE were coupled with significant peripheral adaptations, revealing strong correlations between ηnet and the proportion of type I muscle fibres (r = 0.82), as well as [mtDNA] (r = 0.77). No differences in ηnet were evident in the upper-limb muscles between YG, OM and OI. In view of the differences in limb-specific activity across the lifespan, these findings suggest that ηnet is reduced by skeletal muscle inactivity and not by chronological age, per se. Likewise, this study revealed that the age-related changes in ηnet are not a consequence of central or peripheral haemodynamic adaptations, but are likely a product of peripheral changes related to skeletal muscle fibre type and mitochondrial density. KEY POINTS: Although the effects of ageing and muscle disuse deeply impact the cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, the combination of these factors on the mechanical efficiency are still a matter of debate. By measuring both upper- and lower-limb muscle function, which experience differing levels of disuse, we examined the influence of central and peripheral haemodynamics, and skeletal muscle factors linked to mechanical efficiency. Across the ages and degree of disuse, upper-limb muscles exhibited a preserved work economy. In the legs the oldest-old without mobility limitations exhibited an augmented mechanical efficiency, which was reduced in those with an impairment in ambulation. These changes in mechanical efficiency were associated with the proportion of type I muscle fibres. Recognition that the mechanical efficiency is not simply age-dependent, but the consequence of inactivity and subsequent skeletal muscle changes, highlights the importance of maintaining physical activity across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Garrett R Morgan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- The Murtha Cancer Center at Walter Reed Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jia Zhao
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fabio Naro
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- The Murtha Cancer Center at Walter Reed Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Schytz CT, Ørtenblad N, Lundby AKM, Jacobs RA, Nielsen J, Lundby C. Skeletal muscle mitochondria demonstrate similar respiration per cristae surface area independent of training status and sex in healthy humans. J Physiol 2024; 602:129-151. [PMID: 38051639 DOI: 10.1113/jp285091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of training status and sex on intrinsic skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity remains unclear. We examined this by analysing human skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration relative to mitochondrial volume and cristae density across training statuses and sexes. Mitochondrial cristae density was estimated in skeletal muscle biopsies originating from previous independent studies. Participants included females (n = 12) and males (n = 41) across training statuses ranging from untrained (UT, n = 8), recreationally active (RA, n = 9), active-to-elite runners (RUN, n = 27) and cross-country skiers (XC, n = 9). The XC and RUN groups demonstrated higher mitochondrial volume density than the RA and UT groups while all active groups (RA, RUN and XC) displayed higher mass-specific capacity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial cristae density than UT. Differences in OXPHOS diminished between active groups and UT when normalising to mitochondrial volume density and were lost when normalising to muscle cristae surface area density. Moreover, active females (n = 6-9) and males (n = 15-18) did not differ in mitochondrial volume and cristae density, OXPHOS, or when normalising OXPHOS to mitochondrial volume density and muscle cristae surface area density. These findings demonstrate: (1) differences in OXPHOS between active and untrained individuals may be explained by both higher mitochondrial volume and cristae density in active individuals, with no difference in intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity (OXPHOS per muscle cristae surface area density); and (2) no sex differences in mitochondrial volume and cristae density or mass-specific and normalised OXPHOS. This highlights the importance of normalising OXPHOS to muscle cristae surface area density when studying skeletal muscle mitochondrial biology. KEY POINTS: Oxidative phosphorylation is the mitochondrial process by which ATP is produced, governed by the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane with infoldings named cristae. In human skeletal muscle, the mass-specific capacity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can change independently of shifts in mitochondrial volume density, which may be attributed to variations in cristae density. We demonstrate that differences in skeletal muscle OXPHOS between healthy females and males, ranging from untrained to elite endurance athletes, are matched by differences in cristae density. This suggests that higher OXPHOS in skeletal muscles of active individuals is attributable to an increase in the density of cristae. These findings broaden our understanding of the variability in human skeletal muscle OXPHOS and highlight the significance of cristae, specific to mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tvede Schytz
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne-Kristine Meinild Lundby
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Acton Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, Lillehammer, Norway
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Dong H, Tsai SY. Mitochondrial Properties in Skeletal Muscle Fiber. Cells 2023; 12:2183. [PMID: 37681915 PMCID: PMC10486962 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary source of energy production and are implicated in a wide range of biological processes in most eukaryotic cells. Skeletal muscle heavily relies on mitochondria for energy supplements. In addition to being a powerhouse, mitochondria evoke many functions in skeletal muscle, including regulating calcium and reactive oxygen species levels. A healthy mitochondria population is necessary for the preservation of skeletal muscle homeostasis, while mitochondria dysregulation is linked to numerous myopathies. In this review, we summarize the recent studies on mitochondria function and quality control in skeletal muscle, focusing mainly on in vivo studies of rodents and human subjects. With an emphasis on the interplay between mitochondrial functions concerning the muscle fiber type-specific phenotypes, we also discuss the effect of aging and exercise on the remodeling of skeletal muscle and mitochondria properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Shih-Yin Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Ferrara PJ, Lang MJ, Johnson JM, Watanabe S, McLaughlin KL, Maschek JA, Verkerke AR, Siripoksup P, Chaix A, Cox JE, Fisher-Wellman KH, Funai K. Weight loss increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial energy efficiency in obese mice. LIFE METABOLISM 2023; 2:load014. [PMID: 37206438 PMCID: PMC10195096 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss from an overweight state is associated with a disproportionate decrease in whole-body energy expenditure that may contribute to the heightened risk for weight regain. Evidence suggests that this energetic mismatch originates from lean tissue. Although this phenomenon is well documented, the mechanisms have remained elusive. We hypothesized that increased mitochondrial energy efficiency in skeletal muscle is associated with reduced expenditure under weight loss. Wildtype (WT) male C57BL6/N mice were fed with high fat diet for 10 weeks, followed by a subset of mice that were maintained on the obesogenic diet (OB) or switched to standard chow to promote weight loss (WL) for additional 6 weeks. Mitochondrial energy efficiency was evaluated using high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry. Mass spectrometric analyses were employed to describe the mitochondrial proteome and lipidome. Weight loss promoted ~50% increase in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (ATP produced per O2 consumed, or P/O) in skeletal muscle. However, weight loss did not appear to induce significant changes in mitochondrial proteome, nor any changes in respiratory supercomplex formation. Instead, it accelerated the remodeling of mitochondrial cardiolipin (CL) acyl-chains to increase tetralinoleoyl CL (TLCL) content, a species of lipids thought to be functionally critical for the respiratory enzymes. We further show that lowering TLCL by deleting the CL transacylase tafazzin was sufficient to reduce skeletal muscle P/O and protect mice from diet-induced weight gain. These findings implicate skeletal muscle mitochondrial efficiency as a novel mechanism by which weight loss reduces energy expenditure in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Ferrara
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Marisa J. Lang
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Jordan M. Johnson
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Kelsey L. McLaughlin
- East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah
| | - Anthony R.P. Verkerke
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | | | - Amandine Chaix
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah
| | - James E. Cox
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah
| | - Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah
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Dunst AK, Hesse C, Ueberschär O, Holmberg HC. A Novel Approach to the Determination of Time- and Fatigue-Dependent Efficiency during Maximal Cycling Sprints. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020029. [PMID: 36828314 PMCID: PMC9959921 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During maximal cycling sprints, efficiency (η) is determined by the fiber composition of the muscles activated and cadence-dependent power output. To date, due to methodological limitations, it has only been possible to calculate gross efficiency (i.e., the ratio of total mechanical to total metabolic work) in vivo without assessing the impact of cadence and changes during exercise. Eliminating the impact of cadence provides optimal efficiency (ηopt), which can be modeled as a function of time. Here, we explain this concept, demonstrate its calculation, and compare the values obtained to actual data. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the time course of maximal power output (Pmax) reflects time-dependent changes in ηopt. METHODS Twelve elite track cyclists performed four maximal sprints (3, 8, 12, 60 s) and a maximal-pedaling test on a cycle ergometer. Crank force and cadence were monitored continuously to determine fatigue-free force-velocity profiles (F/v) and fatigue-induced changes in Pmax. Respiratory gases were measured during and for 30 min post-exercise. Prior to and following each sprint, lactate in capillary blood was determined to calculate net blood lactate accumulation (ΔBLC). Lactic and alactic energy production were estimated from ΔBLC and the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Aerobic energy production was determined from oxygen uptake during exercise. Metabolic power (MP) was derived from total metabolic energy (WTOT). ηopt was calculated as Pmax divided by MP. Temporal changes in Pmax, WTOT, and ηopt were analyzed by non-linear regression. RESULTS All models showed excellent quality (R2 > 0.982) and allowed accurate recalculation of time-specific power output and gross efficiency (R2 > 0.986). The time-constant for Pmax(t) (τP) was closely correlated with that of ηopt (τη; r = 0.998, p < 0.001). Estimating efficiency using τP for τη led to a 0.88 ± 0.35% error. CONCLUSIONS Although efficiency depends on pedal force and cadence, the latter influence can be eliminated by ηopt(t) using a mono-exponential equation whose time constant can be estimated from Pmax(t).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Dunst
- Department of Endurance Sports, Institute for Applied Training Science, Marschnerstraße 29, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0341-4945-184; Fax: +49-0341-4945-400
| | - Clemens Hesse
- German Cycling Federation, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Olaf Ueberschär
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Applied Training Science, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Engineering and Industrial Design, Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, 97754 Luleå, Sweden
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11
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Hyttel MK, Kristiansen M, Hansen EA. Maximal accelerations for twelve weeks elicit improvement in a single out of a collection of cycling performance indicators in trained cyclists. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1027787. [PMID: 36704264 PMCID: PMC9871826 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1027787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cycling is a time-consuming sport. Cyclists, as many other athletes, therefore, focus on training effectively. The hypothesis was tested that twelve weeks of supplementary maximal acceleration training caused more favourable changes in cycling performance indicators as compared to changes measured in comparable control cyclists. Methods Trained cyclists (n = 24) participated. A control group and a group performing maximal acceleration training, as a supplement to their usual training, were formed. The maximal acceleration training consisted of series of ten repetitions of outdoor brief maximal accelerations, which were initiated from low speed and performed in a large gear ratio. The cyclists in the control group performed their usual training. Performance indicators, in form of peak power output in a 7-s maximal isokinetic sprint test, maximal aerobic power output in a graded test, and submaximal power output at a predetermined blood lactate concentration of 2.5 mmol L-1 in a graded test were measured before and after the intervention. Results Peak power output in the sprint test was increased (4.1% from before to after the intervention) to a larger extent (p = 0.045) in the cyclists who had performed the maximal acceleration training than in the control cyclists (-2.8%). Changes in maximal aerobic power output and in submaximal power output at a blood lactate concentration of 2.5 mmol L-1 were not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.351). Discussion The results indicated that the applied supplementary maximal acceleration training caused modest favourable changes of performance indicators, as compared to the changes measured in a group of comparable control cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus K. Hyttel
- Sport Sciences – Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias Kristiansen
- Sport Sciences – Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ernst A. Hansen
- Sport Sciences – Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,Centre for Nutrition, Rehabilitation and Midwifery, University College Absalon, Slagelse, Denmark,Correspondence: Ernst A. Hansen
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12
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Shandu NM, Mathunjwa ML, Shaw BS, Shaw I. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Aerobic Training on Health-Fitness, Health Related Quality of Life, and Psychological Measures in College-Aged Smokers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010653. [PMID: 36612974 PMCID: PMC9819471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the effects of exercise on health-fitness, health related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological measures in college-aged smokers. Outcomes included HRQOL, hemodynamic, anthropometric, lung function, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Sixty physically inactive college-aged male smokers (18-30 years) were randomly assigned into three groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), continuous aerobic training (CAT), and a control (CON). Both HIIT and CAT groups completed 8 weeks of non-consecutive cycling sessions thrice weekly. The CON group were not subjected to the exercise intervention. Sixty participants met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 48 (HIIT: n = 18, CAT: n = 16, CON: n = 14) participants completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Compared to CON, HIIT significantly (p = 0.01) improved forced expiratory flow (FEF_75%) more than the CAT group (p = 0.29). HIIT provided a significant (p = 0.04) improvement in FEF_75% compared to CAT. Recovery heart rate (RHR) was significantly improved in participants assigned to HIIT (p = 0.00) and CAT (p = 0.002) groups compared with the CON. A significant difference in RHR was found in HIIT compared to CAT. The study findings indicate that both HIIT and CAT exercise interventions significantly improve markers of lung function and cardiorespiratory endurance, respectively. However, findings suggested that HIIT should be the preferred form of exercise regime among college-aged smokers for more significant, healthier benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nduduzo Msizi Shandu
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Musa Lewis Mathunjwa
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Brandon Stuwart Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ina Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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13
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Diving ergospirometry with suspended weights: breathing- and fin-swimming style matter. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2463-2473. [PMID: 36006480 PMCID: PMC9560930 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Scuba diving is a complex condition including elevated ambient pressure, limited air supply, increased breathing work, and unfamiliar fin-swimming. Earlier approaches to assess diving specific data did not comprehensively address these aspects. We first present an underwater ergospirometry system and then test the hypothesis that both breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style affect the air consumption. Methods/Participants A suspended-weights ergospirometry system was mounted inside a hyperbaric chamber. Ergo group: 25 divers (24.6 ± 4.1 years); three set-ups: dry normobaric cycling (75–225 W), dry cycling at 20 m simulated depth (75–225 W), fin-swimming at 20 m (5–8 kg suspended weights). Style group: 20 other divers (24.6 ± 4.1 years): fin-swimming at 20 m (5–8 kg) with regard to ventilation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E) and fin-swimming style. Results Ergo group: linear heart rate and oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2) increases with both 50 W-bicycle steps and suspended-weights ergometry (r = 0.97). During hyperbaric conditions, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E was less increased versus normobaric conditions. Style group: the more efficient hip/thigh-oriented style shifted towards the knee/calf-oriented style. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2 were higher in beginners (< 100 dives) versus advanced divers (≥ 100 dives). Significant differences on the 5 kg-step: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E: 31.5 ± 7.1 l/min vs. 23.7 ± 5.9 l/min and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2: 1.6 ± 0.3 l/min vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 l/min. A comparison is presented, in addition to illustrate the impact of differences in breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style. Conclusions Diving ergospirometry with suspended weights in a hyperbaric chamber allows for comprehensive studies. Little diving experience in terms of breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style significantly increases \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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MacDougall KB, Falconer TM, MacIntosh BR. Efficiency of cycling exercise: Quantification, mechanisms, and misunderstandings. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:951-970. [PMID: 35253274 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of cycling represents a well-studied area of exercise science, yet there are still many questions that remain. Efficiency, broadly defined as the ratio of energy output to energy input, is one key metric that, despite its importance from both a scientific as well as performance perspective, is commonly misunderstood. There are many factors that may affect cycling efficiency, both intrinsic (e.g., muscle fiber type composition) and extrinsic (e.g., cycling cadence, prior exercise, and training), creating a complex interplay of many components. Due to its relative simplicity, the measurement of oxygen uptake continues to be the most common means of measuring the energy cost of exercise (and thus efficiency); however, it is limited to only a small proportion of the range of outputs humans are capable of, further limiting our understanding of the energetics of high-intensity exercise and any mechanistic bases therein. This review presents evidence that delta efficiency does not represent muscular efficiency and challenges the notion that the slow component of oxygen uptake represents decreasing efficiency. It is noted that gross efficiency increases as intensity of exercise increases in spite of the fact that fast-twitch fibers are recruited to achieve this high power output. Understanding the energetics of high-intensity exercise will require critical evaluation of the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan B MacDougall
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tara M Falconer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian R MacIntosh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Optimal and freely chosen paddling rate during moderate kayak ergometry. Biol Sport 2022; 39:289-293. [PMID: 35309522 PMCID: PMC8919876 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.104915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate paddling, as in long distance kayaking, constitutes an endurance activity, which shares energetic aspects with activities such as long distance running and road cycling. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether in moderate paddling there is a U-shaped relationship between oxygen uptake and stroke rate, and also whether elite kayakers apply a freely chosen stroke rate, which is energetically optimal. Eleven young male elite kayakers performed moderate kayak ergometry at preset target stroke rates of 65, 75, and 90 strokes min-1, and at a freely chosen stroke rate, while physiological responses including oxygen uptake were measured. The results showed that considering average values calculated across all participants, there was an approximately U-shaped relationship between oxygen uptake and target stroke rate with a minimum at 75 strokes min-1. The freely chosen stroke rate was 67.0 ± 6.1 strokes min-1. Thus, the freely chosen stroke rate, for the group in total, appeared to be lower and require higher oxygen uptake as compared to the energetically optimal preset target stroke rate. Eight out of 11 participants had a higher oxygen uptake (5.1% ± 6.7%, p = 0.028, across all participants) at their freely chosen stroke rate than at the preset target stroke rate, which resulted in the lowest oxygen uptake. In conclusion, an approximately U-shaped relationship between oxygen uptake and stroke rate for young elite kayakers during moderate ergometer kayaking was found. Additionally, the freely chosen stroke rate was systematically lower and, consequently, required higher oxygen uptake than the preset stroke rate, which resulted in the lowest oxygen uptake.
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16
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van der Zwaard S, Brocherie F, Jaspers RT. Under the Hood: Skeletal Muscle Determinants of Endurance Performance. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:719434. [PMID: 34423293 PMCID: PMC8371266 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.719434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, researchers have extensively studied (elite) athletes' physiological responses to understand how to maximize their endurance performance. In endurance sports, whole-body measurements such as the maximal oxygen consumption, lactate threshold, and efficiency/economy play a key role in performance. Although these determinants are known to interact, it has also been demonstrated that athletes rarely excel in all three. The leading question is how athletes reach exceptional values in one or all of these determinants to optimize their endurance performance, and how such performance can be explained by (combinations of) underlying physiological determinants. In this review, we advance on Joyner and Coyle's conceptual framework of endurance performance, by integrating a meta-analysis of the interrelationships, and corresponding effect sizes between endurance performance and its key physiological determinants at the macroscopic (whole-body) and the microscopic level (muscle tissue, i.e., muscle fiber oxidative capacity, oxygen supply, muscle fiber size, and fiber type). Moreover, we discuss how these physiological determinants can be improved by training and what potential physiological challenges endurance athletes may face when trying to maximize their performance. This review highlights that integrative assessment of skeletal muscle determinants points toward efficient type-I fibers with a high mitochondrial oxidative capacity and strongly encourages well-adjusted capillarization and myoglobin concentrations to accommodate the required oxygen flux during endurance performance, especially in large muscle fibers. Optimisation of endurance performance requires careful design of training interventions that fine tune modulation of exercise intensity, frequency and duration, and particularly periodisation with respect to the skeletal muscle determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Venturelli M, Tarperi C, Milanese C, Festa L, Toniolo L, Reggiani C, Schena F. The effect of leg preference on mechanical efficiency during single-leg extension exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:553-565. [PMID: 34166101 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01002.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate how leg preference affects net efficiency (ηnet), we examined central and peripheral hemodynamics, muscle fiber type, activation and force of preferred (PL) and nonpreferred (NPL) leg. Our hypothesis was that PL greater efficiency could be explained by adaptations and interactions between central, peripheral factors, and force. Fifteen young participants performed single-leg extension exercise at absolute (35 W) and relative [50% peak power-output (Wpeak)] workloads with PL and NPL. Oxygen uptake, photoplethysmography, Doppler ultrasound, near-infrared-spectroscopy deoxyhemoglobin [HHb], integrated electromyography (iEMG), maximal isometric force (MVC), rate of force development (RFD50-100), and muscle biopsies of both vastus lateralis were studied to assess central and peripheral determinants of ηnet. During exercise executed at 35 W, ηnet was 17.5 ± 5.1% and 11.9 ± 2.1% (P < 0.01) in PL and NPL respectively, whereas during exercise at the 50% of Wpeak was in PL = 18.1 ± 5.1% and in NPL = 12.5 ± 1.9 (P < 0.01). The only parameter correlated with ηnet was iEMG, which showed an inverse correlation for absolute (r = -0.83 and -0.69 for PL and NPL) and relative workloads (r = -0.92 and -0.79 for PL and NPL). MVC and RFD50-100 were higher in PL than in NPL but not correlated to ηnet. This study identified a critical role of leg preference in the efficiency during single-leg extension exercise. The whole spectrum of the central and peripheral, circulatory, and muscular determinants of ηnet did not explain the difference between PL and NPL efficiency. Therefore, the lower muscle activation exhibited by the PL is likely the primary determinant of this physiological phenomenon.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examined the impact of leg preference on efficiency during single-leg exercise. The results revealed lower efficiency of the nonpreferred leg during exercises performed at absolute and relative workloads. Central (cardiac output) and peripheral (fiber typing) determinants of efficiency did not explain the difference between the legs. However, the lower muscle activation of the preferred leg that was inversely correlated with efficiency is likely the primary determinant of this physiological feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Festa
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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18
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Vikmoen O, Rønnestad BR. A Comparison of the Effect of Strength Training on Cycling Performance between Men and Women. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010029. [PMID: 33803041 PMCID: PMC8006227 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade numerous review articles have been published on how concurrent strength and endurance training affect cycling performance. However, none of these have reviewed if there are any sex differences in the effects of concurrent training on cycling performance, and most research in this area has been performed with male cyclists. Thus, the aim of the current paper is to review the scientific literature on the effect of concurrent training on cycling performance in male and female cyclists with a special emphasis on potential sex differences. The results indicate that both male and female cyclists experience a similar beneficial effect from concurrent training on cycling performance and its physiological determinants compared to normal endurance training only. Some data indicate that women have a larger effect on cycling economy, but more studies are needed to explore this further. Furthermore, the adaptations to strength training thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects on cycling performance seem to be very similar between men and women. Interestingly, increased muscle cross-sectional area in the main locomotor muscles seems to be an important adaptation for improved performance, and, contrary to popular belief, cyclists should aim for increased muscle cross-sectional area when adding strength training to their normal training. We conclude that both male and female cyclists can improve their cycling performance by adding strength training to their normal training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vikmoen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Bent R. Rønnestad
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway;
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19
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Adenylate kinase derived ATP shapes respiration and calcium storage of isolated mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148409. [PMID: 33713654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of ADP and ATP is a natural indicator of cellular bioenergetic state and thus a prominent analyte in metabolism research. Beyond adenylate interconversion via oxidative phosphorylation and ATPase activities, ADP and ATP act as steric regulators of enzymes, e.g. cytochrome C oxidase, and are major factors in mitochondrial calcium storage potential. Consideration of all routes of adenylate conversion is critical to successfully predict their abundance in an experimental system and to correctly interpret many aspects of mitochondrial function. We showcase here how adenylate kinases elicit considerable impact on the outcome of a variety of mitochondrial assays through their drastic manipulation of the adenylate profile. Parameters affected include cytochrome c oxidase activity, P/O ratio, and mitochondrial calcium dynamics. Study of the latter revealed that the presence of ATP is required for mitochondrial calcium to be shaped into a particularly dense form of mitochondrial amorphous calcium phosphate.
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20
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Yurre ARDE, Martins EGL, Lopez-Alarcon M, Cabral B, Vera N, Lopes JA, Galina A, Takiya CM, Lindoso RS, Vieyra A, SÁenz OC, Medei E. Type 2 diabetes mellitus alters cardiac mitochondrial content and function in a non-obese mice model. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191340. [PMID: 32813865 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increase of premature appearance of several disorders such as cardiac complications. Thus, we test the hypothesis that a combination of a high fat diet (HFD) and low doses of streptozotocin (STZ) recapitulate a suitable mice model of T2DM to study the cardiac mitochondrial disturbances induced by this disease. Animals were divided in 2 groups: the T2DM group was given a HFD and injected with 2 low doses of STZ, while the CNTRL group was given a standard chow and a buffer solution. The combination of HFD and STZ recapitulate the T2DM metabolic profile showing higher blood glucose levels in T2DM mice when compared to CNTRL, and also, insulin resistance. The kidney structure/function was preserved. Regarding cardiac mitochondrial function, in all phosphorylative states, the cardiac mitochondria from T2DM mice presented reduced oxygen fluxes when compared to CNTRL mice. Also, mitochondria from T2DM mice showed decreased citrate synthase activity and lower protein content of mitochondrial complexes. Our results show that in this non-obese T2DM model, which recapitulates the classical metabolic alterations, mitochondrial function is impaired and provides a useful model to deepen study the mechanisms underlying these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa R DE Yurre
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduarda G L Martins
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Micaela Lopez-Alarcon
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cabral
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Narendra Vera
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jarlene A Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina M Takiya
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Lindoso
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Oscar C SÁenz
- Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do País Vasco (UPV-EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Emiliano Medei
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Dawson NJ, Alza L, Nandal G, Scott GR, McCracken KG. Convergent changes in muscle metabolism depend on duration of high-altitude ancestry across Andean waterfowl. eLife 2020; 9:e56259. [PMID: 32729830 PMCID: PMC7494360 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude environments require that animals meet the metabolic O2 demands for locomotion and thermogenesis in O2-thin air, but the degree to which convergent metabolic changes have arisen across independent high-altitude lineages or the speed at which such changes arise is unclear. We examined seven high-altitude waterfowl that have inhabited the Andes (3812-4806 m elevation) over varying evolutionary time scales, to elucidate changes in biochemical pathways of energy metabolism in flight muscle relative to low-altitude sister taxa. Convergent changes across high-altitude taxa included increased hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, decreased lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities, and increased myoglobin content. ATP synthase activity increased in only the longest established high-altitude taxa, whereas hexokinase activity increased in only newly established taxa. Therefore, changes in pathways of lipid oxidation, glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are common strategies to cope with high-altitude hypoxia, but some changes require longer evolutionary time to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Dawson
- Department of Biology, McMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
- Department of Biology University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Luis Alza
- Department of Biology University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
- University of Alaska Museum and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
- Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad - CORBIDILimaPeru
| | | | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Kevin G McCracken
- Department of Biology University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
- University of Alaska Museum and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
- Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad - CORBIDILimaPeru
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of MiamiMiamiUnited States
- Human Genetics and Genomics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiUnited States
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22
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Bicycling Exercise Helps Maintain a Youthful Metabolic Cost of Walking in Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:36-42. [PMID: 32723930 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The decline of walking performance is a key determinant of morbidity among older adults. Healthy older adults have been shown to have a 15-20% lower walking economy compared with young adults. However, older adults who run for exercise have a higher walking economy compared with older adults who walk for exercise. Yet, it remains unclear if other aerobic exercises yield similar improvements on walking economy. The purpose of this study was to determine if regular bicycling exercise affects walking economy in older adults. We measured metabolic rate while 33 older adult "bicyclists" or "walkers" and 16 young adults walked on a level treadmill at four speeds between (0.75-1.75 m/s). Across the range of speeds, older bicyclists had a 9-17% greater walking economy compared with older walkers (p = .009). In conclusion, bicycling exercise mitigates the age-related deterioration of walking economy, whereas walking for exercise has a minimal effect on improving walking economy.
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Rigoulet M, Bouchez CL, Paumard P, Ransac S, Cuvellier S, Duvezin-Caubet S, Mazat JP, Devin A. Cell energy metabolism: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148276. [PMID: 32717222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In living cells, growth is the result of coupling between substrate catabolism and multiple metabolic processes that take place during net biomass formation and maintenance processes. During growth, both ATP/ADP and NADH/NAD+ molecules play a key role. Cell energy metabolism hence refers to metabolic pathways involved in ATP synthesis linked to NADH turnover. Two main pathways are thus involved in cell energy metabolism: glycolysis/fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are intertwined through thermodynamic and kinetic constraints that are reviewed herein. Further, our current knowledge of short-term and long term regulation of cell energy metabolism will be reviewed using examples such as the Crabtree and the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rigoulet
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - C L Bouchez
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - P Paumard
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Ransac
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Cuvellier
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Duvezin-Caubet
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - J P Mazat
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - A Devin
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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24
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The Effect of Different Cadence on Paddling Gross Efficiency and Economy in Stand-Up Paddle Boarding. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134893. [PMID: 32645890 PMCID: PMC7370053 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Due to the importance of energy efficiency and economy in endurance performance, it is important to know the influence of different paddling cadences on these variables in the stand-up paddleboarding (SUP). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of paddling at different cadences on the energy efficiency, economy, and physiological variables of international SUP race competitors. Methods: Ten male paddlers (age 28.8 ± 11.0 years; height 175.4 ± 5.1 m; body mass 74.2 ± 9.4 kg) participating in international tests carried out two test sessions. In the first one, an incremental exercise test was conducted to assess maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output (PPO). On the second day, they underwent 3 trials of 8 min each at 75% of PPO reached in the first test session. Three cadences were carried out in different trials randomly assigned between 45–55 and 65 strokes-min−1 (spm). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate, perceived sense of exertion (RPE), gross efficiency, economy, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured in the middle (4-min) and the end (8-min) of each trial. Results: Economy (45.3 ± 5.7 KJ·l−1 at 45 spm vs. 38.1 ± 5.3 KJ·l−1 at 65 spm; p = 0.010) and gross efficiency (13.4 ± 2.3% at 45 spm vs. 11.0 ± 1.6% at 65 spm; p = 0.012) was higher during de 45 spm condition than 65 spm in the 8-min. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) presented a lower value at 4-min than at 8-min in 55 spm (4-min, 0.950 ± 0.065 vs. 8-min, 0.964 ± 0.053) and 65 spm cadences (4-min, 0.951 ± 0.030 vs. 8-min, 0.992 ± 0.047; p < 0.05). VO2, HR, lactate, and RPE were lower (p < 0.05) at 45 spm (VO2, 34.4 ± 6.0 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 161.2 ± 16.4 beats·min−1; lactate, 3.5 ± 1.0 mmol·l−1; RPE, 6.0 ± 2.1) than at 55 spm (VO2, 38.6 ± 5.2 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 168.1 ± 15.1 beats·min−1; lactate, 4.2 ± 1.2 mmol·l−1; RPE, 6.9 ± 1.4) and 65 spm (VO2, 38.7 ± 5.9 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 170.7 ± 13.0 beats·min−1; 5.3 ± 1.8 mmol·l−1; RPE, 7.6 ± 1.4) at 8-min. Moreover, lactate and RPE at 65 spm was greater than 55 spm (p < 0.05) at 8-min. Conclusion: International male SUP paddlers were most efficient and economical when paddling at 45 spm vs. 55 or 65 spm, confirmed by lower RPE values, which may likely translate to faster paddling speed and greater endurance.
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25
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Kapil V, Khambata RS, Jones DA, Rathod K, Primus C, Massimo G, Fukuto JM, Ahluwalia A. The Noncanonical Pathway for In Vivo Nitric Oxide Generation: The Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:692-766. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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26
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Bouchez CL, Yoboue ED, de la Rosa Vargas LE, Salin B, Cuvellier S, Rigoulet M, Duvezin-Caubet S, Devin A. "Labile" heme critically regulates mitochondrial biogenesis through the transcriptional co-activator Hap4p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5095-5109. [PMID: 32075909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron protoporphyrin IX) is a well-known prosthetic group for enzymes involved in metabolic pathways such as oxygen transport and electron transfer through the mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, heme has also been shown to be an important regulatory molecule (as "labile" heme) for diverse processes such as translation, kinase activity, and transcription in mammals, yeast, and bacteria. Taking advantage of a yeast strain deficient for heme production that enabled controlled modulation and monitoring of labile heme levels, here we investigated the role of labile heme in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. This process is regulated by the HAP complex in yeast. Using several biochemical assays along with EM and epifluorescence microscopy, to the best of our knowledge, we show for the first time that cellular labile heme is critical for the post-translational regulation of HAP complex activity, most likely through the stability of the transcriptional co-activator Hap4p. Consequently, we found that labile heme regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and cell growth. The findings of our work highlight a new mechanism in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by cellular metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle L Bouchez
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Edgar D Yoboue
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Livier E de la Rosa Vargas
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvain Cuvellier
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Rigoulet
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Devin
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France .,Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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27
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, De-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Sanchez-Delgado G, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Metabolic rate in sedentary adults, following different exercise training interventions: The FIT-AGEING randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3230-3240. [PMID: 32089371 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This study compares the influence of different exercise training programs on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and fat oxidation, in basal conditions (BFox) and during exercise (MFO), in sedentary, middle-aged adults. METHODS The study subjects of this 12 week-long, randomised controlled trial, were 71 middle-aged adults (age 53.5 ± 4.9 years; 52% women). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (1) no exercise, (2) concurrent training based on international physical activity recommendations (PAR group), (3) high intensity interval training (HIIT group), and (4) high intensity interval training plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT + EMS group). Subject BMR, BFox and MFO were determined by indirect calorimetry before and after the intervention. RESULTS The HIIT + EMS subjects showed significant increases in BFox following the intervention compared with the control group (all P = 0.043); no such differences were seen in the PAR and HIIT compared with the control group (all P ≥ 0.1). A significant increase in post-intervention MFO was noted for the HIIT and HIIT + EMS group compared to the non-exercise control group (P < 0.05); no such difference was seen in the PAR group compared to the control group (all P ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks of high intensity interval training plus whole-body electromyostimulation may increase the BFox and MFO of middle-aged sedentary adults. These findings have important clinical implications; a well-designed high-intensity interval training program plus whole-body electromyostimulation might be followed to help combat the appearance of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by metabolic inflexibility in middle-aged sedentary adults, though it will be necessary to determine how long the effects last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain; PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Alejandro De-la-O
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LA USA
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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28
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Energy Expenditure Equation Choice: Effects on Cycling Efficiency and its Reliability. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:288-291. [PMID: 31172822 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are several published equations to calculate energy expenditure (EE) from gas exchanges. The authors assessed whether using different EE equations would affect gross efficiency (GE) estimates and their reliability. METHODS Eleven male and 3 female cyclists (age 33 [10] y; height: 178 [11] cm; body mass: 76.0 [15.1] kg; maximal oxygen uptake: 51.4 [5.1] mL·kg-1·min-1; peak power output: 4.69 [0.45] W·kg-1) completed 5 visits to the laboratory on separate occasions. In the first visit, participants completed a maximal ramp test to characterize their physiological profile. In visits 2 to 5, participants performed 4 identical submaximal exercise trials to assess GE and its reliability. Each trial included three 7-minute bouts at 60%, 70%, and 80% of the gas exchange threshold. EE was calculated with 4 equations by Péronnet and Massicotte, Lusk, Brouwer, and Garby and Astrup. RESULTS All 4 EE equations produced GE estimates that differed from each other (all P < .001). Reliability parameters were only affected when the typical error was expressed in absolute GE units, suggesting a negligible effect-related to the magnitude of GE produced by each EE equation. The mean coefficient of variation for GE across different exercise intensities and calculation methods was 4.2%. CONCLUSIONS Although changing the EE equation does not affect GE reliability, exercise scientists and coaches should be aware that different EE equations produce different GE estimates. Researchers are advised to share their raw data to allow for GE recalculation, enabling comparison between previous and future studies.
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29
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Ntessalen M, Procter NEK, Feelisch M, Crichton PG, Frenneaux MP. Reply to TA Schiffer et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:487-488. [PMID: 32016355 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ntessalen
- From the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan E K Procter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- From the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Crichton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Frenneaux
- From the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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30
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Płoszczyca K, Foltyn J, Goliniewski J, Krȩżelok J, Poprzȩcki S, Ozimek M, Czuba M. Seasonal changes in gross efficiency and aerobic capacity in well-trained road cyclists. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-192115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Foltyn
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Goliniewski
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Janusz Krȩżelok
- Department of Individual Sports, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Stanisław Poprzȩcki
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Cardinale DA, Larsen FJ, Lännerström J, Manselin T, Södergård O, Mijwel S, Lindholm P, Ekblom B, Boushel R. Influence of Hyperoxic-Supplemented High-Intensity Interval Training on Hemotological and Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations in Trained Cyclists. Front Physiol 2019; 10:730. [PMID: 31258485 PMCID: PMC6587061 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyperoxia (HYPER) increases O2 carrying capacity resulting in a higher O2 delivery to the working muscles during exercise. Several lines of evidence indicate that lactate metabolism, power output, and endurance are improved by HYPER compared to normoxia (NORM). Since HYPER enables a higher exercise power output compared to NORM and considering the O2 delivery limitation at exercise intensities near to maximum, we hypothesized that hyperoxic-supplemented high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would upregulate muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and enhance endurance cycling performance compared to training in normoxia. Methods: 23 trained cyclists, age 35.3 ± 6.4 years, body mass 75.2 ± 9.6 kg, height 179.8 ± 7.9 m, and VO2max 4.5 ± 0.7 L min-1 performed 6 weeks polarized and periodized endurance training on a cycle ergometer consisting of supervised HIIT sessions 3 days/week and additional low-intensity training 2 days/week. Participants were randomly assigned to either HYPER (FIO2 0.30; n = 12) or NORM (FIO2 0.21; n = 11) breathing condition during HIIT. Mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria together with maximal and submaximal VO2, hematological parameters, and self-paced endurance cycling performance were tested pre- and posttraining intervention. Results: Hyperoxic training led to a small, non-significant change in performance compared to normoxic training (HYPER 6.0 ± 3.7%, NORM 2.4 ± 5.0%; p = 0.073, ES = 0.32). This small, beneficial effect on the self-paced endurance cycling performance was not explained by the change in VO2max (HYPER 1.1 ± 3.8%, NORM 0.0 ± 3.7%; p = 0.55, ES = 0.08), blood volume and hemoglobin mass, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity (permeabilized fibers: HYPER 27.3 ± 46.0%, NORM 16.5 ± 49.1%; p = 0.37, ES = 3.24 and in isolated mitochondria: HYPER 26.1 ± 80.1%, NORM 15.9 ± 73.3%; p = 0.66, ES = 0.51), or markers of mitochondrial content which were similar between groups post intervention. Conclusions: This study showed that 6 weeks hyperoxic-supplemented HIIT led to marginal gain in cycle performance in already trained cyclists without change in VO2max, blood volume, hemoglobin mass, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity, or exercise efficiency. The underlying mechanisms for the potentially meaningful performance effects of hyperoxia training remain unexplained and may raise ethical questions for elite sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cardinale
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F J Larsen
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lännerström
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Manselin
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Södergård
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Mijwel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Lindholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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32
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Matomäki P, Linnamo V, Kyröläinen H. A Comparison of Methodological Approaches to Measuring Cycling Mechanical Efficiency. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:23. [PMID: 31183594 PMCID: PMC6557926 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much is known about theoretical bases of different mechanical efficiency indices and effects of physiological and biomechanical factors to them. However, there are only a few studies available about practical bases and interactions between these efficiency indices, which were the aims of the present study. METHODS Fourteen physically active men (n = 12) and women (n = 2) participated in this study. From the incremental test, six different mechanical efficiency indices were calculated for cycling work: gross (GE) and net (NE) efficiencies, two work efficiencies (WE), and economy (T) at 150 W, and in addition delta efficiency (DE) using 3-5 observation points. RESULTS It was found that the efficiency indices can be divided into three groups by Spearman's rank correlation: GE, T, and NE in group I; DE and extrapolated WE in group II; and measured WE in group III. Furthermore, group II appeared to have poor reliability due to its dependence on a work-expended energy regression line, which accuracy is poorly measured by confidence interval. CONCLUSION As efficiency indices fall naturally into three classes that do not interact with each other, it means that they measure fundamentally different aspects of mechanical efficiency. Based on problems and imprecisions with other efficiency indices, GE, or group I, seems to be the best indicator for mechanical efficiency because of its consistency and unambiguity. Based on this methodological analysis, the baseline subtractions in efficiency indices are not encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Matomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Muscle Atrophy and Reduced Mitochondrial Function in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6835341. [PMID: 31281588 PMCID: PMC6589343 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6835341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that vitamin D deficiency may be responsible for muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate markers of muscle atrophy, signalling proteins, and mitochondrial capacity in patients with chronic low back pain with a focus on gender and serum vitamin D level. The study involved patients with chronic low back pain (LBP) qualified for posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). Patients were divided into three groups: supplemented (SUPL) with vitamin D (3200 IU/day for 5 weeks), placebo with normal levels of vitamin D (SUF), and the placebo group with vitamin D deficiency (DEF). The marker of muscle atrophy including atrogin-1 and protein content for IGF-1, Akt, FOXO3a, PGC-1α, and citrate synthase (CS) activity were determined in collected multifidus muscle. In the paraspinal muscle, IGF-1 levels were higher in the SUF group as compared to both the SUPL and DEF groups (p < 0.05). In the SUPL group, we found significantly increased protein content for pAkt (p < 0.05) and decreased level of FOXO3a (p < 0.05). Atrogin-1 content was significantly different between men and women (p < 0.05). The protein content of PGC-1α was significantly higher in the SUF group as compared to the DEF group (p < 0.05). CS activity in the paraspinal muscle was higher in the SUPL group than in the DEF group (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with elevated oxidative stress, muscle atrophy, and reduced mitochondrial function in the multifidus muscle. Therefore, vitamin D-deficient LBP patients might have reduced possibilities on early and effective rehabilitation after PLIF surgery.
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Fiorenza M, Lemminger AK, Marker M, Eibye K, Iaia FM, Bangsbo J, Hostrup M. High-intensity exercise training enhances mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in a temperature-dependent manner in human skeletal muscle: implications for exercise performance. FASEB J 2019; 33:8976-8989. [PMID: 31136218 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900106rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether exercise training-induced adaptations in human skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics are magnified under thermal conditions resembling sustained intense contractile activity and whether training-induced changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency influence exercise efficiency. Twenty healthy men performed 6 wk of high-intensity exercise training [i.e., speed endurance training (SET; n = 10)], or maintained their usual lifestyle (n = 10). Before and after the intervention, mitochondrial respiratory function was determined ex vivo in permeabilized muscle fibers under experimentally-induced normothermia (35°C) and hyperthermia (40°C) mimicking in vivo muscle temperature at rest and during intense exercise, respectively. In addition, activity and content of muscle mitochondrial enzymes and proteins were quantified. Exercising muscle efficiency was determined in vivo by measurements of leg hemodynamics and blood parameters during one-legged knee-extensor exercise. SET enhanced maximal OXPHOS capacity and OXPHOS efficiency at 40°C, but not at 35°C, and attenuated hyperthermia-induced decline in OXPHOS efficiency. Furthermore, SET increased expression of markers of mitochondrial content and up-regulated content of MFN2, DRP1, and ANT1. Also, SET improved exercise efficiency and capacity. These findings indicate that muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics adapts to high-intensity exercise training in a temperature-dependent manner and that enhancements in mitochondrial OXPHOS efficiency may contribute to improving exercise performance.-Fiorenza, M., Lemminger, A. K., Marker, M., Eibye, K., Iaia, F. M., Bangsbo, J., Hostrup, M. High-intensity exercise training enhances mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in a temperature-dependent manner in human skeletal muscle: implications for exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fiorenza
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anders K Lemminger
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Marker
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Eibye
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V˙O2 ) kinetics, which describes the aerobic response to near instantaneous changes in metabolic demand, provides a valuable insight into the control and coordination of oxidative phosphorylation during exercise. Despite their applicability to the highly sporadic habitual physical activity and exercise patterns of children, relatively little is known regarding the influence of internal and external stimuli on the dynamic V˙O2 response. Although insufficient evidence is available during moderate-intensity exercise, an age-related slowing of the phase 2 time constant (τ) and augmentation of the V˙O2 slow component appears to manifest during heavy-intensity exercise, which may be related to changes in the muscle phosphate controllers of oxidative phosphorylation, muscle oxygen delivery and utilization, and/or muscle fiber type recruitment patterns. Similar to findings in adults, aerobic training is associated with a faster phase 2 τ and smaller V˙O2 slow component in youth, independent of age or maturity, indicative of an enhanced oxidative metabolism. However, a lack of longitudinal or intervention-based training studies limits our ability to attribute these changes to training per se. Further, methodologically rigorous studies are required to fully resolve the interaction(s) between age, sex, biological maturity, and external stimuli, such as exercise training and exercise intensity and the dynamic V˙O2 response at the onset and offset of exercise.
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Khan S, Roberts J, Wu SB. Genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function may not show synchronised responses to mitochondria in shell gland of laying chickens under infectious bronchitis virus challenge. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:3. [PMID: 31041887 PMCID: PMC6446503 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg formation takes place in the oviduct of laying hens over a 24 h period. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes pathological lesions in the chicken oviduct. In the current study, mitochondrial counts were determined in three different segments of the oviduct during egg formation in laying chickens challenged with IBV T strain. Nuclear DNA encoded genes that are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and function were studied in the shell gland of the oviduct undergoing virus multiplication. RESULTS In the shell gland, the mitochondrial count was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the challenged group, compared with the control group. However, it did not vary in response to IBV challenge in the isthmus and magnum regions of the oviduct. The gene succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant (SDHA) was down-regulated in the shell gland by IBV challenge (P < 0.05), while other genes being studied did not show responses to the challenge (P > 0.05). Differential expression of the genes was observed at different time-points of egg-shell formation. The expression levels of citrate synthase (CS), cytochrome C, somatic (CYC, S) and sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+ATPase) genes were significantly higher, while those of SDHA and dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) genes were significantly lower, at 15 h compared with 5 h following oviposition of the previous egg. The expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) did not show significant change at different time-points. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that IBV T strain infection in laying hens reduced mitochondrial counts only in the shell gland region of the oviduct. The genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis or function may not show synchronised responses to that of mitochondria in the shell gland of chickens under T strain of IBV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351 Australia
- Present address: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - Juliet Roberts
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351 Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351 Australia
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Bouchez C, Devin A. Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): A Complex Relationship Regulated by the cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040287. [PMID: 30934711 PMCID: PMC6523352 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process. It requires the contribution of both the nuclear and the mitochondrial genomes and therefore cross talk between the nucleus and mitochondria. Cellular energy demand can vary by great length and it is now well known that one way to adjust adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis to energy demand is through modulation of mitochondrial content in eukaryotes. The knowledge of actors and signals regulating mitochondrial biogenesis is thus of high importance. Here, we review the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis both in yeast and in mammalian cells through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Bouchez
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France.
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 1, rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Devin
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France.
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 1, rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Fischer MJ, Horvath G, Krismer M, Gnaiger E, Goebel G, Pesta DH. Evaluation of mitochondrial function in chronic myofascial trigger points - a prospective cohort pilot study using high-resolution respirometry. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:388. [PMID: 30376863 PMCID: PMC6208107 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are hyperirritable areas in the fascia of the affected muscle, possibly related to mitochondrial impairment. They can result in pain and hypoxic areas within the muscle. This pilot study established a minimally invasive biopsy technique to obtain high-quality MTrP tissue samples to evaluate mitochondrial function via high-resolution respirometry. Secondary objectives included the feasibility and safety of the biopsy procedure. Methods Twenty healthy males participated in this study, 10 with a diagnosis of myofascial pain in the musculus (m.) trapezius MTrP (TTP group) and 10 with a diagnosis of myofascial pain in the m. gluteus medius (GTP group). Each participant had 2 muscle biopsies taken in one session. The affected muscle was biopsied followed by a biopsy from the m. vastus lateralis to be used as a control. Measurements of oxygen consumption were carried out using high-resolution respirometry. Results Mitochondrial respiration was highest in the GTP group compared to the TTP group and the control muscle whereas no differences were observed between the GTP and the control muscle. When normalizing respiration to an internal reference state, there were no differences between muscle groups. None of the participants had hematomas or reported surgical complications. Patient-reported pain was minimal for all 3 groups. All participants reported a low procedural burden. Conclusions This pilot study used a safe and minimally invasive technique for obtaining biopsies from MTrPs suitable for high-resolution respirometry analysis of mitochondrial function. The results suggest that there are no qualitative differences in mitochondrial function of MTrPs of the trapezius and gluteus medius muscles compared to the vastus lateralis control muscle, implying that alterations of mitochondrial function do not appear to have a role in the development of MTrPs. Trial registration Registered as No. 20131128–850 at the Coordinating Center for Clinical Studies of the Medical University of Innsbruck, trial registration date: 28th November 2013 and retrospectively registered on 11th of October 2018 at ClinicalTrials.gov with the ID NCT03704311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Fischer
- Vamed Rehabilitation Center Kitzbuehel, Kitzbuehel, Austria.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gergo Horvath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Krismer
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erich Gnaiger
- D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Goebel
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik H Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Laaksonen MS, Kyröläinen H, Kemppainen J, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK. Muscle Free Fatty-Acid Uptake Associates to Mechanical Efficiency During Exercise in Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1171. [PMID: 30246804 PMCID: PMC6110921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic factors related to muscle metabolism may explain the differences in mechanical efficiency (ME) during exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle metabolism and ME. Totally 17 healthy recreationally active male participants were recruited and divided into efficient (EF; n = 8) and inefficient (IE; n = 9) groups, which were matched for age (mean ± SD 24 ± 2 vs. 23 ± 2 years), BMI (23 ± 1 vs. 23 ± 2 kg m-2), physical activity levels (3.4 ± 1.0 vs. 4.1 ± 1.0 sessions/week), and V ˙ O2peak (53 ± 3 vs. 52 ± 3 mL kg-1 min-1), respectively, but differed for ME at 45% of V ˙ O2peak intensity during submaximal bicycle ergometer test (EF 20.5 ± 3.5 vs. IE 15.4 ± 0.8%, P < 0.001). Using positron emission tomography, muscle blood flow (BF) and uptakes of oxygen (m V ˙ O2), fatty acids (FAU) and glucose (GU) were measured during dynamic submaximal knee-extension exercise. Workload-normalized BF (EF 35 ± 14 vs. IE 34 ± 11 mL 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.896), m V ˙ O2 (EF 4.1 ± 1.2 vs. IE 3.9 ± 1.2 mL 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.808), and GU (EF 3.1 ± 1.8 vs. IE 2.6 ± 2.3 μmol 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.641) as well as the delivery of oxygen, glucose, and FAU, as well as respiratory quotient were not different between the groups. However, FAU was significantly higher in EF than IE (3.1 ± 1.7 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 μmol 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.047) and it also correlated with ME (r = 0.56, P = 0.024) in the entire study group. EF group also demonstrated higher use of plasma FAU than IE, but no differences in use of plasma glucose and intramuscular energy sources were observed between the groups. These findings suggest that the effective use of plasma FAU is an important determinant of ME during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko S. Laaksonen
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Salgado RM, Sheard AC, Vaughan RA, Parker DL, Schneider SM, Kenefick RW, McCormick JJ, Gannon NP, Van Dusseldorp TA, Kravitz LR, Mermier CM. Mitochondrial efficiency and exercise economy following heat stress: a potential role of uncoupling protein 3. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/3/e13054. [PMID: 28174343 PMCID: PMC5309567 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress has been reported to reduce uncoupling proteins (UCP) expression, which in turn should improve mitochondrial efficiency. Such an improvement in efficiency may translate to the systemic level as greater exercise economy. However, neither the heat‐induced improvement in mitochondrial efficiency (due to decrease in UCP), nor its potential to improve economy has been studied. Determine: (i) if heat stress in vitro lowers UCP3 thereby improving mitochondrial efficiency in C2C12 myocytes; (ii) whether heat acclimation (HA) in vivo improves exercise economy in trained individuals; and (iii) the potential improved economy during exercise at altitude. In vitro, myocytes were heat stressed for 24 h (40°C), followed by measurements of UCP3, mitochondrial uncoupling, and efficiency. In vivo, eight trained males completed: (i) pre‐HA testing; (ii) 10 days of HA (40°C, 20% RH); and (iii) post‐HA testing. Pre‐ and posttesting consisted of maximal exercise test and submaximal exercise at two intensities to assess exercise economy at 1600 m (Albuquerque, NM) and 4350 m. Heat‐stressed myocytes displayed significantly reduced UCP3 mRNA expression and, mitochondrial uncoupling (77.1 ± 1.2%, P < 0.0001) and improved mitochondrial efficiency (62.9 ± 4.1%, P < 0.0001) compared to control. In humans, at both 1600 m and 4350 m, following HA, submaximal exercise economy did not change at low and moderate exercise intensities. Our findings indicate that while heat‐induced reduction in UCP3 improves mitochondrial efficiency in vitro, this is not translated to in vivo improvement of exercise economy at 1600 m or 4350 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Salgado
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ailish C Sheard
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina
| | - Daryl L Parker
- Deparment of Kinesiology and Health Science, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California
| | - Suzanne M Schneider
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robert W Kenefick
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - James J McCormick
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nicholas P Gannon
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Trisha A Van Dusseldorp
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Exercise and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Len R Kravitz
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Christine M Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Moll K, Gussew A, Nisser M, Derlien S, Krämer M, Reichenbach JR. Comparison of metabolic adaptations between endurance- and sprint-trained athletes after an exhaustive exercise in two different calf muscles using a multi-slice 31 P-MR spectroscopic sequence. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3889. [PMID: 29393546 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of exercise-induced metabolic changes, such as oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide exhalation or lactate concentration, are important indicators for assessing the current performance level of athletes in training science. With exercise-limiting metabolic processes occurring in loaded muscles, 31 P-MRS represents a particularly powerful modality to identify and analyze corresponding training-induced alterations. Against this background, the current study aimed to analyze metabolic adaptations after an exhaustive exercise in two calf muscles (m. soleus - SOL - and m. gastrocnemius medialis - GM) of sprinters and endurance athletes by using localized dynamic 31 P-MRS. In addition, the respiratory parameters VO2 and VCO2 , as well as blood lactate concentrations, were monitored simultaneously to assess the effects of local metabolic adjustments in the loaded muscles on global physiological parameters. Besides noting obvious differences between the SOL and the GM muscles, we were also able to identify distinct physiological strategies in dealing with the exhaustive exercise by recruiting two athlete groups with opposing metabolic profiles. Endurance athletes tended to use the aerobic pathway in the metabolism of glucose, whereas sprinters produced a significantly higher peak concentration of lactate. These global findings go along with locally measured differences, especially in the main performer GM, with sprinters revealing a higher degree of acidification at the end of exercise (pH 6.29 ± 0.20 vs. 6.57 ± 0.21). Endurance athletes were able to partially recover their PCr stores during the exhaustive exercise and seemed to distribute their metabolic activity more consistently over both investigated muscles. In contrast, sprinters mainly stressed Type II muscle fibers, which corresponds more to their training orientation preferring the glycolytic energy supply pathway. In conclusion, we were able to analyze the relation between specific local metabolic processes in loaded muscles and typical global adaptation parameters, conventionally used to monitor the training status of athletes, in two cohorts with different sports orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Moll
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Nisser
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Derlien
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Krämer
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, Jena, Germany
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Distefano G, Standley RA, Zhang X, Carnero EA, Yi F, Cornnell HH, Coen PM. Physical activity unveils the relationship between mitochondrial energetics, muscle quality, and physical function in older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:279-294. [PMID: 29368427 PMCID: PMC5879963 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of mitochondrial dysfunction in ageing muscle is highly controversial. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that reduced muscle oxidative capacity and efficiency underlie the aetiology of mobility loss in older adults. Here, we hypothesized that studying well-phenotyped older cohorts across a wide range of physical activity would unveil a range of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and in turn allow us to more clearly examine the impact of age per se on mitochondrial energetics. This also enabled us to more clearly define the relationships between mitochondrial energetics and muscle lipid content with clinically relevant assessments of muscle and physical function. METHODS Thirty-nine volunteers were recruited to the following study groups: young active (YA, n = 2 women/8 men, age = 31.2 ± 5.4 years), older active (OA, n = 2 women/8 men, age = 67.5 ± 2.7 years), and older sedentary (OS, n = 8 women/11 men, age = 70.7 ± 4.7 years). Participants completed a graded exercise test to determine fitness (VO2 peak), a submaximal exercise test to determine exercise efficiency, and daily physical activity was recorded using a tri-axial armband accelerometer. Mitochondrial energetics were determined by (i) 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and (ii) respirometry of fibre bundles from vastus lateralis biopsies. Quadriceps function was assessed by isokinetic dynamometry and physical function by the short physical performance battery and stair climb test. RESULTS Daily physical activity energy expenditure was significantly lower in OS, compared with YA and OA groups. Despite fitness being higher in YA compared with OA and OS, mitochondrial respiration, maximum mitochondrial capacity, Maximal ATP production/Oxygen consumption (P/O) ratio, and exercise efficiency were similar in YA and OA groups and were significantly lower in OS. P/O ratio was correlated with exercise efficiency. Time to complete the stair climb and repeated chair stand tests were significantly greater for OS. Interestingly, maximum mitochondrial capacity was related to muscle contractile performance and physical function. CONCLUSIONS Older adults who maintain a high amount of physical activity have better mitochondrial capacity, similar to highly active younger adults, and this is related to their better muscle quality, exercise efficiency, and physical performance. This suggests that mitochondria could be an important therapeutic target for sedentary ageing associated conditions including sarcopenia, dynapenia, and loss of physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Distefano
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Robert A Standley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Elvis A Carnero
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Fanchao Yi
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Heather H Cornnell
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, 6400 Sanger Rd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
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Papadopoulos S, Dipla K, Triantafyllou A, Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Touplikioti P, Vrabas IS, Zafeiridis A. Beetroot Increases Muscle Performance and Oxygenation During Sustained Isometric Exercise, but Does Not Alter Muscle Oxidative Efficiency and Microvascular Reactivity at Rest. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:361-372. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1401497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Areti Triantafyllou
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Skovgaard C, Christiansen D, Christensen PM, Almquist NW, Thomassen M, Bangsbo J. Effect of speed endurance training and reduced training volume on running economy and single muscle fiber adaptations in trained runners. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13601. [PMID: 29417745 PMCID: PMC5803184 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether improved running economy with a period of speed endurance training and reduced training volume could be related to adaptations in specific muscle fibers. Twenty trained male (n = 14) and female (n = 6) runners (maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 -max): 56.4 ± 4.6 mL/min/kg) completed a 40-day intervention with 10 sessions of speed endurance training (5-10 × 30-sec maximal running) and a reduced (36%) volume of training. Before and after the intervention, a muscle biopsy was obtained at rest, and an incremental running test to exhaustion was performed. In addition, running at 60% vVO2 -max, and a 10-km run was performed in a normal and a muscle slow twitch (ST) glycogen-depleted condition. After compared to before the intervention, expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) was lower (P < 0.05) and dystrophin was higher (P < 0.05) in ST muscle fibers, and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (SERCA1) was lower (P < 0.05) in fast twitch muscle fibers. Running economy at 60% vVO2 -max (11.6 ± 0.2 km/h) and at v10-km (13.7 ± 0.3 km/h) was ~2% better (P < 0.05) after the intervention in the normal condition, but unchanged in the ST glycogen-depleted condition. Ten kilometer performance was improved (P < 0.01) by 3.2% (43.7 ± 1.0 vs. 45.2 ± 1.2 min) and 3.9% (45.8 ± 1.2 vs. 47.7 ± 1.3 min) in the normal and the ST glycogen-depleted condition, respectively. VO2 -max was the same, but vVO2 -max was 2.0% higher (P < 0.05; 19.3 ± 0.3 vs. 18.9 ± 0.3 km/h) after than before the intervention. Thus, improved running economy with intense training may be related to changes in expression of proteins linked to energy consuming processes in primarily ST muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Skovgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sports Organization)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Peter M. Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sports Organization)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nicki W. Almquist
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Martin Thomassen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsSection of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Vikmoen O, Rønnestad BR, Ellefsen S, Raastad T. Heavy strength training improves running and cycling performance following prolonged submaximal work in well-trained female athletes. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/5/e13149. [PMID: 28292885 PMCID: PMC5350167 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of adding heavy strength training to female duathletes' normal endurance training on both cycling and running performance. Nineteen well‐trained female duathletes (VO2max cycling: 54 ± 3 ml∙kg−1∙min−1, VO2max running: 53 ± 3 ml∙kg−1∙min−1) were randomly assigned to either normal endurance training (E, n = 8) or normal endurance training combined with strength training (E+S, n = 11). The strength training consisted of four lower body exercises [3 × 4‐10 repetition maximum (RM)] twice a week for 11 weeks. Running and cycling performance were assessed using 5‐min all‐out tests, performed immediately after prolonged periods of submaximal work (3 h cycling or 1.5 h running). E+S increased 1RM in half squat (45 ± 22%) and lean mass in the legs (3.1 ± 4.0%) more than E. Performance during the 5‐min all‐out test increased in both cycling (7.0 ± 4.5%) and running (4.7 ± 6.0%) in E+S, whereas no changes occurred in E. The changes in running performance were different between groups. E+S reduced oxygen consumption and heart rate during the final 2 h of prolonged cycling, whereas no changes occurred in E. No changes occurred during the prolonged running in any group. Adding strength training to normal endurance training in well‐trained female duathletes improved both running and cycling performance when tested immediately after prolonged submaximal work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vikmoen
- Section for Sport Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Stian Ellefsen
- Section for Sport Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Deparment of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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46
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Nyberg M, Egelund J, Mandrup CM, Andersen CB, Hansen KMBE, Hergel IMF, Valbak-Andersen N, Frikke-Schmidt R, Stallknecht B, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Leg vascular and skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic high-intensity exercise training are enhanced in the early postmenopausal phase. J Physiol 2017; 595:2969-2983. [PMID: 28231611 DOI: 10.1113/jp273871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Exercise training effectively improves vascular and skeletal muscle function; however, these effects of training may be blunted in postmenopausal women as a result of the loss of oestrogens. Accordingly, the capacity to deliver oxygen to the active muscles may also be impaired in postmenopausal women. In both premenopausal and recent postmenopausal women, exercise training was shown to improve leg vascular and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Interestingly, these effects were more pronounced in postmenopausal women. Skeletal muscle oxygen supply and utilization were similar in the two groups of women. These findings suggest that the early postmenopausal phase is associated with an enhanced capacity of the leg vasculature and skeletal muscle mitochondria to adapt to exercise training and that the ability to deliver oxygen to match the demand of the active muscles is preserved in the early phase following the menopausal transition. ABSTRACT Exercise training leads to favourable adaptations within skeletal muscle; however, this effect of exercise training may be blunted in postmenopausal women as a result of the loss of oestrogens. Furthermore, postmenopausal women may have an impaired vascular response to acute exercise. We examined the haemodynamic response to acute exercise in matched pre- and postmenopausal women before and after 12 weeks of aerobic high intensity exercise training. Twenty premenopausal and 16 early postmenopausal (mean ± SEM: 3.1 ± 0.5 years after final menstrual period) women only separated by 4 years of age (mean ± SEM: 50 ± 0 years vs. 54 ± 1 years) were included. Before training, leg blood flow, O2 delivery, O2 uptake and lactate release during knee-extensor exercise were similar in pre- and postmenopausal women. Exercise training reduced (P < 0.05) leg blood flow, O2 delivery, O2 uptake, lactate release, blood pressure and heart rate during the same absolute workloads in postmenopausal women. These effects were not detected in premenopausal women. Quadriceps muscle protein contents of mitochondrial complex II, III and IV; endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); cyclooxygenase (COX)-1; COX-2; and oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) were increased (P < 0.05) with training in postmenopausal women, whereas only the levels of mitochondrial complex V, eNOS and COX-2 were increased (P < 0.05) in premenopausal women. These findings demonstrate that vascular and skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic high intensity exercise training are more pronounced in recent post- compared to premenopausal women, possibly as an effect of enhanced ERRα signalling. Also, the hyperaemic response to acute exercise appears to be preserved in the early postmenopausal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Egelund
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla M Mandrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline B Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen M B E Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida-Marie F Hergel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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47
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Lundby C, Montero D, Gehrig S, Andersson Hall U, Kaiser P, Boushel R, Meinild Lundby AK, Kirk N, Valdivieso P, Flück M, Secher NH, Edin F, Hein T, Madsen K. Physiological, biochemical, anthropometric, and biomechanical influences on exercise economy in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1627-1637. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lundby
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - D. Montero
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - S. Gehrig
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - U. Andersson Hall
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - P. Kaiser
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - R. Boushel
- School of Kinesiology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - A.-K. Meinild Lundby
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - N. Kirk
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - M. Flück
- Universitätsklinik Balgrist; Zürich Switzerland
| | - N. H. Secher
- Department of Anesthesia; The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Edin
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - T. Hein
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - K. Madsen
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
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48
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Layec G, Bringard A, Le Fur Y, Micallef JP, Vilmen C, Perrey S, Cozzone PJ, Bendahan D. Mitochondrial Coupling and Contractile Efficiency in Humans with High and Low V˙O2peaks. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:811-21. [PMID: 26694849 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endurance training elicits tremendous adaptations of the mitochondrial energetic capacity. Yet, the effects of training or physical fitness on mitochondrial efficiency during exercise are still unclear. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to examine in vivo the differences in mitochondrial efficiency and ATP cost of contraction during exercise in two groups of adults differing in their aerobic capacity. METHOD We simultaneously assessed the ATP synthesis and O2 fluxes with P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pulmonary gas exchange measurements in seven endurance-trained (ET, V˙O2max: 67 ± 8 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹) and seven recreationally active (RA, V˙O2max: 43 ± 7 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹) subjects during 6 min of dynamic moderate-intensity knee extension. RESULTS The ATP cost of dynamic contraction was not significantly different between ET and RA (P > 0.05). Similarly, end-exercise O2 consumption was not significantly different between groups (ET: 848 ± 155 mL·min⁻¹ and RA: 760 ± 131 mL·min⁻¹, P > 0.05). During the recovery period, the PCr offset time constant was significantly faster in ET compared with RA (ET: 32 ± 8 s and RA: 43 ± 10 s, P < 0.05), thus indicating an increased mitochondrial capacity for ATP synthesis in the quadriceps of ET. In contrast, the estimated mitochondrial efficiency during exercise was not significantly different (P/O, ET: 2.0 ± 1.0 and RA: 1.8 ± 0.4, P > 0.05). Consequently, the higher mitochondrial capacity for ATP synthesis in ET likely originated from an elevated mitochondrial volume density, mitochondria-specific respiratory capacity, and/or slower postexercise inactivation of oxidative phosphorylation by the parallel activation mechanism. CONCLUSION Together, these findings reveal that 1) mitochondrial and contractile efficiencies are unaltered by several years of endurance training in young adults, and 2) the training-induced improvement in mitochondrial energetic capacity appears to be independent from changes in mitochondrial coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenael Layec
- 1Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine, Unite Mixte de Recherche 7339, Marseille, FRANCE; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; 3Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; 4Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care and Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, SWITZERLAND; 5Motricity Efficiency and Deficiency, EA 2991, Faculty of Sport Science, Unite de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activites Physiques et Sportives, Montpellier, FRANCE; 6INSERM ADR 08, Montpellier, FRANCE
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49
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Conley KE. Mitochondria to motion: optimizing oxidative phosphorylation to improve exercise performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:243-9. [PMID: 26792336 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria oxidize substrates to generate the ATP that fuels muscle contraction and locomotion. This review focuses on three steps in oxidative phosphorylation that have independent roles in setting the overall mitochondrial ATP flux and thereby have direct impact on locomotion. The first is the electron transport chain, which sets the pace for oxidation. New studies indicate that the electron transport chain capacity per mitochondria declines with age and disease, but can be revived by both acute and chronic treatments. The resulting higher ATP production is reflected in improved muscle power output and locomotory performance. The second step is the coupling of ATP supply from O2 uptake (mitochondrial coupling efficiency). Treatments that elevate mitochondrial coupling raise both exercise efficiency and the capacity for sustained exercise in both young and old muscle. The final step is ATP synthesis itself, which is under dynamic control at multiple sites to provide the 50-fold range of ATP flux between resting muscle and exercise at the mitochondrial capacity. Thus, malleability at sites in these subsystems of oxidative phosphorylation has an impact on ATP flux, with direct effects on exercise performance. Interventions are emerging that target these three independent subsystems to provide many paths to improve ATP flux and elevate the muscle performance lost to inactivity, age or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Conley
- Departments of Radiology, Physiology & Biophysics, and Bioengineering, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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50
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Li C, White SH, Warren LK, Wohlgemuth SE. Effects of aging on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of American American Quarter Horses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:299-311. [PMID: 27283918 PMCID: PMC5040552 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function, aerobic capacity, and mitochondrial (Mt) function have been found to decline with age in humans and rodents. However, not much is known about age-related changes in Mt function in equine skeletal muscle. Here, we compared fiber-type composition and Mt function in gluteus medius and triceps brachii muscle between young (age 1.8 ± 0.1 yr, n = 24) and aged (age 17-25 yr, n = 10) American Quarter Horses. The percentage of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIX was lower in aged compared with young muscles (gluteus, P = 0.092; triceps, P = 0.012), while the percentages of MHC I (gluteus; P < 0.001) and MHC IIA (triceps; P = 0.023) were increased. Mass-specific Mt density, indicated by citrate synthase activity, was unaffected by age in gluteus, but decreased in aged triceps (P = 0.023). Cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity per milligram tissue and per Mt unit decreased with age in gluteus (P < 0.001 for both) and triceps (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase per milligram tissue was unaffected by age, but increased per Mt unit in aged gluteus and triceps (P = 0.023 and P < 0.001, respectively). Mt respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers per milligram tissue was unaffected by age in both muscles. Main effects of age appeared when respiration was normalized to Mt content, with increases in LEAK, oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and electron transport system capacity (P = 0.038, P = 0.045, and P = 0.007, respectively), independent of muscle. In conclusion, equine skeletal muscle aging was accompanied by a shift in fiber-type composition, decrease in Mt density and COX activity, but preserved Mt respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lori K Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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