1
|
Huang H, Gao S, Bao M. Exploring Mechanical Forces Shaping Self-Organization and Morphogenesis During Early Embryo Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2024; 40:75-96. [PMID: 38608312 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120123-105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Embryonic development is a dynamic process orchestrated by a delicate interplay of biochemical and biophysical factors. While the role of genetics and biochemistry in embryogenesis has been extensively studied, recent research has highlighted the significance of mechanical regulation in shaping and guiding this intricate process. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanical regulation of embryo development. We explore how mechanical forces generated by cells and tissues play a crucial role in driving the development of different stages. We examine key morphogenetic processes such as compaction, blastocyst formation, implantation, and egg cylinder formation, and discuss the mechanical mechanisms and cues involved. By synthesizing the current body of literature, we highlight the emerging concepts and open questions in the field of mechanical regulation. We aim to provide an overview of the field, inspiring future investigations and fostering a deeper understanding of the mechanical aspects of embryo development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Min Bao
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Prahl LS, Huang AZ, Hughes AJ. Measurement of adhesion and traction of cells at high yield reveals an energetic ratchet operating during nephron condensation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404586121. [PMID: 39292750 PMCID: PMC11441508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404586121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental biology-inspired strategies for tissue-building have extraordinary promise for regenerative medicine, spurring interest in the relationship between cell biophysical properties and morphological transitions. However, mapping gene or protein expression data to cell biophysical properties to physical morphogenesis remains challenging with current techniques. Here, we present multiplexed adhesion and traction of cells at high yield (MATCHY). MATCHY advances the multiplexing and throughput capabilities of existing traction force and cell-cell adhesion assays using microfabrication and a semiautomated computation scheme with machine learning-driven cell segmentation. Both biophysical assays are coupled with serial downstream immunofluorescence to extract cell type/signaling state information. MATCHY is especially suited to complex primary tissue-, organoid-, or biopsy-derived cell mixtures since it does not rely on a priori knowledge of cell surface markers, cell sorting, or use of lineage-specific reporter animals. We first validate MATCHY on canine kidney epithelial cells engineered for rearranged during transfection (RET) tyrosine kinase expression and quantify a relationship between downstream signaling and cell traction. We then use MATCHY to create a biophysical atlas of mouse embryonic kidney primary cells and identify distinct biophysical states along the nephron differentiation trajectory. Our data complement expression-level knowledge of adhesion molecule changes that accompany nephron differentiation with quantitative biophysical information. These data reveal an "energetic ratchet" that accounts for spatial trends in nephron progenitor cell condensation as they differentiate into early nephron structures, which we validate through agent-based computational simulation. MATCHY offers semiautomated cell biophysical characterization at >10,000-cell throughput, an advance benefiting fundamental studies and new synthetic tissue strategies for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiageng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Louis S. Prahl
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Aria Zheyuan Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Alex J. Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Precision Engineering for Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gallo E, De Renzis S, Sharpe J, Mayor R, Hartmann J. Versatile system cores as a conceptual basis for generality in cell and developmental biology. Cell Syst 2024; 15:790-807. [PMID: 39236709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of general principles underlying the complexity and diversity of cellular and developmental systems is a central and long-standing aim of biology. While new technologies collect data at an ever-accelerating rate, there is growing concern that conceptual progress is not keeping pace. We contend that this is due to a paucity of conceptual frameworks that support meaningful generalizations. This led us to develop the core and periphery (C&P) hypothesis, which posits that many biological systems can be decomposed into a highly versatile core with a large behavioral repertoire and a specific periphery that configures said core to perform one particular function. Versatile cores tend to be widely reused across biology, which confers generality to theories describing them. Here, we introduce this concept and describe examples at multiple scales, including Turing patterning, actomyosin dynamics, multi-cellular morphogenesis, and vertebrate gastrulation. We also sketch its evolutionary basis and discuss key implications and open questions. We propose that the C&P hypothesis could unlock new avenues of conceptual progress in mesoscale biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gallo
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano De Renzis
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James Sharpe
- EMBL Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonas Hartmann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich (UZH), 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; EMBL Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boot RC, van der Net A, Gogou C, Mehta P, Meijer DH, Koenderink GH, Boukany PE. Cell spheroid viscoelasticity is deformation-dependent. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20013. [PMID: 39198595 PMCID: PMC11358509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue surface tension influences cell sorting and tissue fusion. Earlier mechanical studies suggest that multicellular spheroids actively reinforce their surface tension with applied force. Here we study this open question through high-throughput microfluidic micropipette aspiration measurements on cell spheroids to identify the role of force duration and spheroid deformability. In particular, we aspirate spheroid protrusions of mice fibroblast NIH3T3 and human embryonic HEK293T homogeneous cell spheroids into micron-sized capillaries for different pressures and monitor their viscoelastic creep behavior. We find that larger spheroid deformations lead to faster cellular retraction once the pressure is released, regardless of the applied force. Additionally, less deformable NIH3T3 cell spheroids with an increased expression level of alpha-smooth muscle actin, a cytoskeletal protein upregulating cellular contractility, also demonstrate slower cellular retraction after pressure release for smaller spheroid deformations. Moreover, HEK293T cell spheroids only display cellular retraction at larger pressures with larger spheroid deformations, despite an additional increase in viscosity at these larger pressures. These new insights demonstrate that spheroid viscoelasticity is deformation-dependent and challenge whether surface tension truly reinforces at larger aspiration pressures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Boot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van der Net
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Christos Gogou
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Pranav Mehta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhattacharyya S, Yeomans JM. Phase ordering in binary mixtures of active nematic fluids. Phys Rev E 2024; 110:024607. [PMID: 39294938 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.110.024607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
We use a continuum, two-fluid approach to study a mixture of two active nematic fluids. Even in the absence of thermodynamically driven ordering, for mixtures of different activities we observe turbulent microphase separation, where domains form and disintegrate chaotically in an active turbulent background. This is a weak effect if there is no elastic nematic alignment between the two fluid components, but is greatly enhanced in the presence of an elastic alignment or substrate friction. We interpret the results in terms of relative flows between the two species which result from active anchoring at concentration gradients. Our results may have relevance in interpreting epithelial cell sorting and the dynamics of multispecies bacterial colonies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liberali P, Schier AF. The evolution of developmental biology through conceptual and technological revolutions. Cell 2024; 187:3461-3495. [PMID: 38906136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Developmental biology-the study of the processes by which cells, tissues, and organisms develop and change over time-has entered a new golden age. After the molecular genetics revolution in the 80s and 90s and the diversification of the field in the early 21st century, we have entered a phase when powerful technologies provide new approaches and open unexplored avenues. Progress in the field has been accelerated by advances in genomics, imaging, engineering, and computational biology and by emerging model systems ranging from tardigrades to organoids. We summarize how revolutionary technologies have led to remarkable progress in understanding animal development. We describe how classic questions in gene regulation, pattern formation, morphogenesis, organogenesis, and stem cell biology are being revisited. We discuss the connections of development with evolution, self-organization, metabolism, time, and ecology. We speculate how developmental biology might evolve in an era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and human engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huycke TR, Häkkinen TJ, Miyazaki H, Srivastava V, Barruet E, McGinnis CS, Kalantari A, Cornwall-Scoones J, Vaka D, Zhu Q, Jo H, Oria R, Weaver VM, DeGrado WF, Thomson M, Garikipati K, Boffelli D, Klein OD, Gartner ZJ. Patterning and folding of intestinal villi by active mesenchymal dewetting. Cell 2024; 187:3072-3089.e20. [PMID: 38781967 PMCID: PMC11166531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Tissue folds are structural motifs critical to organ function. In the intestine, bending of a flat epithelium into a periodic pattern of folds gives rise to villi, finger-like protrusions that enable nutrient absorption. However, the molecular and mechanical processes driving villus morphogenesis remain unclear. Here, we identify an active mechanical mechanism that simultaneously patterns and folds the intestinal epithelium to initiate villus formation. At the cellular level, we find that PDGFRA+ subepithelial mesenchymal cells generate myosin II-dependent forces sufficient to produce patterned curvature in neighboring tissue interfaces. This symmetry-breaking process requires altered cell and extracellular matrix interactions that are enabled by matrix metalloproteinase-mediated tissue fluidization. Computational models, together with in vitro and in vivo experiments, revealed that these cellular features manifest at the tissue level as differences in interfacial tensions that promote mesenchymal aggregation and interface bending through a process analogous to the active dewetting of a thin liquid film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Teemu J Häkkinen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hikaru Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emilie Barruet
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali Kalantari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roger Oria
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Garikipati
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ang I, Yousafzai MS, Yadav V, Mohler K, Rinehart J, Bouklas N, Murrell M. Elastocapillary effects determine early matrix deformation by glioblastoma cell spheroids. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:026109. [PMID: 38706957 PMCID: PMC11069407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During cancer pathogenesis, cell-generated mechanical stresses lead to dramatic alterations in the mechanical and organizational properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To date, contraction of the ECM is largely attributed to local mechanical stresses generated during cell invasion, but the impact of "elastocapillary" effects from surface tension on the tumor periphery has not been examined. Here, we embed glioblastoma cell spheroids within collagen gels, as a model of tumors within the ECM. We then modulate the surface tension of the spheroids, such that the spheroid contracts or expands. Surprisingly, in both cases, at the far-field, the ECM is contracted toward the spheroids prior to cellular migration from the spheroid into the ECM. Through computational simulation, we demonstrate that contraction of the ECM arises from a balance of spheroid surface tension, cell-ECM interactions, and time-dependent, poroelastic effects of the gel. This leads to the accumulation of ECM near the periphery of the spheroid and the contraction of the ECM without regard to the expansion or contraction of the spheroid. These results highlight the role of tissue-level surface stresses and fluid flow within the ECM in the regulation of cell-ECM interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Atajanova T, Kang EM, Postnikova A, Price AL, Doerr S, Du M, Ugenti A, Ragkousi K. Lateral cell polarization drives organization of epithelia in sea anemone embryos and embryonic cell aggregates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.07.588493. [PMID: 38645007 PMCID: PMC11030385 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.07.588493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
One of the first organizing processes during animal development is the assembly of embryonic cells into epithelia. In certain animals, including Hydra and sea anemones, epithelia also emerge when cells from dissociated tissues are aggregated back together. Although cell adhesion is required to keep cells together, it is not clear whether cell polarization plays a role as epithelia emerge from disordered aggregates. Here, we demonstrate that lateral cell polarization is essential for epithelial organization in both embryos and aggregates of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Specifically, knock down of the lateral polarity protein Lgl disrupts epithelia in developing embryos and impairs the capacity of dissociated cells to epithelialize from aggregates. Cells in lgl mutant epithelia lose their columnar shape and have mispositioned mitotic spindles and ciliary basal bodies. Together, our data suggest that in Nematostella, Lgl is required to establish lateral cell polarity and position cytoskeletal organelles in cells of embryos and aggregates during de novo epithelial organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tavus Atajanova
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Present address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Anna Postnikova
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | | | - Sophia Doerr
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Michael Du
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Alicia Ugenti
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hallada LP, Shirinifard A, Solecki DJ. Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)-C recruitment of Pard3 and drebrin to cell contacts initiates neuron-glia recognition and layer-specific cell sorting in developing cerebella. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.26.586832. [PMID: 38585827 PMCID: PMC10996703 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Sorting maturing neurons into distinct layers is critical for brain development, with disruptions leading to neurological disorders and pediatric cancers. Lamination coordinates where, when, and how cells interact, facilitating events that direct migrating neurons to their destined positions within emerging neural networks and control the wiring of connections in functional circuits. While the role of adhesion molecule expression and presentation in driving adhesive recognition during neuronal migration along glial fibers is recognized, the mechanisms by which the spatial arrangement of these molecules on the cell surface dictates adhesive specificity and translates contact-based external cues into intracellular responses like polarization and cytoskeletal organization remain largely unexplored. We used the cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) system to demonstrate that JAM-C receptor cis-binding on the same cell and trans-binding to neighboring cells controls the recruitment of the Pard3 polarity protein and drebrin microtubule-actin crosslinker at CGN to glial adhesion sites, complementing previous studies that showed Pard3 controls JAM-C exocytic surface presentation. Leveraging advanced imaging techniques, specific probes for cell recognition, and analytical methods to dissect adhesion dynamics, our findings reveal: 1) JAM-C cis or trans mutants result in reduced adhesion formation between CGNs and cerebellar glia, 2) these mutants exhibit delayed recruitment of Pard3 at the adhesion sites, and 3) CGNs with JAM-C mutations experience postponed sorting and entry into the cerebellar molecular layer (ML). By developing a conditional system to image adhesion components from two different cells simultaneously, we made it possible to investigate the dynamics of cell recognition on both sides of neuron-glial contacts and the subsequent recruitment of proteins required for CGN migration. This system and an approach that calculates local correlation based on convolution kernels at the cell adhesions site revealed that CGN to CGN JAM recognition preferentially recruits higher levels of Pard3 and drebrin than CGN to glia JAM recognition. The long latency time of CGNs in the inner external germinal layer (EGL) can be attributed to the combined strength of CGN-CGN contacts and the less efficient Pard3 recruitment by CGN-BG contacts, acting as gatekeepers to ML entry. As CGNs eventually transition to glia binding for radial migration, our research demonstrates that establishing permissive JAM-recognition sites on glia via cis and trans interactions of CGN JAM-C serves as a critical temporal checkpoint for sorting at the EGL to ML boundary. This mechanism integrates intrinsic and extrinsic cellular signals, facilitating heterotypic cell sorting into the ML and dictating the precise spatial organization within the cerebellar architecture.
Collapse
|
11
|
Graham JN, Zhang G, Yeomans JM. Cell sorting by active forces in a phase-field model of cell monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2955-2960. [PMID: 38469688 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cell sorting, the segregation of cells with different properties into distinct domains, is a key phenomenon in biological processes such as embryogenesis. We use a phase-field model of a confluent cell layer to study the role of activity in cell sorting. We find that a mixture of cells with extensile or contractile dipolar activity, and which are identical apart from their activity, quickly sort into small, elongated patches which then grow slowly in time. We interpret the sorting as driven by the different diffusivity of the extensile and contractile cells, mirroring the ordering of Brownian particles connected to different hot and cold thermostats. We check that the free energy is not changed by either partial or complete sorting, thus confirming that activity can be responsible for the ordering even in the absence of thermodynamic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Graham
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
| | - Guanming Zhang
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, New York 10003, USA
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McCarthy E, Manna RK, Damavandi O, Manning ML. Demixing in Binary Mixtures with Differential Diffusivity at High Density. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:098301. [PMID: 38489657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.098301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous phase separation, or demixing, is important in biological phenomena such as cell sorting. In particle-based models, an open question is whether differences in diffusivity can drive such demixing. While differential-diffusivity-induced phase separation occurs in mixtures with a packing fraction up to 0.7 [S. N. Weber et al. Binary mixtures of particles with different diffusivities demix, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 058301 (2016)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.116.058301], here we investigate whether demixing persists at even higher densities relevant for cells. For particle packing fractions between 0.7 and 1.0 the system demixes, but at packing fractions above unity the system remains mixed, exposing re-entrant behavior in the phase diagram that occurs when phase separation can no longer drive a change in entropy production at high densities. We also find that a confluent Voronoi model for tissues does not phase separate, consistent with particle-based simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin McCarthy
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Raj Kumar Manna
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Ojan Damavandi
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Parent SE, Luu O, Bruce AEE, Winklbauer R. Two-phase kinetics and cell cortex elastic behavior in Xenopus gastrula cell-cell adhesion. Dev Cell 2024; 59:141-155.e6. [PMID: 38091998 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenetic movements during animal development involve repeated making and breaking of cell-cell contacts. Recent biophysical models of cell-cell adhesion integrate adhesion molecule interactions and cortical cytoskeletal tension modulation, describing equilibrium states for established contacts. We extend this emerging unified concept of adhesion to contact formation kinetics, showing that aggregating Xenopus embryonic cells rapidly achieve Ca2+-independent low-contact states. Subsequent transitions to cadherin-dependent high-contact states show rapid decreases in contact cortical F-actin levels but slow contact area growth. We developed a biophysical model that predicted contact growth quantitatively from known cellular and cytoskeletal parameters, revealing that elastic resistance to deformation and cytoskeletal network turnover are essential determinants of adhesion kinetics. Characteristic time scales of contact growth to low and high states differ by an order of magnitude, being at a few minutes and tens of minutes, respectively, thus providing insight into the timescales of cell-rearrangement-dependent tissue movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge E Parent
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Ashley E E Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tah I, Haertter D, Crawford JM, Kiehart DP, Schmidt CF, Liu AJ. Minimal vertex model explains how the amnioserosa avoids fluidization during Drosophila dorsal closure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572544. [PMID: 38187730 PMCID: PMC10769242 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a process that occurs during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster . During dorsal closure, the amnioserosa (AS), a one-cell thick epithelial tissue that fills the dorsal opening, shrinks as the lateral epidermis sheets converge and eventually merge. During this process, the aspect ratio of amnioserosa cells increases markedly. The standard 2-dimensional vertex model, which successfully describes tissue sheet mechanics in multiple contexts, would in this case predict that the tissue should fluidize via cell neighbor changes. Surprisingly, however, the amnioserosa remains an elastic solid with no such events. We here present a minimal extension to the vertex model that explains how the amnioserosa can achieve this unexpected behavior. We show that continuous shrinkage of the preferred cell perimeter and cell perimeter polydispersity lead to the retention of the solid state of the amnioserosa. Our model accurately captures measured cell shape and orientation changes and predicts non-monotonic junction tension that we confirm with laser ablation experiments. Significance Statement During embryogenesis, cells in tissues can undergo significant shape changes. Many epithelial tissues fluidize, i.e. cells exchange neighbors, when the average cell aspect ratio increases above a threshold value, consistent with the standard vertex model. During dorsal closure in Drosophila melanogaster , however, the amnioserosa tissue remains solid even as the average cell aspect ratio increases well above threshold. We introduce perimeter polydispersity and allow the preferred cell perimeters, usually held fixed in vertex models, to decrease linearly with time as seen experimentally. With these extensions to the standard vertex model, we capture experimental observations quantitatively. Our results demonstrate that vertex models can describe the behavior of the amnioserosa in dorsal closure by allowing normally fixed parameters to vary with time.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Multicellular organisms generate tissues of diverse shapes and functions from cells and extracellular matrices. Their adhesion molecules mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which not only play crucial roles in maintaining tissue integrity but also serve as key regulators of tissue morphogenesis. Cells constantly probe their environment to make decisions: They integrate chemical and mechanical information from the environment via diffusible ligand- or adhesion-based signaling to decide whether to release specific signaling molecules or enzymes, to divide or differentiate, to move away or stay, or even whether to live or die. These decisions in turn modify their environment, including the chemical nature and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Tissue morphology is the physical manifestation of the remodeling of cells and matrices by their historical biochemical and biophysical landscapes. We review our understanding of matrix and adhesion molecules in tissue morphogenesis, with an emphasis on key physical interactions that drive morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA;
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhaskar D, Zhang WY, Volkening A, Sandstede B, Wong IY. Topological data analysis of spatial patterning in heterogeneous cell populations: clustering and sorting with varying cell-cell adhesion. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:43. [PMID: 37709793 PMCID: PMC10502054 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Different cell types aggregate and sort into hierarchical architectures during the formation of animal tissues. The resulting spatial organization depends (in part) on the strength of adhesion of one cell type to itself relative to other cell types. However, automated and unsupervised classification of these multicellular spatial patterns remains challenging, particularly given their structural diversity and biological variability. Recent developments based on topological data analysis are intriguing to reveal similarities in tissue architecture, but these methods remain computationally expensive. In this article, we show that multicellular patterns organized from two interacting cell types can be efficiently represented through persistence images. Our optimized combination of dimensionality reduction via autoencoders, combined with hierarchical clustering, achieved high classification accuracy for simulations with constant cell numbers. We further demonstrate that persistence images can be normalized to improve classification for simulations with varying cell numbers due to proliferation. Finally, we systematically consider the importance of incorporating different topological features as well as information about each cell type to improve classification accuracy. We envision that topological machine learning based on persistence images will enable versatile and robust classification of complex tissue architectures that occur in development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Bhaskar
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Data Science Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William Y Zhang
- Data Science Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Operations Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Björn Sandstede
- Data Science Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Data Science Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huycke TR, Miyazaki H, Häkkinen TJ, Srivastava V, Barruet E, McGinnis CS, Kalantari A, Cornwall-Scoones J, Vaka D, Zhu Q, Jo H, DeGrado WF, Thomson M, Garikipati K, Boffelli D, Klein OD, Gartner ZJ. Patterning and folding of intestinal villi by active mesenchymal dewetting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.25.546328. [PMID: 37425793 PMCID: PMC10326967 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.546328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue folding generates structural motifs critical to organ function. In the intestine, bending of a flat epithelium into a periodic pattern of folds gives rise to villi, the numerous finger-like protrusions that are essential for nutrient absorption. However, the molecular and mechanical mechanisms driving the initiation and morphogenesis of villi remain a matter of debate. Here, we identify an active mechanical mechanism that simultaneously patterns and folds intestinal villi. We find that PDGFRA+ subepithelial mesenchymal cells generate myosin II-dependent forces sufficient to produce patterned curvature in neighboring tissue interfaces. At the cell-level, this occurs through a process dependent upon matrix metalloproteinase-mediated tissue fluidization and altered cell-ECM adhesion. By combining computational models with in vivo experiments, we reveal these cellular features manifest at the tissue-level as differences in interfacial tensions that promote mesenchymal aggregation and interface bending through a process analogous to the active de-wetting of a thin liquid film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Huycke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Hikaru Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Teemu J. Häkkinen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emilie Barruet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S. McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali Kalantari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Garikipati
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Méhes E, Mones E, Varga M, Zsigmond Á, Biri-Kovács B, Nyitray L, Barone V, Krens G, Heisenberg CP, Vicsek T. 3D cell segregation geometry and dynamics are governed by tissue surface tension regulation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:817. [PMID: 37542157 PMCID: PMC10403547 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis and patterning during development involve the segregation of cell types. Segregation is driven by differential tissue surface tensions generated by cell types through controlling cell-cell contact formation by regulating adhesion and actomyosin contractility-based cellular cortical tensions. We use vertebrate tissue cell types and zebrafish germ layer progenitors as in vitro models of 3-dimensional heterotypic segregation and developed a quantitative analysis of their dynamics based on 3D time-lapse microscopy. We show that general inhibition of actomyosin contractility by the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 delays segregation. Cell type-specific inhibition of non-muscle myosin2 activity by overexpression of myosin assembly inhibitor S100A4 reduces tissue surface tension, manifested in decreased compaction during aggregation and inverted geometry observed during segregation. The same is observed when we express a constitutively active Rho kinase isoform to ubiquitously keep actomyosin contractility high at cell-cell and cell-medium interfaces and thus overriding the interface-specific regulation of cortical tensions. Tissue surface tension regulation can become an effective tool in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elod Méhes
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enys Mones
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Varga
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Zsigmond
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa Barone
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Tamás Vicsek
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Srivastava V, Hu JL, Garbe JC, Veytsman B, Shalabi SF, Yllanes D, Thomson M, LaBarge MA, Huber G, Gartner ZJ. Configurational entropy is an intrinsic driver of tissue structural heterogeneity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.01.546933. [PMID: 37425903 PMCID: PMC10327153 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.546933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissues comprise ordered arrangements of cells that can be surprisingly disordered in their details. How the properties of single cells and their microenvironment contribute to the balance between order and disorder at the tissue-scale remains poorly understood. Here, we address this question using the self-organization of human mammary organoids as a model. We find that organoids behave like a dynamic structural ensemble at the steady state. We apply a maximum entropy formalism to derive the ensemble distribution from three measurable parameters - the degeneracy of structural states, interfacial energy, and tissue activity (the energy associated with positional fluctuations). We link these parameters with the molecular and microenvironmental factors that control them to precisely engineer the ensemble across multiple conditions. Our analysis reveals that the entropy associated with structural degeneracy sets a theoretical limit to tissue order and provides new insight for tissue engineering, development, and our understanding of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Srivastava
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hu
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James C. Garbe
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Boris Veytsman
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Redwood City, CA 94963, USA
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | | | - David Yllanes
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Instituto de Biocomputaciòn y Fìsica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mark A. LaBarge
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Greg Huber
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hartmann J, Mayor R. Self-organized collective cell behaviors as design principles for synthetic developmental biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:63-73. [PMID: 35450765 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, molecular cell biology has graduated from a mostly analytic science to one with substantial synthetic capability. This success is built on a deep understanding of the structure and function of biomolecules and molecular mechanisms. For synthetic biology to achieve similar success at the scale of tissues and organs, an equally deep understanding of the principles of development is required. Here, we review some of the central concepts and recent progress in tissue patterning, morphogenesis and collective cell migration and discuss their value for synthetic developmental biology, emphasizing in particular the power of (guided) self-organization and the role of theoretical advances in making developmental insights applicable in synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hartmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Skamrahl M, Schünemann J, Mukenhirn M, Pang H, Gottwald J, Jipp M, Ferle M, Rübeling A, Oswald T, Honigmann A, Janshoff A. Cellular segregation in cocultures is driven by differential adhesion and contractility on distinct timescales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213186120. [PMID: 37011207 PMCID: PMC10104523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213186120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular sorting and pattern formation are crucial for many biological processes such as development, tissue regeneration, and cancer progression. Prominent physical driving forces for cellular sorting are differential adhesion and contractility. Here, we studied the segregation of epithelial cocultures containing highly contractile, ZO1/2-depleted MDCKII cells (dKD) and their wild-type (WT) counterparts using multiple quantitative, high-throughput methods to monitor their dynamical and mechanical properties. We observe a time-dependent segregation process governed mainly by differential contractility on short (<5 h) and differential adhesion on long (>5 h) timescales. The overly contractile dKD cells exert strong lateral forces on their WT neighbors, thereby apically depleting their surface area. Concomitantly, the tight junction-depleted, contractile cells exhibit weaker cell-cell adhesion and lower traction force. Drug-induced contractility reduction and partial calcium depletion delay the initial segregation but cease to change the final demixed state, rendering differential adhesion the dominant segregation force at longer timescales. This well-controlled model system shows how cell sorting is accomplished through a complex interplay between differential adhesion and contractility and can be explained largely by generic physical driving forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skamrahl
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Justus Schünemann
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Mukenhirn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,01307Dresden, Germany
| | - Hongtao Pang
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jannis Gottwald
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Jipp
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ferle
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angela Rübeling
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Tabea A. Oswald
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,01307Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Boot RC, Roscani A, van Buren L, Maity S, Koenderink GH, Boukany PE. High-throughput mechanophenotyping of multicellular spheroids using a microfluidic micropipette aspiration chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1768-1778. [PMID: 36809459 PMCID: PMC10045894 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell spheroids are in vitro multicellular model systems that mimic the crowded micro-environment of biological tissues. Their mechanical characterization can provide valuable insights in how single-cell mechanics and cell-cell interactions control tissue mechanics and self-organization. However, most measurement techniques are limited to probing one spheroid at a time, require specialized equipment and are difficult to handle. Here, we developed a microfluidic chip that follows the concept of glass capillary micropipette aspiration in order to quantify the viscoelastic behavior of spheroids in an easy-to-handle, more high-throughput manner. Spheroids are loaded in parallel pockets via a gentle flow, after which spheroid tongues are aspirated into adjacent aspiration channels using hydrostatic pressure. After each experiment, the spheroids are easily removed from the chip by reversing the pressure and new spheroids can be injected. The presence of multiple pockets with a uniform aspiration pressure, combined with the ease to conduct successive experiments, allows for a high throughput of tens of spheroids per day. We demonstrate that the chip provides accurate deformation data when working at different aspiration pressures. Lastly, we measure the viscoelastic properties of spheroids made of different cell lines and show how these are consistent with previous studies using established experimental techniques. In summary, our chip provides a high-throughput way to measure the viscoelastic deformation behavior of cell spheroids, in order to mechanophenotype different tissue types and examine the link between cell-intrinsic properties and overall tissue behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Boot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessio Roscani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Lennard van Buren
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Samadarshi Maity
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fujiwara M, Imamura M, Matsushita K, Roszak P, Yamashino T, Hosokawa Y, Nakajima K, Fujimoto K, Miyashima S. Patterned proliferation orients tissue-wide stress to control root vascular symmetry in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:886-898.e8. [PMID: 36787744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Symmetric tissue alignment is pivotal to the functions of plant vascular tissue, such as long-distance molecular transport and lateral organ formation. During the vascular development of the Arabidopsis roots, cytokinins initially determine cell-type boundaries among vascular stem cells and subsequently promote cell proliferation to establish vascular tissue symmetry. Although it is unknown whether and how the symmetry of initially defined boundaries is progressively refined under tissue growth in plants, such boundary shapes in animal tissues are regulated by cell fluidity, e.g., cell migration and intercalation, lacking in plant tissues. Here, we uncover that cell proliferation during vascular development produces anisotropic compressive stress, smoothing, and symmetrizing cell arrangement of the vascular-cell-type boundary. Mechanistically, the GATA transcription factor HANABA-TARANU cooperates with the type-B Arabidopsis response regulators to form an incoherent feedforward loop in cytokinin signaling. The incoherent feedforward loop fine-tunes the position and frequency of vascular cell proliferation, which in turn restricts the source of mechanical stress to the position distal and symmetric to the boundary. By combinatorial analyses of mechanical simulations and laser cell ablation, we show that the spatially constrained environment of vascular tissue efficiently entrains the stress orientation among the cells to produce a tissue-wide stress field. Together, our data indicate that the localized proliferation regulated by the cytokinin signaling circuit is decoded into a globally oriented mechanical stress to shape the vascular tissue symmetry, representing a reasonable mechanism controlling the boundary alignment and symmetry in tissue lacking cell fluidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Fujiwara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Miyu Imamura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsushita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Pawel Roszak
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takafumi Yamashino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cabral KA, Srivastava V, Graham AJ, Coyle MC, Stashko C, Weaver V, Gartner ZJ. Programming the Self-Organization of Endothelial Cells into Perfusable Microvasculature. Tissue Eng Part A 2023; 29:80-92. [PMID: 36181350 PMCID: PMC10266707 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of three-dimensional (3D) microvascular networks with defined structures remains challenging. Emerging bioprinting strategies provide a means of patterning endothelial cells (ECs) into the geometry of 3D microvascular networks, but the microenvironmental cues necessary to promote their self-organization into cohesive and perfusable microvessels are not well known. To this end, we reconstituted microvessel formation in vitro by patterning thin lines of closely packed ECs fully embedded within a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) and observed how different microenvironmental parameters influenced EC behaviors and their self-organization into microvessels. We found that the inclusion of fibrillar matrices, such as collagen I, into the ECM positively influenced cell condensation into extended geometries such as cords. We also identified the presence of a high-molecular-weight protein(s) in fetal bovine serum that negatively influenced EC condensation. This component destabilized cord structure by promoting cell protrusions and destabilizing cell-cell adhesions. Endothelial cords cultured in the presence of fibrillar collagen and in the absence of this protein activity were able to polarize, lumenize, incorporate mural cells, and support fluid flow. These optimized conditions allowed for the construction of branched and perfusable microvascular networks directly from patterned cells in as little as 3 days. These findings reveal important design principles for future microvascular engineering efforts based on bioprinting and micropatterning techniques. Impact statement Bioprinting is a potential strategy to achieve microvascularization in engineered tissues. However, the controlled self-organization of patterned endothelial cells into perfusable microvasculature remains challenging. We used DNA Programmed Assembly of Cells to create cell-dense, capillary-sized cords of endothelial cells with complete control over their structure. We optimized the matrix and media conditions to promote self-organization and maturation of these endothelial cords into stable and perfusable microvascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A. Cabral
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Austin J. Graham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maxwell C. Coyle
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Connor Stashko
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Valerie Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Petry F, Salzig D. The cultivation conditions affect the aggregation and functionality of β-cell lines alone and in coculture with mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:769-783. [PMID: 36514533 PMCID: PMC9731603 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of viable and functional β-cell spheroids is required for diabetes cell therapy and drug testing. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are known to improve β-cell viability and functionality. We therefore investigated the aggregation behavior of three different β-cell lines (rat insulinoma-1 cell line [INS-1], mouse insulinoma-6 cell line [MIN6], and a cell line formed by the electrofusion of primary human pancreatic islets and PANC-1 cells [1.1B4]), two MSC types, and mixtures of β-cells and MSCs under different conditions. We screened several static systems to produce uniform β-cell and MSC spheroids, finding cell-repellent plates the most suitable. The three different β-cell lines differed in their aggregation behavior, spheroid size, and growth in the same static environment. We found no major differences in spheroid formation between primary MSCs and an immortalized MSC line, although both differed with regard to the aggregation behavior of the β-cell lines. All spheroids showed a reduced viability due to mass transfer limitations under static conditions. We therefore investigated three dynamic systems (shaking multi-well plates, spinner flasks, and shaking flasks). In shaking flasks, there were no β-cell-line-dependent differences in aggregation behavior, resulting in uniform and highly viable spheroids. We found that the aggregation behavior of the β-cell lines changed in a static coculture with MSCs. The β-cell/MSC coculture conditions must be refined to avoid a rapid segregation into distinct populations under dynamic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences MittelhessenGiessenGermany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences MittelhessenGiessenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zelinka A, Roelofs AJ, Kandel RA, De Bari C. Cellular therapy and tissue engineering for cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:1547-1560. [PMID: 36150678 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) has limited capacity for repair. The first attempt to repair cartilage using tissue engineering was reported in 1977. Since then, cell-based interventions have entered clinical practice in orthopaedics, and several tissue engineering approaches to repair cartilage are in the translational pipeline towards clinical application. Classically, these involve a scaffold, substrate or matrix to provide structure, and cells such as chondrocytes or mesenchymal stromal cells to generate the tissue. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the use of various cell types, natural and synthetic scaffolds, multiphasic or gradient-based scaffolds, and self-organizing or self-assembling scaffold-free systems, for the engineering of cartilage constructs. Several challenges persist including achieving zonal tissue organization and integration with the surrounding tissue upon implantation. Approaches to improve cartilage thickness, organization and mechanical properties include mechanical stimulation, culture under hypoxic conditions, and stimulation with growth factors or other macromolecules. In addition, advanced technologies such as bioreactors, biosensors and 3D bioprinting are actively being explored. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of action of cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches will help improve and refine therapy development. Finally, we discuss recent studies of the intrinsic cellular and molecular mechanisms of cartilage repair that have identified novel signals and targets and are inspiring the development of molecular therapies to enhance the recruitment and cartilage reparative activity of joint-resident stem and progenitor cells. A one-fits-all solution is unrealistic, and identifying patients who will respond to a specific targeted treatment will be critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zelinka
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Dept. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A J Roelofs
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R A Kandel
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Dept. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - C De Bari
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lucia SE, Jeong H, Shin JH. Cell segregation via differential collision modes between heterotypic cell populations. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar129. [PMID: 36129759 PMCID: PMC9634969 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In tissue development and regeneration, the establishment of sharp boundaries between heterotypic cells is essential for the differentiation of tissue functions. During the dynamic rearrangements of constituent cells that result from cell division and collective migration, the segregation boundary encounters various challenges. Several studies have suggested that cortical actomyosin structures play a crucial role in the maintenance of the boundary interface of segregated cell populations, implicating actin-mediated stresses. Examining physical cellular properties such as motility, traction, and intercellular stress, we investigated the formation and maintenance of the stable segregation between epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations devoid of heterotypic adhesions. At the contact boundary, the homotypic adhesion-mediated epithelial aggregates exerted collision-mediated compression against the surrounding mesenchymal cells. Our results demonstrated that heterotypic cell populations established a robust interfacial boundary by accumulating stress from active collisions and repulsions between two dissimilar cell types. Furthermore, the moment of the heterotypic collisions was identified by the existence of a sharp rise in maximum shear stress within the cell cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephani Edwina Lucia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H. Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 34141, Republic of Korea,*Address correspondence to: Jennifer H. Shin ()
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Since the proposal of the differential adhesion hypothesis, scientists have been fascinated by how cell adhesion mediates cellular self-organization to form spatial patterns during development. The search for molecular tool kits with homophilic binding specificity resulted in a diverse repertoire of adhesion molecules. Recent understanding of the dominant role of cortical tension over adhesion binding redirects the focus of differential adhesion studies to the signaling function of adhesion proteins to regulate actomyosin contractility. The broader framework of differential interfacial tension encompasses both adhesion and nonadhesion molecules, sharing the common function of modulating interfacial tension during cell sorting to generate diverse tissue patterns. Robust adhesion-based patterning requires close coordination between morphogen signaling, cell fate decisions, and changes in adhesion. Current advances in bridging theoretical and experimental approaches present exciting opportunities to understand molecular, cellular, and tissue dynamics during adhesion-based tissue patterning across multiple time and length scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y-C Tsai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Rikki M Garner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Building a tissue: mesenchymal and epithelial cell spheroids' mechanical properties at micro- and nanoscale. Acta Biomater 2022:S1742-7061(22)00621-3. [PMID: 36167239 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell transitions between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes provide the regulated morphogenesis and regeneration throughout the ontogenesis. The tissue mechanics and mechanotransduction play an essential role in these processes. Cell spheroids reproduce the cell density of native tissues and represent simple building blocks for the tissue engineering purposes. The mechanical properties of mesenchymal and epithelial cells have been extensively studied in 2D monolayer cultures, but have not been sufficiently compared in spheroids. Here, we have simultaneously applied several techniques to assess the mechanical parameters of such spheroids. The local surface mechanical properties were measured by AFM, and the bulk properties were analyzed with parallel-plate compression, as well as by observing cut opening after microdissection. The comparison of the collected data allowed us to apply the model of a solid body with surface tension, and estimate the parameters of this model. We found an expectedly higher surface tension in mesenchymal spheroids, as well as a higher bulk modulus and relaxation time. The two latter parameters agree with the bulk poroelastic behavior of spheroids, and with the higher cell density and extracellular matrix content in mesenchymal spheroids. The higher tension of the surface layer cells in mesenchymal cell spheroids was also confirmed by the viscoelastic AFM characterization. The cell phenotype affected the self-organization during the spheroid formation, as well as the structure, biomechanical properties, and spreading of spheroids. The obtained results will contribute to a more detailed description of spheroid and tissue biomechanics, and will help in controlling the tissue regeneration and morphogenesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Spheroids are widely used as building blocks for scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies in tissue engineering. In the majority of the past studies, either the concept of a solid body or a liquid with surface tension was used to describe the biomechanical behavior of spheroids. Here, we have used a model which combines both aspects, a solid body with surface tension. The "solid" aspect was described as a visco-poroelastic material, affected by the liquid redistribution through the cells and ECM at the scale of the whole spheroid. A higher surface tension was found for mesenchymal spheroids than that for epithelial spheroids, observed as a higher stiffness of the spheroid surface, as well as a larger spontaneous opening of the cut edges after microdissection.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bao M, Cornwall-Scoones J, Sanchez-Vasquez E, Cox AL, Chen DY, De Jonghe J, Shadkhoo S, Hollfelder F, Thomson M, Glover DM, Zernicka-Goetz M. Stem cell-derived synthetic embryos self-assemble by exploiting cadherin codes and cortical tension. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1341-1349. [PMID: 36100738 PMCID: PMC9481465 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryos sequentially differentiate into trophectoderm and an inner cell mass, the latter of which differentiates into primitive endoderm and epiblast. Trophoblast stem (TS), extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) and embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from these three lineages can self-assemble into synthetic embryos, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that a stem cell-specific cadherin code drives synthetic embryogenesis. The XEN cell cadherin code enables XEN cell sorting into a layer below ES cells, recapitulating the sorting of epiblast and primitive endoderm before implantation. The TS cell cadherin code enables TS cell sorting above ES cells, resembling extraembryonic ectoderm clustering above epiblast following implantation. Whereas differential cadherin expression drives initial cell sorting, cortical tension consolidates tissue organization. By optimizing cadherin code expression in different stem cell lines, we tripled the frequency of correctly formed synthetic embryos. Thus, by exploiting cadherin codes from different stages of development, lineage-specific stem cells bypass the preimplantation structure to directly assemble a postimplantation embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andy L Cox
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Yuan Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joachim De Jonghe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shahriar Shadkhoo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David M Glover
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nagle I, Richert A, Quinteros M, Janel S, Buysschaert E, Luciani N, Debost H, Thevenet V, Wilhelm C, Prunier C, Lafont F, Padilla-Benavides T, Boissan M, Reffay M. Surface tension of model tissues during malignant transformation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926322. [PMID: 36111347 PMCID: PMC9468677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition is associated with migration, invasion, and metastasis. The translation at the tissue scale of these changes has not yet been enlightened while being essential in the understanding of tumor progression. Thus, biophysical tools dedicated to measurements on model tumor systems are needed to reveal the impact of epithelial–mesenchymal transition at the collective cell scale. Herein, using an original biophysical approach based on magnetic nanoparticle insertion inside cells, we formed and flattened multicellular aggregates to explore the consequences of the loss of the metastasis suppressor NME1 on the mechanical properties at the tissue scale. Multicellular spheroids behave as viscoelastic fluids, and their equilibrium shape is driven by surface tension as measured by their deformation upon magnetic field application. In a model of breast tumor cells genetically modified for NME1, we correlated tumor invasion, migration, and adhesion modifications with shape maintenance properties by measuring surface tension and exploring both invasive and migratory potential as well as adhesion characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irène Nagle
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Alain Richert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Michael Quinteros
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Sébastien Janel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Edgar Buysschaert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Luciani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Henry Debost
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Thevenet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Paris, France
| | - Céline Prunier
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Mathieu Boissan
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Mathieu Boissan, ; Myriam Reffay,
| | - Myriam Reffay
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Mathieu Boissan, ; Myriam Reffay,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Adiba S, Forget M, De Monte S. Evolving social behaviour through selection of single-cell adhesion in Dictyostelium discoideum. iScience 2022; 25:105006. [PMID: 36105585 PMCID: PMC9464967 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum commonly forms chimeric fruiting bodies. Genetic variants that produce a higher proportion of spores are predicted to undercut multicellular organization unless cooperators assort positively. Cell adhesion is considered a primary factor driving such assortment, but evolution of adhesion has not been experimentally connected to changes in social performance. We modified by experimental evolution the efficiency of individual cells in attaching to a surface. Surprisingly, evolution appears to have produced social cooperators irrespective of whether stronger or weaker adhesion was selected. Quantification of reproductive success, cell-cell adhesion, and developmental patterns, however, revealed two distinct social behaviors, as captured when the classical metric for social success is generalized by considering clonal spore production. Our work shows that cell mechanical interactions can constrain the evolution of development and sociality in chimeras and that elucidation of proximate mechanisms is necessary to understand the ultimate emergence of multicellular organization. Cooperative behavior evolved as a pleiotropic effect of selection for surface adhesion Multicellular development of evolved lines with the ancestor follows two different paths A metric of social behavior including clonal development differentiates these two paths
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Adiba
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
- Corresponding author
| | - Mathieu Forget
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Silvia De Monte
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Arjoca S, Robu A, Neagu M, Neagu A. Mathematical and computational models in spheroid-based biofabrication. Acta Biomater 2022:S1742-7061(22)00418-4. [PMID: 35853599 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous in embryonic development, tissue fusion is of interest to tissue engineers who use tissue spheroids or organoids as building blocks of three-dimensional (3D) multicellular constructs. This review presents mathematical models and computer simulations of the fusion of tissue spheroids. The motivation of this study stems from the need to predict the post-printing evolution of 3D bioprinted constructs. First, we provide a brief overview of differential adhesion, the main morphogenetic mechanism involved in post-printing structure formation. It will be shown that clusters of cohesive cells behave as an incompressible viscous fluid on the time scale of hours. The discussion turns then to mathematical models based on the continuum hydrodynamics of highly viscous liquids and on statistical mechanics. Next, we analyze the validity and practical use of computational models of multicellular self-assembly in live constructs created by tissue spheroid bioprinting. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of the field as machine learning starts to reshape experimental design, and modular robotic workstations tend to alleviate the burden of repetitive tasks in biofabrication. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bioprinted constructs are living systems, which evolve via morphogenetic mechanisms known from developmental biology. This review presents mathematical and computational tools devised for modeling post-printing structure formation. They help achieving a desirable outcome without expensive optimization experiments. While previous reviews mainly focused on assumptions, technical details, strengths, and limitations of computational models of multicellular self-assembly, this article discusses their validity and practical use in biofabrication. It also presents an overview of mathematical models that proved to be useful in the evaluation of experimental data on tissue spheroid fusion, and in the calibration of computational models. Finally, the perspectives of the field are discussed in the advent of robotic biofabrication platforms and bioprinting process optimization by machine learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stelian Arjoca
- Center for Modeling Biological Systems and Data Analysis, Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Piata Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2-4, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Andreea Robu
- Department of Automation and Applied Informatics, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara 300006, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Center for Modeling Biological Systems and Data Analysis, Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Piata Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2-4, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | - Adrian Neagu
- Center for Modeling Biological Systems and Data Analysis, Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Piata Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2-4, Timisoara 300041, Romania; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thege FI, Cardle II, Gruber CN, Siemann MJ, Cong S, Wittmann K, Love J, Kirby BJ. Acquired chemoresistance drives spatial heterogeneity, chemoprotection and collective migration in pancreatic tumor spheroids. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267882. [PMID: 35617275 PMCID: PMC9135276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors display rich cellular heterogeneity and typically consist of multiple co-existing clones with distinct genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy has been shown to contribute to the development of aggressive cancer traits, such as increased migration, invasion and stemness. It has been hypothesized that collective cellular behavior and cooperation of cancer cell populations may directly contribute to disease progression and lack of response to treatment. Here we show that the spontaneous emergence of chemoresistance in a cancer cell population exposed to the selective pressure of a chemotherapeutic agent can result in the emergence of collective cell behavior, including cell-sorting, chemoprotection and collective migration. We derived several gemcitabine resistant subclones from the human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC3 and determined that the observed chemoresistance was driven of a focal amplification of the chr11p15.4 genomic region, resulting in over-expression of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit RRM1. Interestingly, these subclones display a rich cell-sorting behavior when cultured as mixed tumor spheroids. Furthermore, we show that chemoresistant cells are able to exert a chemoprotective effect on non-resistant cells in spheroid co-culture, whereas no protective effect is seen in conventional 2D culture. We also demonstrate that the co-culture of resistant and non-resistant cells leads to collective migration where resistant cells enable migration of otherwise non-migratory cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian I. Cardle
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Conor N. Gruber
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan J. Siemann
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sophie Cong
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Justin Love
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Kirby
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Usami C, Inomata H. Rapalog-induced cell adhesion molecule inhibits mesoderm migration in Xenopus embryos by increasing frequency of adhesion to the ectoderm. Genes Cells 2022; 27:436-450. [PMID: 35437867 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the gastrula stage of Xenopus laevis, mesodermal cells migrate on the blastocoel roof (BCR) toward the animal pole. In this process, mesodermal cells directly adhere to the BCR via adhesion molecules, such as cadherins, which in turn trigger a repulsive reaction through factors such as Eph/ephrin. Therefore, the mesoderm and BCR repeatedly adhere to and detach from each other, and the frequency of this adhesion is thought to control mesoderm migration. Although knockdown of cadherin or Eph/ephrin causes severe gastrulation defects, these molecules have been reported to contribute not only to boundary formation but also to the internal function of each tissue. Therefore, it is possible that the defect caused by knockdown occurs due to tissue function abnormalities. To address this problem, we developed a method to specifically induce adhesion between different tissues using rapalog (an analog of rapamycin). When adhesion between the BCR and mesoderm was specifically enhanced by rapalog, mesoderm migration was strongly suppressed. Furthermore, we confirmed that rapalog significantly increased the frequency of adhesion between the two tissues. These results support the idea that the adhesion frequency controls mesoderm migration, and demonstrate that our method effectively enhances adhesion between specific tissues in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Usami
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shook DR, Wen JWH, Rolo A, O'Hanlon M, Francica B, Dobbins D, Skoglund P, DeSimone DW, Winklbauer R, Keller RE. Characterization of convergent thickening, a major convergence force producing morphogenic movement in amphibians. eLife 2022; 11:e57642. [PMID: 35404236 PMCID: PMC9064293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenic process of convergent thickening (CT) was originally described as the mediolateral convergence and radial thickening of the explanted ventral involuting marginal zone (IMZ) of Xenopus gastrulae (Keller and Danilchik, 1988). Here, we show that CT is expressed in all sectors of the pre-involution IMZ, which transitions to expressing convergent extension (CE) after involution. CT occurs without CE and drives symmetric blastopore closure in ventralized embryos. Assays of tissue affinity and tissue surface tension measurements suggest CT is driven by increased interfacial tension between the deep IMZ and the overlying epithelium. The resulting minimization of deep IMZ surface area drives a tendency to shorten the mediolateral (circumblastoporal) aspect of the IMZ, thereby generating tensile force contributing to blastopore closure (Shook et al., 2018). These results establish CT as an independent force-generating process of evolutionary significance and provide the first clear example of an oriented, tensile force generated by an isotropic, Holtfreterian/Steinbergian tissue affinity change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Shook
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Jason WH Wen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ana Rolo
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Hanlon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | | | | | - Paul Skoglund
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Douglas W DeSimone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ray E Keller
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mohammad RZ, Murakawa H, Svadlenka K, Togashi H. A numerical algorithm for modeling cellular rearrangements in tissue morphogenesis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:239. [PMID: 35304570 PMCID: PMC8933555 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among morphological phenomena, cellular patterns in developing sensory epithelia have gained attention in recent years. Although physical models for cellular rearrangements are well-established thanks to a large bulk of experimental work, their computational implementation lacks solid mathematical background and involves experimentally unreachable parameters. Here we introduce a level set-based computational framework as a tool to rigorously investigate evolving cellular patterns, and study its mathematical and computational properties. We illustrate that a compelling feature of the method is its ability to correctly handle complex topology changes, including frequent cell intercalations. Combining this accurate numerical scheme with an established mathematical model, we show that the proposed framework features minimum possible number of parameters and is capable of reproducing a wide range of tissue morphological phenomena, such as cell sorting, engulfment or internalization. In particular, thanks to precise mathematical treatment of cellular intercalations, this method succeeds in simulating experimentally observed development of cellular mosaic patterns in sensory epithelia. A numerical algorithm handles complex cell topology changes and reproduces tissue morphological phenomena without relying on nonphysical parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhudaina Z Mohammad
- Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute of Mathematics, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Hideki Murakawa
- Applied Mathematics and Informatics Course, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Karel Svadlenka
- Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Mathematical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Hideru Togashi
- JST PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The EPH receptor tyrosine kinases and their signaling partners, the EPHRINS, comprise a large class of cell signaling molecules that plays diverse roles in development. As cell membrane-anchored signaling molecules, they regulate cellular organization by modulating the strength of cellular contacts, usually by impacting the actin cytoskeleton or cell adhesion programs. Through these cellular functions, EPH/EPHRIN signaling often regulates tissue shape. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that this signaling family is ancient and associated with the origin of multicellularity. Though extensively studied, our understanding of the signaling mechanisms employed by this large family of signaling proteins remains patchwork, and a truly "canonical" EPH/EPHRIN signal transduction pathway is not known and may not exist. Instead, several foundational evolutionarily conserved mechanisms are overlaid by a myriad of tissue -specific functions, though common themes emerge from these as well. Here, I review recent advances and the related contexts that have provided new understanding of the conserved and varied molecular and cellular mechanisms employed by EPH/EPHRIN signaling during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sermeus Y, Vangheel J, Geris L, Smeets B, Tylzanowski P. Mechanical Regulation of Limb Bud Formation. Cells 2022; 11:420. [PMID: 35159230 PMCID: PMC8834596 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early limb bud development has been of considerable interest for the study of embryological development and especially morphogenesis. The focus has long been on biochemical signalling and less on cell biomechanics and mechanobiology. However, their importance cannot be understated since tissue shape changes are ultimately controlled by active forces and bulk tissue rheological properties that in turn depend on cell-cell interactions as well as extracellular matrix composition. Moreover, the feedback between gene regulation and the biomechanical environment is still poorly understood. In recent years, novel experimental techniques and computational models have reinvigorated research on this biomechanical and mechanobiological side of embryological development. In this review, we consider three stages of early limb development, namely: outgrowth, elongation, and condensation. For each of these stages, we summarize basic biological regulation and examine the role of cellular and tissue mechanics in the morphogenetic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvenn Sermeus
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jef Vangheel
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Savoj S, Esfahani MHN, Karimi A, Karamali F. Integrated stem cells from apical papilla in a 3D culture system improve human embryonic stem cell derived retinal organoid formation. Life Sci 2022; 291:120273. [PMID: 35016877 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Eye organoids are 3D models of the retina that provide new possibilities for studying retinal development, drug toxicity and the molecular mechanisms of diseases. Although there are several protocols that can be used to generate functional tissues, none have been used to assemble human retinal organoids containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MAIN METHODS In this study we intend to assess the effective interactions of MSCs and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) during retinal organoid formation. We evaluated the inducing activities of bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs), trabecular meshwork (TM), and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP)-derived MSCs in differentiation of hESCs in a three-dimensional (3D) direct co-culture system. KEY FINDINGS In comparison with the two other MSC sources, the induction potential of SCAP was confirmed in the co-culture system. Although the different SCAP cell ratios did not show any significant morphology changes during the first seven days, increasing the number of SCAPs improved formation of the optic vesicle (OV) structure, which was confirmed by assessment of specific markers. The OVs subsequently developed to an optic cup (OC), which was similar to the in vivo environment. These arrangements expressed MITF in the outer layer and CHX10 in the inner layer. SIGNIFICANCE We assessed the inducing activity of SCAP during differentiation of hESCs towards a retinal fate in a 3D organoid system. However, future studies be conducted to gather additional details about the development of the eye field, retinal differentiation, and the molecular mechanisms of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Savoj
- Department of Biology, University of Payam Noor, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Karimi
- Department of Biology, University of Payam Noor, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Karamali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Atia L, Fredberg JJ, Gov NS, Pegoraro AF. Are cell jamming and unjamming essential in tissue development? Cells Dev 2021; 168:203727. [PMID: 34363993 PMCID: PMC8935248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a surge of evidence supporting the existence of the transition of the multicellular tissue from a collective material phase that is regarded as being jammed to a collective material phase that is regarded as being unjammed. The jammed phase is solid-like and effectively 'frozen', and therefore is associated with tissue homeostasis, rigidity, and mechanical stability. The unjammed phase, by contrast, is fluid-like and effectively 'melted', and therefore is associated with mechanical fluidity, plasticity and malleability that are required in dynamic multicellular processes that sculpt organ microstructure. Such multicellular sculpturing, for example, occurs during embryogenesis, growth and remodeling. Although unjamming and jamming events in the multicellular collective are reminiscent of those that occur in the inert granular collective, such as grain in a hopper that can flow or clog, the analogy is instructive but limited, and the implications for cell biology remain unclear. Here we ask, are the cellular jamming transition and its inverse --the unjamming transition-- mere epiphenomena? That is, are they dispensable downstream events that accompany but neither cause nor quench these core multicellular processes? Drawing from selected examples in developmental biology, here we suggest the hypothesis that, to the contrary, the graded departure from a jammed phase enables controlled degrees of malleability as might be required in developmental dynamics. We further suggest that the coordinated approach to a jammed phase progressively slows those dynamics and ultimately enables long-term mechanical stability as might be required in the mature homeostatic multicellular tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Atia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jeffrey J Fredberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sorrell EL, Lubkin SR. Bubble packing, eccentricity, and notochord development. Cells Dev 2021; 169:203753. [PMID: 34728430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops a theoretical basis for the observed relationship between cell arrangements in notochords and analog physical models, and the eccentricity of their cross sections. Three models are developed and analyzed, of the mechanics of cell packing in sheaths. The key ratios governing the packing patterns and eccentricity are cells per unit length λ, tension ratio Γ, and eccentricity e. For flexible and semi-flexible sheaths, the optimal packing pattern shifts from "bamboo", with a symmetric cross section, to "staircase", with an eccentric cross section, at a critical value λ = 1.13. In rigid tubes, this threshold is lowered as imposed eccentricity is increased. Patterns can be observed which are not optimal; pattern transitions may occur below or above the critical λ values. The eccentricity of staircase patterns in flexible and semi-flexible tubes is found to be dependent on the tension ratio Γ, increasing as sheath tension decreases relative to interior cell tension. A novel "serpentine" packing pattern appears for low Γ near the critical λ. The developmental utility of enforcing notochord eccentricity is discussed, as well as potential mechanisms for such control.
Collapse
|
43
|
Arslan FN, Eckert J, Schmidt T, Heisenberg CP. Holding it together: when cadherin meets cadherin. Biophys J 2021; 120:4182-4192. [PMID: 33794149 PMCID: PMC8516678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion is the key to multicellularity, and its malfunction plays an important role in various developmental and disease-related processes. Although it has been intensively studied by both biologists and physicists, a commonly accepted definition of cell-cell adhesion is still being debated. Cell-cell adhesion has been described at the molecular scale as a function of adhesion receptors controlling binding affinity, at the cellular scale as resistance to detachment forces or modulation of surface tension, and at the tissue scale as a regulator of cellular rearrangements and morphogenesis. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss recent advances in the molecular, cellular, and theoretical description of cell-cell adhesion, ranging from biomimetic models to the complexity of cells and tissues in an organismal context. In particular, we will focus on cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and the role of adhesion signaling and mechanosensation therein, two processes central for understanding the biological and physical basis of cell-cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Nur Arslan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julia Eckert
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gómez-Gálvez P, Anbari S, Escudero LM, Buceta J. Mechanics and self-organization in tissue development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:147-159. [PMID: 34417092 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization is an all-important feature of living systems that provides the means to achieve specialization and functionality at distinct spatio-temporal scales. Herein, we review this concept by addressing the packing organization of cells, the sorting/compartmentalization phenomenon of cell populations, and the propagation of organizing cues at the tissue level through traveling waves. We elaborate on how different theoretical models and tools from Topology, Physics, and Dynamical Systems have improved the understanding of self-organization by shedding light on the role played by mechanics as a driver of morphogenesis. Altogether, by providing a historical perspective, we show how ideas and hypotheses in the field have been revisited, developed, and/or rejected and what are the open questions that need to be tackled by future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez-Gálvez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samira Anbari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Buceta
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Efremov YM, Zurina IM, Presniakova VS, Kosheleva NV, Butnaru DV, Svistunov AA, Rochev YA, Timashev PS. Mechanical properties of cell sheets and spheroids: the link between single cells and complex tissues. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:541-561. [PMID: 34471438 PMCID: PMC8355304 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell aggregates, including sheets and spheroids, represent a simple yet powerful model system to study both biochemical and biophysical intercellular interactions. However, it is becoming evident that, although the mechanical properties and behavior of multicellular structures share some similarities with individual cells, yet distinct differences are observed in some principal aspects. The description of mechanical phenomena at the level of multicellular model systems is a necessary step for understanding tissue mechanics and its fundamental principles in health and disease. Both cell sheets and spheroids are used in tissue engineering, and the modulation of mechanical properties of cell constructs is a promising tool for regenerative medicine. Here, we review the data on mechanical characterization of cell sheets and spheroids, focusing both on advances in the measurement techniques and current understanding of the subject. The reviewed material suggest that interplay between the ECM, intercellular junctions, and cellular contractility determines the behavior and mechanical properties of the cell aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M. Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Irina M. Zurina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria S. Presniakova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nastasia V. Kosheleva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Butnaru
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A. Rochev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 4 Kosygin St, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1–3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kindberg AA, Srivastava V, Muncie JM, Weaver VM, Gartner ZJ, Bush JO. EPH/EPHRIN regulates cellular organization by actomyosin contractility effects on cell contacts. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202005216. [PMID: 33798261 PMCID: PMC8025214 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EPH/EPHRIN signaling is essential to many aspects of tissue self-organization and morphogenesis, but little is known about how EPH/EPHRIN signaling regulates cell mechanics during these processes. Here, we use a series of approaches to examine how EPH/EPHRIN signaling drives cellular self-organization. Contact angle measurements reveal that EPH/EPHRIN signaling decreases the stability of heterotypic cell:cell contacts through increased cortical actomyosin contractility. We find that EPH/EPHRIN-driven cell segregation depends on actomyosin contractility but occurs independently of directed cell migration and without changes in cell adhesion. Atomic force microscopy and live cell imaging of myosin localization support that EPH/EPHRIN signaling results in increased cortical tension. Interestingly, actomyosin contractility also nonautonomously drives increased EPHB2:EPHB2 homotypic contacts. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in tissue organization are driven by minimization of heterotypic contacts through actomyosin contractility in cell aggregates and by mouse genetics experiments. These data elucidate the biomechanical mechanisms driving EPH/EPHRIN-based cell segregation wherein differences in interfacial tension, regulated by actomyosin contractility, govern cellular self-organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Kindberg
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonathon M. Muncie
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
McClatchey AI. EPHecting cell contact by increasing cortical tension. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202105015. [PMID: 33999116 PMCID: PMC8129807 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EPH/EPHRIN signaling is crucial to the segregation of cell populations during the morphogenesis of many tissues. In this issue, Kindberg et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202005216) show that EPH activation can drive both heterotypic cell repulsion and homotypic aggregation by triggering increased cortical tension.
Collapse
|
48
|
Jauković A, Abadjieva D, Trivanović D, Stoyanova E, Kostadinova M, Pashova S, Kestendjieva S, Kukolj T, Jeseta M, Kistanova E, Mourdjeva M. Specificity of 3D MSC Spheroids Microenvironment: Impact on MSC Behavior and Properties. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:853-875. [PMID: 32681232 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered the promising candidates for the regenerative and personalized medicine due to their self-renewal potential, multilineage differentiation and immunomodulatory capacity. Although these properties have encouraged profound MSC studies in recent years, the majority of research has been based on standard 2D culture utilization. The opportunity to resemble in vivo characteristics of cells native niche has been provided by implementation of 3D culturing models such as MSC spheroid formation assesed through cells self-assembling. In this review, we address the current literature on physical and biochemical features of 3D MSC spheroid microenvironment and their impact on MSC properties and behaviors. Starting with the reduction in the cells' dimensions and volume due to the changes in adhesion molecules expression and cytoskeletal proteins rearrangement resembling native conditions, through the microenvironment shifts in oxygen, nutrients and metabolites gradients and demands, we focus on distinctive and beneficial features of MSC in spheroids compared to cells cultured in 2D conditions. By summarizing the data for 3D MSC spheroids regarding cell survival, pluripotency, differentiation, immunomodulatory activities and potential to affect tumor cells growth we highlighted advantages and perspectives of MSC spheroids use in regenerative medicine. Further detailed analyses are needed to deepen our understanding of mechanisms responsible for modified MSC behavior in spheroids and to set future directions for MSC clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jauković
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia
| | - Desislava Abadjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Drenka Trivanović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia.,IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics, Röntgenring 11, D-97070, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Stoyanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Kostadinova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shina Pashova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Snejana Kestendjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, PO BOX 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Obilní trh 11, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Kistanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Mourdjeva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 73 Tzarigradsko shoes, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Martyn I, Gartner ZJ. Expanding the boundaries of synthetic development. Dev Biol 2021; 474:62-70. [PMID: 33587913 PMCID: PMC8052276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic tissue boundaries are critical to not only cement newly patterned structures during development, but also to serve as organizing centers for subsequent rounds of morphogenesis. Although this latter role is especially difficult to study in vivo, synthetic embryology offers a new vantage point and fresh opportunities. In this review, we cover recent progress towards understanding and controlling in vitro boundaries and how they impact synthetic model systems. A key point this survey highlights is that the outcome of self-organization is strongly dependent on the boundary imposed, and new insight into the complex functions of embryonic boundaries will be necessary to create better self-organizing tissues for basic science, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Martyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Roffay C, Chan CJ, Guirao B, Hiiragi T, Graner F. Inferring cell junction tension and pressure from cell geometry. Development 2021; 148:148/18/dev192773. [PMID: 33712442 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing the crucial role of mechanical regulation and forces in tissue development and homeostasis has stirred a demand for in situ measurement of forces and stresses. Among emerging techniques, the use of cell geometry to infer cell junction tensions, cell pressures and tissue stress has gained popularity owing to the development of computational analyses. This approach is non-destructive and fast, and statistically validated based on comparisons with other techniques. However, its qualitative and quantitative limitations, in theory as well as in practice, should be examined with care. In this Primer, we summarize the underlying principles and assumptions behind stress inference, discuss its validity criteria and provide guidance to help beginners make the appropriate choice of its variants. We extend our discussion from two-dimensional stress inference to three dimensional, using the early mouse embryo as an example, and list a few possible extensions. We hope to make stress inference more accessible to the scientific community and trigger a broader interest in using this technique to study mechanics in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Roffay
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris - Diderot, CNRS UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.,Polarity, Division and Morphogenesis Team, Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, (CNRS UMR3215/Inserm U934), Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Chii J Chan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Guirao
- Polarity, Division and Morphogenesis Team, Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, (CNRS UMR3215/Inserm U934), Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris - Diderot, CNRS UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| |
Collapse
|