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Ricci J, Johnson-Shelton D, Westling E. Preliminary Program Evaluation of Pocket PE 3-5™, A User-Friendly Digital Application for Teacher Skills Training and Physical Education Activities for Third- to Fifth-Grade Elementary Students. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:606-615. [PMID: 38565167 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, many classroom teachers also teach physical education (PE). However, there is a dearth of evidence- and standard-based PE programs designed to support classroom teachers to deliver PE effectively in schools. METHODS The purpose of this study was to establish proof-of-concept for the Pocket PE 3-5 digital app in school settings with 10 third- to fifth-grade classroom teachers. We assessed fidelity of program implementation, measured via observations of PE quality. Students used wrist-worn heart rate monitors during Pocket PE 3-5 lessons to measure time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Program feasibility was primarily assessed through teacher-reported surveys of usability, satisfaction, and acceptability and exit interviews. RESULTS Mean PE observation scores were 18.6 (SD = 1.5) on a scale of 5 to 20. On average, students spent 56.7% (SD = 13.1%) of class time engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Mean survey scores, reported on a 5-point scale, were 4.5 (SD = 0.6) for acceptability, 4.8 (SD = 0.4) for usability, and 4.7 (SD = 0.7) for satisfaction. Teachers liked how easy the app was to use but mentioned some technological challenges. CONCLUSIONS This program evaluation study established the proof-of-concept for the Pocket PE 3-5 elementary school PE program.
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Costigan S, Gråstén A, Huhtiniemi M, Kolunsarka I, Lubans DR, Jaakkola T. Longitudinal Associations Between Enjoyment of Physical Education, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscular Fitness Among Finnish Adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14678. [PMID: 38877298 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Students' experiences in physical education (PE) can shape future physical activity (PA) behaviors. PE enjoyment is associated with PA; however, the relationship between PE enjoyment and fitness has not been extensively investigated. The aim of this study was to examine if changes in PE enjoyment were associated with changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) among Finnish adolescents. METHODS Study participants were students (n = 1147; 11.27 [±0.32] years at baseline) attending public schools in Finland. Data were collected yearly (2017-2021). The 20 m shuttle run assessed CRF, curl-up/push-up tests assessed MF, and the enjoyment subscale of the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 measured PE enjoyment. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model, including repeated measures (within-level) and latent levels (between-level) of PE enjoyment, CRF and MF, was tested. Sex, body mass index, moderate to vigorous PA, and peak height velocity were included as covariates in the analysis. RESULTS Over 5 years, PE enjoyment decreased, CRF increased until Timepoint 3, and MF remained stable. Positive associations between PE enjoyment and fitness were observed, indicating the greater the PE enjoyment, the higher the fitness. For PE enjoyment, CRF and MF repeated measures were positively associated with measurement of the next year. PE enjoyment was positively related to CRF and MF the years thereafter. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of quality PE experiences for enjoyment and fitness gains during the transition from primary to secondary school. These findings are important given youth fitness levels are associated with future health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Costigan
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto Gråstén
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Mikko Huhtiniemi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Iiris Kolunsarka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - David R Lubans
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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van der Wurff I, Kirschner M, Golsteijn R, de Jonge M, Berendsen B, Singh A, Savelberg H, de Groot R. School-based physical activity interventions: which intervention characteristics are associated with participation and retention? A meta-analysis. Prev Med 2024; 182:107925. [PMID: 38437923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many school-based intervention studies are conducted to increase students' physical activity (PA). Recruitment and retention problems potentially impact the robustness of RCT findings. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize recruitment and retention rates in long-term secondary school-based PA intervention studies and examined associated participant and intervention characteristics. METHODS Web of Science, Pubmed, Medline, and PsychInfo were searched until March 20th 2023. We included studies on secondary school-based PA interventions ≥12 weeks, aimed at typically developing adolescents. We abstracted number of schools and students invited, randomized, and participating at follow-up to calculate pooled recruitment and retention rates; participant and intervention characteristics were abstracted to execute subgroup or meta-regression analyses. RESULTS Recruitment rates were 51% for invited schools and 80% for invited students, the retention for schools was almost 100% and for students 91%. Interventions with fixed and flexible components, executed in Asia and South America, and from later publication years had higher student recruitment rates. Students' retention rates were lower for interventions which had flexible components, were theory/model-based, used an accelerometer, had a longer intervention duration, and included more females. CONCLUSION Recruitment and retention rates in school-based PA interventions are high. Some participant and intervention characteristics influence these rates: flexibility of the intervention, theory/model-based intervention, accelerometer use, intervention duration, continent, and number of females. Researchers should consider these characteristics in intervention development to achieve optimal balance between intervention effectiveness, recruitment, and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- I van der Wurff
- Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open Univerity of the Netherlands, Heerlen 6419 AT, the Netherlands.
| | - M Kirschner
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen 6419 AT, the Netherlands
| | - R Golsteijn
- Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open Univerity of the Netherlands, Heerlen 6419 AT, the Netherlands
| | - M de Jonge
- (Former Employee of) Mulier Institute, Herculesplein 269, Utrecht 3584 AA, the Netherlands
| | - B Berendsen
- Department of Nutritional and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - A Singh
- (Former Employee of) Mulier Institute, Herculesplein 269, Utrecht 3584 AA, the Netherlands; Human Movement. School and Sport, Applied University of Windesheim, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - H Savelberg
- Department of Nutritional and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands; SHE, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R de Groot
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen 6419 AT, the Netherlands
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Sun F. Frontiers and hotspots of high-intensity interval exercise in children and adolescents: text mining and knowledge domain visualization. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1330578. [PMID: 38510943 PMCID: PMC10952003 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1330578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: During the past two decades, research on high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in children and adolescents has steadily accumulated, especially on the subthemes of improving cardiometabolic and cardiovascular health. However, there is still little scientific understanding of using scientometric analysis to establish knowledge maps. Exploring the relationship between known and new emerging ideas and their potential value has theoretical and practical implications in the context of a researcher's limited ability to read, analyze, and synthesize all published works. Objective: First, this study aims to provide extensive information on HIIE research in children and adolescents, including authors, institutions, countries, journals, and references. Second, the objective is to use co-occurrence, burst, and co-citation analyses based on hybrid node types to reveal hotspots and forecast frontiers for HIIE research in children and adolescents. Methods: Using the bibliographic data of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) as the data source, publications, authors, and journals were analyzed with the help of bibliometric methods and visualization tools such as CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Pajek, and Bibliometrix R package. Authorial, institutional, and national collaboration networks were plotted, along with research hotspots and research frontiers based on keyword bursts and document co-citations. Results: This study found that executive function, high-intensity interval training, heart rate variability, and insulin resistance are emerging research topics; high-intensity training, mental health, exercise intensity, and cardiometabolic risk factors are continual frontier research areas in the subthemes. Conclusion: Our study has three novel contributions. First, it explicitly and directly reflects the research history and current situation of the HIIE intervention strategy in children and adolescents. This approach makes it clear and easy to trace the origin and development of this strategy in specific groups of children and adolescents. Second, it analyzes the research hotspots of HIIE in the field and predicts the research frontiers and development trends, which will help researchers get a deeper understanding of HIIE and pediatric health research. Third, the findings will enable researchers to pinpoint the most influential scholars, institutions, journals, and references in the field, increasing the possibility of future collaborations between authors, institutions, and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Sun
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Social Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Liu Y, Wadey CA, Barker AR, Williams CA. Process evaluation of school-based high-intensity interval training interventions for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:348. [PMID: 38308213 PMCID: PMC10835840 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several systematic reviews have been published to investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in schools. However, there has been limited attention given to understanding the functioning of the intervention processes, which is of paramount importance for interpreting and translating the intervention effectiveness. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the extent to which process evaluation is measured in school-based HIIT interventions and to explore the effects of process evaluation and intervention characteristics on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body composition, muscular strength, and blood pressure. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in SPORT Discus (EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Scopus, Medline (Ovid) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The extent to which process evaluation is measured was narratively reported, alongside with the guidance of process evaluation of complex interventions by UK Medical Research Council. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to determine the effects of process evaluation and intervention characteristics to the intervention outcomes. RESULTS The literature search identified 77 studies reporting on 45 school-based HIIT interventions. In total, five interventions reported process evaluation in a section or in a separate study, and only one intervention adopted a process evaluation framework. On average, 6 out of 12 process evaluation measures were reported in all interventions. Subgroup analyses did not indicate any beneficial treatment effects for studies with process evaluation group, whereas all pooled data and studies without process evaluation group showed significant improvement for CRF and body composition. CONCLUSION Process evaluation is frequently omitted in the literature of school-based HIIT in children and adolescents. Although reporting of process evaluation measures may not directly associate with better intervention outcomes, it allows accurate interpretation of intervention outcomes, thereby enhancing the generalisability and dissemination of the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Curtis A Wadey
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Ricci JM, Currie KD, Astorino TA, Erickson K, Pfeiffer KA. Program Evaluation and Preliminary Efficacy of Fitness and Skill-Based High-Intensity Interval Training in Physical Education. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1042-1052. [PMID: 36048481 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions have focused on the quantity of physical activity (PA) achieved during physical education (PE) rather than students' PE experiences, including enjoyment. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of a fitness- and skill based HIIT intervention guided by the Self Determination Theory. Method: For this pretest-posttest randomized controlled 6-week pilot study, 4-5th grade students (15 boys, 30 girls; age = 10.5 ± 0.9 years) completed a 16-19-minute HIIT circuit (INT); whereas, 22 students (10 boys, 12 girls; age = 10.5 ± 0.9 years) engaged in regular PE (CON). Two-way mixed ANCOVA tests were performed to assess preliminary efficacy. Results: Participants reported favorable program satisfaction (mean 3.6 ± 1.5 out of 5). The physical educator reported a high feasibility survey score (31/35), and themes emerging from a program acceptability interview included positive perceptions of the HIIT program and strategies for future implementation. A large effect size was evident for cardiorespiratory fitness (ηp2 = 0.26), as VO2peak increased in INT from 53.6 ± 6.1 to 56.9 ± 7.3 ml/kg/min and decreased in CON (53.9 ± 7.0 to 52.4 ± 10.4 ml/kg/min). Students in INT exhibited greater amounts of moderate-to-vigorous PA and vigorous PA during PE versus CON, based on accelerometer data (23.4 ± 5.0 vs. 15.7 ± 4.7 min/hr, ηp2 = 0.45; 4.5 ± 2.6 vs. 2.3 ± 1.3 min/hr; ηp2 = 0.27, respectively). Conclusions: Findings support the feasibility of this fitness- and skill-based HIIT program and may be a valuable addition to elementary school PE programs.
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Leahy AA, Diallo TMO, Eather N, Duncan MJ, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. Mediating effects of sleep on mental health in older adolescents: Findings from the Burn 2 Learn randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2369-2380. [PMID: 37555440 PMCID: PMC10946941 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study explored the mediating effect of sleep-related variables on older adolescents' mental health in the context of a school-based physical activity intervention. METHODS We evaluated the Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention using a cluster randomized controlled trial, which included two cohorts. Participants for this sub-study were from the second cohort, which included 292 older adolescents (16.0 ± 0.5 years) from 10 secondary schools in New South Wales, Australia. Teachers at intervention schools delivered two high-intensity activity breaks (approximately 10 mins) per week to students during academic lessons. Participants completed measures of mental health (i.e., perceived stress and internalizing problems) and hypothesized mediators (i.e., sleep duration, sleep latency, awakenings, and daytime sleepiness) at baseline (February-April 2019) and post-intervention (August-September 2019). Single mediation analyses were conducted to explore the potential mediating effects of sleep variables on mental health outcomes using a product-of-coefficient test. RESULTS We observed a small statistically significant effect for perceived stress (β = -0.11, SE = 0.034, p = 0.002), but not for internalizing problems (β = 0.02, SE = 0.051, p = 0.760). There were no significant intervention effects for sleep-related variables. Several sleep-related variables were associated with mental health outcomes but no mediated effects were found. CONCLUSION The B2L intervention had a small beneficial effect on perceived stress, however our mediation analyses suggest this was not explained by changes in sleep-related variables. Markers of sleep were associated with mental health constructs, highlighting the importance of sleep for good psychological health. However, in the context of a physical activity intervention, effects on mental health may be driven by other behavioral, neurobiological, or psychosocial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus A Leahy
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thierno M O Diallo
- School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mitch J Duncan
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Liu T, Li D, Yang H, Chi X, Yan J. Associations of sport participation with subjective well-being: a study consisting of a sample of Chinese school-attending students. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1199782. [PMID: 37427269 PMCID: PMC10326896 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Past studies have illustrated that the impact of sports participation on school-attending students' well-being plays a significant role in the life course of adolescence, which is a golden period for developing sound psychological qualities. However, the relationship between sports participation and subjective well-being is not clear, particularly in Chinese primary and middle schools. Therefore, the current study was aimed to explore the relationship between sports participation and subjective well-being in elementary and middle schools in China. Method All involved children and adolescents were asked to conduct a self-report of their sociodemographic factors (e.g., sex, grade, and age), independence, and outcomes. The survey involved a two-stage sampling design (district school). Besides, in order to examine the relationship between participation in sports and subjective well-being, a self-report questionnaire was used. Logistic regression with 95% confidence interval and odds ratios (ORs), was conducted to investigate the relationship between sports participation and subjective well-being. Results A total of 67,281 participants in total provided complete data for the final analysis of the current study. The percentage of boys and girls was 51.9% and 48.1%, namely. The current study found that compared with children who never participate in sports, those children who participated sports in 1-3 times a month, 1-2 times a week, and 3 times a week and above were more likely to enjoy better well-being. Compared with children who never participate in sports, those children who in every grade participated sports in 1-3 times a month, 1-2 times a week, and 3 times a week and above were more likely to achieve better well-being. Conclusion Our current study offered the positive effect of sports participation on children and adolescents' subjective well-being. For schools and governments, further studies are needed to focus on sports participation and positive feedback on adolescents' mental health, and the three parties' endeavors should be intervened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhuo Liu
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Ji Lin, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of International Culture Education, Chodang University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Xinli Chi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Wu J, Yang Y, Yu H, Li L, Chen Y, Sun Y. Comparative effectiveness of school-based exercise interventions on physical fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1194779. [PMID: 37342273 PMCID: PMC10278967 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schools provide a favorable setting for health education, however, the most effective school-based exercise mode for improving physical fitness remains unclear. This network meta-analysis was designed to assess and rank the comparative efficacy of six exercise modalities on physical fitness indicators in a school-based setting. Methods An online search of the Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases was conducted. Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials were considered. Outcomes included measures of anthropometry and body composition, muscular fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Data were pooled with a random effects model using the frequentist framework. Results A total of 66 studies with 8,578 participants (48% girls) were included. High-intensity interval training was the most effective intervention reducing body mass index (mean difference (MD) = -0.60 kg·m-2, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = -1.04 to -0.15, p = 0.009), elevating VO2max (MD = 3.59 mL·kg-1·min-1, 95% CI = 2.45 to 4.74, p < 0.001), and 20-meter sprint performance (MD = -0.35 s, 95% CI = -0.55 to -0.14, p = 0.001). Aerobic training had the highest probability of reducing waist circumference (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.60, 95% CI = -0.88 to -0.32, p < 0.001). Active video games emerged as a promising modality for improving countermovement jump (MD = 2.43 cm, 95% CI = 0.06 to 4.80, p = 0.041) and shuttle running performance (SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.43, p = 0.003). Strength training was the best exercise mode for improving standing long jump performance (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.07 to 1.98, p = 0.035) while combined training was rated the first for decreasing body fat percent (MD = -2.56%, 95% CI = -4.73 to -0.40, p = 0.022) and increasing push-up repetitions (SMD = 3.59, 95% CI = 0.81 to 6.37, p = 0.012). Conclusion School-based exercise interventions have multiple effects on physical fitness. The findings of this study will help to inform physical education teachers and coaches how best to deliver exercise programs in a school setting. Since the study was limited by the original research, the conclusions will require further verification using high-quality randomized controlled trials. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO, Identifier: CRD42023401963.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huasen Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- Business School, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Youping Sun
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Bento A, Carrasco L, Raimundo A. Mediating Effect of Motivation on the Relationship of Fitness with Volitional High-Intensity Exercise in High-School Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060800. [PMID: 36981457 PMCID: PMC10048690 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and motivation in adolescents and analyze if the associations of physical fitness with volitional exercise intensity in adolescents are mediated by motivation. The participants were 108 adolescents (58 girls 16.0 ± 0.92 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the Yo-YoITL1, and the push-up test was used to evaluate strength. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The intervention was applied in the first 10-15 min of each Physical Education class (PEC), twice a week, for 16 weeks and ranged from 14 to 20 all-out bouts intervals, adopting a 2:1 work to rest ratio. A cut-point of ≥90% of the maximal heart rate (HR) was used as a criterion for satisfactory compliance with high-intensity exercise. Volition intensity was assessed through a forearm wearable plethysmography heart rate sensor to ensure compliance with the exercise stimulus at the predetermined target HR zone. Motivation was estimated with a validated questionnaire (BREQ-3). Mediation effects were estimated using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals and were deemed significant if zero was not included in the intervals, and values below 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. The mediation analysis revealed a non-significant indirect effect of physical fitness through motivation on exercise intensity, specifically on CRF (B = -0.0355, 95% BootCI [-0.5838; 0.4559]), muscular fitness (B = -0.7284, 95% BootCI [-2.0272; 0.2219]) and body fat (B = 0.5092, 95% BootCI [-0.4756; 1.6934]). These results suggest that high or low values of motivation did not increase or decrease volitional high-intensity exercise, and lower levels of fitness (CRF, muscular and body fat) were associated with higher volitional exercise intensity. These findings highlight the need for regular moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise for maintaining or improving physical fitness, regardless of motivation regulations, and emphasize the importance of new strategies in PEC with acute vigorous-intensity activities that retain the health-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bento
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luis Carrasco
- BIOFANEX Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Pirotecnia St., E-41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
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Elliott K, Norman J, Wardle K, Budgen P, Callahan H, Camilleri M, Romeo A, Trinh K, Okely A, Kariippanon KE. Feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy of a virtual physical activity program in primary and secondary schools in New South Wales, Australia: A quasi-experimental study. Health Promot J Austr 2023; 34:70-84. [PMID: 36088579 PMCID: PMC10087342 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Child and youth participation in physical activity (PA) is fundamental for healthy development and obesity prevention. Government policy requires schools to offer 150 minutes of PA each week, however compliance is low. Race around Australia (RAA) is a New South Wales (NSW) Department of Education, virtual PA program aimed at assisting schools in meeting the PA guidelines. METHODS A pre- and post-intervention, quasi-experimental study was conducted using a mixed-methods approach comprising teacher interviews, a student questionnaire and a 1.6 kilometre (km) timed run. Data were collected from April to September 2021 among students and teachers in Grades 5 to 8, from 10 schools in NSW, Australia. RESULTS The analytical sample included data from 918 students and 17 teachers. The RAA program was deemed feasible and acceptable in primary schools, whereas there were several systemic and intrapersonal barriers to implementation success for secondary schools. In primary schools, RAA increased PA opportunities and the 1.6 km timed runs revealed a statistically significant treatment by time effect in favour of the intervention group for cardiorespiratory fitness (-36.91 seconds, 95% CI [-63.14, -10.68], P = .006). CONCLUSIONS RAA has demonstrated feasibility and potential efficacy in improving cardiorespiratory fitness. We recommend that program refinement be made to deliver an intervention that addresses the unique barriers of the secondary school setting through a multi-level ecological approach. SO WHAT?: Despite evident benefits, implementation of PA initiatives in the school setting reveals many challenges. Stronger consideration of the Health Promotion with Schools Framework is evidently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Elliott
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Norman
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, NSW Health, Warrawong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Wardle
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Government Department of Health, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Pip Budgen
- Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, NSW Health, Warrawong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hayley Callahan
- Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, NSW Health, Warrawong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Camilleri
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Government Department of Health, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Alannah Romeo
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Government Department of Health, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Katie Trinh
- Health Promotion Branch, Wellbeing SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Okely
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Men J, Zou S, Ma J, Xiang C, Li S, Wang J. Effects of high-intensity interval training on physical morphology, cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0271845. [PMID: 37167291 PMCID: PMC10174557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-intensity interval training in children and adolescents. METHODS Eight databases were searched. Descriptive analysis of the efficacy and safety of high-intensity interval training on body shape, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic risk markers of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Subgroup analysis was performed using age, participants, intervention time, and exercise frequency as covariates. RESULTS 47 studies included 2995 children and adolescents. The results of the meta-analysis showed that high-intensity interval training significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness indicators (VO2max, SBP, DBP and HRmax) and cardiovascular disease biomarkers (TC and HDL-C). HIIT had no significant effect on body shape indicators (BMI, BF% and WC) or cardiovascular disease biomarkers (TG and LDL-C). CONCLUSION Currently, there is insufficient evidence that HIIT with interval running as the predominant form improves physical indicators in children and adolescents. However, HIIT can be promoted in children and adolescents to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce some metabolic risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Men
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuangling Zou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Chenmin Xiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fengyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
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13
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Burford K, Gillespie K, Jowers EM, Bartholomew JB. Children's Enjoyment, Perceived Competency, and Vigorous Physical Activity During High-Intensity Interval Training in Physical Education. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:835-844. [PMID: 34806941 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1925207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Little is known about children's experience with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) during elementary school. Perceptions of enjoyment, perceived competence, and motivation are likely to drive long-term adherence and are, therefore, critical to understanding how HIIT might be implemented in this setting. The purpose of this study was to describe children's vigorous physical activity (VPA), enjoyment, and perceived competency of HIIT activities within a Self-Determination Theory framework (autonomy) in elementary school physical education (PE) classes. Methods: Participants were 402 children from a single, diverse elementary school (49.4% female, 59.6% Non-Hispanic white). Student enjoyment and perceived competency were collected following teacher- (non-autonomous) and student-led (autonomous) conditions. A sub-set of 201 children wore accelerometers to measure percent of time in VPA during HIIT conditions. This mixed factorial design was assessed through a series of repeated measures ANOVAs. Results: While children reported generally positive enjoyment and perceived competence in both conditions (rating over 4.0 on a 5-point scale), children significantly enjoyed (d = 0.44) and felt more competent (d = 0.11) during the autonomous HIIT condition compared to the nonautonomous HIIT condition. In contrast, the percent of time in VPA (d = 0.94) was significantly lower in the autonomous condition. Conclusions: These data illustrate a challenging trade-off with the design of HIIT trials. Increasing autonomy through the inclusion of student choice increased enjoyment and perceived competence of HIIT, which are likely to improve adherence, but lowered VPA, which is likely to reduce cardiometabolic impact.Abbreviations: U.S.: United States; PA: Physical activity; MVPA; Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PE: Physical education; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Randomized control trial, RCT; SDT: Self-Determination Theory; HIIT: High-intensity interval training; RCT: Randomized control trial; VPA: Vigorous physical activity; IRB; Institutional Review Board; HFZ: Healthy Fitness Zone; PACES: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale; M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Burford
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- The University of Texas at Austin
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14
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Domaradzki J, Koźlenia D, Popowczak M. The Relative Importance of Age at Peak Height Velocity and Fat Mass Index in High-Intensity Interval Training Effect on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101554. [PMID: 36291490 PMCID: PMC9600318 DOI: 10.3390/children9101554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the role of biological age in the relationship between preintervention fat mass and cardiorespiratory fitness effects (CRF) after High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) intervention in adolescents. Methods: A total of 141 boys and girls (16 years) were examined as control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups that conducted a 10-week HIIT implemented in physical education. Measurements: body height, body weight, fat mass index (FMI), CRF (Harvard Step Test). Predicted age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated. Pathway analyses were conducted to identify the influences of the measured variables. Results: APHV harmed the level of ΔFI (fitness index) (β = −0.270; p = 0.035), while HIIT had a positive effect on changes in ΔFI (β = 0.246; p = 0.002). Sex affected the changes in CRF (β = 0.344; p = 0.011). Two models were designed respective to sex. The effect of the APHV on ΔFI in girls was close to significant (p = 0.053) but was non-significant in boys (p = 0.311). Changes in CRF in girls were positively and close to significance (p < 0.100) affected by FMIbaseline. Conclusion: HIIT is an effective way of exerting positive changes in CRF in adolescents, which is greater in boys than girls. APHV plays a role only in girls. The HIIT should be tailored to girls depending on their maturity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Domaradzki
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Koźlenia
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Unit of Team Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Kable TJ, Leahy AA, Smith JJ, Eather N, Shields N, Noetel M, Lonsdale C, Hillman CH, Reeves P, Oldmeadow C, Kennedy SG, Boyer J, Stimpson L, Comis P, Roche L, Lubans DR. Time-efficient physical activity intervention for older adolescents with disability: rationale and study protocol for the Burn 2 Learn adapted (B2La) cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065321. [PMID: 35948376 PMCID: PMC9379534 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity declines during adolescence, with the lowest levels of activity observed among those with disability. Schools are ideal settings to address this issue; however, few school-based interventions have been specifically designed for older adolescents with disability. Our aim is to investigate the effects of a school-based physical activity programme, involving high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on physical, mental and cognitive health in older adolescents with disability. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will evaluate the Burn 2 Learn adapted (B2La) intervention using a two-arm, parallel group, cluster randomised controlled trial with allocation occurring at the school level (treatment or waitlist control). Secondary schools will be recruited in two cohorts from New South Wales, Australia. We will aim to recruit 300 older adolescents (aged 15-19 years) with disability from 30 secondary schools (10 in cohort 1 and 20 in cohort 2). Schools allocated to the intervention group will deliver two HIIT sessions per week during scheduled specialist support classes. The sessions will include foundational aerobic and muscle strengthening exercises tailored to meet student needs. We will provide teachers with training, resources, and support to facilitate the delivery of the B2La programme. Study outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary endpoint), and 9 months. Our primary outcome is functional capacity assessed using the 6 min walk/push test. Secondary outcomes include physical activity, muscular fitness, body composition, cognitive function, quality of life, physical literacy, and on-task behaviour in the classroom. We will also conduct economic and process evaluations to determine cost-effectiveness, programme acceptability, implementation, adaptability, and sustainability in schools. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received approval from the University of Newcastle (H-2021-0262) and the New South Wales Department of Education (SERAP: 2021257) human research ethics committees. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, and key stakeholders will be provided with a detailed report following the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number: ACTRN12621000884808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Kable
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angus A Leahy
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nora Shields
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University - Brisbane Campus, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University - North Sydney Campus, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Penny Reeves
- Health Research Economics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Clinical Research Design and Statistics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Boyer
- School Sport Unit, NSW Department of Education, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leisl Stimpson
- Special Olympics Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pierre Comis
- Special Olympics Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Roche
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Active Living Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Active Living, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, New South Wales, Finland
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16
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Stabelini Neto A, dos Santos GC, da Silva JM, Correa RC, da Mata LBF, Barbosa RDO, Zampier Ulbrich A, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR. Improving physical activity behaviors, physical fitness, cardiometabolic and mental health in adolescents - ActTeens Program: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272629. [PMID: 35944003 PMCID: PMC9362910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This trial aims to investigate the effects of the ActTeens physical activity program, on adolescents’ physical activity level, health-related fitness, cardiometabolic and mental health. The trial will aim to recruit ~140 adolescents (aged 13–14 years). Participants will be randomized into either intervention or control groups. The intervention will be guided by social cognitive theory and self-determination theory and implemented over one school term (24-weeks). The ActTeens Program will include: (1) structured physical activity sessions delivered within physical education, including movement-based games and dynamic stretching warm-ups; resistance training skill development; high-intensity training workouts; and cool-downs; (2) self-monitoring plus goal setting for physical activity by pedometer-smart wearable; and (3) healthy lifestyle guidance (social support) by WhatsApp® messages about healthy eating and regular physical activity for the intervention and parents groups. Study outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 24-weeks from baseline, and 12-months from baseline. Physical activity (accelerometer) is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic profile, and mental health. A process evaluation will be conducted (i.e., recruitment, retention, attendance, and program satisfaction). This project will have the potential to address many questions and debates regarding the implementation of physical activity interventions in low-and- middle-income countries. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05070377. Registered on 7 October 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Stabelini Neto
- Health Science Center, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Géssika Castilho dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education Associate UEM/UEL, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Jadson Marcio da Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education Associate UEM/UEL, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Renan Camargo Correa
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education Associate UEM/UEL, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lorena B. F. da Mata
- Health Science Center, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de O. Barbosa
- Health Science Center, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil
| | - Anderson Zampier Ulbrich
- Health Sciences Sector, Department of Integrated Medicine, Research Group in Exercise Medicine (MedEx), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sarah G. Kennedy
- Health and Physical Education, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - David R. Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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17
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Duncombe SL, Barker AR, Price L, Walker JL, Dux PE, Fox A, Matthews N, Stylianou M. Making a HIIT: study protocol for assessing the feasibility and effects of co-designing high-intensity interval training workouts with students and teachers. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:475. [PMID: 35931968 PMCID: PMC9354328 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective strategy for improving a variety of health outcomes within the school setting. However, there is limited research on the implementation of school-based HIIT interventions and the integration of HIIT within the Health and Physical Education (HPE) curriculum. The aims of the Making a HIIT study are to: 1) describe the methodology and evaluate the feasibility of co-designing HIIT workouts with students and teachers in HPE; 2) determine the effect of co-designed HIIT workouts on cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and executive function; 3) understand the effect of co-design on students’ motivation, enjoyment, and self-efficacy towards the workouts; and 4) evaluate the implementation of the intervention. Methods Three schools will participate. Within each school, three different groups will be formed from Year 7 and 8 classes: 1) Co-Designers; 2) HIIT Only; and 3) Control. The study will include two phases. In phase one, Group 1 will co-design HIIT workouts as part of the HPE curriculum using an iterative process with the researcher, teacher, and students as collaborators. This process will be evaluated using student discussions, student surveys, and teacher interviews. In phase two, Groups 1 and 2 will use the co-designed 10-minute HIIT workouts in HPE for 8-weeks. Group 3 (control) will continue their regular HPE lessons. All students will participate in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and executive function assessments before and after the HIIT program or control period. Students will complete questionnaires on their motivation, enjoyment, and self-efficacy of the workouts. Differences between groups will be assessed using linear regressions to account for covariates. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion will be collected during each HIIT session. The implementation will be evaluated using the Framework for Effective Implementation. Ethical approval was granted by the University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee and other relevant bodies. Discussion This study will be the first to co-design HIIT workouts with teachers and students within the HPE curriculum. As this study relies on co-design, each HIIT workout will differ, which will add variability between HIIT workouts but increase the ecological validity of the study. Trial registration ACTRN, ACTRN12622000534785, Registered 5 April 2022 – Retrospectively registered, https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12622000534785.aspx Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03440-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Duncombe
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lisa Price
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Dux
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Amaya Fox
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Natasha Matthews
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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18
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Lubans DR, Eather N, Smith JJ, Beets MW, Harris NK. Scaling-Up Adolescent High-Intensity Interval Training Programs for Population Health. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:128-136. [PMID: 35148533 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a polarizing form of exercise. In this article, we argue that adolescent HIIT programs can have population health impact if they are (i) integrated into existing opportunities, (ii) designed to develop physical literacy, (iii) delivered in an engaging manner, and (iv) guided and supported by an implementation framework that addresses relevant barriers and facilitators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Lubans
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Michael W Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Nigel K Harris
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Bento A, Carrasco L, Raimundo A. The Mediating Effect of Physical Fitness and Dietary Intake on the Relationship of Physical Activity with Body Composition in High School Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127301. [PMID: 35742552 PMCID: PMC9223657 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and health-related physical fitness (PF) in adolescents and analyze if the associations of PA with body composition (BC) in adolescents are mediated by physical fitness or energy intake (EI). The participants were 236 adolescents (140 girls 16.1 ± 0.92 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the Yo-YoITL1, and the push-up test was used to evaluate strength. BCs were measured on an electrical weight scale. Triaxial accelerometers were used to determine PA levels and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels. EI was estimated with a validated questionnaire. Mediation effects were estimated using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals and were deemed significant if zero was not included in the intervals. The mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect of MVPA only through PF on BC, specifically through CRF on body fat (B = −0.0146, 95% BootCI (−0.0219; −0.0076)) and on lean body mass (B = 0.0096, 95% BootCI (0.0049; 0.0152)), as well as through upper body strength on body fat (B = −0.012, 95% BootCI (−0.0171; −0.0072)) and on lean body mass (B = 0.0059, 95% BootCI (0.003; 0.0095)). These results suggest that PA of at least a moderate intensity is relevant to BC and health-related PF in adolescents, regardless of the EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bento
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luis Carrasco
- BIOFANEX Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain;
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Department of Sport and Health, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal;
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20
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Duncombe SL, Barker AR, Bond B, Earle R, Varley-Campbell J, Vlachopoulos D, Walker JL, Weston KL, Stylianou M. School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266427. [PMID: 35507539 PMCID: PMC9067698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 1) To investigate the effectiveness of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions in promoting health outcomes of children and adolescents compared with either a control group or other exercise modality; and 2) to explore the intervention characteristics and process outcomes of published school-based HIIT interventions. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from inception until 31 March 2021. Studies were eligible if 1) participants aged 5-17 years old; 2) a HIIT intervention within a school setting ≥ 2 weeks duration; 3) a control or comparative exercise group; 4) health-related, cognitive, physical activity, nutrition, or program evaluation outcomes; and 5) original research published in English. We conducted meta-analyses between HIIT and control groups for all outcomes with ≥ 4 studies and meta-regressions for all outcomes with ≥ 10 studies. We narratively synthesised results between HIIT and comparative exercise groups. RESULTS Fifty-four papers met eligibility criteria, encompassing 42 unique studies (35 randomised controlled trials; 36 with a high risk of bias). Meta-analyses indicated significant improvements in waist circumference (mean difference (MD) = -2.5cm), body fat percentage (MD = -1.7%), body mass index (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -1.0), cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD = +1.0), resting heart rate (MD = -5bpm), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (MD = -0.7), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD = -0.9) for HIIT compared to the control group. Our narrative synthesis indicated mixed findings between HIIT and other comparative exercise groups. CONCLUSION School-based HIIT is effective for improving several health outcomes. Future research should address the paucity of information on physical activity and nutrition outcomes and focus on the integration and long-term effectiveness of HIIT interventions within school settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018117567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Duncombe
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Bond
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Renae Earle
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo Varley-Campbell
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline L. Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Program Evaluation of Healthy Moves™: A Community-Based Trainer in Residence Professional Development Program to Support Generalist Teachers With Physical Education Instruction. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:125-131. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Elementary school teachers are often responsible for teaching physical education to their students, with little formal training in that instruction. This study evaluates a trainer in residence professional development program designed to improve physical education instructional attitudes and practices in elementary school generalist teachers. Methods: Participants were 139 teachers and 3577 first to fifth grade students at 11 public elementary schools in Oregon. Program evaluation measures included pre- and postteacher surveys on teacher attitudes and practices toward teaching physical education for fidelity, postprogram lesson observations for sustainability, and teacher-reported program barriers to and facilitators of feasibility. A multivariate repeated-measures analysis of covariance test assessed changes in teacher attitudes and practices related to physical education instruction. Results: There were main effects of time observed for teacher encouragement and enthusiasm and physical education teaching practices (F2,127 = 9.68, P < .001, ). Postprogram observations indicated sustained use of activity components and an average of 86% of physical education class time spent with students engaged in moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity. Conclusions: The trainer in residence community-based approach shows promise as an appropriate professional development strategy for generalist teachers responsible for physical education instruction. However, a longer duration, randomized control trial is needed to determine the efficacy of these programs in promoting student physical education outcomes.
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Paulino da Silva Bento AF, Páez LC, Manuel de Mendonça Raimundo A. High-intensity interval training in high-school physical education classes: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 24:100867. [PMID: 34825104 PMCID: PMC8605213 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School and Physical Education classes (PEC) are privileged spaces, promoters of positive changes for the rest of life. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is presented as a time-efficient alternative to aerobic training, as it leverages the number of exercise participants, resulting in improvements in health outcomes. Despite the widespread interest in the advantages that the HIIT methodology reveals, there is a lack of randomized controlled studies investigating the impact on adolescents, mainly adressing adolescents’ environment, such as schools. This study aims to evaluate the utility of a HIIT program integrated into high-school PEC, as a strategy that allows students to improve their Physical Fitness, Physical Activity (PA) level, and Motivation for Exercise. Methods This study is a two-arm randomized controlled trial design with adolescents from the 10th to 12th grades (15–17 years). The trial will aim to recruit 300 students from 1 secondary school. The HIIT sessions will be applied in the first 10–15 min of each PEC, twice a week, for 16 weeks, ranged from 14 to 20 all-out bouts intervals, adopting a 2:1 work to rest ratio. A cut-point of ≥ 90% of maximal heart rate will be a criterion for satisfactory compliance to high-intensity exercise. A rated perceived exertion scale will be measured in each exercise session to estimate effort, fatigue, and training load. The control group will continue the usual programmed PEC. Study outcomes will be measured at baseline and after the HIIT program. Cardiorespiratory fitness is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include: muscular fitness, PA and motivation for exercise. Discussion HIIT protocols presents wide applicability in PEC and great adaptation to the facilities. The authors aim to provide novel HIIT protocols for schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Filipe Paulino da Silva Bento
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre CHRC, Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Armando Manuel de Mendonça Raimundo
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre CHRC, Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
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23
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Weston KL, Innerd A, Azevedo LB, Bock S, Batterham AM. Process Evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts): A Multi-Activity School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Intervention. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:737900. [PMID: 34617011 PMCID: PMC8488272 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.737900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decade, research into the impact of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on young people's health has markedly increased. Despite this, most authors have focused on the outcomes of their intervention, rather than the process of how the study was conducted. The aim of our study, therefore, was to conduct a mixed methods process evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts), a school-based HIIT intervention for adolescents. The objectives were to explore study recruitment, reach, intervention dose, fidelity, participants' experiences, context, and future implementation. Methods: Recruitment was assessed by comparing the number of students who received study information, to those who provided consent. Reach was described as the number of participants who completed the intervention. Dose was reported via the number of HIIT sessions delivered, total exercise time commitment, HIIT exercise time, and session attendance. Post-intervention focus groups were conducted with intervention participants (n = 33; aged 14.1 ± 0.3 years; mean ± standard deviation). These discussions explored aspects of intervention fidelity (extent that the intervention was delivered as intended); participants' experiences of the HIIT sessions; context (exploration of the nuances of school-based HIIT); and ideas for future implementation. Results: Recruitment, reach, and dose data indicate that Project FFAB was largely delivered as planned. Focus group data identified a mismatch between perceived vs. prescribed work: rest ratio for the multi-activity HIIT drills. Generally, the HIIT drills were well-received; participants often reported they were fun to complete, and the use of heart rate monitors was helpful for interpreting exercise intensity. Some participants stated that greater variety in the HIIT drills would be preferable. The timing and structure of the HIIT sessions that took place outside of physical education lessons received mixed responses. Conclusion: Collectively, our study supports the use of school-based HIIT and provides valuable insights into how such interventions can be implemented. Project FFAB could be modified to account for individuals' preferences on when the exercise sessions took place. In addition, a wider range of activities could be included, and the prescribed work: rest ratio of the HIIT drills could be better communicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Innerd
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Liane B Azevedo
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Huddersfield University, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Bock
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M Batterham
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Neil-Sztramko SE, Caldwell H, Dobbins M. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 9:CD007651. [PMID: 34555181 PMCID: PMC8459921 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007651.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity among children and adolescents is associated with lower adiposity, improved cardio-metabolic health, and improved fitness. Worldwide, fewer than 30% of children and adolescents meet global physical activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day. Schools may be ideal sites for interventions given that children and adolescents in most parts of the world spend a substantial amount of time in transit to and from school or attending school. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review update is to summarise the evidence on effectiveness of school-based interventions in increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents 6 to 18 years of age. Specific objectives are: • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on increasing physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents; • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on improving body composition; and • to determine whether certain combinations or components (or both) of school-based interventions are more effective than others in promoting physical activity and fitness in this target population. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, BIOSIS, SPORTDiscus, and Sociological Abstracts to 1 June 2020, without language restrictions. We screened reference lists of included articles and relevant systematic reviews. We contacted primary authors of studies to ask for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible interventions were relevant to public health practice (i.e. were not delivered by a clinician), were implemented in the school setting, and aimed to increase physical activity among all school-attending children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18) for at least 12 weeks. The review was limited to randomised controlled trials. For this update, we have added two new criteria: the primary aim of the study was to increase physical activity or fitness, and the study used an objective measure of physical activity or fitness. Primary outcomes included proportion of participants meeting physical activity guidelines and duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time (new to this update). Secondary outcomes included measured body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, health-related quality of life (new to this update), and adverse events (new to this update). Television viewing time, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure have been removed from this update. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent review authors used standardised forms to assess each study for relevance, to extract data, and to assess risk of bias. When discrepancies existed, discussion occurred until consensus was reached. Certainty of evidence was assessed according to GRADE. A random-effects meta-analysis based on the inverse variance method was conducted with participants stratified by age (children versus adolescents) when sufficient data were reported. Subgroup analyses explored effects by intervention type. MAIN RESULTS Based on the three new inclusion criteria, we excluded 16 of the 44 studies included in the previous version of this review. We screened an additional 9968 titles (search October 2011 to June 2020), of which 978 unique studies were potentially relevant and 61 met all criteria for this update. We included a total of 89 studies representing complete data for 66,752 study participants. Most studies included children only (n = 56), followed by adolescents only (n = 22), and both (n = 10); one study did not report student age. Multi-component interventions were most common (n = 40), followed by schooltime physical activity (n = 19), enhanced physical education (n = 15), and before and after school programmes (n = 14); one study explored both enhanced physical education and an after school programme. Lack of blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors and loss to follow-up were the most common sources of bias. Results show that school-based physical activity interventions probably result in little to no increase in time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (mean difference (MD) 0.73 minutes/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 1.30; 33 studies; moderate-certainty evidence) and may lead to little to no decrease in sedentary time (MD -3.78 minutes/d, 95% CI -7.80 to 0.24; 16 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may improve physical fitness reported as maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) (MD 1.19 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.82; 13 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may result in a very small decrease in BMI z-scores (MD -0.06, 95% CI -0.09 to -0.02; 21 studies; low-certainty evidence) and may not impact BMI expressed as kg/m² (MD -0.07, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.01; 50 studies; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain whether school-based physical activity interventions impact health-related quality of life or adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the variability of results and the overall small effects, school staff and public health professionals must give the matter considerable thought before implementing school-based physical activity interventions. Given the heterogeneity of effects, the risk of bias, and findings that the magnitude of effect is generally small, results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Maureen Dobbins
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, Hamilton, Canada
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25
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Martland R, Korman N, Firth J, Vancampfort D, Thompson T, Stubbs B. Can high-intensity interval training improve mental health outcomes in the general population and those with physical illnesses? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:279-291. [PMID: 34531186 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a safe and feasible form of exercise. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the mental health effects of HIIT, in healthy populations and those with physical illnesses, and to compare the mental health effects to non-active controls and other forms of exercise. DESIGN Random effects meta-analyses were undertaken for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HIIT with non-active and/or active (exercise) control conditions for the following coprimary outcomes: mental well-being, symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological stress. Positive and negative affect, distress and sleep outcomes were summarised narratively. DATA SOURCES Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to 7 July 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES RCTs that investigated HIIT in healthy populations and/or those with physical illnesses and reported change in mental well-being, depression, anxiety, psychological stress, positive/negative affect, distress and/or sleep quality. RESULTS Fifty-eight RCTs were retrieved. HIIT led to moderate improvements in mental well-being (standardised mean difference (SMD): 0.418; 95% CI: 0.135 to 0.701; n=12 studies), depression severity (SMD: -0.496; 95% CI: -0.973 to -0.020; n=10) and perceived stress (SMD: -0.474; 95% CI: -0.796 to -0.152; n=4) compared with non-active controls, and small improvements in mental well-being compared with active controls (SMD:0.229; 95% CI: 0.054 to 0.403; n=12). There was a suggestion that HIIT may improve sleep and psychological distress compared with non-active controls: however, these findings were based on a small number of RCTs. CONCLUSION These findings support the use of HIIT for mental health in the general population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE The quality of evidence was moderate-to-high according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) criteria. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020182643.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Martland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Korman
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- University Psychiatric Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Trevor Thompson
- Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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26
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Feasibility and Provisional Efficacy of Embedding High-Intensity Interval Training Into Physical Education Lessons: A Pilot Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2021; 33:186-195. [PMID: 34348226 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of generalist school teachers delivering curriculum connected high-intensity interval training in a school's physical education class time. METHOD Two schools volunteered to participate. A total of 84 students (11.9 [0.5] y, M = 64 and F = 19) volunteered to participate. Four classes from 2 schools were randomized to either intervention (n = 53) or control (n = 31) for one school term (8 wk). Intervention class teachers participated in a 1-day workshop instructing them how to deliver twice weekly, high-intensity interval training sessions. The control classes continued with their usual physical education curriculum. Recruitment, intervention fidelity, and program satisfaction were assessed. Preliminary efficacy (primary outcome cardiorespiratory fitness) was quantified using generalized linear mixed models, expressed as effect size. A range of secondary outcomes was also assessed. RESULTS The recruitment rate was 88%. About 84% of the sessions were delivered. The heart rate peak over all sessions was 89.6% (13%) of the predicted maximum. The intervention teachers reported high levels of satisfaction. Almost all student participants were positive about participating. No adverse events occurred. The adjusted between-group difference for cardiorespiratory fitness was trivial (effect size 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This teacher-delivered high-intensity interval training program was feasible and acceptable to both teachers and student participants. It is therefore potentially scalable.
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Leahy AA, Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Eather N, Boyer J, Thomas M, Shields N, Dascombe B, Lubans DR. Feasibility of a school-based physical activity intervention for adolescents with disability. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:120. [PMID: 34088346 PMCID: PMC8175924 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with disability are less active and have lower levels of physical fitness than their typically developing peers. Schools are ideal settings to address this; however, few school-based interventions have been designed and evaluated among this group. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of a time-efficient school-based physical activity intervention for adolescents with disability. METHODS A non-randomized pilot trial was conducted with adolescents in the special education unit at one secondary school in New South Wales, Australia. Sixteen grade 11 and 12 students (aged 17.3 ± 0.7 years) participated in the 2-month physical activity intervention. Two classroom teachers were trained to facilitate the delivery of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program, known as Burn 2 Learn adapted (B2La). Teachers were asked to deliver 2-3 weekly HIIT sessions for a period of 2 months. Four domains of feasibility (acceptability, implementation, adaptability, and practicality) were assessed using quantitative measures at the student and teacher levels (e.g., observations, process evaluation questionnaires, and heart rate [HR] monitoring). Data were also collected from three learning and support teachers who assisted classroom teachers with intervention delivery. Preliminary efficacy of the intervention on measures of adolescents' functional capacity (6-min walk/run test) and muscular fitness (sit-to-stand test and modified push-up test) were analyzed using paired sample t-tests. RESULTS Moderate-to-high levels of program satisfaction were reported by both students (80% rated "Good" or "Excellent") and teachers (100% rated "Good" or "Excellent"). Teachers reported delivering 2.5 ± 0.7 sessions per week during the study. Based on researcher session observations, the program was delivered effectively by teachers (14/20). However, HR data indicated session intensity was lower than intended. The program was considered "adaptable" by teachers, with several observed modifications to HIIT sessions to cater for the needs of adolescents with disability. No adverse events were reported. We observed improvements in preliminary efficacy measures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest it is feasible to train teachers to deliver a school-based HIIT program for adolescents with disability. Evaluation of B2La within a larger-scale effectiveness trial is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12621000219886 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Boyer
- New South Wales Department of Education, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Thomas
- New South Wales Department of Education, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nora Shields
- Department of Physiotherapy, Podiatry and Prosthetics and Orthotics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Dascombe
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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Wassenaar TM, Wheatley CM, Beale N, Nichols T, Salvan P, Meaney A, Atherton K, Diaz-Ordaz K, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H. The effect of a one-year vigorous physical activity intervention on fitness, cognitive performance and mental health in young adolescents: the Fit to Study cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:47. [PMID: 33789683 PMCID: PMC8011147 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) may positively stimulate the brain, cognition and mental health during adolescence, a period of dynamic neurobiological development. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) or vigorous PA interventions are time-efficient, scalable and can be easily implemented in existing school curricula, yet their effects on cognitive, academic and mental health outcomes are unclear. The primary aim of the Fit to Study trial was to investigate whether a pragmatic and scalable HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during school physical education (PE) could improve attainment in maths. The primary outcome has previously been reported and was null. Here, we report the effect of the intervention on prespecified secondary outcomes, including cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance, and mental health in young adolescents. Methods The Fit to Study cluster randomised controlled trial included Year 8 pupils (n = 18,261, aged 12–13) from 104 secondary state schools in South/Mid-England. Schools were randomised into an intervention condition (n = 52), in which PE teachers delivered an additional 10 min of VPA per PE lesson for one academic year (2017–2018), or into a “PE as usual” control condition. Secondary outcomes included assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run), cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory and processing speed) and mental health (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and self-esteem measures). The primary intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis used linear models and structural equation models with cluster-robust standard errors to test for intervention effects. A complier-average causal effect (CACE) was estimated using a two-stage least squares procedure. Results The HIIT-style VPA intervention did not significantly improve cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory or processed speed), or mental health (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed no significant moderation of intervention effects by sex, socioeconomic status or baseline fitness levels. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were not significantly related to changes in cognitive or mental health outcomes. The trial was marked by high drop-out and low intervention compliance. Findings from the CACE analysis were in line with those from the ITT analysis. Conclusion The one-academic year HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during regular school PE did not significantly improve fitness, cognitive performance or mental health, but these findings should be interpreted with caution given low implementation fidelity and high drop-out. Well-controlled, large-scale, school-based trials that examine the effectiveness of HIIT-style interventions to enhance cognitive and mental health outcomes are warranted. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, 15,730,512. Trial protocol and analysis plan for primary outcome prospectively registered on 30th March 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03286725. Secondary measures (focus of current manuscript) retrospectively registered on 18 September 2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01113-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wassenaar
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - C M Wheatley
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - N Beale
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - T Nichols
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - P Salvan
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - A Meaney
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K Atherton
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - K Diaz-Ordaz
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - H Dawes
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - H Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Leahy AA, Mavilidi MF, Smith JJ, Hillman CH, Eather N, Barker D, Lubans DR. Review of High-Intensity Interval Training for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2224-2234. [PMID: 32301856 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a time-efficient strategy to improve children's and adolescents' health-related fitness in comparison to traditional training methods. However, little is known regarding the effects on cognitive function and mental health. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of HIIT on cognitive function (basic information processing, executive function) and mental health (well-being, ill-being) outcomes for children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic search was conducted, and studies were eligible if they 1) included a HIIT protocol, 2) examined cognitive function or mental health outcomes, and 3) examined children or adolescents (5-18 yr). Separate meta-analyses were conducted for acute and chronic studies, with potential moderators (i.e., study duration, risk of bias, participant age, cognitive demand, and study population) also explored. RESULTS A total of 22 studies were included in the review. In acute studies, small to moderate effects were found for executive function (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.98; P = 0.038) and affect (SMD, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.05-0.62; P = 0.020), respectively. For chronic studies, small significant effects were found for executive function (SMD, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15-0.76, P < 0.001), well-being (SMD, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.02-0.41; P = 0.029), and ill-being (SMD, -0.35; 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.03; P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Our review provides preliminary review evidence suggesting that participation in HIIT can improve cognitive function and mental health in children and adolescents. Because of the small number of studies and large heterogeneity, more high-quality research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Daniel Barker
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
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Hsieh SS, Chueh TY, Huang CJ, Kao SC, Hillman CH, Chang YK, Hung TM. Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:10-22. [PMID: 32780634 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1803630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on executive function has grown exponentially in recent years. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the current state of literature. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize previous research regarding the acute and chronic effects of HIIT on executive function across the lifespan and highlight future research directions. The results indicated that acute bouts of HIIT has a positive effect on inhibition in children/adolescents and adults, and further that chronic HIIT benefits inhibition and working memory in children. More research employing chronic interventions, focusing on middle-aged and older adults, and examining the effects on the working memory and cognitive flexibility domains of executive function are needed. Future research should also focus on a) the use of stronger research designs, b) the effects of HIIT dosage/modality, c) consideration of individual differences, d) possible underlying mechanisms, and e) examining the feasibility of translating HIIT to real-word settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Chueh
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Eather N, Leahy AA, Morgan PJ, Lonsdale C, Plotnikoff RC, Nilsson M, Kennedy SG, Holliday EG, Weaver N, Noetel M, Shigeta TT, Mavilidi MF, Valkenborghs SR, Gyawali P, Walker FR, Costigan SA, Hillman CH. Time-efficient intervention to improve older adolescents' cardiorespiratory fitness: findings from the 'Burn 2 Learn' cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:bjsports-2020-103277. [PMID: 33355155 PMCID: PMC8223670 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important marker of current and future health status. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a time-efficient school-based intervention on older adolescents' CRF. METHODS Two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in two cohorts (February 2018 to February 2019 and February 2019 to February 2020) in New South Wales, Australia. Participants (N=670, 44.6% women, 16.0±0.43 years) from 20 secondary schools: 10 schools (337 participants) were randomised to the Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention and 10 schools (333 participants) to the control. Teachers in schools allocated to the B2L intervention were provided with training, resources, and support to facilitate the delivery of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) activity breaks during curriculum time. Teachers and students in the control group continued their usual practice. The primary outcome was CRF (20 m multi-stage fitness test). Secondary outcomes were muscular fitness, physical activity, hair cortisol concentrations, mental health and cognitive function. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary end-point) and 12 months. Effects were estimated using mixed models accounting for clustering. RESULTS We observed a group-by-time effect for CRF (difference=4.1 laps, 95% CI 1.8 to 6.4) at the primary end-point (6 months), but not at 12 months. At 6 months, group-by-time effects were found for muscular fitness, steps during school hours and cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Implementing HIIT during curricular time improved adolescents' CRF and several secondary outcomes. Our findings suggest B2L is unlikely to be an effective approach unless teachers embed sessions within the school day. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000293268).
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natasha Weaver
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tatsuya T Shigeta
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah R Valkenborghs
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gyawali
- School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Centre for Rehab Innovations and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah A Costigan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kennedy SG, Leahy AA, Smith JJ, Eather N, Hillman CH, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Boyer J, Lubans DR. Process Evaluation of a School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Program for Older Adolescents: The Burn 2 Learn Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E299. [PMID: 33339356 PMCID: PMC7765884 DOI: 10.3390/children7120299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Process evaluations can help to optimise the implementation of school-based physical activity interventions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process evaluation of a school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program for older adolescent students, known as Burn 2 Learn (B2L). B2L was evaluated via a cluster randomised controlled trial in 20 secondary schools (10 intervention, 10 control) in New South Wales, Australia. Teachers (n = 22 (55% female)) from the 10 intervention schools, delivered the program over three phases (Phases 1 and 2, 6 months; Phase 3, 6 months) to older adolescent students (n = 337 (50% female); mean ± standard deviation (SD) age = 16.0 ± 0.4 years). Process evaluation data were collected across the 12-month study period. Teachers delivered 2.0 ± 0.8 and 1.7 ± 0.6 sessions/week in Phases 1 and 2 respectively (mean total 25.9 ± 5.2), but only 0.6 ± 0.7 sessions/week in Phase 3. Observational data showed that session quality was high, however heart rate (HR) data indicated that only half of the students reached the prescribed threshold of ≥85% predicted HRmax during sessions. Over 80% of teachers reported they intended to deliver the B2L program to future student cohorts. Almost 70% of students indicated they intended to participate in HIIT in the future. Teachers considered the program to be adaptable, and both students and teachers were satisfied with the intervention. B2L was implemented with moderate-to-high fidelity in Phases 1 and 2, but low in Phase 3. Our findings add to the relatively scant process evaluation literature focused on the delivery of school-based physical activity programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.L.); (J.J.S.); (N.E.); (P.J.M.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Angus A. Leahy
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.L.); (J.J.S.); (N.E.); (P.J.M.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Jordan J. Smith
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.L.); (J.J.S.); (N.E.); (P.J.M.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.L.); (J.J.S.); (N.E.); (P.J.M.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip J. Morgan
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.L.); (J.J.S.); (N.E.); (P.J.M.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Ronald C. Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.L.); (J.J.S.); (N.E.); (P.J.M.); (R.C.P.)
| | - James Boyer
- New South Wales Department of Education, School Sport Unit, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia;
| | - David R. Lubans
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.L.); (J.J.S.); (N.E.); (P.J.M.); (R.C.P.)
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Cardiometabolic and Perceptual Responses to Body-Weight Resistance High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2020; 33:8-15. [PMID: 33022653 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The majority of studies examining children's responses to high-intensity interval exercise primarily utilized running; however, this modality does not require/include other important aspects of physical activity including muscular fitness. PURPOSE To compare acute responses between a body weight resistance exercise circuit (CIRC) and treadmill-based (TM) high-intensity interval exercise. METHOD A total of 17 boys (age = 9.7 [1.3] y) completed a graded exercise test to determine peak heart rate, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and maximal aerobic speed. Sessions were randomized and counterbalanced. CIRC required 2 sets of 30-second maximal repetitions of 4 exercises. TM included eight 30-second bouts of running at 100% maximal aerobic speed. Both included 30-second active recovery between bouts. Blood lactate concentration was measured preexercise and postexercise. Rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment were recorded preexercise, after intervals 3 and 6, and postexercise. RESULTS Participants attained 88% (5%) peak heart rate and 74% (9%) VO2peak for CIRC and 89% (4%) peak heart rate and 81% (6%) VO2peak for TM, with a significant difference in percentage of VO2peak (P = .003) between protocols. Postexercise blood lactate concentration was higher following CIRC (5.0 [0.7] mM) versus TM (2.0 [0.3] mM) (P < .001). Rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment responses did not differ between protocols (P > .05). CONCLUSION HR responses were near maximal during CIRC, supporting that this body-weight circuit is representative of high-intensity interval exercise.
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Eather N, Babic M, Riley N, Harris N, Jung M, Jeffs M, Barclay B, Lubans DR. Integrating high-intensity interval training into the workplace: The Work-HIIT pilot RCT. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2445-2455. [PMID: 32854153 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention integrated into the workplace on physical and mental health outcomes in a sample of adults. The Work-HIIT intervention was evaluated at the University of Newcastle (March-July 2019). University employees (18+ years) who self-identified as predominantly sedentary at work (n = 47, 43.0 ± 10.7 years; 41 female) were recruited, screened, and randomized after baseline assessments into Work-HIIT (n = 24) or wait-list control (n = 23) conditions. Participants were asked to attend 2-3 researcher-facilitated HIIT sessions/week (weeks 1-8). Sessions included a 2-minute gross-motor warm-up, followed by various combinations of aerobic and muscular fitness exercises lasting 8 minutes (using 30:30 second work: rest intervals). Program feasibility was assessed using measures of satisfaction, compliance, adherence, fidelity, and retention. Physiological and psychological outcomes were measured at baseline and 9 weeks. Feasibility data were investigated using descriptive statistics and efficacy outcomes determined using linear mixed models and Cohen's d effect sizes. Participant ratings showed high levels of satisfaction (4.6/5); 71% of participants attended ≥2 sessions/wk and averaged 85.9% HRmax across all sessions (including rest and work intervals). Small-to-medium positive effects resulted for cardiorespiratory fitness [+2.9 laps, 95% CI (-4.19-10.14); d = 0.34] and work productivity [+0.26, d = 0.47]. Large positive effects resulted for muscular fitness [push-ups +3.5, d = 0.95; standing jump +10.1 cm, d = 1.12]; HIIT self-efficacy [+16.53, d = 1.57]; sleep [weekday +0.76 hours, d = 1.05]; and autonomous motivation [+0.23, d = 0.76]. This study supports the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of facilitator-led Work-HIIT as a time-efficient, enjoyable, and convenient workplace exercise option for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Babic
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Riley
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel Harris
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mary Jung
- University of British Columbia, Callaghan, BC, Canada
| | - Mikeelie Jeffs
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Briana Barclay
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Effect of a Time-Efficient Physical Activity Intervention on Senior School Students’ On-Task Behaviour and Subjective Vitality: the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-020-09537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Leahy AA, Michels MFI, Eather N, Hillman CH, Shigeta TT, Lubans DR, Smith JJ. Feasibility of test administration and preliminary findings for cognitive control in the Burn 2 learn pilot randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1708-1716. [PMID: 32379010 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1756673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility requirements of administering field-based cognitive assessments are rarely reported. We examined the feasibility of administering a group-based cognitive test battery in a school setting with older adolescents. Several types of reliability were also assessed in the control group. Preliminary efficacy and the relationship between changes in fitness and changes in cognitive control were also explored following a 14-week HIIT intervention (3 sessions/week). Participants completed a cognitive test battery measuring inhibition (flanker), and working memory (n-back) at baseline and post-test. Health-related fitness assessments were also conducted. Test administration took approximately 30.8 ± 1.5 minutes to complete with up to six participants simultaneously. The test battery demonstrated acceptable reliability (ICC = 0.5-0.81), with significant changes observed for flanker incongruent accuracy, and 2-back non-target accuracy from baseline to post-test. Regarding efficacy, small-to-moderate effects were observed for accuracy outcomes, while several small associations were found between changes in fitness and changes in cognition. Findings from the current study suggest a cognitive test battery can be administered with older adolescents in a school setting. However, there remains a lack of adequate reporting of administration requirements for field-based cognitive assessments. Efficacy findings should be confirmed with a larger and more representative sample of older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
| | - Madieke F I Michels
- Chairgroup Health and Society, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
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Sharp CA, McNarry MA, Eddolls WTB, Koorts H, Winn CON, Mackintosh KA. Identifying facilitators and barriers for adolescents participating in a school-based HIIT intervention: the eXercise for asthma with commando Joe's® (X4ACJ) programme. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:609. [PMID: 32357869 PMCID: PMC7195754 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) elicits numerous health benefits, but little evidence is available regarding the feasibility of delivering school-based HIIT interventions. The aim of this study was to explore adolescents' perceptions of a 6-month, 3 × 30-min sessions per week, HIIT intervention delivered either before or after school. METHOD Eighty adolescents allocated to the intervention group (13.3 ± 1.0 years; 45 boys) were invited to take part in semi-structured focus groups post-intervention. Participants were categorised as attendees (≥40% attendance) or non-attendees (< 5% attendance). Data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed deductively, with key emergent themes represented using pen profiles. RESULTS Results showed that a school-based HIIT intervention can be an enjoyable form of exercise. Irrespective of attendance, similar facilitators and barriers to participating were highlighted, including benefits of participation, content of the exercise session and the intervention instructor. CONCLUSION This study provides support for the delivery of a HIIT intervention in a school setting but highlights the importance of a flexible design and delivery to accommodate competing interests. There is a need to educate adolescents on the possible benefits of participation and to make the sessions enjoyable in order to increase their extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to sustain participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Sharp
- Public Health Collaborating Unit, School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports Science Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
| | - William T B Eddolls
- Applied Sports Science Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Harriet Koorts
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Charles O N Winn
- Applied Sports Science Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports Science Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Eather N, Beauchamp MR, Rhodes RE, Diallo TMO, Smith JJ, Jung ME, Plotnikoff RC, Noetel M, Harris N, Graham E, Lubans DR. Development and Evaluation of the High-Intensity Interval Training Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:114-122. [PMID: 32150720 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study involved the design and evaluation of the High-Intensity Interval Training Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (HIIT-SQ). Phase 1: Questionnaire items were developed. Phase 2: Australian adolescents (N = 389, 16.0 ± 0.4 years, 41.10% female) completed the HIIT-SQ, and factorial validity of the measurement model was explored. Phase 3: Adolescents (N = 100, age 12-14 years, 44% female) completed the HIIT-SQ twice (1 week apart) to evaluate test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis of the final six items (mean = 3.43-6.73, SD = 0.99-25.30) revealed adequate fit, χ2(21) = 21, p = .01, comparative fit index = .99, Tucker-Lewis index = .99, root mean square of approximation = .07, 90% confidence interval [.04, .11]. Factor loading estimates showed that all items were highly related to the factor (estimates range: 0.81-0.90). Intraclass coefficients and typical error values were .99 (95% confidence interval [.99, 1.00]) and .22, respectively. This study provides preliminary evidence for the validity and reliability of scores derived from the HIIT-SQ in adolescents.
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Janssen A, Leahy AA, Diallo TMO, Smith JJ, Kennedy SG, Eather N, Mavilidi MF, Wagemakers A, Babic MJ, Lubans DR. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and mental health in older adolescents: A multi-level cross-sectional analysis. Prev Med 2020; 132:105985. [PMID: 31954836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity interventions that promote cardiorespiratory (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) may improve mental health in young adolescents. However, less is known about the links between fitness and mental health in older adolescents, as they are an understudied population. In addition, the association between MF and adolescents' mental health is less clear than it is for CRF. Our primary aim was to investigate whether MF is independently associated with mental health in a sample of older adolescents. Our secondary aim was to determine if the association between fitness and mental health was moderated by sex, socio-economic status (SES) or weight status. Participants were 670 students (16.0 [0.4] years, 44.6% female) from 20 secondary schools in New South Wales, Australia. Mental health (well-being and internalizing problems) was self-reported using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We assessed CRF using the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run and MF using the push-up and standing long jump tests. After controlling for CRF, MF was not associated with mental health. CRF was associated with well-being (β = 0.20, p < .001) and internalizing problems (β = -0.27, p < .001). The strength of association between CRF and mental health was stronger in girls, than boys. No interaction effects were observed for SES or weight status. Although cross-sectional, our findings provide further evidence of the potential benefits of CRF for adolescents' mental health (i.e., well-being and internalizing problems), particularly girls. However, MF may be less relevant for mental health among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Janssen
- Group Health and Society, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thierno M O Diallo
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annemarie Wagemakers
- Group Health and Society, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J Babic
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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Engel FA, Wagner MO, Schelhorn F, Deubert F, Leutzsch S, Stolz A, Sperlich B. Classroom-Based Micro-Sessions of Functional High-Intensity Circuit Training Enhances Functional Strength but Not Cardiorespiratory Fitness in School Children-A Feasibility Study. Front Public Health 2019; 7:291. [PMID: 31799229 PMCID: PMC6867994 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the short-term effect of 6 min classroom-based micro-sessions of multi-joint functional high-intensity circuit training (FunctionalHIIT) performed by students during regular classes on parameters related to functional strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. In this randomized controlled 4-week study, 17 students (11 male; 6 female; age: 11.6 ± 0.2 years) performed 6 min of FunctionalHIIT (targeting >17 on the Borg scale) 4 days per week during regular school classes and 18 students (11 male; 7 female; age: 11.7 ± 0.3 years) served as control group (CG) without any additional in-class physical activity. The FunctionalHIIT group completed 86% of all planned sessions (mean duration: 6.0 ± 1.5 min) with a mean RPE of 17.3 ± 2.1. Body height, mass and BMI did not differ between the groups at baseline or between pre- and post-testing (p > 0.05; eta2 ≤ 0.218). The performances in lateral jumping (p < 0.000; part eta2 = 0.382; Δ% 4.6 ± 8.6), sit-ups (p < 0.000; part eta2 = 0.485; Δ% 3.1 ± 8.6) and 20-m sprints (p < 0.000; part eta2 = 0.691; Δ% 15.8 ± 5.4) improved in both groups with greater increase following FunctionalHIIT. No baseline differences and no interaction effects occurred in performance of 6 min run, flexibility, push-ups, balance, and long jump. Classroom-based FunctionalHIIT sessions, performed 4 days per week during 4 weeks did not improve variables related to aerobic endurance performance but enhanced certain parameters of functional strength in schoolchildren. As time is limited in the educational system of schools, FunctionalHIIT during regular school classes could offer a new perspective for increasing functional strength in schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Engel
- Department Movement and Training Science, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Schelhorn
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Deubert
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Leutzsch
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Stolz
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Leahy AA, Eather N, Smith JJ, Hillman C, Morgan PJ, Nilsson M, Lonsdale C, Plotnikoff RC, Noetel M, Holliday E, Shigeta TT, Costigan SA, Walker FR, Young S, Valkenborghs SR, Gyawali P, Harris N, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR. School-based physical activity intervention for older adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the Burn 2 Learn cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026029. [PMID: 31122975 PMCID: PMC6537983 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This trial aims to investigate the impact of a school-based physical activity programme, involving high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on the physical, mental and cognitive health of senior school students. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention will be evaluated using a two-arm parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial with allocation occurring at the school level (to treatment or wait-list control). Schools will be recruited in two cohorts from New South Wales, Australia. The trial will aim to recruit ~720 senior school students (aged 16-18 years) from 20 secondary schools (ie, 10 schools per cohort). A range of implementation strategies will be provided to teachers (eg, training, equipment and support) to facilitate the delivery of HIIT sessions during scheduled classes. In phase I and II (3 months each), teachers will facilitate the delivery of at least two HIIT sessions/week during lesson-time. In phase III (6 months), students will be encouraged to complete sessions outside of lesson-time (teachers may continue to facilitate the delivery of B2L sessions during lesson-time). Study outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary end point) and 12 months. Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttle run test) is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include: vigorous physical activity, muscular fitness, cognition and mental health. A subsample of students will (i) provide hair samples to determine their accumulated exposure to stressful events and (ii) undergo multimodal MRI to examine brain structure and function. A process evaluation will be conducted (ie, recruitment, retention, attendance and programme satisfaction). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received approval from the University of Newcastle (H-2016-0424) and the NSW Department of Education (SERAP: 2017116) human research ethics committees. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12618000293268; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations(CRI), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatsuya T Shigeta
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah A Costigan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Young
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah R Valkenborghs
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gyawali
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel Harris
- Auckland University of Technology, Human Potential Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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