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Green PG, Levine JD. A novel anti-pruritic: Topical co-administration of high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH) with protamine, a transdermal transport enhancer. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241254455. [PMID: 38728068 PMCID: PMC11088296 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241254455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pruritis, the sensation of itch, is produced by multiple substances, exogenous and endogenous, that sensitizes specialized sensory neurons (pruriceptors and pruri-nociceptors). Unfortunately, many patients with acute and chronic pruritis obtain only partial relief when treated with currently available treatment modalities. We recently demonstrated that the topical application of high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH), when combined with vehicles containing transdermal transport enhancers, produce potent long-lasting reversal of nociceptor sensitization associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In the present experiments we tested the hypothesis that the topical formulation of HMWH with protamine, a transdermal transport enhancer, can also attenuate pruritis. We report that this topical formulation of HMWH markedly attenuates scratching behavior at the nape of the neck induced by serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), in male and female rats. Our results support the hypothesis that topical HMWH in a transdermal transport enhancer vehicle is a strong anti-pruritic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Green
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, and UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Preventative & Restorative Dental Sciences, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, and UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Zhang Q, Li T, Niu J, Xiao J, Zhang M, Zhang R, Chen D, Shi Y, Zhang X, Hu X, Yu B, Feng J, Fang Q. Inhibitory effects of antibiotic-induced gut microbiota depletion on acute itch behavior in mice. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:50-61. [PMID: 36126873 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota is known to be associated with the regulation of many neurological diseases and behaviors, including chronic pain. However, it is unclear whether the gut microbiota is critical to the itch sensation. In this study, we investigated the effects of gut microbiota depletion on acute itch. METHODS First, an antibiotic cocktail was orally administered to deplete the gut microbiota in male C57BL/6 mice. Then, pruritogens were intradermally injected to induce acute itch behavior. In addition, antibiotic-treated mice received transplantation of fecal microbiota from untreated mice, followed by tests for acute itch. The changes in c-Fos expression in trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons were also investigated by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Our results indicated that chronic antibiotic treatment significantly reduced the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota of mice. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, antibiotic-treated mice showed reductions in acute itch behavior induced by compound 48/80, chloroquine (CQ), and serotonin (5-HT), respectively. Moreover, repositioning of microbiota reversed the reductions in acute itch behavior in antibiotic-treated mice. In addition, immunofluorescence staining revealed that antibiotic-treated mice displayed decreased c-Fos expression in ipsilateral TG compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study, for the first time, discovered that antibiotic-induced gut microbiota depletion could reduce acute itch behavior, which may be connected with decreased TG neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Run Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuanran Hu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Quan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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3
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Toyama S, Tominaga M, Takamori K. Connections between Immune-Derived Mediators and Sensory Nerves for Itch Sensation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12365. [PMID: 34830245 PMCID: PMC8624544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histamine is a well-known itch mediator, histamine H1-receptor blockers often lack efficacy in chronic itch. Recent molecular and cellular based studies have shown that non-histaminergic mediators, such as proteases, neuropeptides and cytokines, along with their cognate receptors, are involved in evocation and modulation of itch sensation. Many of these molecules are produced and secreted by immune cells, which act on sensory nerve fibers distributed in the skin to cause itching and sensitization. This understanding of the connections between immune cell-derived mediators and sensory nerve fibers has led to the development of new treatments for itch. This review summarizes current knowledge of immune cell-derived itch mediators and neuronal response mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic agents that target these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumika Toyama
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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4
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Sanjel B, Kim BH, Song MH, Carstens E, Shim WS. Glucosylsphingosine evokes pruritus via activation of 5-HT 2A receptor and TRPV4 in sensory neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2193-2207. [PMID: 34766332 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucosylsphingosine (GS), an endogenous sphingolipid, is highly accumulated in the epidermis of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) due to abnormal ceramide metabolism. More importantly, GS can evoke scratching behaviors. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which GS induces pruritus has been elusive. Thus, the present study aimed to elucidate the molecular signaling pathway of GS, especially at the peripheral sensory neuronal levels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Calcium imaging was used to investigate the responses of HEK293T cells or mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to application of GS. Scratching behavior tests were also performed with wild-type and Trpv4 knockout mice. KEY RESULTS GS activated DRG neurons in a manner involving both the 5-HT2A receptor and TRPV4. Furthermore, GS-induced responses were significantly suppressed by various inhibitors, including ketanserin (5-HT2A receptor antagonist), YM254890 (Gαq/11 inhibitor), gallein (Gβγ complex inhibitor), U73122 (phospholipase C inhibitor), bisindolylmaleimide I (PKC inhibitor), and HC067047 (TRPV4 antagonist). Moreover, DRG neurons from Trpv4 knockout mice exhibited significantly reduced responses to GS. Additionally, GS-evoked scratching behaviors were greatly decreased by pretreatment with inhibitors of either 5-HT2A receptor or TRPV4. As expected, GS-evoked scratching behavior was also significantly decreased in Trpv4 knockout mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, the present study provides evidence for a novel molecular signaling pathway for GS-evoked pruritus, which utilizes both 5-HT2A receptor and TRPV4 in mouse sensory neurons. Considering the high accumulation of GS in the epidermis of patients with AD, GS could be another pruritogen in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babina Sanjel
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hyun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Kwiatkowska D, Reich A. Role of Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Pruritus in Mastocytosis. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 101:adv00583. [PMID: 34642766 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v101.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus can be defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch and significantly impairs patients' quality of life. Pruritus is widely observed in many dermatoses, including mastocytosis, a rare disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of mast cells, which can involve skin, bone marrow, and other organs. Increasing evidence highlights the role of mast cells in neurogenic inflammation and itching. Mast cells release various pruritogenic mediators, initiating subsequent mutual communication with specific nociceptors on sensory nerve fibres. Among important mediators released by mast cells that induce pruritus, one can distinguish histamine, serotonin, proteases, as well as various cytokines. During neuronal-induced inflammation, mast cells may respond to numerous mediators, including neuropeptides, such as substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, endothelin 1, and nerve growth factor. Currently, treatment of pruritus in mastocytosis is focused on alleviating the effects of mediators secreted by mast cells. However, a deeper understanding of the intricacies of the neurobiology of this disease could help to provide better treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Reich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rzeszow, Ul. Szopena 2, PL-35-055 Rzeszów, Poland.
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6
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Park HJ, Ahn S, Lee H, Hahm DH, Kim K, Yeom M. Acupuncture ameliorates not only atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation but also acute and chronic serotonergic itch possibly through blockade of 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 7 receptors in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:399-408. [PMID: 33524554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has been known to be effective for atopic dermatitis, especially ameliorating itch; however, its mechanisms are still unclear. The aim of this study was to test the anti-itch effects of acupuncture and to investigate its possible mechanisms. Acupuncture was performed at Gok-Ji (LI11) acupoints just before the injection of pruritogens in the mouse cheek model of acute itch and of MC903-induced atopic dermatitis displaying serotonergic chronic itch. Acupuncture significantly reduced acute itch triggered by compound 48/80, chloroquine, or especially serotonin. It also markedly reduced scratching behaviors evoked by the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist α-methylserotonin and selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist LP 44. In addition, acupuncture treatment at LI11 had the preventive and therapeutic effects on persistent itch as well as the robust skin inflammation with epidermal thickening in mice with MC903-induced atopic dermatitis. It also considerably reduced the increased expression of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT7 receptors in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice treated with MC903. Taken together, these findings highlight that acupuncture significantly ameliorates not only skin inflammation, but also acute and chronic serotonergic itch, possibly through blockade of serotonin 5-HT2 and 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi-Joon Park
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Ahn
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangsook Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 02447 Seoul, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Dermatology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Kahremany S, Hofmann L, Gruzman A, Cohen G. Advances in Understanding the Initial Steps of Pruritoceptive Itch: How the Itch Hits the Switch. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144883. [PMID: 32664385 PMCID: PMC7402353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pruritoceptive (dermal) itch was long considered an accompanying symptom of diseases, a side effect of drug applications, or a temporary sensation induced by invading pruritogens, as produced by the stinging nettle. Due to extensive research in recent years, it was possible to provide detailed insights into the mechanism of itch mediation and modulation. Hence, it became apparent that pruritus is a complex symptom or disease in itself, which requires particular attention to improve patients’ health. Here, we summarize recent findings in pruritoceptive itch, including how this sensation is triggered and modulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous pruritogens and their receptors. A differentiation between mediating pruritogen and modulating pruritogen seems to be of great advantage to understand and decipher the molecular mechanism of itch perception. Only a comprehensive view on itch sensation will provide a solid basis for targeting this long-neglected adverse sensation accompanying numerous diseases and many drug side effects. Finally, we identify critical aspects of itch perception that require future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (A.G.)
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada 86910, Israel;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada 86910, Israel;
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Eilat 8855630, Israel
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8
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Domocos D, Selescu T, Ceafalan LC, Iodi Carstens M, Carstens E, Babes A. Role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors in serotonergic activation of sensory neurons in relation to itch and pain behavior in the rat. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1999-2017. [PMID: 32537854 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) released by platelets, mast cells, and immunocytes is a potent inflammatory mediator which modulates pain and itch sensing in the peripheral nervous system. The serotonergic receptors expressed by primary afferent neurons involved in these sensory functions are not fully identified and appear to be to a large extent species dependent. Moreover, the mechanisms through which 5-HT receptor activation is coupled to changes in neuronal excitability have not been completely revealed. Using a combination of in vitro (calcium and voltage imaging and patch-clamp) and in vivo behavioral methods, we used both male and female Wistar rats to provide evidence for the involvement of two 5-HT receptor subtypes, 5-HT1A and 5-HT3, in mediating the sustained and transient effects, respectively, of 5-HT on rat primary afferent neurons involved in pain and itch processing. In addition, our results are consistent with a model in which sustained serotonergic responses triggered via the 5-HT1A receptor are due to closure of background potassium channels, followed by membrane depolarization and action potentials, during which the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels leads to calcium entry. Our results may provide a better understanding of mammalian serotonergic itch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Domocos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Cristina Ceafalan
- Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Iodi Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Sandoval-Talamantes AK, Gómez-González BA, Uriarte-Mayorga DF, Martínez-Guzman MA, Wheber-Hidalgo KA, Alvarado-Navarro A. Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and their receptors interact with immune response in healthy and psoriatic skin. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102004. [PMID: 31902596 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a multifactorial origin that affects the skin. It is characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, which results in erythemato-squamous plaques. Just as the immune system plays a fundamental role in psoriasis physiopathology, the nervous system maintains the inflammatory process through the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters synthesis, as histamine, serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerve growth factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, adenosine, glucagon-like peptide, somatostatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase polypeptide. In patients with psoriasis, the systemic or in situ expression of these chemical mediators and their receptors are altered, which affects the clinical activity of patients due to its link to the immune system, provoking neurogenic inflammation. It is important to establish the role of the nervous system since it could represent a therapeutic alternative for psoriasis patients. The aim of this review is to offer a detailed review of the current literature about the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters involved in the physiopathology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen Sandoval-Talamantes
- Centro de Reabilitación Infantil Teletón de Occidente, Copal 4575, Col. Arboledas del Sur, 44980 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - B A Gómez-González
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - D F Uriarte-Mayorga
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - M A Martínez-Guzman
- Unima Diagnósticos de México, Paseo de los Mosqueteros 4181, Col. Villa Universitaria, 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Katia Alejandra Wheber-Hidalgo
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y dermatología, Universidad de Guadalajara, México, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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10
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Antipruritic Effects of Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists: Evidence from Rodents to Humans. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 271:275-292. [PMID: 33296031 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Centrally administered bombesin induces scratching and grooming in rats. These behaviors were blocked by early benzomorphan kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists as reported by Gmerek and Cowan in 1984. This was the first evidence that KORs may be involved in the sensation of itch-like behaviors. Subsequent development of additional animal models for acute and chronic itch has led to important discoveries since then. For example, it was found that (a) gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), natriuretic polypeptide b and their cognate receptors are keys for the transmission of itch sensation at the spinal cord level, (b) dynorphins (Dyns), the endogenous KOR agonists, work as inhibitory neuromodulators of itch at the spinal cord level, (c) in a mouse model for acute itch, certain KOR antagonists elicit scratching, (d) in mouse models of acute or chronic itch, KOR agonists (e.g., U50,488, nalfurafine, CR 845, nalbuphine) suppress scratching induced by different pruritogens, and (e) nalfurafine, CR 845, and nalbuphine are in the clinic or in clinical trials for pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease, as well as pruritus in chronic skin diseases.
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11
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Dong X, Dong X. Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Itch. Neuron 2019; 98:482-494. [PMID: 29723501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Itch is a unique sensory experience that is encoded by genetically distinguishable neurons both in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) to elicit a characteristic behavioral response (scratching). Itch interacts with the other sensory modalities at multiple locations, from its initiation in a particular dermatome to its transmission to the brain where it is finally perceived. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular and neural mechanisms of itch by starting in the periphery, where itch is initiated, and discussing the circuits involved in itch processing in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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12
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Han NR, Moon PD, Yoo MS, Ryu KJ, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Regulatory effects of chrysophanol, a bioactive compound of AST2017-01 in a mouse model of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:220-226. [PMID: 30025384 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine whether AST2017-01 which consists of Rumex crispus and Cordyceps militaris would improve atopic dermatitis (AD). We analyzed anti-AD effects of AST2017-01 and chrysophanol, a bioactive compound of AST2017-01, using a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD murine model. AST2017-01 and chrysophanol relieved clinical severity in AD-like skin lesions and significantly decreased scratching behavior. The thickness of epidermis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in AD-like skin lesions were reduced by AST2017-01 or chrysophanol. AST2017-01 and chrysophanol significantly suppressed the levels of histamine, immunoglobulin E, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum of AD mice. The protein levels of TSLP, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 were significantly inhibited in the skin lesions. The mRNA expressions of TSLP, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17, and C-C chemokine receptor 3 were inhibited in the skin lesions by AST2017-01 or chrysophanol. In addition, AST2017-01 and chrysophanol significantly suppressed the expressions and activities of caspase-1 in the skin lesions. Taken together, these results suggest that AST2017-01 has beneficial effects on AD and may be used as a health functional food in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Yoo
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-Jung Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Hoseo University, 20, Hoseo-ro 79 beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31499, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Lerner EA. Role of mast cells and basophils in pruritus. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:248-264. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
- Translational Research Institute; Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar; Doha Qatar
- Medical School; Qatar University; Doha Qatar
- Department Of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Jörg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
- Translational Research Institute; Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Ethan A. Lerner
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center; Department of Dermatology; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School; Charlestown MA USA
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14
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Attenuation of serotonin-induced itch by sumatriptan: possible involvement of endogenous opioids. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:165-172. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Haddadi NS, Ostadhadi S, Shakiba S, Afshari K, Rahimi N, Foroutan A, Dehpour AR. Pharmacological evidence of involvement of nitric oxide pathway in anti-pruritic effects of sumatriptan in chloroquine-induced scratching in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 32:69-76. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazgol-Sadat Haddadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
| | - Sattar Ostadhadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Chamran highway Bagherkhan St., Imam Khomeini Hospital Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Shakiba
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Foroutan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmad-Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poorsina St., Enghelab Ave.; Tehran Iran
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16
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Afzal R, Shim WS. Glucosylsphingosine Activates Serotonin Receptor 2a and 2b: Implication of a Novel Itch Signaling Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:497-503. [PMID: 28208011 PMCID: PMC5590793 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports claimed that glucosylsphingosine (GS) is highly accumulated and specifically evoking itch-scratch responses in the skins of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. However, it was unclear how GS can trigger itch-scratch responses, since there were no known molecular singling pathways revealed yet. In the present study, it was verified for the first time that GS can activate mouse serotonin receptor 2a (mHtr2a) and 2b (mHtr2b), but not 2c (mHtr2c) that are expressed in HEK293T cells. Specifically, effects of GS on all mouse serotonin receptor 2 subfamily were evaluated by calcium imaging techniques. The GS-induced intracellular calcium increase was dose-dependent, and antagonists such as ketanserin (Htr2a antagonist) and RS-127445 (Htr2b antagonist) significantly blocked the GS-induced responses. Moreover, the proposed GS-induced responses appear to be mediated by phospholipase C (PLC), since pretreatment of a PLC inhibitor U-73122 abolished the GS-induced responses. Additionally, the GS-induced calcium influx is probably mediated by endogenous TRPC ion channels in HEK293T cells, since pretreatment of SKF-96365, an inhibitor for TRPC, significantly suppressed GS-induced response. In conclusion, the present study revealed for the first time that GS can stimulate mHtr2a and mHtr2b to induce calcium influx, by utilizing PLC-dependent pathway afterwards. Considering that GS is regarded as a pruritogen in AD, the present study implicates a novel GS-induced itch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Afzal
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Institue of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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17
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Glycomacropeptide Attenuates Inflammation, Pruritus, and Th2 Response Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Induced by 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Rat. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6935402. [PMID: 28265582 PMCID: PMC5318634 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6935402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases, whose incidence is increasing in industrialized countries. The epicutaneous application of a hapten, such as 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), evokes an experimental murine AD-like reaction. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a dairy bioactive peptide derived from hydrolysis of κ-casein by chymosin action. It has anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and immunomodulatory effects. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of GMP administration on DNCB-induced AD in rats. The severity of inflammatory process, pruritus, production of cytokines, and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) content were measured, and the histopathological features were analyzed. GMP reduced the intensity of inflammatory process and edema of DNCB-induced dermatitis, with a significant decrease in eosinophils recruitment and mast cells hyperplasia. In addition GMP suppressed the serum levels of total IgE and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression in AD-lesions. Besides, the levels of IL-10 were significantly increased. Remarkably, GMP administration before AD-induction abolished pruritus in dermatitis-like reactions in the rats. Taken together, these results indicate that GMP has an inhibitory effect on AD by downregulating Th2 dominant immune response, suggesting GMP as a potential effective alternative therapy for the prevention and management of AD.
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Lee JS, Han JS, Lee K, Bang J, Lee H. The peripheral and central mechanisms underlying itch. BMB Rep 2017; 49:474-87. [PMID: 27418284 PMCID: PMC5227140 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.9.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch is one of the most distressing sensations that substantially impair quality of life. It is a cardinal symptom of many skin diseases and is also caused by a variety of systemic disorders. Unfortunately, currently available itch medications are ineffective in many chronic itch conditions, and they often cause undesirable side effects. To develop novel therapeutic strategies, it is essential to identify primary afferent neurons that selectively respond to itch mediators as well as the central nervous system components that process the sensation of itch and initiate behavioral responses. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of itch, focusing on itch-selective receptors, signaling molecules, neuronal pathways from the primary sensory neurons to the brain, and potential decoding mechanisms based on which itch is distinguished from pain. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(9): 474-487]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | | | - Kyeongho Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Juwon Bang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
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19
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Akiyama T, Nagamine M, Davoodi A, Ivanov M, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Innocuous warming enhances peripheral serotonergic itch signaling and evokes enhanced responses in serotonin-responsive dorsal horn neurons in the mouse. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:251-259. [PMID: 27784810 PMCID: PMC5220113 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00703.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch is often triggered by warming the skin in patients with itchy dermatitis, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We presently investigated if warming the skin enhances histamine- or serotonin (5-HT)-evoked itch behavior or responses of sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, and if responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons to innocuous warming are enhanced by these pruritogens. In a temperature-controlled environmental chamber, mice exhibited greater scratching following intradermal injection of 5-HT, but not histamine, SLIGRL, or BAM8-22, when the skin surface temperature was above 36°C. Calcium imaging of DRG cells in a temperature-controlled bath revealed that responses to 5-HT, but not histamine, were significantly greater at a bath temperature of 35°C vs. lower temperatures. Single-unit recordings revealed a subpopulation of superficial dorsal horn neurons responsive to intradermal injection of 5-HT. Of these, 58% responded to innocuous skin warming (37°C) prior to intradermal injection of 5-HT, while 100% responded to warming following intradermal injection of 5-HT. Warming-evoked responses were superimposed on the 5-HT-evoked elevation in firing and were significantly larger compared with responses pre-5-HT, as long as 30 min after the intradermal injection of 5-HT. Five-HT-insensitive units, and units that either did or did not respond to intradermal histamine, did not exhibit any increase in the incidence of warmth sensitivity or in the mean response to warming following intradermal injection of the pruritogen. The results suggest that 5-HT-evoked responses of pruriceptors are enhanced during skin warming, leading to increased firing of 5-HT-sensitive dorsal horn neurons that signal nonhistaminergic itch. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skin warming often exacerbates itch in patients with itchy dermatitis. We demonstrate that warming the skin enhanced serotonin-evoked, but not histamine-evoked, itch behavior and responses of sensory dorsal root ganglion cells. Moreover, serotonin, but not histamine, enhanced responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons to innocuous warming. The results suggest that skin warming selectively enhances the responses of serotonin-sensitive pruriceptors, leading to increased firing of serotonin-sensitive dorsal horn neurons that signal nonhistaminergic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akiyama
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California; and
- Departments of Dermatology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Temple Itch Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M Nagamine
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - A Davoodi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - M Ivanov
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - M Iodi Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - E Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California; and
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20
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Tian B, Wang XL, Huang Y, Chen LH, Cheng RX, Zhou FM, Guo R, Li JC, Liu T. Peripheral and spinal 5-HT receptors participate in cholestatic itch and antinociception induced by bile duct ligation in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36286. [PMID: 27824106 PMCID: PMC5099756 DOI: 10.1038/srep36286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 5-HT has been implicated in cholestatic itch and antinociception, two common phenomena in patients with cholestatic disease, the roles of 5-HT receptor subtypes are unclear. Herein, we investigated the roles of 5-HT receptors in itch and antinociception associated with cholestasis, which was induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. 5-HT-induced enhanced scratching and antinociception to mechanical and heat stimuli were demonstrated in BDL rats. 5-HT level in the skin and spinal cord was significantly increased in BDL rats. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3A, 5-HT5B, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 were up-regulated in peripheral nervous system and 5-HT1A, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT3A were down-regulated in the spinal cord of BDL rats. Intradermal 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptor agonists induced scratching in BDL rats, whereas 5-HT3 agonist did not induce scratching in sham rats. 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 agonists or antagonists suppressed itch in BDL rats. 5-HT1A agonist attenuated, but 5-HT1A antagonist enhanced antinociception in BDL rats. 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 agonists or antagonists attenuated antinociception in BDL rats. Our data suggested peripheral and central 5-HT system dynamically participated in itch and antinociception under cholestasis condition and targeting 5-HT receptors may be an effective treatment for cholestatic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Xue-Long Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ruo-Xiao Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Feng-Ming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jun-Cheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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21
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Hoeck EA, Marker JB, Gazerani P, H. Andersen H, Arendt-Nielsen L. Preclinical and human surrogate models of itch. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:750-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil A. Hoeck
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Jens B. Marker
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Hjalte H. Andersen
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- SMI; Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Aalborg E Denmark
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22
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Palmqvist N, Siller M, Klint C, Sjödin A. A human and animal model-based approach to investigating the anti-inflammatory profile and potential of the 5-HT2B receptor antagonist AM1030. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2016; 13:20. [PMID: 27340371 PMCID: PMC4918035 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-016-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by highly pruritic eczematous lesions that are commonly treated with topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors. Side-effects and safety concerns associated with these agents restrict their use, and new, safe treatment options are therefore needed. Recent reports suggest that serotonin, i.e. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the 5-HT2 receptor family may contribute to inflammation and pruritus in the skin. The objective of this particular study was to investigate the 5HT2B receptor antagonist AM1030 with respect to its anti-inflammatory profile and potential. Methods AM1030 was tested in a set of distinct human and rodent in vitro and in vivo models, differing with respect to e.g. T cell involvement, triggering stimulus, main read-outs and route of drug administration. The in vitro systems used were staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human primary monocytes, LPS-stimulated human THP-1 monocytes and LPS-stimulated mouse primary macrophages. The in vivo systems used were LPS- and SEA-induced cytokine production in the mouse, antigen-induced arthritis in the rat, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase-induced arthritis in the mouse and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the mouse. In addition, different cell populations were analyzed with respect to their expression of the 5-HT2B receptor at the mRNA level. Results AM1030 significantly reduced both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent inflammatory responses, in vivo and in vitro. Due to the low or absent expression of the 5-HT2B receptor on T cell populations, the influence of AM1030 in T cell-dependent systems is suggested to be mediated via an indirect effect involving antigen-presenting cell types, such as monocytes and macrophages. Conclusion Based on the wide range of model systems used in this study, differing e.g. with respect to species, T cell involvement, triggering stimuli, route of drug administration and read-outs, our results suggest a broad anti-inflammatory effect of AM1030 and identify the 5-HT2B receptor as a promising future target for anti-inflammatory intervention, e.g. in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Siller
- AnaMar AB, R&D, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Klint
- AnaMar AB, R&D, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Sjödin
- AnaMar AB, R&D, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
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24
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Akiyama T, Ivanov M, Nagamine M, Davoodi A, Carstens MI, Ikoma A, Cevikbas F, Kempkes C, Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M, Carstens E. Involvement of TRPV4 in Serotonin-Evoked Scratching. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:154-160. [PMID: 26763435 PMCID: PMC4731048 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several thermo-sensitive TRP channels (TRPV1, -3; TRPA1) have been implicated in itch. In contrast, the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-4 (TRPV4) in itch is unknown. Therefore, we investigated if TRPV4, a temperature-sensitive cation channel, plays an important role in acute itch in mice. Four different pruritogens including serotonin (5-hydroxytrytamine, 5-HT), histamine, SLIGRL (PAR2/MrgprC11 agonist) and chloroquine (MrgprA3 agonist) were intradermally injected and itch-related scratching behavior was assessed. TRPV4 knockout (TRPV4KO) mice exhibited significantly fewer 5-HT-evoked scratching bouts compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Notably, no differences between TRPV4KO and WT mice were observed in the number of scratch bouts elicited by SLIGRL and histamine. Pretreatment with a TRPV4 antagonist significantly attenuated 5-HT-evoked scratching in vivo. Using calcium imaging in cultured primary murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, the response of neurons after 5-HT application, but not other pruritogens, was significantly lower in TRPV4KO compared to WT mice. A TRPV4 antagonist significantly suppressed 5-HT-evoked responses in DRG cells from WT mice. Approximately 90% of 5-HT-sensitive DRG neurons were immunoreactive for an antibody to TRPV4, as assessed by calcium imaging. These results indicate that serotonin-induced itch is linked to TRPV4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Akiyama
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Temple Itch Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Margaret Ivanov
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Masaki Nagamine
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Auva Davoodi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mirela I Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Akihiko Ikoma
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ferda Cevikbas
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Cordula Kempkes
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA; U Dept. of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA; U Dept. of Dermatology and UCD Charles Institute for Translational Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - E Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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25
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Stantcheva KK, Iovino L, Dhandapani R, Martinez C, Castaldi L, Nocchi L, Perlas E, Portulano C, Pesaresi M, Shirlekar KS, de Castro Reis F, Paparountas T, Bilbao D, Heppenstall PA. A subpopulation of itch-sensing neurons marked by Ret and somatostatin expression. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:585-600. [PMID: 26929027 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Itch, the unpleasant sensation that elicits a desire to scratch, is mediated by specific subtypes of cutaneous sensory neuron. Here, we identify a subpopulation of itch-sensing neurons based on their expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. We apply flow cytometry to isolate Ret-positive neurons from dorsal root ganglia and detected a distinct population marked by low levels of Ret and absence of isolectin B4 binding. We determine the transcriptional profile of these neurons and demonstrate that they express neuropeptides such as somatostatin (Sst), the NGF receptor TrkA, and multiple transcripts associated with itch. We validate the selective expression of Sst using an Sst-Cre driver line and ablated these neurons by generating mice in which the diphtheria toxin receptor is conditionally expressed from the sensory neuron-specific Avil locus. Sst-Cre::Avil(iDTR) mice display normal nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. However, scratching behavior evoked by interleukin-31 (IL-31) or agonist at the 5HT1F receptor is significantly reduced. Our data provide a molecular signature for a subpopulation of neurons activated by multiple pruritogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loredana Iovino
- EMBL Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Heppenstall
- EMBL Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
In this chapter we will first introduce the pathophysiological process of several skin diseases including allergic dermatitis, a common skin disease, including chronic allergic contact dermatitis (CACD), and atopic dermatitis (AD). In CACD and AD patients, repeated skin exposure to antigens contributes to the development of chronic eczematous lesions. Repeated application of haptens on mice allows emulation of the development of CACD in humans. Further, we will focus on H1, H2, and H4 histamine receptors and their effects on CACD and AD. Histamine-deficient mice, with a knockout histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene, were used to investigate the role of histamine in CACD and AD. Histamine induces infiltration of inflammatory cells, including mast cells and eosinophils, and elevates Th2 cytokine levels in CACD. Histamine promotes the development of eczematous lesions, elevates IgE serum levels, and induces scratching behavior in CACD. The administration of H1 or H4 receptor antagonists was effective to ameliorate these symptoms in murine CACD models. The combination of H1 and H4 receptor antagonists is a potential therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as CACD and AD, since combined therapy proved to be more effective than monotherapy.
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TRPV1 and PLC Participate in Histamine H4 Receptor-Induced Itch. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:1682972. [PMID: 26819760 PMCID: PMC4706928 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1682972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine H4 receptor has been confirmed to play a role in evoking peripheral pruritus. However, the ionic and intracellular signaling mechanism of activation of H4 receptor on the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is still unknown. By using cell culture and calcium imaging, we studied the underlying mechanism of activation of H4 receptor on the DRG neuron. Immepip dihydrobromide (immepip)—a histamine H4 receptor special agonist under cutaneous injection—obviously induced itch behavior of mice. Immepip-induced scratching behavior could be blocked by TRPV1 antagonist AMG9810 and PLC pathway inhibitor U73122. Application of immepip (8.3–50 μM) could also induce a dose-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) of DRG neurons. We found that 77.8% of the immepip-sensitized DRG neurons respond to the TRPV1 selective agonist capsaicin. U73122 could inhibit immepip-induced Ca2+ responses. In addition, immepip-induced [Ca2+]i increase could be blocked by ruthenium red, capsazepine, and AMG9810; however it could not be blocked by TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031. These results indicate that TRPV1 but not TRPA1 is the important ion channel to induce the DRG neurons' responses in the downstream signaling pathway of histamine H4 receptor and suggest that TRPV1 may be involved in the mechanism of histamine-induced itch response by H4 receptor activation.
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Luo J, Feng J, Liu S, Walters ET, Hu H. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate pain and itch. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3201-23. [PMID: 25894692 PMCID: PMC4534341 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons mediate our sense of touch. They are critically involved in transducing pain and itch sensations under physiological and pathological conditions, along with other skin-resident cells. Tissue damage and inflammation can produce a localized or systemic sensitization of our senses of pain and itch, which can facilitate our detection of threats in the environment. Although acute pain and itch protect us from further damage, persistent pain and itch are debilitating. Recent exciting discoveries have significantly advanced our knowledge of the roles of membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels in the encoding of information leading to pain and itch sensations. This review focuses on molecular and cellular events that are important in early stages of the biological processing that culminates in our senses of pain and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Morita T, McClain SP, Batia LM, Pellegrino M, Wilson SR, Kienzler MA, Lyman K, Olsen ASB, Wong JF, Stucky CL, Brem RB, Bautista DM. HTR7 Mediates Serotonergic Acute and Chronic Itch. Neuron 2015; 87:124-38. [PMID: 26074006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is a prevalent and debilitating condition for which few effective therapies are available. We harnessed the natural variation across genetically distinct mouse strains to identify transcripts co-regulated with itch behavior. This survey led to the discovery of the serotonin receptor HTR7 as a key mediator of serotonergic itch. Activation of HTR7 promoted opening of the ion channel TRPA1, which in turn triggered itch behaviors. In addition, acute itch triggered by serotonin or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor required both HTR7 and TRPA1. Aberrant serotonin signaling has long been linked to a variety of human chronic itch conditions, including atopic dermatitis. In a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, mice lacking HTR7 or TRPA1 displayed reduced scratching and skin lesion severity. These data highlight a role for HTR7 in acute and chronic itch and suggest that HTR7 antagonists may be useful for treating a variety of pathological itch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shannan P McClain
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Lyn M Batia
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Sarah R Wilson
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael A Kienzler
- Neurobiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kyle Lyman
- Neurobiology Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Justin F Wong
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Cheryl L Stucky
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Diana M Bautista
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, 142 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Ostadhadi S, Kordjazy N, Haj-Mirzaian A, Mansouri P, Dehpour AR. 5-HT3 receptors antagonists reduce serotonin-induced scratching in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:310-5. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Ostadhadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nastaran Kordjazy
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Parvin Mansouri
- Skin and Stem cell Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Haruna T, Soga M, Morioka Y, Hikita I, Imura K, Furue Y, Yamamoto M, Imura C, Ikeda M, Yamauchi A, Deguchi M, Shichijo M, Arimura A, Yasui K. S-777469, a Novel Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Agonist, Suppresses Itch-Associated Scratching Behavior in Rodents through Inhibition of Itch Signal Transmission. Pharmacology 2015; 95:95-103. [DOI: 10.1159/000371890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Eroğlu İ, Azizoğlu E, Özyazıcı M, Nenni M, Gürer Orhan H, Özbal S, Tekmen I, Ertam İ, Ünal İ, Özer Ö. Effective topical delivery systems for corticosteroids: dermatological and histological evaluations. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:1502-13. [PMID: 25259424 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.960981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing skin disease with severe eczematous lesions. Long-term topical corticosteroid treatment can induce skin atrophy, hypopigmentation and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) increase. A new treatment approach was needed to reduce the risk by dermal targeting. For this purpose, Betamethasone valerate (BMV)/Diflucortolone valerate (DFV)-loaded liposomes (220-350 nm) were prepared and incorporated into chitosan gel to obtain adequate viscosity (∼13 000 cps). Drugs were localized in stratum corneum + epidermis of rat skin in ex-vivo permeation studies. The toxicity was assessed on human fibroblast cells. In point of in-vivo studies, pharmacodynamic responses, treatment efficacy and skin irritation were evaluated and compared with previously prepared nanoparticles. Liposome/nanoparticle in gel formulations produced higher paw edema inhibition in rats with respect to the commercial cream. Similar skin blanching effect with commercial creams was obtained via liposome in gels although they contain 10 times less drug. Dermatological scoring results, prognostic histological parameters and suppression of mast cell numbers showed higher treatment efficiency of liposome/nanoparticle in gel formulations in AD-induced rats. TEWL and erythema measurements confirmed these results. Overview of obtained results showed that liposomes might be an effective and safe carrier for corticosteroids in skin disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Merve Nenni
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - Hande Gürer Orhan
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - Seda Özbal
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Inciralti, Izmir , Turkey , and
| | - Işıl Tekmen
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Inciralti, Izmir , Turkey , and
| | - İlgen Ertam
- d Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - İdil Ünal
- d Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine , Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | - Özgen Özer
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
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Abstract
While considerable effort has been made to investigate the neural mechanisms of pain, much less effort has been devoted to itch, at least until recently. However, itch is now gaining increasing recognition as a widespread and costly medical and socioeconomic issue. This is accompanied by increasing interest in the underlying neural mechanisms of itch, which has become a vibrant and rapidly-advancing field of research. The goal of the present forefront review is to describe the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of itch mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Akiyama
- University of California, Davis, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Nishida K, Takechi K, Akiyama T, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Scratching inhibits serotonin-evoked responses of rat dorsal horn neurons in a site- and state-dependent manner. Neuroscience 2013; 250:275-81. [PMID: 23867770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Scratching inhibits pruritogen-evoked responses of neurons in the superficial dorsal horn, implicating a spinal site for scratch inhibition of itch. We investigated if scratching differentially affects neurons depending on whether they are activated by itchy vs. painful stimuli, and if the degree of inhibition depends on the relative location of scratching. We recorded from rat lumbar dorsal horn neurons responsive to intradermal (id) microinjection of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). During the response to 5-HT, scratch stimuli (3mm, 300 mN, 2 Hz, 20s) were delivered at the injection site within the mechanosensitive receptive field (on-site), or 4-30 mm away, outside of the receptive field (off-site). During off-site scratching, 5-HT-evoked firing was significantly attenuated followed by recovery. On-site scratching excited neurons, followed by a significant post-scratch decrease in 5-HT-evoked firing. Most neurons additionally responded to mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate). Off-site scratching had no effect, while on-site scratching excited the neurons. These results indicate that scratching exerts a state-dependent inhibitory effect on responses of spinal neurons to pruritic but not algesic stimuli. Moreover, on-site scratching first excited neurons followed by inhibition, while off-site scratching immediately evoked the inhibition of pruritogen-evoked activity. This accounts for the suppression of itch by scratching at a distance from the site of the itchy stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
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35
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Liu B, Escalera J, Balakrishna S, Fan L, Caceres AI, Robinson E, Sui A, McKay MC, McAlexander MA, Herrick CA, Jordt SE. TRPA1 controls inflammation and pruritogen responses in allergic contact dermatitis. FASEB J 2013; 27:3549-63. [PMID: 23722916 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin disease associated with inflammation and persistent pruritus. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in skin-innervating sensory neurons mediate acute inflammatory and pruritic responses following exogenous stimulation and may contribute to allergic responses. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPA1, but not TRPV1, inhibited skin edema, keratinocyte hyperplasia, nerve growth, leukocyte infiltration, and antihistamine-resistant scratching behavior in mice exposed to the haptens, oxazolone and urushiol, the contact allergen of poison ivy. Hapten-challenged skin of TRPA1-deficient mice contained diminished levels of inflammatory cytokines, nerve growth factor, and endogenous pruritogens, such as substance P (SP) and serotonin. TRPA1-deficient sensory neurons were defective in SP signaling, and SP-induced scratching behavior was abolished in Trpa1(-/-) mice. SP receptor antagonists, such as aprepitant inhibited both hapten-induced cutaneous inflammation and scratching behavior. These findings support a central role for TRPA1 and SP in the integration of immune and neuronal mechanisms leading to chronic inflammatory responses and pruritus associated with contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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36
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Tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 increase during the development of a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced immediate-type dermatitis in rats. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:589-97. [PMID: 23529340 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the steadily increasing incidence of atopic dermatitis, there is a great medical need for new therapies and improved animal models. OBJECTIVE To provide more detailed analysis of a Sprague-Dawley rat dermatitis model. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were actively sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP-OVA) plus alum. Skin reactions were elicited by repeated epicutaneous challenge with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). RESULTS The ear thickness exhibited a significant increase from the first challenge. A relatively steep increase in ear thickness was observed at the fifth DNFB application. After the fifth DNFB application, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgG1 levels reached a plateau at 1 h compared with the normal group. The peak production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was found at 1 h, while that of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was found at 24 h. Infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, eosinophils and mast cells increased in the skin lesion. CONCLUSIONS The indices such as thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lesional skin were increased by repeated hapten application; TNF-α, MCP-1 and ICAM-1 increased with the development of the dermatitis.
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Lee B, Descalzi G, Baek J, Kim JI, Lee HR, Lee K, Kaang BK, Zhuo M. Genetic enhancement of behavioral itch responses in mice lacking phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ). Mol Pain 2011; 7:96. [PMID: 22168443 PMCID: PMC3261823 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are important for synaptic plasticity and various brain functions. The only class IB isoform of PI3K, PI3Kγ, has received the most attention due to its unique roles in synaptic plasticity and cognition. However, the potential role of PI3Kγ in sensory transmission, such as pain and itch has not been examined. In this study, we present the evidence for the first time, that genetic deletion of PI3Kγ enhanced scratching behaviours in histamine-dependent and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2)-dependent itch. In contrast, PI3Kγ-deficient mice did not exhibit enhanced scratching in chloroquine-induced itch, suggesting that PI3Kγ selectively contributes to certain types of behavioal itch response. Furthermore, PI3Kγ-deficient mice exhibited normal acute nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical noxious stimuli. Behavioral licking responses to intraplantar injections of formalin and mechanical allodynia in a chronic inflammatory pain model (CFA) were also not affected by PI3Kγ gene deletion. Our findings indicate that PI3Kγ selectively contributes to behavioral itching induced by histamine and PAR-2 agonist, but not chloroquine agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolam Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Klein A, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Facial injections of pruritogens or algogens elicit distinct behavior responses in rats and excite overlapping populations of primary sensory and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:1078-88. [PMID: 21653727 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00302.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether intradermal cheek injection of pruritogens or algogens differentially elicits hindlimb scratches or forelimb wipes in Sprague-Dawley rats, as recently reported in mice. We also investigated responses of primary sensory trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, as well as second-order neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), to pruritic and algesic stimuli. 5-HT was the most effective chemical to elicit dose-dependent bouts of hindlimb scratches directed to the cheek, with significantly less forelimb wiping, consistent with itch. Chloroquine also elicited significant scratching but not wiping. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; mustard oil) elicited dose-dependent wiping with no significant scratching. Capsaicin elicited equivalent numbers of scratch bouts and wipes, suggesting a mixed itch and pain sensation. By calcium imaging, ∼ 6% of cultured TG and DRG cells responded to 5-HT. The majority of 5-HT-sensitive cells also responded to chloroquine, AITC, and/or capsaicin, and one-third responded to histamine. Using a chemical search strategy, we identified single units in Vc that responded to intradermal cheek injection of 5-HT. Most were wide dynamic range (WDR) or nociceptive specific (NS), and a few were mechanically insensitive. The large majority additionally responded to AITC and/or capsaicin and thus were not pruritogen selective. These results suggest that primary and second-order neurons responsive to pruritogens and algogens may utilize a population coding mechanism to distinguish between itch and pain, sensations that are behaviorally manifested by distinct hindlimb scratching and forelimb wiping responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Cevikbas F, Steinhoff M, Ikoma A. Role of spinal neurotransmitter receptors in itch: new insights into therapies and drug development. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 17:742-9. [PMID: 20950328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Targets for antipruritic therapies are now expanding from the skin to the central nervous system. Recent studies demonstrate that various neuronal receptors in the spinal cord are involved in pruritus. The spinal opioid receptor is one of the best-known examples. Spinal administration of morphine is frequently accompanied by segmental pruritus. In addition to μ-opioid receptor antagonists, κ-opioid receptor agonists have recently come into usage as novel antipruritic drugs, and are expected to suppress certain subtypes of itch such as hemodialysis- and cholestasis-associated itch that are difficult to treat with antihistamines. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord has also received recent attention as a novel pathway of itch-selective neural transmission. The NMDA glutamate receptor appears to be another potential target for the treatment of itch, especially in terms of central sensitization. The development of NMDA receptor antagonists with less undesirable side effects on the central nervous system might be beneficial for antipruritic therapies. Drugs suppressing presynaptic glutamate-release such as gabapentin and pregabalin also reportedly inhibit certain subtypes of itch such as brachioradial pruritus. Spinal receptors of other neuromediators such as bradykinin, substance P, serotonin, and histamine may also be potential targets for antipruritic therapies, given that most of these molecules interfere not only with pain, but also with itch transmission or regulation. Thus, the identification of itch-specific receptors and understanding itch-related circuits in the spinal cord may be innovative strategies for the development of novel antipruritic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferda Cevikbas
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0660, USA
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40
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Hachisuka J, Furue H, Furue M, Yoshimura M. Responsiveness of C neurons in rat dorsal root ganglion to 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced pruritic stimuli in vivo. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:271-9. [PMID: 20484528 PMCID: PMC2904207 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00938.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Itching is a common symptom in dermatologic diseases and causes restless scratching of the skin, which aggravates the condition. The mechanism of the itch sensation, however, is enigmatic. The present study included behavioral tests and electrophysiological recordings from rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vivo to analyze the response to pruritic stimuli induced by topical application of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to the skin. Topically applied 5-HT to the rostral back evoked scratching, whereas application of the vehicle did not. Following subcutaneous injection of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, the number of scratches decreased, suggesting that the scratching was preferentially mediated by itch but not pain sensation. To elucidate the firing properties of DRG neurons in response to topically applied 5-HT, intracellular recordings were made from DRG neurons in vivo. None of the Abeta and Adelta neurons responded to 5-HT; in contrast, 25 of 91 C neurons (27%) exhibited repetitive firing in response to 5-HT, which could be classified into two firing patterns: one was a transient type, characterized by low firing frequency that decreased within 5 min; the other was a long-lasting type, having high firing frequency that continued increasing after 5 min. The time course of the firing pattern of long-lasting C neurons was comparable to the scratching behavior. Intriguingly, the long-lasting-type neurons had a significantly smaller fast afterhyperpolarization than that of the 5-HT-insensitive neurons. These observations suggest that the long-lasting-firing C neurons in rat DRG sensitive to 5-HT are responsible for conveying pruritic information to the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Hachisuka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Activation of superficial dorsal horn neurons in the mouse by a PAR-2 agonist and 5-HT: potential role in itch. J Neurosci 2009; 29:6691-9. [PMID: 19458238 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6103-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch, an unpleasant sensation associated with the desire to scratch, is symptomatic of dermatologic and systemic disorders that often resist antihistamine treatment. Histamine-independent itch mediators include serotonin (5-HT) and agonists of the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). We used behavior, Fos immunohistochemistry, and electrophysiology to investigate if these mediators activate spinal dorsal horn neurons in a manner consistent with itch. Intradermal (i.d.) injection of the PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL-NH(2) in the rostral back evoked bouts of directed hindlimb scratches over 20-30 min. Hindpaw injection of SLIGRL-NH(2) produced Fos staining in superficial dorsal horn which was then targeted for single-unit recording. Small id microinjections of SLIGRL-NH(2) or 5-HT identified responsive single units in the superficial dorsal horn of mice anesthetized with pentobarbital. Thirty-eight units characterized as wide dynamic range, nociceptive specific, or mechanically insensitive exhibited significantly increased firing after i.d. SLIGRL-NH(2) for 9 min, to partial (25%) tachyphylaxis with repeated injection. A majority additionally responded to 5-HT (70%), mustard oil (79%), and capsaicin (71%). Seven units isolated with the 5-HT search stimulus exhibited significant and prolonged responses to 5-HT with tachyphylaxis to repeated injections. The majority also responded to SLIGRL-NH(2), mustard oil, and capsaicin. The prolonged responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons to SLIGRL-NH(2) and 5-HT suggest a role in signaling itch. However, their responsiveness to algogens is inconsistent with itch specificity. Alternatively, such neurons may signal itch, whereas noxious stimulus levels recruit these and a larger population of pruritogen-insensitive cells to signal pain which masks or occludes the itch signal.
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Akiyama T, Merrill AW, Zanotto K, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Scratching behavior and Fos expression in superficial dorsal horn elicited by protease-activated receptor agonists and other itch mediators in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:945-51. [PMID: 19293390 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.152256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 and PAR-4 are implicated in nonhistaminergic itch. We investigated dose dependence, tachyphylaxis, and cross-tachyphylaxis of itch-associated scratching elicited by intradermal injections of PAR-2 and PAR-4 agonists, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and histamine in ICR mice, as well as mu-opioid modulation of PAR-2 agonist-evoked scratching. Each agent elicited dose-related increases in scratch bouts. Scratching elicited by the PAR-4 agonist and histamine both exhibited significant tachyphylaxis but no cross-tachyphylaxis with each other. Scratching evoked by 5-HT did not exhibit significant tachyphylaxis but did exhibit significant cross-tachyphylaxis to scratching evoked by the PAR-2 and PAR-4 agonists and histamine. Naltrexone and high-dose morphine (10 mg/kg) attenuated PAR-2 agonist-evoked scratching, whereas lower dose morphine (1 mg/kg) had no effect. High-dose morphine also significantly increased circling behavior, which may have interfered with scratching. The PAR-2 agonist and 5-HT produced overlapping distributions of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the superficial dorsal horn. These results indicate that PAR-2 and PAR-4 agonists, histamine, and 5-HT elicit itch-related scratching and activate superficial dorsal horn neurons that may participate in scratch reflex and ascending itch signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Akiyama
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Nordlind K, Azmitia EC, Slominski A. The skin as a mirror of the soul: exploring the possible roles of serotonin. Exp Dermatol 2007; 17:301-11. [PMID: 18177349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is an important mediator of bidirectional interactions between the neuroendocrine system and the skin. The rate of synthesis of 5-HT from l-tryptophan can be enhanced by brain-derived neuronal growth factor, cytokines, exposure to ultraviolet light and steroids. The major source of 5-HT in the skin are platelets, which, upon aggregation, release this biogenic amine. Moreover, the epidermal and dermal skin express the enzymes required for the transformation of tryptophan to 5-HT, and certain skin cells, such as melanocytes, have been demonstrated to produce 5-HT. In addition, rodent mast cells produce 5-HT, but human mast cells have not yet been fully examined in this respect. Skin cells express functionally active, membrane-bound receptors for 5-HT, as well as proteins that transport 5-HT. The interactions of 5-HT with these various proteins determines the nature, magnitude and duration of serotonergic responses. The immune and vasculature systems in the skin are traditional targets for bioregulation by 5-HT. Moreover, recent findings indicate that keratinocytes, melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts also respond to this amine in various ways. Thus, mammalian skin is both a site for the production of and a target for bioregulation by 5-HT. This indicates that agonists and antagonists directed towards specific 5-HT receptors could be useful in connection with treatment of skin diseases. Based on our increasing knowledge concerning these receptors and their plasticity, future research will focus on the development of serotonergic drugs that exert metabotrophic effects on the cells of the skin without affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Nordlind
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kim DK, Kim HJ, Kim H, Koh JY, Kim KM, Noh MS, Kim JJ, Lee CH. Involvement of serotonin receptors 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 in 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 579:390-4. [PMID: 18037400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of 12(S)-hydroperoxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-tetraenoic acid (12(S)-HPETE)-induced scratching were studied in ICR mice. In a recent paper, we demonstrated that the 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching was reduced not by U75302 (BLT(1) receptor antagonist), but by LY255283 (BLT(2) receptor antagonist). In the present study, we tested various compounds to elucidate the mechanism of 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching relating to transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1), histamine receptor (H(1)) and several serotonin receptors (5-HT(1), 5-HT(2), and 5-HT(3)). As a result, 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching was suppressed by capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist), but not by capsazepine (TRPV1 receptor antagonist). Additionally, chlopheniramine (H(1) receptor antagonist) did not suppress 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching, but cyproheptadine (H(1) receptor and serotonin 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist) potently suppressed the same response. Therefore, we tested several serotonin receptor antagonists to explain the detailed mechanisms relating to serotonin receptors. The scratching was reduced by WAY100635 (5-HT(1) receptor antagonist), or ketanserin (5-HT(2) receptor antagonist), but not by ondansetron (5-HT(3) receptor antagonist), after intradermal injection of 12(S)-HPETE. These results suggest that serotonin 5-HT(1/2) receptors are implicated in 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching in ICR mice and that the TRPV1 receptor might not be directly related to 12(S)-HPETE-induced scratching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Kwon Kim
- Dermatologic Drug Research, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Youngin-shi, Kyunggi-do, 449-729, Republic of Korea
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Hauso Ø, Gustafsson BI, Loennechen JP, Stunes AK, Nordrum I, Waldum HL. Long-term serotonin effects in the rat are prevented by terguride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 143:39-46. [PMID: 17391782 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term hyperserotoninemia induces heart valve disease in rats, and cases of cardiac valvulopathies have been reported in patients using ergolines, possibly through activation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(2B) (5HT(2B)) receptor. The ergoline terguride (transdihydrolisuride) is a 5HT(2B/2C) receptor antagonist. Using a rat model, we have investigated whether terguride could prevent serotonin-induced changes in general and heart disease specifically. During 4 months, twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous serotonin injections; twelve rats received a combination of serotonin injections and terguride by gavage, whereas ten rats were untreated controls. Using echocardiography, rats with aortic insufficiency were found in all 3 groups, while pulmonary insufficiency was only found in two rats injected with serotonin alone. Animals given serotonin alone had significantly higher heart weights compared to the controls (p=0.029) and rats given terguride (p=0.034). Rats injected with serotonin alone developed macroscopic skin changes at the injection sites, histologically identified as orthokeratosis and acanthosis. Terguride completely prevented these changes (p=0.0001, p=0.0003). Liver weights were higher in the animals given serotonin alone compared to controls (p=0.014) and terguride treated animals (p=0.009). Stomach weights were higher in animals given serotonin alone compared to rats given terguride (p=0.012). In the mesenchymal cell-line MC3T3-E1, terguride almost completely inhibited serotonin-induced proliferation (p<0.01). Serotonin increases heart, liver and stomach weights, possibly through enhanced proliferation. Terguride inhibits these effects. We propose that terguride may have beneficial effects in the treatment of diseases such as carcinoid syndrome, where serotonin plays an important pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Hauso
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
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Kuraishi Y, Ohtsuka E, Nakano T, Kawai S, Andoh T, Nojima H, Kamimura K. Possible involvement of 5-lipoxygenase metabolite in itch-associated response of mosquito allergy in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105:41-7. [PMID: 17827870 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated endogenous mediators involved in mosquito allergy-associated itching in mice. An intradermal injection of an extract of mosquito salivary gland elicited marked scratching in sensitized mice. The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton (100 mg/kg), the 5-lipoxygenase activating peptide inhibitor MK-886 (10 mg/kg), and the glucocorticoid betamethasone 17-valerate (3 mg/kg) inhibited the scratching. The scratching was not affected by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and ketoprofen, the TP prostanoid receptor antagonist SQ-29548, the leukotriene B(4) antagonist ONO-4057, the cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist pranlucast, the leukotriene D(4) antagonist MK-571, the platelet-activating factor antagonist CV-3988, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the H(2) histamine-receptor antagonist cimetidine, the H(1) histamine-receptor antagonist terfenadine plus cimetidine, and cypoheptadine that blocks the 5-HT(1/2) serotonin receptors. Zileuton (100 mg/kg) inhibited the increased activity of the cutaneous nerve branch induced by an intradermal injection of the extract, suggesting the peripheral action. Zileuton and MK-886 (10 and 100 microM) did not affect high K(+)-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. The results suggest that 5-lipoxygenase metabolite(s) other than leukotriene B(4) and cysteinyl leukotrienes are involved in mosquito allergy-associated itching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kuraishi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
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Seike M, Ikeda M, Kodama H, Terui T, Ohtsu H. Inhibition of scratching behaviour caused by contact dermatitis in histidine decarboxylase gene knockout mice. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:169-75. [PMID: 15740588 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A neuronal system dedicated to itch consists of primary afferent and spinothalamic projection neurons. Histamine is thought to be one of the main mediators for the transmission of itch sensation. However, there are little available information on the role of histamine in scratching behaviour and sensory transmission of atopic dermatitis and chronic eczema. In the present study, the role of histamine in scratching behaviour and neural conduction of sensation in the chronic eczema model was investigated by using l-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene knockout mice lacking histamine. The chronic contact dermatitis was induced with daily application of diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) on a hind paw of HDC (+/+) and HDC (-/-) mice for 2 months. The observation of scratching behaviour and the hot-plate test were performed in both mice. Histological studies were performed in the skin and spinal cord tissues. Histological examination revealed that both HDC (+/+) and HDC (-/-) mice displayed the similar extent of inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperplastic epidermis and newly spreading of neuronal processes in the skin tissue. Scratching behaviour was exclusively induced in HDC (+/+) mice, whereas it was barely observed in HDC (-/-) mice. The expression of c-Fos was specifically upregulated in HDC (+/+) mice in lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn following repeated DCP application. Scratching behaviour in chronic contact dermatitis in mice was thought mainly mediated with histamine. The afferent pathway of sensation in chronic contact dermatitis model may connect with the central nervous system through lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seike
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Okohcho, Nankoku Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
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Inan S, Cowan A. Kappa opioid agonists suppress chloroquine-induced scratching in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 502:233-7. [PMID: 15476749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy of malaria fever with chloroquine is often associated with generalized pruritus of unknown pathogenesis. This adverse side effect leads to diminished compliance. We report that chloroquine (1.25-40 mg/kg, s.c.) elicits dose-related, compulsive, and vigorous scratching in mice. This frenzied behavior is essentially abolished when the mice are pretreated s.c. or orally with nalfurafine (TRK-820), a centrally penetrating kappa opioid agonist. Peripheral kappa receptors are involved because chloroquine-induced scratching is also antagonized by the peripherally restricted kappa agonist, ICI 204,448: R,S-N-[2-(N-methyl-3,4-dichlorophenylacetamido)-2-(3-carboxyphenyl) ethyl]pyrrolidine. We propose that combination therapy for malaria with chloroquine and a kappa agonist (probably one targeting peripheral receptors) will lead to better treatment compliance because of a reduced incidence of pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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