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Sbrini G, Mutti V, Bono F, Tomasoni Z, Fadel D, Missale C, Fiorentini C. 17-β-estradiol potentiates the neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects mediated by the dopamine D3/acetylcholine nicotinic receptor heteromer in dopaminergic neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176678. [PMID: 38821163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons express a heteromer composed of the dopamine D3 receptor and the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the D3R-nAChR heteromer, activated by both nicotine and dopamine D2 and D3 receptors agonists, such as quinpirole, and crucial for dopaminergic neuron homeostasis. We now report that D3R-nAChR heteromer activity is potentiated by 17-β-estradiol which acts as a positive allosteric modulator by binding a specific domain on the α4 subunit of the nicotinic receptor protomer. In mouse dopaminergic neurons, in fact, 17-β-estradiol significantly increased the ability of nicotine and quinpirole in promoting neuron dendritic remodeling and in protecting neurons against the accumulation of α-synuclein induced by deprivation of glucose, with a mechanism that does not involve the classical estrogen receptors. The potentiation induced by 17-β-estradiol required the D3R-nAChR heteromer since either nicotinic receptor or dopamine D3 receptor antagonists and interfering TAT-peptides, but not the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant, specifically prevented 17-β-estradiol effects. Evidence of estrogens neuroprotection, mainly mediated by genomic mechanisms, have been provided, which is in line with epidemiological data reporting that females are less likely to develop Parkinson's Disease than males. Therefore, potentiation of D3R-nAChR heteromer activity may represent a further mechanism by which 17-β-estradiol reduces dopaminergic neuron vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sbrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronica Mutti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Bono
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Zaira Tomasoni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Dounia Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Neuroactive steroids and Parkinson's disease: Review of human and animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105479. [PMID: 38007170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The greater prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in men suggest a beneficial effect of sex hormones. Neuroactive steroids have neuroprotective activities thus offering interesting option for disease-modifying therapy for PD. Neuroactive steroids are also neuromodulators of neurotransmitter systems and may thus help to control PD symptoms and side effect of dopamine medication. Here, we review the effect on sex hormones (estrogen, androgen, progesterone and its metabolites) as well as androstenediol, pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone) in human studies and in animal models of PD. The effect of neuroactive steroids is reviewed by considering sex and hormonal status to help identify specifically for women and men with PD what might be a preventive approach or a symptomatic treatment. PD is a complex disease and the pathogenesis likely involves multiple cellular processes. Thus it might be useful to target different cellular mechanisms that contribute to neuronal loss and neuroactive steroids provide therapeutics options as they have multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Ehtezazi T, Rahman K, Davies R, Leach AG. The Pathological Effects of Circulating Hydrophobic Bile Acids in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:173-211. [PMID: 36994114 PMCID: PMC10041467 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have revealed that the serum levels of toxic hydrophobic bile acids (deoxy cholic acid, lithocholic acid [LCA], and glycoursodeoxycholic acid) are significantly higher in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) when compared to control subjects. The elevated serum bile acids may be the result of hepatic peroxisomal dysfunction. Circulating hydrophobic bile acids are able to disrupt the blood-brain barrier and promote the formation of amyloid-β plaques through enhancing the oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid. Hydrophobic bile acid may find their ways into the neurons via the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. It has been shown that hydrophobic bile acids impose their pathological effects by activating farnesoid X receptor and suppressing bile acid synthesis in the brain, blocking NMDA receptors, lowering brain oxysterol levels, and interfering with 17β-estradiol actions such as LCA by binding to E2 receptors (molecular modelling data exclusive to this paper). Hydrophobic bile acids may interfere with the sonic hedgehog signaling through alteration of cell membrane rafts and reducing brain 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol. This article will 1) analyze the pathological roles of circulating hydrophobic bile acids in the brain, 2) propose therapeutic approaches, and 3) conclude that consideration be given to reducing/monitoring toxic bile acid levels in patients with AD or aMCI, prior/in combination with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rhys Davies
- The Walton Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Li LR, Sethi G, Zhang X, Liu CL, Huang Y, Liu Q, Ren BX, Tang FR. The neuroprotective effects of icariin on ageing, various neurological, neuropsychiatric disorders, and brain injury induced by radiation exposure. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1562-1588. [PMID: 35165207 PMCID: PMC8876913 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been used for the treatment of impotence, sinew and bone disorders, “painful impediment caused by wind-dampness,” numbness, spasms, hypertension, coronary heart disease, menopausal syndrome, bronchitis, and neurasthenia for many years in China. Recent animal experimental studies indicate that icariin, a major bioactive component of epimedium may effectively treat Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia, depression, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, as well as delay ageing. Our recent study also suggested that epimedium extract could exhibit radio-neuro-protective effects and prevent ionizing radiation-induced impairment of neurogenesis. This paper reviewed the pharmacodynamics of icariin in treating different neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, ageing, and radiation-induced brain damage. The relevant molecular mechanisms and its anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, as well as pro-neurogenesis roles were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Rui Li
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Xing Zhang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Cui Liu Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Xu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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Zheng M, Chen M, Wang W, Zhou M, Liu C, Fan Y, Shi D. Protection by rhynchophylline against MPTP/MPP +-induced neurotoxicity via regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113568. [PMID: 33188898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla (U. rhynchophylla), rhynchophylline (Rhy) has been applied for treating diseases related to central nervous system such as Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of the neuroprotective effect has not been well interpreted. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of Rhy on MPTP/MPP + -induced neurotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice or PC12 cells and study the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The neuroprotective effect of Rhy on MPTP-induced neurotoxicity was evaluated by spontaneous motor activity test, as well as a test of rota-rod on a rat model of Parkinson's disease. The numbers of TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) was assessed by immunohistological. CCK-8, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), the concentration of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and flow cytometry analysis were performed to evaluate the pharmacological property of Rhy on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Besides, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor was employed to determine the underlying molecular signaling pathway revealing the effect of Rhy by western-blot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that Rhy exhibited a protective effect against the MPTP-induced decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive fibers in the substantia nigra at 30 mg/kg, demonstrated by the immunohistological and behavioral outcomes. Furthermore, it has been indicated that cell viability was improved and the MPP+-induced apoptosis was inhibited after the treatment of Rhy at 20 μM, which were severally analyzed by the CCK-8 and the Annexin V/propidium iodide staining method. In addition, Rhy treatment attenuated MPP+-induced up-regulation of LDH, ([Ca2+]i), and the levels of ROS. Besides, it can be revealed from the Western blot assay that LY294002, as a selective Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, effectively inhibited the Akt phosphorylation caused by Rhy, which suggested that Rhy showed its protective property through the activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, the Rhy-induced decreases of Bax and caspase-3 as the proapoptotic markers and the increase of Bcl-2 as the antiapoptotic marker, were blocked by LY294002 in the MPP+-treated PC12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Rhy exerts a neuroprotective effect is partly mediated by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhu Zheng
- The Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Minghui Chen
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Wenli Wang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Chunming Liu
- The Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Yajun Fan
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Dongfang Shi
- The Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
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Clements L, Harvey J. Activation of oestrogen receptor α induces a novel form of LTP at hippocampal temporoammonic-CA1 synapses. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:642-655. [PMID: 31637699 PMCID: PMC7012968 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 17β estradiol (E2) rapidly regulates excitatory synaptic transmission at the classical Schaffer collateral (SC) input to hippocampal CA1 neurons. However, the impact of E2 on excitatory synaptic transmission at the distinct temporoammonic (TA) input to CA1 neurons and the oestrogen receptors involved is less clear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Extracellular recordings were used to monitor excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices from juvenile male (P11-24) Sprague Dawley rats. Immunocytochemistry combined with confocal microscopy was used to monitor the surface expression of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit, GluA1 in hippocampal neurons cultured from neonatal (P0-3) rats. KEY RESULTS Here, we show that E2 induces a novel form of LTP at TA-CA1 synapses, an effect mirrored by the ERα agonist, PPT, and blocked by an ERα antagonist. ERα-induced LTP is NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent and involves a postsynaptic expression mechanism that requires PI 3-kinase signalling and synaptic insertion of GluA2-lacking AMPARs. ERα-induced LTP has overlapping expression mechanisms with classical Hebbian LTP, as HFS-induced LTP occluded PPT-induced LTP and vice versa. In addition, activity-dependent LTP was blocked by the ERα antagonist, suggesting that ERα activation is involved in NMDA-LTP at TA-CA1 synapses. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS ERα induces a novel form of LTP at juvenile male hippocampal TA-CA1 synapses. As TA-CA1 synapses are implicated in episodic memory processes and are an early target for neurodegeneration, these findings have important implications for the role of oestrogens in CNS health and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Clements
- Division of Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical SchoolUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Jenni Harvey
- Division of Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical SchoolUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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Duncan KA, Saldanha CJ. Central aromatization: A dramatic and responsive defense against threat and trauma to the vertebrate brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100816. [PMID: 31786088 PMCID: PMC9366903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase is the requisite and limiting enzyme in the production of estrogens from androgens. Estrogens synthesized centrally have more recently emerged as potent neuroprotectants in the vertebrate brain. Studies in rodents and songbirds have identified key mechanisms that underlie both; the injury-dependent induction of central aromatization, and the protective effects of centrally synthesized estrogens. Injury-induced aromatase expression in astrocytes occurs following a broad range of traumatic brain damage including excitotoxic, penetrating, and concussive injury. Responses to neural insult such as edema and inflammation involve signaling pathways the components of which are excellent candidates as inducers of this astrocytic response. Finally, estradiol from astrocytes exerts a paracrine neuroprotective influence via the potent inhibition of inflammatory pathways. Taken together, these data suggest a novel role for neural aromatization as a protective mechanism against the threat of inflammation and suggests that central estrogen provision is a wide-ranging neuroprotectant in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A Duncan
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States.
| | - Colin J Saldanha
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States.
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Azcoitia I, Barreto GE, Garcia-Segura LM. Molecular mechanisms and cellular events involved in the neuroprotective actions of estradiol. Analysis of sex differences. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100787. [PMID: 31513774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors or by estrogen receptor independent mechanisms, are initiated at the membrane, the cytoplasm or the cell nucleus of neural cells. Estrogen-dependent signaling regulates a variety of cellular events, such as intracellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, autophagy and apoptosis. In turn, these molecular and cellular actions of estradiol are integrated by neurons and non-neuronal cells to generate different tissue protective responses, decreasing blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity and promoting synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, neurogenesis, remyelination and neuroregeneration. Recent findings indicate that the neuroprotective and neuroreparative actions of estradiol are different in males and females and further research is necessary to fully elucidate the causes for this sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Azcoitia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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Kranz TM, Lent KL, Miller KE, Chao MV, Brenowitz EA. Rapamycin blocks the neuroprotective effects of sex steroids in the adult birdsong system. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:794-804. [PMID: 31509642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In adult songbirds, the telencephalic song nucleus HVC and its efferent target RA undergo pronounced seasonal changes in morphology. In breeding birds, there are increases in HVC volume and total neuron number, and RA neuronal soma area compared to nonbreeding birds. At the end of breeding, HVC neurons die through caspase-dependent apoptosis and thus, RA neuron size decreases. Changes in HVC and RA are driven by seasonal changes in circulating testosterone (T) levels. Infusing T, or its metabolites 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 β-estradiol (E2), intracerebrally into HVC (but not RA) protects HVC neurons from death, and RA neuron size, in nonbreeding birds. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt (a serine/threonine kinase)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a point of convergence for neuroprotective effects of sex steroids and other trophic factors. We asked if mTOR activation is necessary for the protective effect of hormones in HVC and RA of adult male Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). We transferred sparrows from breeding to nonbreeding hormonal and photoperiod conditions to induce regression of HVC neurons by cell death and decrease of RA neuron size. We infused either DHT + E2, DHT + E2 plus the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, or vehicle alone in HVC. Infusion of DHT + E2 protected both HVC and RA neurons. Coinfusion of rapamycin with DHT + E2, however, blocked the protective effect of hormones on HVC volume and neuron number, and RA neuron size. These results suggest that activation of mTOR is an essential downstream step in the neuroprotective cascade initiated by sex steroid hormones in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Karin L Lent
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Moses V Chao
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Eliot A Brenowitz
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Zhao Q, Qu R, Teng L, Yin C, Yuan Y. HO-1 protects the nerves of rats with cerebral hemorrhage by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1459-1468. [PMID: 31239681 PMCID: PMC6551621 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s197030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in rats with cerebral hemorrhage. Materials and methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into: a sham group, a model group and an HO-1 inhibitor group (ZnPP group). Functional defects after surgery were scored according to the Longa5 standard. Hemotoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect whether the model was constructed successfully. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) vitality and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were calculated by the xanthine oxidase method and thiobarbituric acid method, respectively. Blood-brain barrier permeability was measured by Evans Blue. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. The expression of Bcl-2 and BAX was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and the expression of PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT and p-AKT was tested by Western blotting. Results: The rat intracerebral hemorrhage model was successfully constructed. Compared with the model group, the bleeding in the ZnPP group was more serious, the cell edema and deformation were aggravated, and the neurological deficit score in the rat was significantly increased. In addition, the content of Evans blue, MDA, the number of apoptotic cells, the water content of brain tissue and the expression of BAX were significantly increased, while the SOD activity and the expressions of Bcl-2, p-PI3K and p-AKT protein were decreased. Conclusion: HO-1 could protect the nerves of rats with cerebral hemorrhage by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongbo Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264000, People's Republic of China
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Gubbi S, Quipildor GF, Barzilai N, Huffman DM, Milman S. 40 YEARS of IGF1: IGF1: the Jekyll and Hyde of the aging brain. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T171-T185. [PMID: 29739805 PMCID: PMC5988994 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling pathway has emerged as a major regulator of the aging process, from rodents to humans. However, given the pleiotropic actions of IGF1, its role in the aging brain remains complex and controversial. While IGF1 is clearly essential for normal development of the central nervous system, conflicting evidence has emerged from preclinical and human studies regarding its relationship to cognitive function, as well as cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. This review delves into the current state of the evidence examining the role of IGF1 in the aging brain, encompassing preclinical and clinical studies. A broad examination of the data indicates that IGF1 may indeed play opposing roles in the aging brain, depending on the underlying pathology and context. Some evidence suggests that in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases that manifest with abnormal protein deposition in the brain, such as Alzheimer's disease, reducing IGF1 signaling may serve a protective role by slowing disease progression and augmenting clearance of pathologic proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. In contrast, inducing IGF1 deficiency has also been implicated in dysregulated function of cognition and the neurovascular system, suggesting that some IGF1 signaling may be necessary for normal brain function. Furthermore, states of acute neuronal injury, which necessitate growth, repair and survival signals to persevere, typically demonstrate salutary effects of IGF1 in that context. Appreciating the dual, at times opposing 'Dr Jekyll' and 'Mr Hyde' characteristics of IGF1 in the aging brain, will bring us closer to understanding its impact and devising more targeted IGF1-related interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Gubbi
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Internal MedicineJacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gabriela Farias Quipildor
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of GeriatricsDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of GeriatricsDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Repurposing sex steroids and related drugs as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 147:37-54. [PMID: 29649433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which a greater prevalence and incidence is described in men. This suggests a protective effect of sex hormones in the brain. Therefore, steroids and drugs to treat endocrine conditions could have additional application for PD. Here, we review the protective effect of sex hormones, particularly estrogens, progesterone, androgens and dehydroepiandrosterone, in animal models of PD and also in human studies. Data also support that drugs affecting estrogen neurotransmission such as selective estrogen receptor modulators or affecting steroid metabolism with 5α-reductase inhibitors could be repositioned for treatment of PD. Sex steroids are also modulator of neurotransmission, thus they could repurposed to treat PD motor symptoms and to modulate the response to PD medication. No drug is yet available to limit PD progression. PD is a complex disease implicating multiple pathological processes and a therapeutic strategy using drugs with several mechanisms of action, such as sex steroids and endocrine drugs are interesting repositioning options for symptomatic treatment and disease-modifying activity for PD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Drug Repurposing: old molecules, new ways to fast track drug discovery and development for CNS disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, G1K 7P4, Canada.
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13
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Saraceno GE, Bellini MJ, Garcia-Segura LM, Capani F. Estradiol Activates PI3K/Akt/GSK3 Pathway Under Chronic Neurodegenerative Conditions Triggered by Perinatal Asphyxia. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29686616 PMCID: PMC5900006 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia (PA) remains as one of the most important causes of short-term mortality, psychiatric and neurological disorders in children, without an effective treatment. In previous studies we have observed that the expression of different neurodegenerative markers increases in CA1 hippocampal area of 4-months-old male rats born by cesarean section and exposed for 19 min to PA. We have also shown that a late treatment with 17β estradiol (daily dose of 250 μg/kg for 3 days) was able to revert the brain alterations observed in those animals. Based on these previous results, the main aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism by which the estrogenic treatment is involved in the reversion of the chronic neurodegenerative conditions induced by PA. We demonstrated that estradiol treatment of adult PA exposed animals induced an increase in estrogen receptor (ER) α and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) protein levels, an activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/β-catenin signaling pathway and an increase in Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the hippocampus in comparison to PA exposed animals treated with vehicle. Taking together, our data suggest that the interaction between ERα and IGF-IR, with the subsequent downstream activation, underlies the beneficial effects of estradiol observed in late treatment of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ezequiel Saraceno
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria J Bellini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Capani
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Litim N, Morissette M, Caruso D, Melcangi RC, Di Paolo T. Effect of the 5α-reductase enzyme inhibitor dutasteride in the brain of intact and parkinsonian mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:242-256. [PMID: 28982631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dutasteride is a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor in clinical use to treat endocrine conditions. The present study investigated the neuroprotective mechanisms of action of dutasteride in intact and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned mice using a low dose of MPTP not affecting motor activity modeling early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized that dutasteride neuroprotection is due to altered steroids levels. Dutasteride pre-treatment prevented loss of striatal dopamine (DA) and its metabolite DOPAC. Dutasteride decreased effects of MPTP on striatal dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and D2 DA receptor specific binding while D1 receptor specific binding remained unchanged. Dutasteride enhanced DAT specific binding and the glycosylated form of DAT in intact mice. MPTP-lesioned mice had plasma and brain testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels lower than control mice whereas progesterone and its metabolites (dihydroprogesterone, isopregnanolone and tetrahydroprogesterone) pathway showed increases. Dutasteride treatment by inhibiting transformation of progesterone and testosterone to its metabolites elevated plasma and brain concentrations of testosterone compared to MPTP mice and decreased DHT levels in intact mice. Plasma and brain estradiol levels were low and remained unchanged by MPTP and/or dutasteride treatment. Dutasteride treatment did not affect striatal phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream substrate GSK3β as well as phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in intact and MPTP lesioned MPTP mice. Striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels were markedly elevated in MPTP compared to control mice and dutasteride reduced GFAP levels in MPTP mice. Treatment with dutasteride post-lesion left unchanged striatal DA levels. These results suggest dutasteride as promising drug for PD neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhir Litim
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
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Akkhawattanangkul Y, Maiti P, Xue Y, Aryal D, Wetsel WC, Hamilton D, Fowler SC, McDonald MP. Targeted deletion of GD3 synthase protects against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:522-536. [PMID: 28239983 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition for which there is no cure. Converging evidence implicates gangliosides in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a potential new class of therapeutic targets. We have shown that interventions that simultaneously increase the neuroprotective GM1 ganglioside and decrease the pro-apoptotic GD3 ganglioside - such as inhibition of GD3 synthase (GD3S) or administration of sialidase - are neuroprotective in vitro and in a number of preclinical models. In this study, we investigated the effects of GD3S deletion on parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP was administered to GD3S-/- mice or controls using a subchronic regimen consisting of three series of low-dose injections (11 mg/kg/day × 5 days each, 3 weeks apart), and motor function was assessed after each. The typical battery of tests used to assess parkinsonism failed to detect deficits in MPTP-treated mice. More sensitive measures - such as the force-plate actimeter and treadmill gait parameters - detected subtle effects of MPTP, some of which were absent in mice lacking GD3S. In wild-type mice, MPTP destroyed 53% of the tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and reduced striatal dopamine 60.7%. In contrast, lesion size was only 22.5% in GD3S-/- mice and striatal dopamine was reduced by 37.2%. Stereological counts of Nissl-positive SNc neurons that did not express TH suggest that neuroprotection was complete but TH expression was suppressed in some cells. These results show that inhibition of GD3S has neuroprotective properties in the MPTP model and may warrant further investigation as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Akkhawattanangkul
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P Maiti
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Y Xue
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D Aryal
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W C Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Hamilton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S C Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M P McDonald
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Huffman J, Hoffmann C, Taylor GT. Integrating insulin-like growth factor 1 and sex hormones into neuroprotection: Implications for diabetes. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:45-55. [PMID: 28265342 PMCID: PMC5320748 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain integrity and cognitive aptitude are often impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus, presumably a result of the metabolic complications inherent to the disease. However, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated the central role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its relation to sex hormones in many neuroprotective processes. Both male and female patients with diabetes display abnormal IGF1 and sex-hormone levels but the comparison of these fluctuations is seldom a topic of interest. It is interesting to note that both IGF1 and sex hormones have the ability to regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases-extracellular signal-related kinase signaling cascades in animal and cell culture models of neuroprotection. Additionally, there is considerable evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective coupling of IGF1 and estrogen. Androgens have also been implicated in many neuroprotective processes that operate on similar signaling cascades as the estrogen-IGF1 relation. Yet, androgens have not been directly linked to the brain IGF1 system and neuroprotection. Despite the sex-specific variations in brain integrity and hormone levels observed in diabetic patients, the IGF1-sex hormone relation in neuroprotection has yet to be fully substantiated in experimental models of diabetes. Taken together, there is a clear need for the comprehensive analysis of sex differences on brain integrity of diabetic patients and the relationship between IGF1 and sex hormones that may influence brain-health outcomes. As such, this review will briefly outline the basic relation of diabetes and IGF1 and its role in neuroprotection. We will also consider the findings on sex hormones and diabetes as a basis for separately analyzing males and females to identify possible hormone-induced brain abnormalities. Finally, we will introduce the neuroprotective interplay of IGF1 and estrogen and how androgen-derived neuroprotection operates through similar signaling cascades. Future research on both neuroprotection and diabetes should include androgens into the interplay of IGF1 and sex hormones.
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Chen WF, Wu L, Du ZR, Chen L, Xu AL, Chen XH, Teng JJ, Wong MS. Neuroprotective properties of icariin in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Involvement of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 25:93-99. [PMID: 28190476 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epimedium sagittatum is a traditional Chinese herb normally which is used to treat the osteoporosis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and to improve neurological and sexual function in China, Korea and Japan. Icariin is the major active ingredient in Epimedium sagittatum. In the present research, we examined the neuroprotective effects of icariin on dopaminergic neurons and the possible mechanisms in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Ovariectomized PD mice were treated with vehicle or icariin (3 days before MPTP injections) with or without the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059. The dopamine (DA) content in the striatum was studied by HPLC. Western blot was used to determine the protein expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase 3 in the striatum. The numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons in the substantial nigra pars compacta (SNpc) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The activation of Akt and ERK by icariin were detected in doparminergic MES23.5 cells. RESULTS Icariin pretreatment could ameliorate the decreased striatum DA content and the loss of TH-IR neurons in the SNpc induced by MPTP. The MPTP-induced changes of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3 protein expressions in the striatum could be reversed by icariin pretreatment. Blockade of PI3K/Akt or MEK/ERK signaling pathway by LY294002 or PD98059 could attenuate the increase of DA content in the striatum and TH-IR in the SNpc induced by icariin in PD mice model. Additionally, icariin treatment alone significantly induced the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in a time dependent pattern in dopaminergic MES 23.5 cells. These effects were abolished by co-treatment with LY294002 or PD98059. CONCLUSION These data demonstrated that icariin has neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons in PD mice model and the potential mechanisms might be related to PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China..
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.; Department of Physiology, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, China
| | - Zhong-Rui Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ai-Li Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.; Department of Physiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiao-Han Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ji-Jun Teng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
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Enterría-Morales D, López-López I, López-Barneo J, d’Anglemont de Tassigny X. Striatal GDNF Production Is Independent to Circulating Estradiol Level Despite Pan-Neuronal Activation in the Female Mouse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164391. [PMID: 27741271 PMCID: PMC5065215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender difference in Parkinson’s disease (PD) suggests that female sex steroids may promote dopaminergic neuron survival and protect them from degeneration. The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is believed to be dopaminotrophic; thus it is considered as a potential therapeutic target in PD. Additionally, GDNF is endogenously synthetized in the caudate/putamen of humans and striatum in rodents. A neuroprotective role of estrogens on the nigrostriatal pathway via the stimulation of GDNF has been proposed. Since the GDNF-producing parvalbumin (Parv) interneurons express the estrogen receptor alpha in the mouse striatum, we sought to determine whether ectopic estrogenic compound modulates the GDNF synthesis in mice. Using an ovariectomized-estradiol (E2) replacement regimen, which reliably generates a rise of plasma estradiol, we assessed the effects of different levels of E2 on the activation of striatal neuronal populations, and GDNF production. A strong correlation was found between plasma E2 and the expression of the immediate early gene cFos in the striatum, as well as in other cortical regions. However, moderate and high E2 treatments failed to induce any striatal GDNF mRNA and protein synthesis. High E2 only stimulates cFos induction in a low percentage of striatal Parv neurons whereas the majority of cFos-positive cells are medium spiny neurons. Activation of these projecting neurons by E2 suggests a role of circulating sex steroids in the modulation of striatal neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enterría-Morales
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ivette López-López
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier d’Anglemont de Tassigny
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Miville-Godbout E, Bourque M, Morissette M, Al-Sweidi S, Smith T, Mochizuki A, Senanayake V, Jayasinghe D, Wang L, Goodenowe D, Di Paolo T. Plasmalogen Augmentation Reverses Striatal Dopamine Loss in MPTP Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151020. [PMID: 26959819 PMCID: PMC4784967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a class of glycerophospholipids shown to play critical roles in membrane structure and function. Decreased plasmalogens are reported in the brain and blood of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. The present study investigated the hypothesis that augmenting plasmalogens could protect striatal dopamine neurons that degenerate in response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment in mice, a PD model. First, in a pre-treatment experiment male mice were treated for 10 days with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-plasmalogen precursor PPI-1011 (10, 50 and 200 mg/kg). On day 5 mice received MPTP and were killed on day 11. Next, in a post-treatment study, male mice were treated with MPTP and then received daily for 5 days PPI-1011 (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg). MPTP treatment reduced serum plasmalogen levels, striatal contents of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, serotonin, DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Pre-treatment with PPI-1011 (10 and 50 mg/kg) prevented all MPTP-induced effects. Positive correlations were measured between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as striatal DAT and VMAT2 specific binding. Post-treatment with PPI-1011 prevented all MPTP-induced effects at 50 mg/kg but not at lower doses. Positive correlations were measured between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as striatal DAT and VMAT2 specific binding in the post-treatment experiment. PPI-1011 treatment (10 days at 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) of intact mice left unchanged striatal biogenic amine contents. These data demonstrate that treatment with a plasmalogen precursor is capable of protecting striatal dopamine markers in an animal model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Miville-Godbout
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mélanie Bourque
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sara Al-Sweidi
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Tara Smith
- Phenomenome Discoveries Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Asuka Mochizuki
- Phenomenome Discoveries Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Li Wang
- Phenomenome Discoveries Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Neuroactive gonadal drugs for neuroprotection in male and female models of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 67:79-88. [PMID: 26708712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The existence of sex differences in Parkinson's disease (PD) incidence is well documented with greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men than in women. These reported sex differences could be related to estrogen exposure. In PD animal models, estrogen is well documented to be neuroprotective against dopaminergic neuron loss induced by neurotoxins. Using the 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model, we showed that several compounds are neuroprotective on dopaminergic neurons including estrogen, the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist PPT as well as the G protein-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (GPER1) specific agonist G1. Accumulating evidence suggests that GPER1 could be implicated in the neuroprotective effects of estrogen, raloxifene and G1 in collaboration with ERα. We recently reported that the 5α-reductase inhibitor Dutasteride is also neuroprotective and could bring an alternative to estrogens for therapy in male. Additional studies are needed to optimize therapies with these gonadal drugs into safe personalized treatments according to sex for treatment of PD.
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Proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 mediates estrogen rapid signaling and neuroprotection in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6673-82. [PMID: 26627258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516729112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
17-β estradiol (E2) has been implicated as neuroprotective in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we provide genetic evidence, using forebrain-specific knockout (FBKO) mice, that proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1), an estrogen receptor coregulator protein, is essential for the extranuclear signaling and neuroprotective actions of E2 in the hippocampal CA1 region after global cerebral ischemia (GCI). E2-mediated extranuclear signaling (including activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt) and antiapoptotic effects [such as attenuation of JNK signaling and increase in phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β)] after GCI were compromised in PELP1 FBKO mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that PELP1 interacts with GSK3β, E2 modulates interaction of PELP1 with GSK3β, and PELP1 is a novel substrate for GSK3β. RNA-seq analysis of control and PELP1 FBKO mice after ischemia demonstrated alterations in several genes related to inflammation, metabolism, and survival in PELP1 FBKO mice, as well as a significant reduction in the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, PELP1 FBKO studies revealed that PELP1 is required for E2-mediated neuroprotection and for E2-mediated preservation of cognitive function after GCI. Collectively, our data provide the first direct in vivo evidence, to our knowledge, of an essential role for PELP1 in E2-mediated rapid extranuclear signaling, neuroprotection, and cognitive function in the brain.
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Neuroprotection in Parkinsonian-treated mice via estrogen receptor α activation requires G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:343-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Brenowitz EA. Transsynaptic trophic effects of steroid hormones in an avian model of adult brain plasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 37:119-28. [PMID: 25285401 PMCID: PMC4385747 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The avian song control system provides an excellent model for studying transsynaptic trophic effects of steroid sex hormones. Seasonal changes in systemic testosterone (T) and its metabolites regulate plasticity of this system. Steroids interact with the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to influence cellular processes of plasticity in nucleus HVC of adult birds, including the addition of newborn neurons. This interaction may also occur transsynpatically; T increases the synthesis of BDNF in HVC, and BDNF protein is then released by HVC neurons on to postsynaptic cells in nucleus RA where it has trophic effects on activity and morphology. Androgen action on RA neurons increases their activity and this has a retrograde trophic effect on the addition of new neurons to HVC. The functional linkage of sex steroids to BDNF may be of adaptive value in regulating the trophic effects of the neurotrophin and coordinating circuit function in reproductively relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot A Brenowitz
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, United States.
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Arevalo MA, Azcoitia I, Garcia-Segura LM. The neuroprotective actions of oestradiol and oestrogen receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 16:17-29. [PMID: 25423896 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hormones regulate homeostasis by communicating through the bloodstream to the body's organs, including the brain. As homeostatic regulators of brain function, some hormones exert neuroprotective actions. This is the case for the ovarian hormone 17β-oestradiol, which signals through oestrogen receptors (ERs) that are widely distributed in the male and female brain. Recent discoveries have shown that oestradiol is not only a reproductive hormone but also a brain-derived neuroprotective factor in males and females and that ERs coordinate multiple signalling mechanisms that protect the brain from neurodegenerative diseases, affective disorders and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo Azcoitia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Ahmad F, Nidadavolu P, Durgadoss L, Ravindranath V. Critical cysteines in Akt1 regulate its activity and proteasomal degradation: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:118-28. [PMID: 24933620 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Impaired Akt1 signaling is observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson׳s disease (PD). In PD models oxidative modification of Akt1 leads to its dephosphorylation and consequent loss of its kinase activity. To explore the underlying mechanism we exposed Neuro2A cells to cadmium, a pan inhibitor of protein thiol disulfide oxidoreductases, including glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), or downregulated Grx1, which led to dephosphorylation of Akt1, loss of its kinase activity, and also decreased Akt1 protein levels. Mutation of cysteines to serines at 296 and 310 in Akt1 did not affect its basal kinase activity but abolished cadmium- and Grx1 downregulation-induced reduction in Akt1 kinase activity, indicating their critical role in redox modulation of Akt1 function and turnover. Cadmium-induced decrease in phosphorylated Akt1 correlated with increased association of wild-type (WT) Akt1 with PP2A, which was absent in the C296-310S Akt1 mutant and was also abolished by N-acetylcysteine treatment. Further, increased proteasomal degradation of Akt1 by cadmium was not seen in the C296-310S Akt1 mutant, indicating that oxidation of cysteine residues facilitates degradation of WT Akt1. Moreover, preventing oxidative modification of Akt1 cysteines 296 and 310 by mutating them to serines increased the cell survival effects of Akt1. Thus, in neurodegenerative states such as PD, maintaining the thiol status of cysteines 296 and 310 in Akt1 would be critical for Akt1 kinase activity and for preventing its degradation by proteasomes. Preventing downregulation of Akt signaling not only has long-range consequences for cell survival but could also affect the multiple roles that Akt plays, including in the Akt-mTOR signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Prakash Nidadavolu
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Lalitha Durgadoss
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Raloxifene activates G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1/Akt signaling to protect dopamine neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2347-56. [PMID: 24726471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene, used in the clinic, is reported to protect brain dopaminergic neurons in mice. Raloxifene was shown to mediate an effect through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). We investigated if raloxifene neuroprotective effect in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated male mice is mediated through GPER1 by using its antagonist G15. Striatal concentrations of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid to dopamine ratio as well as dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 showed that raloxifene neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons was blocked by G15. Protection by raloxifene was accompanied by activation of striatal Akt signaling (but not ERK1/2 signaling) and increased Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels; these effects were abolished by coadministration with G15. The effect of raloxifene was not mediated through increased levels of 17β-estradiol. MPTP mice had decreased plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and 3β-diol levels; this was prevented in raloxifene-treated MPTP mice. Our results suggest that raloxifene acted through GPER1 to mediate Akt activation, increase Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and protection of dopaminergic neurons and plasma androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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27
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Segarra AC, Torres-Díaz YM, Silva RD, Puig-Ramos A, Menéndez-Delmestre R, Rivera-Bermúdez JG, Amadeo W, Agosto-Rivera JL. Estrogen receptors mediate estradiol's effect on sensitization and CPP to cocaine in female rats: role of contextual cues. Horm Behav 2014; 65:77-87. [PMID: 24355096 PMCID: PMC3963412 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies show that estradiol enhances sensitization to cocaine in females by mechanisms not fully understood. These studies consistently show that ovariectomized (OVX) rats exhibit little or no sensitization to cocaine compared to OVX rats administered estradiol. In this study we varied the dose of cocaine (10, 15, and 30mg/kg), the length of cocaine treatment (from 5 to 10days) and the context of cocaine injections to determine if these factors play a role on estradiol's effects on cocaine sensitization. Because OVX rats are hormonally compromised, they are not representative of the natural state of the animal, and thus the physiological context of these studies remains unclear. To address this issue, we blocked ERs in gonadally intact females by icv administration of the antiestrogen ICI-182,780. Varying the dose or length of exposure to cocaine does not alter estradiol's effect on cocaine sensitization. In contrast, a highly context-dependent sensitization protocol results in robust sensitization even in OVX rats. Interestingly, using this protocol, sensitization in OVX rats diminished with time, suggesting that estradiol is necessary for the maintenance of cocaine sensitization. Blocking brain ERs with ICI completely abolishes the development and expression of cocaine sensitization in gonadally intact female rats, even when tested in a highly context-dependent sensitization protocol. Given these findings, we propose that activation of brain ERs is required for the development and maintenance of sensitization and CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell C Segarra
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico.
| | - Yvonne M Torres-Díaz
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard D Silva
- Biology Department, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Anabel Puig-Ramos
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Raissa Menéndez-Delmestre
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Waldo Amadeo
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - José L Agosto-Rivera
- Biology Department, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
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N-cadherin is a Novel ERα Anchor that Protects Against 6-OHDA Damage to Dopaminergic Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:123-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Marin R, Casañas V, Pérez JA, Fabelo N, Fernandez CE, Diaz M. Oestrogens as modulators of neuronal signalosomes and brain lipid homeostasis related to protection against neurodegeneration. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1104-15. [PMID: 23795744 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogens trigger several pathways at the plasma membrane that exert beneficial actions against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Part of these actions takes place in lipid rafts, which are membrane domains with a singular protein and lipid composition. These microdomains also represent a preferential site for signalling protein complexes, or signalosomes. A plausible hypothesis is that the dynamic interaction of signalosomes with different extracellular ligands may be at the basis of neuronal maintenance against different neuropathologies. Oestrogen receptors are localised in neuronal lipid rafts, taking part of macromolecular complexes together with a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and other molecules. Oestradiol binding to its receptor at this level enhances neuroprotection against amyloid-β degeneration through the activation of different signal transduction pathways, including VDAC gating modulation. Moreover, part of the stability and functionality of signalling platforms lays on the distribution of lipid hallmarks in these microstructures, which modulate membrane physicochemical properties, thus favouring molecular interactions. Interestingly, recent findings indicate a potential role of oestrogens in the preservation of neuronal membrane physiology related to lipid homeostasis. Thus, oestrogens and docosahexaenoic acid may act synergistically to stabilise brain lipid structure by regulating neuronal lipid biosynthetic pathways, suggesting that part of the neuroprotective effects elicited by oestrogens occur through mechanisms aimed at preserving lipid homeostasis. Overall, oestrogen mechanisms of neuroprotection may occur not only by its interaction with neuronal protein targets through nongenomic and genomic mechanisms, but also through its participation in membrane architecture stabilisation via 'lipostatic' mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marin
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Estrogen mediates neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects during EAE through ERα signaling on astrocytes but not through ERβ signaling on astrocytes or neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10924-33. [PMID: 23804112 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0886-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens can signal through either estrogen receptor α (ERα) or β (ERβ) to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Cellular targets of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection are still being elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that ERα on astrocytes, but not neurons, was critical for ERα ligand-mediated neuroprotection in EAE, including decreased T-cell and macrophage inflammation and decreased axonal loss. Here, we determined whether ERβ on astrocytes or neurons could mediate neuroprotection in EAE, by selectively removing ERβ from either of these cell types using Cre-loxP gene deletion. Our results demonstrated that, even though ERβ ligand treatment was neuroprotective in EAE, this neuroprotection was not mediated through ERβ on either astrocytes or neurons and did not involve a reduction in levels of CNS inflammation. Given the differential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects mediated via ERα versus ERβ on astrocytes, we looked for molecules within astrocytes that were affected by signaling through ERα, but not ERβ. We found that ERα ligand treatment, but not ERβ ligand treatment, decreased expression of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL7 by astrocytes in EAE. Together, our data show that neuroprotection in EAE mediated via ERβ signaling does not require ERβ on either astrocytes or neurons, whereas neuroprotection in EAE mediated via ERα signaling requires ERα on astrocytes and reduces astrocyte expression of proinflammatory chemokines. These findings reveal important cellular differences in the neuroprotective mechanisms of estrogen signaling through ERα and ERβ in EAE.
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Zhang L, Huang L, Chen L, Hao D, Chen J. Neuroprotection by tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:155-63. [PMID: 23911879 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our in vitro experiments suggested that tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) affords a significant neuroprotective effect against MPP⁺-induced damage and apoptosis in PC12 cells though activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. This study was aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of TSG in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropypridine (MPTP)-treated mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). We found that treatment of TSG protected dopaminergic neurons by preventing MPTP-induced decreases in substantia nigra tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells and striatal dopaminergic transporter (DAT) protein levels. Furthermore, it was also associated with increasing striatal Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, up-regulation of the Bcl-2/BAD ratio, and inhibition of the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These results showed that TSG promoted dopamine neuron survival in vivo, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may have mediated the protection of TSG against MPTP, suggesting that TSG treatment might represent a neuroprotective treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
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Kim HG, Hong J, Huh Y, Park C, Hwang DS, Choi JH, Oh MS. Cyperi Rhizoma inhibits the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced reduction in nigrostriatal dopaminergenic neurons in estrogen-deprived mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:322-328. [PMID: 23639362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cyperi Rhizoma has commonly been used for the treatment of gynecological and neuropsychiatric disorders in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the estrogenic properties and neuroprotective effects of Cyperi Rhizoma under estrogen-deprived condition in female mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the estrogen-like effect of Cyperi Rhizoma extract (CRE), we measured luciferase expression after transfection of a promoter construct containing an estrogen response element (ERE) and treatment of CRE. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of CRE, we measured striatal dopamine, movement ability, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, and apoptosis-related protein expression levels after treatment of CRE either with or without 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in ovariectomized female mice. RESULTS CRE significantly induced the luciferase expression driven by an ERE in PC12 cells, a dopaminergic cell line, in a dose-dependent manner. In mice, MPTP significantly decreased the levels of dopamine in the striatum and behavior performance; in contrast, both CRE and 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB) recovered these parameters to normal levels. CRE and EB treatment also recovered TH immunopositive fibers and cells, respectively, from MPTP toxicity. Additionally, MPTP significantly down-regulated Bcl-2 expression in the mitochondria of dopaminergic cells in the SN, followed by an increase in Bax expression, cytochrome C translocation to the cytosol, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression, whereas these were inhibited by CRE or EB treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that CRE has estrogen-like and neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons in estrogen-deprived mice treated with MPTP-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Navarro A, del Valle E, Ordóñez C, Martínez E, Pérez C, Alonso A, González C, Tolivia J. Aging and substitutive hormonal therapy influence in regional and subcellular distribution of ERα in female rat brain. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:821-37. [PMID: 22648398 PMCID: PMC3636381 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are not only critical for sexual differentiation it is well-known for the role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in the adult brain modulating memory, learning, mood and acts as a neuroprotector. E2 exerts its actions through two classical receptors: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). The distribution of both receptors changes from one brain area to another, E2 being able to modulate their expression. Among the classical features of aging in humans, we find cognitive impairment, dementia, memory loss, etc. As estrogen levels change with age, especially in females, it is important to know the effects of low E2 levels on ERα distribution; results from previous studies are controversial regarding this issue. In the present work, we have studied the effects of long-term E2 depletion as well as the ones of E2 treatment on ERα brain distribution of ovariectomized rats along aging in the diencephalon and in the telencephalon. We have found that ovariectomy causes downregulation and affects subcellular localization of ERα expression during aging, meanwhile prolonged estrogen treatment produces upregulation and overexpression of the receptor levels. Our results support the idea of the region-specific neuroprotection mechanisms mediated by estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Navarro
- />Department of Morphology, Cellular Biology Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva del Valle
- />Department of Morphology, Cellular Biology Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Ordóñez
- />Área de Neurociencias, CIMA, Avda. Pío XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez
- />Área de Neurociencias, CIMA, Avda. Pío XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pérez
- />Department of Morphology, Cellular Biology Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- />Department of Functional Biology–Physiology Area, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Celestino González
- />Department of Functional Biology–Physiology Area, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Tolivia
- />Department of Morphology, Cellular Biology Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- />Dpto. Morfología y Biología Celular, 8ª Planta Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, c/Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Spain
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Van Swearingen AED, Sanchez CL, Frisbee SM, Williams A, Walker QD, Korach KS, Kuhn CM. Estradiol replacement enhances cocaine-stimulated locomotion in female C57BL/6 mice through estrogen receptor alpha. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:236-49. [PMID: 23608737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulant effects are enhanced by ovarian hormones in women and female rodents. Estradiol increases behavioral responses to psychostimulants in women and female rats, although the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study utilized mice to investigate the time frame and receptor mediation of estradiol's enhancement of cocaine-induced behavior as mice enable parallel use of genetic, surgical and pharmacological methods. The spontaneous behavior of Sham and Ovariectomized (Ovx) female wildtype (WT) mice was determined during habituation to a novel environment and after cocaine administration. Ovx mice were replaced with vehicle (sesame oil) or 17β-estradiol (E2) for 2 days or 30 min prior to a cocaine challenge to investigate the time course of E2's effects. To examine receptor mediation of estradiol effects, Ovx mice replaced for 2 days with either the ERα-selective agonist PPT or the ERβ-selective agonist DPN were compared to Sham mice, and mice lacking either ERα (αERKO) or ERβ (βERKO) were compared to WT littermates. Ovx mice exhibited fewer ambulations during habituation than Sham females. Cocaine-induced increases in behavioral ratings were greater in Sham than in Ovx mice. Two days but not 30 min of E2 replacement in Ovx mice increased cocaine responses to Sham levels. PPT replacement also increased the cocaine response relative to vehicle- or DPN- treated Ovx mice. αERKO mice displayed modestly attenuated behavioral responses to novelty and cocaine compared to αWT littermates, but no behavioral differences were found between βERKO and βWT mice. These results suggest that E2 enhances cocaine-stimulated locomotion in mice predominantly through ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E D Van Swearingen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Wang C, Jiang C, Yuan H, Xiao C, Gao D. Role of calbindin-D28K in estrogen treatment for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:702-7. [PMID: 25206716 PMCID: PMC4146078 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that estrogen has neuroprotective effects on the nigrostriatal system. The present study established a Parkinson's disease model in C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrapyridine. The mice were subjected to 17β estradiol injection into the lateral ventricle. Immunofluorescence double staining showed that estrogen increased tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin-D28K expression and co-expression in dopaminergic neurons of midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta of model mice. Behavior experiments showed that estrogen improved swimming and hanging behaviors in this mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Neurology, Funing County People's Hospital, Yancheng 224400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenghua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
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36
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Duncan KA, Walters BJ, Saldanha CJ. Traumatized and inflamed--but resilient: glial aromatization and the avian brain. Horm Behav 2013; 63:208-15. [PMID: 22414444 PMCID: PMC9366899 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroids like estrogens have potent effects on the vertebrate brain, and are provided to neural targets from peripheral and central sources. Estradiol synthesized within the vertebrate CNS modulates neural structure and function, including the pathways involved in neuroprotection, and perhaps, neural repair. Specifically, aromatase; the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to estradiol, is upregulated in the avian and mammalian brain following disruption of the neuropil by multiple forms of perturbation including mechanical injury, ischemia and excitotoxicity. This injury induced aromatase expression is somewhat unique in that it occurs in astroglia rather than neurons, and is stimulated in response to factors associated with brain damage. In this review, we focus on the induction, expression and consequences of glial aromatization in the songbird brain. We begin with a review of the anatomical consequences of glial estrogen provision followed by a discussion of the cellular mechanisms whereby glial aromatization may affect injury-induced neuroplasticity. We then present the current status of our understanding regarding the inductive role of inflammatory processes in the transcription and translation of astrocytic aromatase. We consider the functional aspects of glial aromatization before concluding with unanswered questions and suggestions for future studies. Birds have long informed us about fundamental questions in endocrinology, immunology, and neuroplasticity; and their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics continue to provide an excellent system in which to learn about brain trauma, inflammation, and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Duncan
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Bradley J. Walters
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Colin J. Saldanha
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington DC, 20016, USA
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington DC, 20016, USA
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Al Sweidi S, Morissette M, Rouillard C, Di Paolo T. Estrogen receptors and lesion-induced response of striatal dopamine receptors. Neuroscience 2013; 236:99-109. [PMID: 23357113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection by 17β-estradiol and an estrogen receptor (ER) agonist against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesion were shown to implicate protein kinase B (Akt) signaling in mice. In order to evaluate the associated mechanisms, this study compared estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) intact or knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 male mice following MPTP treatment of 7, 9, 11mg/kg and/or 17β-estradiol. Striatal D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors were measured by autoradiography with the specific ligands [(3)H]-SCH 23390 and [(3)H]-raclopride, respectively and signaling by Western blot for Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and extracellular-regulated signal kinases (ERK1 and ERK2). Control ERKOβ mice had lower striatal [(3)H]-SCH 23390 specific binding than WT and ERKOα mice; both KO mice had lower [(3)H]-raclopride specific binding. Striatal D1 receptors decreased with increasing doses of MPTP in correlation with striatal DA concentrations in ERKOα mice and remained unchanged in WT and ERKOβ mice. Striatal D2 receptors decreased with increasing doses of MPTP in correlation with striatal DA concentrations in WT and ERKOα mice and increased in ERKOβ mice. In MPTP-lesioned mice, 17β-estradiol treatment increased D1 receptors in ERKOα and ERKOβ mice and D2 receptors in WT and ERKOβ mice. MPTP did not affect striatal pAkt/Akt and pGSK3β/GSK3β levels in WT and ERKOα mice, while in vehicle-treated ERKOβ mice these levels were higher and increased with MPTP lesioning. Striatal pERK1/ERK1 and pERK2/ERK2 levels showed to a lesser extent a similar pattern. In conclusion, ERs affected the response of striatal DA receptors to a MPTP lesion and post receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al Sweidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1K 7P4
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Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol on Motoneurons in a Model of Rat Spinal Cord Embryonic Explants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Simpkins JW, Singh M, Brock C, Etgen AM. Neuroprotection and estrogen receptors. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 96:119-30. [PMID: 22538356 PMCID: PMC6507404 DOI: 10.1159/000338409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to assess the state of current knowledge on the role of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the neuroprotective effects of estrogens in models for acute neuronal injury and death. We evaluate the overall evidence that estrogens are neuroprotective in acute injury and critically assess the role of ERα, ERβ, GPR 30, and nonreceptor-mediated mechanisms in these robust neuroprotective effects of this ovarian steroid hormone. We conclude that all three receptors, as well as nonreceptor-mediated mechanisms can be involved in neuroprotection, depending on the model used, the level of estrogen administrated, and the mode of administration of the steroid. Also, the signaling pathways used by both ER-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms to exert neuroprotection are considered. Finally, further studies that are needed to parse out the relative contribution of receptor versus nonreceptor-mediated signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Courtney Brock
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Anne M. Etgen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 113, Bronx, NY 10461
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Song JX, Shaw PC, Wong NS, Sze CW, Yao XS, Tang CW, Tong Y, Zhang YB. Chrysotoxine, a novel bibenzyl compound selectively antagonizes MPP+, but not rotenone, neurotoxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Lett 2012; 521:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Hormone replacement therapy and risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:258454. [PMID: 22548198 PMCID: PMC3324889 DOI: 10.1155/2012/258454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been a significant amount of research investigating the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with regards to neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review basic science studies, randomized clinical trials, and epidemiological studies, and discuss the putative neuroprotective effects of HRT in the context of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Findings to date suggest a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and improved cognitive functioning of postmenopausal women who use 17β-estradiol. With regards to Parkinson's disease, there is consistent evidence from basic science studies for a neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol; however, results of clinical and epidemiological studies are inconclusive at this time, and there is a paucity of research examining the association between HRT and Parkinson's-related neurocognitive impairment. Even less understood are the effects of HRT on risk for frontotemporal dementia and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Limits to the existing research are discussed, along with proposed future directions for the investigation of HRT and neurodegenerative diseases.
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42
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Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Signaling pathways mediating the neuroprotective effects of sex steroids and SERMs in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:169-78. [PMID: 22387674 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies with the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) animal model of Parkinson's disease have shown the ability of 17β-estradiol to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. This paper reviews the signaling pathways mediating the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol against MPTP-induced toxicity. The mechanisms of 17β-estradiol action implicate activation of signaling pathways such as the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. 17β-estradiol signaling is complex and integrates multiple interactions with signaling molecules that act to potentiate a protective effect. 17β-estradiol signaling is mediated via estrogen receptors, including GPER1, but others receptors, such as the IGF-1 receptor, are implicated in the neuroprotective effect. Glial and neuronal crosstalk is a critical factor in the maintenance of dopamine neuronal survival and in the neuroprotective action of 17β-estradiol. Compounds that stimulate GPER1 such as selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens show neuroprotective activity and are alternatives to 17β-estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
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Effect of a chronic treatment with 17β-estradiol on striatal dopamine neurotransmission and the Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway in the brain of ovariectomized monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:280-91. [PMID: 21763075 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present experiments sought the effect of chronic treatment with 17β-estradiol on striatal dopaminergic activity and the Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway in the brain of monkeys. Eight female monkeys (Macacca fascicularis) were ovariectomized (OVX) and a month later, half received a month treatment with 17β-estradiol and the other with vehicle. The DA transporter (DAT) was measured by autoradiography with [(125)I]RTI-121 and the vesicular DA transporter (VMAT(2)) with [(3)H]TBZ-OH at three rostro-caudal levels (anterior, middle and posterior) of the caudate nucleus and putamen subdivided in their lateral/medial, ventral/dorsal sub-regions. Specific binding to DAT was increased in all sub-regions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen of 17β-estradiol-treated compared to vehicle-treated monkeys whereas specific binding to VMAT(2) remained unchanged. We measured by Western blot the phosphorylated forms of Akt at serine 473 and threonine 308, GSK3β at serine 9 and tyrosine 216 and GSK3α at serine 21 in anterior, middle and posterior caudate nucleus and putamen. 17β-Estradiol treatment increased in all the caudate nucleus and putamen pAkt (Ser473)/βIII-tubulin, pGSK3β (Ser9)/βIII-tubulin and in putamen Akt/βIII-tubulin compared to vehicle-treated monkeys. In anterior and middle putamen, pAkt (Thr308)/βIII-tubulin was also increased in monkeys treated with 17β-estradiol. pGSK3β (Tyr216)/βIII-tubulin and pGSK3α (Ser21)/βIII-tubulin remained unchanged by the 17β-estradiol treatment. These results suggest that 17β-estradiol activates striatal DA neurotransmission in primates as reflected with increased DAT specific binding and downstream activation of Akt/GSK3 signaling. This supports a beneficial role of a chronic treatment with 17β-estradiol by increasing the activity of signaling pathways implicated in cell survival.
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Zhu G, Wang X, Wu S, Li Q. Involvement of activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in the protective effects of puerarin against MPP+-induced human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell death. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:400-8. [PMID: 22265823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to clarify the protective effect of puerarin on toxin-insulted dopaminergic neuronal death, this present study was carried out by using a typical Parkinson's disease (PD) model - 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cellular model. Data are presented, which showed that puerarin up-regulated Akt phosphorylation in both of MPP(+)-treated and non-MPP(+)-treated cells. The presence of PI3K inhibitor LY294002 completely blocked puerarin-induced activation of Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, puerarin decreased MPP(+)-induced cell death, which was blocked by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. We further demonstrated that puerarin protected against MPP(+)-induced p53 nuclear accumulation, Puma (p53-upregulated mediator of apoptosis) and Bax expression and caspase-3-dependent programmed cell death (PCD). This protection was blocked by applying a PI3K/Akt inhibitor. Additionally, it was Pifithrin-α, but not Pifithrin-μ, which blocked MPP(+)-induced Puma and Bax expression, caspase-3 activation and cell death. Collectively, these data suggest that the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in the protective effect of puerarin against MPP(+)-induced neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell death through inhibiting nuclear p53 accumulation and subsequently caspase-3-dependent PCD. Puerarin might be a potential therapeutic agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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45
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Tao Q, Fan X, Li T, Tang Y, Yang D, Le W. Gender segregation in gene expression and vulnerability to oxidative stress induced injury in ventral mesencephalic cultures of dopamine neurons. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:167-78. [PMID: 21919034 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Most epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that PD has a higher prevalence in males than in females. Both hormones and genetic factors have been considered to be contributors to this phenomenon. In the present study, we used primary cultures of ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons from E13.5 Balb/C mice to investigate whether there were any gender differences in gene expression and cell sensitivity to oxidative stress in sex segregated cultures. We also investigated the role of SRY, the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome, and the female hormone estrogen in the gender dimorphism. We measured the expression levels of genes that previously were thought to be related to PD or DA neuron development and functions by real-time PCR, and found six of them, ATP13A2, ERβ, MAO-A, D2, DAT, and Pitx3, showing significantly differential expression between males and females in the normal physiological state or under stress conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that male VM neurons are more vulnerable than female neurons to rotenone-induced cytotoxicity and that 17β-estrogen has a moderate protective effect in both male and female VM neurons. Moreover, we document that SRY can upregulate monoamine oxidase A and downregulate estrogen receptor-β, and SRY-overexpressing N2A cells enhance the resistance to oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Our results suggest that gender indeed influences several PD-related gene expressions in VM neurons, and SRY and estrogen are involved in the different responses to oxidative stress in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Tao
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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46
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Al Sweidi S, Sánchez MG, Bourque M, Morissette M, Dluzen D, Di Paolo T. Oestrogen receptors and signalling pathways: implications for neuroprotective effects of sex steroids in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:48-61. [PMID: 21790809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a higher incidence in the male population. In the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD, 17β-oestradiol but not androgens were shown to protect dopamine (DA) neurones. We report that oestrogen receptors (ER)α and β distinctly contribute to neuroprotection against MPTP toxicity, as revealed by examining the membrane DA transporter (DAT), the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and tyrosine hyroxylase in ER wild-type (WT) and knockout (ERKO) C57Bl/6 male mice. Intact ERKOβ mice had lower levels of striatal DAT and VMAT2, whereas ERKOα mice were the most sensitive to MPTP toxicity compared to WT and ERKOβ mice and had the highest levels of plasma androgens. In both ERKO mice groups, treatment with 17β-oestradiol did not provide neuroprotection against MPTP, despite elevated plasma 17β-oestradiol levels. Next, the recently described membrane G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER1) was examined in female Macaca fascicularis monkeys and mice. GPER1 levels were increased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen of MPTP-monkeys and in the male mouse striatum lesioned with methamphetamine or MPTP. Moreover, neuroprotective mechanisms in response to oestrogens transmit via Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) signalling. The intact and lesioned striata of 17β-oestradiol treated monkeys, similar to that of mice, had increased levels of pAkt (Ser 473)/βIII-tubulin, pGSK3 (Ser 9)/βIII-tubulin and Akt/βIII-tubulin. Hence, ERα, ERβ and GPER1 activation by oestrogens is imperative in the modulation of ER signalling and serves as a basis for evaluating nigrostriatal neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al Sweidi
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, CHUQ (CHUL), Quebec City, Canada
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Durgadoss L, Nidadavolu P, Valli RK, Saeed U, Mishra M, Seth P, Ravindranath V. Redox modification of Akt mediated by the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP, in mouse midbrain, leads to down‐regulation of pAkt. FASEB J 2011; 26:1473-83. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Durgadoss
- Division of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesNational Brain Research CentreNainwal ModeManesarIndia
| | - Prakash Nidadavolu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesNational Brain Research CentreNainwal ModeManesarIndia
- Centre for NeuroscienceIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Rupanagudi Khader Valli
- Division of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesNational Brain Research CentreNainwal ModeManesarIndia
| | - Uzma Saeed
- Division of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesNational Brain Research CentreNainwal ModeManesarIndia
| | - Mamata Mishra
- Division of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesNational Brain Research CentreNainwal ModeManesarIndia
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Division of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesNational Brain Research CentreNainwal ModeManesarIndia
| | - Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath
- Division of Molecular and Cellular NeurosciencesNational Brain Research CentreNainwal ModeManesarIndia
- Centre for NeuroscienceIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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48
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Al-Sweidi S, Morissette M, Bourque M, Di Paolo T. Estrogen receptors and gonadal steroids in vulnerability and protection of dopamine neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:583-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Bourque M, Liu B, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Sex differences in methamphetamine toxicity in mice: effect on brain dopamine signaling pathways. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:955-69. [PMID: 21236583 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Male mice were reported to display greater methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity than females. The present study evaluated the involvement of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathways in this sex-dependent methamphetamine toxicity. Intact female and male mice were administered methamphetamine (20 or 40mg/kg) and euthanized a week later. Dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) autoradiography in the lateral striatum showed a greater sensitivity in male mice treated with 20mg/kg methamphetamine compared to female mice. Striatal dopamine concentration and DAT autoradiography showed a more extensive depletion in male mice given 40mg/kg methamphetamine compared to female mice. Mice administered 40mg/kg methamphetamine showed no sex difference in striatal VMAT2 autoradiography. In the substantia nigra, DAT specific binding was decreased only in male mice treated with 40mg/kg methamphetamine and DAT mRNA levels decreased in methamphetamine-treated female and male mice. Methamphetamine-treated male mice presented a dose-dependent decrease of VMAT2 mRNA levels. Methamphetamine reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor levels in females at both methamphetamine doses tested whereas it elevated G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) only in male mice. Phosphorylated Akt levels decreased only in male mice treated with 40mg/kg methamphetamine. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β levels were reduced in male mice at both methamphetamine doses tested and in females receiving 40mg/kg. Bcl-2 levels were increased in male mice treated with methamphetamine, whereas ERK1/2 and BAD levels were unchanged. These results implicate some of the signaling pathways associated with the sex differences in methamphetamine-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL), Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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50
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Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Male/Female differences in neuroprotection and neuromodulation of brain dopamine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:35. [PMID: 22654803 PMCID: PMC3356083 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a sex difference in Parkinson's disease (PD) is observed as related to several variables, including susceptibility of the disease, age at onset, and symptoms. These differences between men and women represent a significant characteristic of PD, which suggest that estrogens may exert beneficial effects against the development and the progression of the disease. This paper reviews the neuroprotective and neuromodulator effects of 17β-estradiol and progesterone as compared to androgens in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (NSDA) system of both female and male rodents. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice model of PD and methamphetamine toxicity faithfully reproduce the sex differences of PD in that endogenous estrogen levels appear to influence the vulnerability to toxins targeting the NSDA system. Exogenous 17β-estradiol and/or progesterone treatments show neuroprotective properties against NSDA toxins while androgens fail to induce any beneficial effect. Sex steroid treatments show male and female differences in their neuroprotective action against methamphetamine toxicity. NSDA structure and function, as well as the distribution of estrogen receptors, show sex differences and may influence the susceptibility to the toxins and the response to sex steroids. Genomic and non-genomic actions of 17β-estradiol converge to promote survival factors and the presence of both estrogen receptors α and β are critical to 17β-estradiol neuroprotective action against MPTP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL)Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
| | - Dean E. Dluzen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine and PharmacyRootstown, OH, USA
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL)Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Thérèse Di Paolo, Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 4G2. e-mail:
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