1
|
Saito A, Alvi S, Valant C, Christopoulos A, Carbone SE, Poole DP. Therapeutic potential of allosteric modulators for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2232-2246. [PMID: 36565295 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is tightly regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Disruption of coordinated enteric nervous system activity can result in dysmotility. Pharmacological treatment options for dysmotility include targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by neurons of the enteric nervous system. Current GPCR-targeting drugs for motility disorders bind to the highly conserved endogenous ligand-binding site and promote indiscriminate activation or inhibition of the target receptor throughout the body. This can be associated with significant side-effect liability and a loss of physiological tone. Allosteric modulators of GPCRs bind to a distinct site from the endogenous ligand, which is typically less conserved across multiple receptor subtypes and can modulate endogenous ligand signalling. Allosteric modulation of GPCRs that are important for enteric nervous system function may provide effective relief from motility disorders while limiting side-effects. This review will focus on how allosteric modulators of GPCRs may influence gastrointestinal motility, using 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh) and opioid receptors as examples. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sadia Alvi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Griffith DA, Edmonds DJ, Fortin JP, Kalgutkar AS, Kuzmiski JB, Loria PM, Saxena AR, Bagley SW, Buckeridge C, Curto JM, Derksen DR, Dias JM, Griffor MC, Han S, Jackson VM, Landis MS, Lettiere D, Limberakis C, Liu Y, Mathiowetz AM, Patel JC, Piotrowski DW, Price DA, Ruggeri RB, Tess DA. A Small-Molecule Oral Agonist of the Human Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8208-8226. [PMID: 35647711 PMCID: PMC9234956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptide agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) have revolutionized diabetes therapy, but their use has been limited because they require injection. Herein, we describe the discovery of the orally bioavailable, small-molecule, GLP-1R agonist PF-06882961 (danuglipron). A sensitized high-throughput screen was used to identify 5-fluoropyrimidine-based GLP-1R agonists that were optimized to promote endogenous GLP-1R signaling with nanomolar potency. Incorporation of a carboxylic acid moiety provided considerable GLP-1R potency gains with improved off-target pharmacology and reduced metabolic clearance, ultimately resulting in the identification of danuglipron. Danuglipron increased insulin levels in primates but not rodents, which was explained by receptor mutagensis studies and a cryogenic electron microscope structure that revealed a binding pocket requiring a primate-specific tryptophan 33 residue. Oral administration of danuglipron to healthy humans produced dose-proportional increases in systemic exposure (NCT03309241). This opens an opportunity for oral small-molecule therapies that target the well-validated GLP-1R for metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Griffith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Fortin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J Brent Kuzmiski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paula M Loria
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aditi R Saxena
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott W Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Clare Buckeridge
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John M Curto
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David R Derksen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - João M Dias
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew C Griffor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Seungil Han
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - V Margaret Jackson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Margaret S Landis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel Lettiere
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alan M Mathiowetz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - David W Piotrowski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Price
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Roger B Ruggeri
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A Tess
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Glotfelty EJ, Karlsson T, Fortuno LV, Harvey BK, Greig NH. The metabolite GLP-1 (9-36) is neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory in cellular models of neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2021; 159:867-886. [PMID: 34569615 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is best known for its insulinotropic action following food intake. Its metabolite, GLP-1 (9-36), was assumed biologically inactive because of low GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) affinity and non-insulinotropic properties; however, recent studies contradict this assumption. Increased use of FDA approved GLP-1 analogues for treating metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases raises interest in GLP-1 (9-36)'s biological role. We use human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and a GLP-1R over-expressing variety (#9), in both undifferentiated and differentiated states, to evaluate the neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 (9-36) against toxic glutamate exposure and other oxidative stress models (via the MTS, LDH or ROS assays). In addition, we examine GLP-1 (9-36)'s signaling pathways, including cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase-A (PKA), and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via the use of ELISA, pharmacological inhibitors, or GLP-1R antagonist. Human HMC3 and mouse IMG microglial cell lines were used to study the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1 (9-36) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (via ELISA). Finally, we applied GLP-1 (9-36) to primary dissociation cultures challenged with α-synuclein or amyloid-β and assessed survival and morphology via immunochemistry. We demonstrate evidence of GLP-1R, cAMP, PKA, and AMPK-mediated neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 (9-36). The metabolite significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels in HMC3 and IMG microglial cells, respectively. Lastly, we show mild but significant effects of GLP-1 (9-36) in primary neuron cultures challenged with α-synuclein or amyloid-β. These studies enhance understanding of GLP-1 (9-36)'s effects on the nervous system and its potential as a primary or complementary treatment in pathological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Li
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lowella V Fortuno
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Department, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Department, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pryce KD, Kang HJ, Sakloth F, Liu Y, Khan S, Toth K, Kapoor A, Nicolais A, Che T, Qin L, Bertherat F, Kaniskan HÜ, Jin J, Cameron MD, Roth BL, Zachariou V, Filizola M. A promising chemical series of positive allosteric modulators of the μ-opioid receptor that enhance the antinociceptive efficacy of opioids but not their adverse effects. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108673. [PMID: 34153316 PMCID: PMC8410669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) have been proposed to exhibit therapeutic potential by maximizing the analgesic properties of clinically used opioid drugs while limiting their adverse effects or risk of overdose as a result of using lower drug doses. We herein report in vitro and in vivo characterization of two small molecules from a chemical series of MOR PAMs that exhibit: (i) MOR PAM activity and receptor subtype selectivity in vitro, (ii) a differential potentiation of the antinociceptive effect of oxycodone, morphine, and methadone in mouse models of pain that roughly correlates with in vitro activity, and (iii) a lack of potentiation of adverse effects associated with opioid administration, such as somatic withdrawal, respiratory depression, and analgesic tolerance. This series of MOR PAMs holds promise for the development of adjuncts to opioid therapy to mitigate against overdose and opioid use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri D Pryce
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Farhana Sakloth
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Susan Khan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Abhijeet Kapoor
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrew Nicolais
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Tao Che
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lihuai Qin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Feodora Bertherat
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cong Z, Chen LN, Ma H, Zhou Q, Zou X, Ye C, Dai A, Liu Q, Huang W, Sun X, Wang X, Xu P, Zhao L, Xia T, Zhong W, Yang D, Eric Xu H, Zhang Y, Wang MW. Molecular insights into ago-allosteric modulation of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3763. [PMID: 34145245 PMCID: PMC8213797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor is a validated drug target for metabolic disorders. Ago-allosteric modulators are capable of acting both as agonists on their own and as efficacy enhancers of orthosteric ligands. However, the molecular details of ago-allosterism remain elusive. Here, we report three cryo-electron microscopy structures of GLP-1R bound to (i) compound 2 (an ago-allosteric modulator); (ii) compound 2 and GLP-1; and (iii) compound 2 and LY3502970 (a small molecule agonist), all in complex with heterotrimeric Gs. The structures reveal that compound 2 is covalently bonded to C347 at the cytoplasmic end of TM6 and triggers its outward movement in cooperation with the ECD whose N terminus penetrates into the GLP-1 binding site. This allows compound 2 to execute positive allosteric modulation through enhancement of both agonist binding and G protein coupling. Our findings offer insights into the structural basis of ago-allosterism at GLP-1R and may aid the design of better therapeutics. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis and a drug target for type 2 diabetes but available GLP-1R agonists are suboptimal due to several side-effects. Here authors report the cryo-EM structure of GLP-1R bound to an ago-allosteric modulator in complex with heterotrimeric Gs which offers insights into the molecular details of ago-allosterism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotong Cong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Nan Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglei Ma
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Zou
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyu Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Qilu Regor Therapeutics, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xi Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Xia
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenge Zhong
- Qilu Regor Therapeutics, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Willard FS, Wainscott DB, Showalter AD, Stutsman C, Ma W, Cardona GR, Zink RW, Corkins CM, Chen Q, Yumibe N, Agejas J, Cumming GR, Minguez JM, Jiménez A, Mateo AI, Castaño AM, Briere DA, Sloop KW, Bueno AB. Discovery of an Orally Efficacious Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3439-3448. [PMID: 33721487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The identification of LSN3318839, a positive allosteric modulator of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), is described. LSN3318839 increases the potency and efficacy of the weak metabolite GLP-1(9-36)NH2 to become a full agonist at the GLP-1R and modestly potentiates the activity of the highly potent full-length ligand, GLP-1(7-36)NH2. LSN3318839 preferentially enhances G protein-coupled signaling by the GLP-1R over β-arrestin recruitment. Ex vivo experiments show that the combination of GLP-1(9-36)NH2 and LSN3318839 produces glucose-dependent insulin secretion similar to that of GLP-1(7-36)NH2. Under nutrient-stimulated conditions that release GLP-1, LSN3318839 demonstrates robust glucose lowering in animal models alone or in treatment combination with sitagliptin. From a therapeutic perspective, the biological properties of LSN3318839 support the concept that GLP-1R potentiation is sufficient for reducing hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis S Willard
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David B Wainscott
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Aaron D Showalter
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Cynthia Stutsman
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Wenzhen Ma
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Guemalli R Cardona
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Richard W Zink
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christopher M Corkins
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nathan Yumibe
- Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Javier Agejas
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Graham R Cumming
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - José Miguel Minguez
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Alma Jiménez
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Ana I Mateo
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Ana M Castaño
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Daniel A Briere
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ana B Bueno
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Valant C, McKenzie-Nickson S, Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Fine Tuning Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Through Allostery and Bias. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606656. [PMID: 33584282 PMCID: PMC7878563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Due to high sequence homology, selective targeting of any of the M1-M5 mAChRs through the endogenous ligand binding site has been notoriously difficult to achieve. With the discovery of highly subtype selective mAChR positive allosteric modulators in the new millennium, selectivity through targeting an allosteric binding site has opened new avenues for drug discovery programs. However, some hurdles remain to be overcome for these promising new drug candidates to progress into the clinic. One challenge is the potential for on-target side effects, such as for the M1 mAChR where over-activation of the receptor by orthosteric or allosteric ligands can be detrimental. Therefore, in addition to receptor subtype selectivity, a drug candidate may need to exhibit a biased signaling profile to avoid such on-target adverse effects. Indeed, recent studies in mice suggest that allosteric modulators for the M1 mAChR that bias signaling toward specific pathways may be therapeutically important. This review brings together details on the signaling pathways activated by the M1 and M4 mAChRs, evidence of biased agonism at these receptors, and highlights pathways that may be important for developing new subtype selective allosteric ligands to achieve therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McKenzie-Nickson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dengler DG, Sun Q, Holleran J, Pollari S, Beutel J, Brown BT, Shinoki Iwaya A, Ardecky R, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ, Sergienko EA. Development of a Testing Funnel for Identification of Small-Molecule Modulators Targeting Secretin Receptors. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2021; 26:1-16. [PMID: 32749201 PMCID: PMC8278649 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220945284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The secretin receptor (SCTR), a prototypical class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), exerts its effects mainly by activating Gαs proteins upon binding of its endogenous peptide ligand secretin. SCTRs can be found in a variety of tissues and organs across species, including the pancreas, stomach, liver, heart, lung, colon, kidney, and brain. Beyond that, modulation of SCTR-mediated signaling has therapeutic potential for the treatment of multiple diseases, such as heart failure, obesity, and diabetes. However, no ligands other than secretin and its peptide analogs have been described to regulate SCTRs, probably due to inherent challenges in family B GPCR drug discovery. Here we report creation of a testing funnel that allowed targeted detection of SCTR small-molecule activators. Pursuing the strategy to identify positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), we established a unique primary screening assay employing a mixture of three orthosteric stimulators that was compared in a screening campaign testing 12,000 small-molecule compounds. Beyond that, we developed a comprehensive set of secondary assays, such as a radiolabel-free target engagement assay and a NanoBiT (NanoLuc Binary Technology)-based approach to detect β-arrestin-2 recruitment, all feasible in a high-throughput environment as well as capable of profiling ligands and hits regarding their effect on binding and receptor function. This combination of methods enabled the discovery of five promising scaffolds, four of which have been validated and further characterized with respect to their allosteric activities. We propose that our results may serve as starting points for developing the first in vivo active small molecules targeting SCTRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G. Dengler
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qing Sun
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John Holleran
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sirkku Pollari
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jannis Beutel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chemikum, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brock T. Brown
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aki Shinoki Iwaya
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert Ardecky
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Eduard A. Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reyes-Alcaraz A, Y. Lucero Garcia-Rojas E, A. Bond R, K. McConnell B. Allosteric Modulators for GPCRs as a Therapeutic Alternative with High Potential in Drug Discovery. Mol Pharmacol 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) consists of biological microprocessors that can activate multiple signaling pathways. Most GPCRs have an orthosteric pocket where the endogenous ligand(s) typically binds. Conversely, allosteric ligands bind to GPCRs at sites that are distinct from the orthosteric binding region and they modulate the response elicited by the endogenous ligand. Allosteric ligands can also switch the response of a GPCR after ligand binding to a unique signaling pathway, these ligands are termed biased allosteric modulators. Thus, the development of allosteric ligands opens new and multiple ways in which the signaling pathways of GPCRs can be manipulated for potential therapeutic benefit. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which allosteric ligands modulate the effects of endogenous ligands have provided new insights into the interactions between allosteric ligands and GPCRs. These new findings have a high potential to improve drug discovery and development and, therefore, creating the need for better screening methods for allosteric drugs to increase the chances of success in the development of allosteric modulators as lead clinical compounds.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bueno AB, Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, Ho JD, Wainscott DB, Showalter AD, Vieth M, Chen Q, Stutsman C, Chau B, Ficorilli J, Agejas FJ, Cumming GR, Jiménez A, Rojo I, Kobilka TS, Kobilka BK, Sloop KW. Structural insights into probe-dependent positive allosterism of the GLP-1 receptor. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1105-1110. [PMID: 32690941 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that promote the association of protein complexes are an emerging therapeutic strategy. We report discovery of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand that stabilizes an active state conformation by cooperatively binding both the receptor and orthosteric ligand, thereby acting as a 'molecular glue'. LSN3160440 is a positive allosteric modulator of the GLP-1R optimized to increase the affinity and efficacy of GLP-1(9-36), a proteolytic product of GLP-1(7-36). The compound enhances insulin secretion in a glucose-, ligand- and GLP-1R-dependent manner. Cryo-electron microscopy determined the structure of the GLP-1R bound to LSN3160440 in complex with GLP-1 and heterotrimeric Gs. The modulator binds high in the helical bundle at an interface between TM1 and TM2, allowing access to the peptide ligand. Pharmacological characterization showed strong probe dependence of LSN3160440 for GLP-1(9-36) versus oxyntomodulin that is driven by a single residue. Our findings expand protein-protein modulation drug discovery to uncompetitive, active state stabilizers for peptide hormone receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francis S Willard
- Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dan Feng
- ConfometRx, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Joseph D Ho
- Lilly Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David B Wainscott
- Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aaron D Showalter
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michal Vieth
- Lilly Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cynthia Stutsman
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Betty Chau
- Lilly Biotechnology Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James Ficorilli
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyle W Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang C, Amaradhi R, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. An Agonist Dependent Allosteric Antagonist of Prostaglandin EP2 Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1436-1446. [PMID: 32324375 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All reported prostaglandin EP2 receptor antagonists have a purely orthosteric, competitive mode of action. Herein, we report the characterization of compound 1 (pubchem CID 664888) as the first EP2 antagonist that features a reversible, agonist dependent allosteric mode of action. Compound 1 displayed an unsurmountable inhibition of cAMP accumulation stimulated by different EP2 agonists in C6 glioma cells overexpressing human EP2 (C6G-hEP2). The degree of reduction of agonist potency and efficacy depended on the agonist employed. Negative allosteric modulation was not observed in C6G cells overexpressing human EP4, IP, or DP1 receptors. Moreover, in the murine microglial cell line that stably expresses human EP2 receptors (BV2-hEP2), compound 1 reduced the EP2 agonist-induced elevation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and hEP2 mRNA levels and increased that of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Compound 1 was docked into a homology model of hEP2. The predicted binding site on the cytoplasmic receptor surface was similar to that of allosteric inhibitors of the β2-adrenergic, CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) receptors, which supports the notion of a conserved G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) binding pocket for allosteric inhibitors. As the first agonist dependent negative allosteric modulator of EP2 receptor, the structure of this compound may provide a basis for developing improved allosteric modulators of EP2 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan, China
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ray Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Slivicki RA, Iyer V, Mali SS, Garai S, Thakur GA, Crystal JD, Hohmann AG. Positive Allosteric Modulation of CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling Enhances Morphine Antinociception and Attenuates Morphine Tolerance Without Enhancing Morphine- Induced Dependence or Reward. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:54. [PMID: 32410959 PMCID: PMC7199816 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid analgesics represent a critical treatment for chronic pain in the analgesic ladder of the World Health Organization. However, their use can result in a number of unwanted side-effects including incomplete efficacy, constipation, physical dependence, and overdose liability. Cannabinoids enhance the pain-relieving effects of opioids in preclinical studies and dampen unwanted side-effects resulting from excessive opioid intake. We recently reported that a CB1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) exhibits antinociceptive efficacy in models of pathological pain and lacks the adverse side effects of direct CB1 receptor activation. In the present study, we evaluated whether a CB1 PAM would enhance morphine’s therapeutic efficacy in an animal model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain and characterized its impact on unwanted side-effects associated with chronic opioid administration. In paclitaxel-treated mice, both the CB1 PAM GAT211 and the opioid analgesic morphine reduced paclitaxel-induced behavioral hypersensitivities to mechanical and cold stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. Isobolographic analysis revealed that combinations of GAT211 and morphine resulted in anti-allodynic synergism. In paclitaxel-treated mice, a sub-threshold dose of GAT211 prevented the development of tolerance to the anti-allodynic effects of morphine over 20 days of once daily dosing. However, GAT211 did not reliably alter somatic withdrawal signs (i.e., jumps, paw tremors) in morphine-dependent neuropathic mice challenged with naloxone. In otherwise naïve mice, GAT211 also prolonged antinociceptive efficacy of morphine in the tail-flick test and reduced the overall right-ward shift in the ED50 for morphine to produce antinociception in the tail-flick test, consistent with attenuation of morphine tolerance. Pretreatment with GAT211 did not alter somatic signs of μ opioid receptor dependence in mice rendered dependent upon morphine via subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet. Moreover, GAT211 did not reliably alter μ-opioid receptor-mediated reward as measured by conditioned place preference to morphine. Our results suggest that a CB1 PAM may be beneficial in enhancing and prolonging the therapeutic properties of opioids while potentially sparing unwanted side-effects (e.g., tolerance) that occur with repeated opioid treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Slivicki
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Vishakh Iyer
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sonali S Mali
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sumanta Garai
- Center for Drug Discovery, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Willard FS, Ho JD, Sloop KW. Discovery and pharmacology of the covalent GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) allosteric modulator BETP: A novel tool to probe GLP-1R pharmacology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 88:173-191. [PMID: 32416867 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a significant therapeutic target for small molecule drug discovery given the therapeutic impact of peptide agonists in the diabetes sphere. We review the discovery and subsequent characterization of the small molecule GLP-1R allosteric modulator 4-(3-(Benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(ethylsulfinyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (BETP). BETP is a covalent modulator of the GLP-1R, and we discuss the pharmacological implications and possible structural basis of this novel mode of action. We highlight the insights into class B G-protein coupled receptor pharmacology and biology provided by studies conducted with BETP. These include the descriptions of exquisite allosteric modulator probe dependence and biased signaling in vitro and in vivo. We conclude with an analysis of the utility of BETP as a chemical probe for the GLP-1R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis S Willard
- Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Joseph D Ho
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Méndez M, Matter H, Defossa E, Kurz M, Lebreton S, Li Z, Lohmann M, Löhn M, Mors H, Podeschwa M, Rackelmann N, Riedel J, Safar P, Thorpe DS, Schäfer M, Weitz D, Breitschopf K. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Potent Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R). J Med Chem 2019; 63:2292-2307. [PMID: 31596080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic success of peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonists for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) motivated our search for orally bioavailable small molecules that can activate the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) as a well-validated target for T2DM. Here, the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for GLP-1R based on a 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-1,5-epiminoazocino[4,5-b]indole scaffold is reported. Optimization of this series from HTS was supported by a GLP-1R ligand binding model. Biological in vitro testing revealed favorable ADME and pharmacological profiles for the best compound 19. Characterization by in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies demonstrated that 19 activates GLP-1R as positive allosteric modulator (PAM) in the presence of the much less active endogenous degradation product GLP1(9-36)NH2 of the potent endogenous ligand GLP-1(7-36)NH2. While these data suggest the potential of small molecule GLP-1R PAMs for T2DM treatment, further optimization is still required towards a clinical candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Méndez
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Matter
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Defossa
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Kurz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvain Lebreton
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Lohmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Löhn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mors
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Podeschwa
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Rackelmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pavel Safar
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David S Thorpe
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dietmar Weitz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristin Breitschopf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wootten D, Miller LJ. Structural Basis for Allosteric Modulation of Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:89-107. [PMID: 31454292 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provide multiple opportunities for targeted development of allosteric modulators. Given the pleiotropic signaling patterns emanating from these receptors in response to a variety of natural agonist ligands, modulators have the potential to sculpt the responses to meet distinct needs of different groups of patients. In this review, we provide insights into how this family of GPCRs differs from the rest of the superfamily, how orthosteric agonists bind and activate these receptors, the potential for allosteric modulators to interact with various regions of these targets, and the allosteric influence of endogenous proteins on the pharmacology of these receptors, all of which are important considerations when developing new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia; .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia; .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mahmod Al-Qattan MN, Mordi MN. Molecular Basis of Modulating Adenosine Receptors Activities. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:817-831. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190304122624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulating cellular processes through extracellular chemical stimuli is medicinally an attractive approach to control disease conditions. GPCRs are the most important group of transmembranal receptors that produce different patterns of activations using intracellular mediators (such as G-proteins and Beta-arrestins). Adenosine receptors (ARs) belong to GPCR class and are divided into A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR and A3AR. ARs control different physiological activities thus considered valuable target to control neural, heart, inflammatory and other metabolic disorders. Targeting ARs using small molecules essentially works by binding orthosteric and/or allosteric sites of the receptors. Although targeting orthosteric site is considered typical to modulate receptor activity, allosteric sites provide better subtype selectivity, saturable modulation of activity and variable activation patterns. Each receptor exists in dynamical equilibrium between conformational ensembles. The equilibrium is affected by receptor interaction with other molecules. Changing the population of conformational ensembles of the receptor is the method by which orthosteric, allosteric and other cellular components control receptor signaling. Herein, the interactions of ARs with orthosteric, allosteric ligands as well as intracellular mediators are described. A quinary interaction model for the receptor is proposed and energy wells for major conformational ensembles are retrieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre For Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Desai AJ, Mechin I, Nagarajan K, Valant C, Wootten D, Lam PCH, Orry A, Abagyan R, Nair A, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Miller LJ. Molecular Basis of Action of a Small-Molecule Positive Allosteric Modulator Agonist at the Type 1 Cholecystokinin Holoreceptor. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:245-259. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
18
|
van der Westhuizen ET, Spathis A, Khajehali E, Jörg M, Mistry SN, Capuano B, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Scammells PJ, Valant C, Christopoulos A. Assessment of the Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Novel 4-Phenylpyridine-2-One and 6-Phenylpyrimidin-4-One Allosteric Modulators at the M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:770-783. [PMID: 29691279 PMCID: PMC7616191 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that target the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M1 mAChR) are potential treatments for cognitive deficits in conditions such as Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. We recently reported novel 4-phenylpyridine-2-one and 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one M1 mAChR PAMs with the potential to display different modes of positive allosteric modulation and/or agonism but whose molecular mechanisms of action remain undetermined. The current study compared the pharmacology of three such novel PAMs with the prototypical first-generation PAM, benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), in a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably expressing the human M1 mAChR. Interactions between the orthosteric agonists and the novel PAMs or BQCA suggested their allosteric effects were solely governed by modulation of agonist affinity. The greatest degree of positive co-operativity was observed with higher efficacy agonists, whereas minimal potentiation was observed when the modulators were tested against the lower efficacy agonist, xanomeline. Each PAM was investigated for its effects on the endogenous agonist ACh on three different signaling pathways [extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 phosphorylation, inositol monophosphate (IP1) accumulation, and β-arrestin-2 recruitment], revealing that the allosteric potentiation generally tracked with the efficiency of stimulus-response coupling, and that there was little pathway bias in the allosteric effects. Thus, despite the identification of novel allosteric scaffolds targeting the M1 mAChR, the molecular mechanism of action of these compounds is largely consistent with a model of allostery previously described for BQCA, suggesting that this may be a more generalized mechanism for M1 mAChR PAM effects than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma T van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Arthur Spathis
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Manuela Jörg
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Shailesh N Mistry
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Ben Capuano
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vecchio EA, Baltos JA, Nguyen ATN, Christopoulos A, White PJ, May LT. New paradigms in adenosine receptor pharmacology: allostery, oligomerization and biased agonism. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4036-4046. [PMID: 29679502 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are a family of GPCRs containing four subtypes (A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 receptors), all of which bind the ubiquitous nucleoside adenosine. These receptors play an important role in physiology and pathophysiology and therefore represent attractive drug targets for a range of conditions. The theoretical framework surrounding drug action at adenosine receptors now extends beyond the notion of prototypical agonism and antagonism to encompass more complex pharmacological concepts. New paradigms include allostery, in which ligands bind a topographically distinct receptor site from that of the endogenous agonist, homomeric or heteromeric interactions across receptor oligomers and biased agonism, that is, ligand-dependent differential intracellular signalling. This review provides a concise overview of allostery, oligomerization and biased agonism at adenosine receptors and outlines how these paradigms may enhance future drug discovery endeavours focussed on the development of novel therapeutic agents acting at adenosine receptors. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Baltos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh T N Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ahn S, Pani B, Kahsai AW, Olsen EK, Husemoen G, Vestergaard M, Jin L, Zhao S, Wingler LM, Rambarat PK, Simhal RK, Xu TT, Sun LD, Shim PJ, Staus DP, Huang LY, Franch T, Chen X, Lefkowitz RJ. Small-Molecule Positive Allosteric Modulators of the β2-Adrenoceptor Isolated from DNA-Encoded Libraries. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:850-861. [PMID: 29769246 PMCID: PMC6022804 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional drug discovery efforts at the β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) have led to the development of ligands that bind almost exclusively to the receptor’s hormone-binding orthosteric site. However, targeting the largely unexplored and evolutionarily unique allosteric sites has potential for developing more specific drugs with fewer side effects than orthosteric ligands. Using our recently developed approach for screening G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) with DNA-encoded small-molecule libraries, we have discovered and characterized the first β2AR small-molecule positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)—compound (Cmpd)-6 [(R)-N-(4-amino-1-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-oxobutan-2-yl)-5-(N-isopropyl-N-methylsulfamoyl)-2-((4-methoxyphenyl)thio)benzamide] and its analogs. We used purified human β2ARs, occupied by a high-affinity agonist, for the affinity-based screening of over 500 million distinct library compounds, which yielded Cmpd-6. It exhibits a low micro-molar affinity for the agonist-occupied β2AR and displays positive cooperativity with orthosteric agonists, thereby enhancing their binding to the receptor and ability to stabilize its active state. Cmpd-6 is cooperative with G protein and β-arrestin1 (a.k.a. arrestin2) to stabilize high-affinity, agonist-bound active states of the β2AR and potentiates downstream cAMP production and receptor recruitment of β-arrestin2 (a.k.a. arrestin3). Cmpd-6 is specific for the β2AR compared with the closely related β1AR. Structure–activity studies of select Cmpd-6 analogs defined the chemical groups that are critical for its biologic activity. We thus introduce the first small-molecule PAMs for the β2AR, which may serve as a lead molecule for the development of novel therapeutics. The approach described in this work establishes a broadly applicable proof-of-concept strategy for affinity-based discovery of small-molecule allosteric compounds targeting unique conformational states of GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungkirl Ahn
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Eva K Olsen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Gitte Husemoen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Mikkel Vestergaard
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Lei Jin
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Laura M Wingler
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Paula K Rambarat
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Rishabh K Simhal
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Thomas T Xu
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Lillian D Sun
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Paul J Shim
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Dean P Staus
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Li-Yin Huang
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Thomas Franch
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Xin Chen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Structural basis for GPR40 allosteric agonism and incretin stimulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1645. [PMID: 29695780 PMCID: PMC5917010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40) by synthetic partial and full agonists occur via distinct allosteric sites. A crystal structure of GPR40-TAK-875 complex revealed the allosteric site for the partial agonist. Here we report the 2.76-Å crystal structure of human GPR40 in complex with a synthetic full agonist, compound 1, bound to the second allosteric site. Unlike TAK-875, which acts as a Gαq-coupled partial agonist, compound 1 is a dual Gαq and Gαs-coupled full agonist. compound 1 binds in the lipid-rich region of the receptor near intracellular loop 2 (ICL2), in which the stabilization of ICL2 by the ligand is likely the primary mechanism for the enhanced G protein activities. The endogenous free fatty acid (FFA), γ-linolenic acid, can be computationally modeled in this site. Both γ-linolenic acid and compound 1 exhibit positive cooperativity with TAK-875, suggesting that this site could also serve as a FFA binding site. GPR40 is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds to free fatty acids, mediating insulin and incretin secretion. Here, the authors present the crystal structure of human GPR40 with an agonist bound to an allosteric site located near the lipid-rich region that suggests a mechanism for biased agonism.
Collapse
|
22
|
Insights from molecular dynamics simulations to exploit new trends for the development of improved opioid drugs. Neurosci Lett 2018; 700:50-55. [PMID: 29466721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Having accidental deaths from opioid overdoses almost quadrupled over the past fifteen years, there is a strong need to develop new, non-addictive medications for chronic pain to stop one of the deadliest epidemics in American history. Given their potentially fewer on-target overdosing risks and other adverse effects compared to classical opioid drugs, attention has recently shifted to opioid allosteric modulators and G protein-biased opioid agonists as likely drug candidates to prevent and/or reverse opioid overdoses. Understanding how these molecules bind and activate their receptors at an atomistic level is key to developing them into effective new therapeutics, and molecular dynamics-based strategies are contributing tremendously to this understanding.
Collapse
|
23
|
Schubert M, Stichel J, Du Y, Tough IR, Sliwoski G, Meiler J, Cox HM, Weaver CD, Beck-Sickinger AG. Identification and Characterization of the First Selective Y4 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7605-7612. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schubert
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Yu Du
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Iain R. Tough
- Wolfson
Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Gregory Sliwoski
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Helen M. Cox
- Wolfson
Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - C. David Weaver
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones BJ, Scopelliti R, Tomas A, Bloom SR, Hodson DJ, Broichhagen J. Potent Prearranged Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:501-505. [PMID: 28794944 PMCID: PMC5542757 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that allosterically modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activity display higher specificity and may improve disease treatment. However, the rational design of compounds that target the allosteric site is difficult, as conformations required for receptor activation are poorly understood. Guided by photopharmacology, a set of prearranged positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with restricted degrees of freedom was designed and tested against the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a GPCR involved in glucose homeostasis. Compounds incorporating a trans-stilbene comprehensively outperformed those with a cis-stilbene, as well as the benchmark BETP, as GLP-1R PAMs. We also identified major effects of ligand conformation on GLP-1R binding kinetics and signal bias. Thus, we describe a photopharmacology-directed approach for rational drug design, and introduce a new class of stilbene-containing PAM for the specific regulation of GPCR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Jones
- Imperial College London, Section of Investigative MedicineDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneISIC SB, Laboratory of Protein EngineeringAv. Forel 21015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Imperial College LondonSection of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of MedicineLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Imperial College London, Section of Investigative MedicineDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - David J. Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health PartnersBirminghamB15 2THUK
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneISIC SB, Laboratory of Protein EngineeringAv. Forel 21015LausanneSwitzerland
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for Medical ResearchDepartment of Chemical BiologyJahnstraße 2969120HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Remesic M, Hruby VJ, Porreca F, Lee YS. Recent Advances in the Realm of Allosteric Modulators for Opioid Receptors for Future Therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1147-1158. [PMID: 28368571 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids, and more specifically μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine, have long been clinically used as therapeutics for severe pain states but often come with serious side effects such as addiction and tolerance. Many studies have focused on bringing about analgesia from the MOR with attenuated side effects, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, focus has been geared toward the design and elucidation of the orthosteric site with ligands of various biological profiles and mixed subtype opioid activities and selectivities, but targeting the allosteric site is an area of increasing interest. It has been shown that allosteric modulators play key roles in influencing receptor function such as its tolerance to a ligand and affect downstream pathways. There has been a high variance of chemical structures that provide allosteric modulation at a given receptor, but recent studies and reviews tend to focus on the altered cellular mechanisms instead of providing a more rigorous description of the allosteric ligand's structure-function relationship. In this review, we aim to explore recent developments in the structural motifs that potentiate orthosteric binding and their influences on cellular pathways in an effort to present novel approaches to opioid therapeutic design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Remesic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Koole C, Reynolds CA, Mobarec JC, Hick C, Sexton PM, Sakmar TP. Genetically encoded photocross-linkers determine the biological binding site of exendin-4 peptide in the N-terminal domain of the intact human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7131-7144. [PMID: 28283573 PMCID: PMC5409479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a key therapeutic target in the management of type II diabetes mellitus, with actions including regulation of insulin biosynthesis and secretion, promotion of satiety, and preservation of β-cell mass. Like most class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), there is limited knowledge linking biological activity of the GLP-1R with the molecular structure of an intact, full-length, and functional receptor·ligand complex. In this study, we have utilized genetic code expansion to site-specifically incorporate the photoactive amino acid p-azido-l-phenylalanine (azF) into N-terminal residues of a full-length functional human GLP-1R in mammalian cells. UV-mediated photolysis of azF was then carried out to induce targeted photocross-linking to determine the proximity of the azido group in the mutant receptor with the peptide exendin-4. Cross-linking data were compared directly with the crystal structure of the isolated N-terminal extracellular domain of the GLP-1R in complex with exendin(9-39), revealing both similarities as well as distinct differences in the mode of interaction. Generation of a molecular model to accommodate the photocross-linking constraints highlights the potential influence of environmental conditions on the conformation of the receptor·peptide complex, including folding dynamics of the peptide and formation of dimeric and higher order oligomeric receptor multimers. These data demonstrate that crystal structures of isolated receptor regions may not give a complete reflection of peptide/receptor interactions and should be combined with additional experimental constraints to reveal peptide/receptor interactions occurring in the dynamic, native, and full-length receptor state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Koole
- From the Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Mobarec
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hick
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- From the Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johnstone S, Albert JS. Pharmacological property optimization for allosteric ligands: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2239-2258. [PMID: 28408223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New strategies to potentially improve drug safety and efficacy emerge with allosteric programs. Biased allosteric modulators can be designed with high subtype selectivity and defined receptor signaling endpoints, however, selecting the most meaningful parameters for optimization can be perplexing. Historically, "potency hunting" at the expense of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic optimization has led to numerous tool compounds with excellent pharmacological properties but no path to drug development. Conversely, extensive physicochemical and pharmacokinetic screening with only post hoc bias and allosteric characterization has led to inefficacious compounds or compounds with on-target toxicities. This field is rapidly evolving with new mechanistic understanding, changes in terminology, and novel opportunities. The intent of this digest is to summarize current understanding and debates within the field. We aim to discuss, from a medicinal chemistry perspective, the parameter choices available to drive SAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, IntelliSyn Pharma, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Montreal, Quebec H4S 1Z9, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey S Albert
- Department of Chemistry, IntelliSyn Pharma, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Montreal, Quebec H4S 1Z9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, AviSyn Pharma, 4275 Executive Square, Suite 200, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Graaf CD, Donnelly D, Wootten D, Lau J, Sexton PM, Miller LJ, Ahn JM, Liao J, Fletcher MM, Yang D, Brown AJH, Zhou C, Deng J, Wang MW. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Long March to Therapeutic Successes. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:954-1013. [PMID: 27630114 PMCID: PMC5050443 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the action of GLP-1, a peptide hormone secreted from three major tissues in humans, enteroendocrine L cells in the distal intestine, α cells in the pancreas, and the central nervous system, which exerts important actions useful in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, including glucose homeostasis and regulation of gastric motility and food intake. Peptidic analogs of GLP-1 have been successfully developed with enhanced bioavailability and pharmacological activity. Physiologic and biochemical studies with truncated, chimeric, and mutated peptides and GLP-1R variants, together with ligand-bound crystal structures of the extracellular domain and the first three-dimensional structures of the 7-helical transmembrane domain of class B GPCRs, have provided the basis for a two-domain-binding mechanism of GLP-1 with its cognate receptor. Although efforts in discovering therapeutically viable nonpeptidic GLP-1R agonists have been hampered, small-molecule modulators offer complementary chemical tools to peptide analogs to investigate ligand-directed biased cellular signaling of GLP-1R. The integrated pharmacological and structural information of different GLP-1 analogs and homologous receptors give new insights into the molecular determinants of GLP-1R ligand selectivity and functional activity, thereby providing novel opportunities in the design and development of more efficacious agents to treat metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Dan Donnelly
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Denise Wootten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jesper Lau
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jiayu Liao
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Madeleine M Fletcher
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Dehua Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Alastair J H Brown
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jiejie Deng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li Y, Zheng X, Yi X, Liu C, Kong D, Zhang J, Gong M. Myricetin: a potent approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as a natural class B GPCR agonist. FASEB J 2017; 31:2603-2611. [PMID: 28270518 PMCID: PMC5434659 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601339r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The physiologic properties of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) make it a potent candidate drug target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1 is capable of regulating the blood glucose level by insulin secretion after administration of oral glucose. The advantages of GLP-1 for the avoidance of hypoglycemia and the control of body weight are attractive despite its poor stability. The clinical efficacies of long-acting GLP-1 derivatives strongly support discovery pursuits aimed at identifying and developing orally active, small-molecule GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize a novel oral agonist of GLP-1R (i.e., myricetin). The insulinotropic characterization of myricetin was performed in isolated islets and in Wistar rats. Long-term oral administration of myricetin demonstrated glucoregulatory activity. The data in this study suggest that myricetin might be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of T2DM as a GLP-1R agonist. Further structural modifications on myricetin might improve its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.-Li, Y., Zheng, X., Yi, X., Liu, C., Kong, D., Zhang, J., Gong, M. Myricetin: a potent approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as a natural class B GPCR agonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiulin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China;
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; .,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nguyen T, Li JX, Thomas BF, Wiley JL, Kenakin TP, Zhang Y. Allosteric Modulation: An Alternate Approach Targeting the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:441-474. [PMID: 27879006 PMCID: PMC5397374 DOI: 10.1002/med.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is a G protein coupled receptor and plays an important role in many biological processes and physiological functions. A variety of CB1 receptor agonists and antagonists, including endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids, have been discovered or developed over the past 20 years. In 2005, it was discovered that the CB1 receptor contains allosteric site(s) that can be recognized by small molecules or allosteric modulators. A number of CB1 receptor allosteric modulators, both positive and negative, have since been reported and importantly, they display pharmacological characteristics that are distinct from those of orthosteric agonists and antagonists. Given the psychoactive effects commonly associated with CB1 receptor agonists and antagonists/inverse agonists, allosteric modulation may offer an alternate approach to attain potential therapeutic benefits while avoiding inherent side effects of orthosteric ligands. This review details the complex pharmacological profiles of these allosteric modulators, their structure-activity relationships, and efforts in elucidating binding modes and mechanisms of actions of reported CB1 allosteric modulators. The ultimate development of CB1 receptor allosteric ligands could potentially lead to improved therapies for CB1-mediated neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Terry P Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao LH, Yin Y, Yang D, Liu B, Hou L, Wang X, Pal K, Jiang Y, Feng Y, Cai X, Dai A, Liu M, Wang MW, Melcher K, Xu HE. Differential Requirement of the Extracellular Domain in Activation of Class B G Protein-coupled Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15119-30. [PMID: 27226600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the secretin-like (class B) family are key players in hormonal homeostasis and are important drug targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders and neuronal diseases. They consist of a large N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) and a transmembrane domain (TMD) with the GPCR signature of seven transmembrane helices. Class B GPCRs are activated by peptide hormones with their C termini bound to the receptor ECD and their N termini bound to the TMD. It is thought that the ECD functions as an affinity trap to bind and localize the hormone to the receptor. This in turn would allow the hormone N terminus to insert into the TMD and induce conformational changes of the TMD to activate downstream signaling. In contrast to this prevailing model, we demonstrate that human class B GPCRs vary widely in their requirement of the ECD for activation. In one group, represented by corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1R), parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R), and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type 1 receptor (PAC1R), the ECD requirement for high affinity hormone binding can be bypassed by induced proximity and mass action effects, whereas in the other group, represented by glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), the ECD is required for signaling even when the hormone is covalently linked to the TMD. Furthermore, the activation of GLP-1R by small molecules that interact with the intracellular side of the receptor is dependent on the presence of its ECD, suggesting a direct role of the ECD in GLP-1R activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Zhao
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanting Yin
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bo Liu
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Hou
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Feng
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, The Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Broichhagen J, Johnston NR, von Ohlen Y, Meyer-Berg H, Jones BJ, Bloom SR, Rutter GA, Trauner D, Hodson DJ. Allosteric Optical Control of a Class B G-Protein-Coupled Receptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5865-8. [PMID: 27059784 PMCID: PMC5031193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation promises to open up new therapeutic avenues by increasing drug specificity at G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, drug discovery efforts are at present hampered by an inability to precisely control the allosteric site. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and testing of PhotoETP, a light-activated positive allosteric modulator of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a class B GPCR involved in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in humans. PhotoETP potentiates Ca(2+) , cAMP, and insulin responses to glucagon-like peptide-1 and its metabolites following illumination of cells with blue light. PhotoETP thus provides a blueprint for the production of small-molecule class B GPCR allosteric photoswitches, and may represent a useful tool for understanding positive cooperativity at the GLP-1R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Broichhagen
- LMU Munich, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Laboratory of Protein Engineering (LIP), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalie R Johnston
- Imperial College London, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yorrick von Ohlen
- Imperial College London, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Helena Meyer-Berg
- LMU Munich, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ben J Jones
- Imperial College London, Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Imperial College London, Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Imperial College London, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Dirk Trauner
- LMU Munich, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - David J Hodson
- Imperial College London, Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK. ,
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. ,
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK. ,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thompson A, Stephens JW, Bain SC, Kanamarlapudi V. Molecular Characterisation of Small Molecule Agonists Effect on the Human Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Internalisation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154229. [PMID: 27100083 PMCID: PMC4839733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide receptor (GLP-1R), which is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), signals through both Gαs and Gαq coupled pathways and ERK phosphorylation to stimulate insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to determine molecular details of the effect of small molecule agonists, compounds 2 and B, on GLP-1R mediated cAMP production, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation and its internalisation. In human GLP-1R (hGLP-1R) expressing cells, compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production but caused no intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation or hGLP-1R internalisation. GLP-1 antagonists Ex(9-39) and JANT-4 and the orthosteric binding site mutation (V36A) in hGLP-1R failed to inhibit compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production, confirming that their binding site distinct from the GLP-1 binding site on GLP-1R. However, K334A mutation of hGLP-1R, which affects Gαs coupling, inhibited GLP-1 as well as compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production, indicating that GLP-1, compounds 2 and B binding induce similar conformational changes in the GLP-1R for Gαs coupling. Additionally, compound 2 or B binding to the hGLP-1R had significantly reduced GLP-1 induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation and hGLP-1R internalisation. This study illustrates pharmacology of differential activation of GLP-1R by GLP-1 and compounds 2 and B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Thompson
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W. Stephens
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Venkateswarlu Kanamarlapudi
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The complexity of signalling mediated by the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:582-8. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B GPCR that is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The receptor is activated by the incretin peptide GLP-1 promoting a broad range of physiological effects including glucose-dependent insulin secretion and biosynthesis, improved insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues, preservation of β-cell mass and weight loss, all of which are beneficial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Despite this, existing knowledge surrounding the underlying signalling mechanisms responsible for the physiological actions downstream of GLP-1R activation is limited. Here, we review the current understanding around GLP-1R-mediated signalling, in particular highlighting recent contributions to the field on biased agonism, the spatial and temporal aspects for the control of signalling and how these concepts may influence future drug development.
Collapse
|
36
|
Broichhagen J, Johnston NR, von Ohlen Y, Meyer-Berg H, Jones BJ, Bloom SR, Rutter GA, Trauner D, Hodson DJ. Allosterische optische Steuerung eines Klasse-B-G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Broichhagen
- LMU München; Department Chemie und Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC); Laboratory of Protein Engineering (LIP); 1015 Lausanne Schweiz
| | - Natalie R. Johnston
- Imperial College London; Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital; Du Cane Road London W12 0NN Großbritannien
| | - Yorrick von Ohlen
- Imperial College London; Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital; Du Cane Road London W12 0NN Großbritannien
| | - Helena Meyer-Berg
- LMU München; Department Chemie und Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Ben J. Jones
- Imperial College London; Section of Investigative Medicine; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Großbritannien
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Imperial College London; Section of Investigative Medicine; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Großbritannien
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Imperial College London; Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital; Du Cane Road London W12 0NN Großbritannien
| | - Dirk Trauner
- LMU München; Department Chemie und Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - David J. Hodson
- Imperial College London; Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital; Du Cane Road London W12 0NN Großbritannien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR); University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT Großbritannien
- Centre for Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Birmingham Health Partners; Birmingham B15 2TH Großbritannien
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bueno AB, Showalter AD, Wainscott DB, Stutsman C, Marín A, Ficorilli J, Cabrera O, Willard FS, Sloop KW. Positive Allosteric Modulation of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor by Diverse Electrophiles. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10700-15. [PMID: 26975372 PMCID: PMC4865917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.696039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic intervention to activate the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improves energy balance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies investigating mechanisms whereby peptide ligands activate GLP-1R have utilized mutagenesis, receptor chimeras, photo-affinity labeling, hydrogen-deuterium exchange, and crystallography of the ligand-binding ectodomain to establish receptor homology models. However, this has not enabled the design or discovery of drug-like non-peptide GLP-1R activators. Recently, studies investigating 4-(3-benzyloxyphenyl)-2-ethylsulfinyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (BETP), a GLP-1R-positive allosteric modulator, determined that Cys-347 in the GLP-1R is required for positive allosteric modulator activity via covalent modification. To advance small molecule activation of the GLP-1R, we characterized the insulinotropic mechanism of BETP. In guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding and INS1 832-3 insulinoma cell cAMP assays, BETP enhanced GLP-1(9–36)-NH2-stimulated cAMP signaling. Using isolated pancreatic islets, BETP potentiated insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner that requires both the peptide ligand and GLP-1R. In studies of the covalent mechanism, PAGE fluorography showed labeling of GLP-1R in immunoprecipitation experiments from GLP-1R-expressing cells incubated with [3H]BETP. Furthermore, we investigated whether other reported GLP-1R activators and compounds identified from screening campaigns modulate GLP-1R by covalent modification. Similar to BETP, several molecules were found to enhance GLP-1R signaling in a Cys-347-dependent manner. These chemotypes are electrophiles that react with GSH, and LC/MS determined the cysteine adducts formed upon conjugation. Together, our results suggest covalent modification may be used to stabilize the GLP-1R in an active conformation. Moreover, the findings provide pharmacological guidance for the discovery and characterization of small molecule GLP-1R ligands as possible therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Bueno
- From the Centro de Investigación Lilly, Eli Lilly and Co., Alcobendas 28108, Spain and
| | | | - David B Wainscott
- Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | | | - Aranzazu Marín
- From the Centro de Investigación Lilly, Eli Lilly and Co., Alcobendas 28108, Spain and
| | | | | | - Francis S Willard
- Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Soriano-Ursúa MA, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Arias-Montaño JA, Villalobos-Molina R. Insights into a defined secondary binding region on β-adrenoceptors and putative roles in ligand binding and drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Putative roles of a secondary binding region shared among beta-adrenoceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Soriano-Ursúa
- Posgraduate and Research Section
- Escuela Superior de Medicina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. G. Trujillo-Ferrara
- Posgraduate and Research Section
- Escuela Superior de Medicina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. A. Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología
- Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - R. Villalobos-Molina
- Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Tlalnepantla
- Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cawston EE, Redmond WJ, Breen CM, Grimsey NL, Connor M, Glass M. Real-time characterization of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1 ) allosteric modulators reveals novel mechanism of action. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:893-907. [PMID: 23937487 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 ) has an allosteric binding site. The drugs ORG27569 {5-chloro-3-ethyl-N-[2-[4-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]ethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide} and PSNCBAM-1 {1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]urea} have been extensively characterized with regard to their effects on signalling of the orthosteric ligand CP55,940 {(-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol}, and studies have suggested that these allosteric modulators increase binding affinity but act as non-competitive antagonists in functional assays. To gain a deeper understanding of allosteric modulation of CB1 , we examined real-time signalling and trafficking responses of the receptor in the presence of allosteric modulators. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Studies of CB1 signalling were carried out in HEK 293 and AtT20 cells expressing haemagglutinin-tagged human and rat CB1 . We measured real-time accumulation of cAMP, activation and desensitization of potassium channel-mediated cellular hyperpolarization and CB1 internalization. KEY RESULTS ORG27569 and PSNCBAM-1 produce a complex, concentration and time-dependent modulation of agonist-mediated regulation of cAMP levels, as well as an increased rate of desensitization of CB1 -mediated cellular hyperpolarization and a decrease in agonist-induced receptor internalization. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Contrary to previous studies characterizing allosteric modulators at CB1, this study suggests that the mechanism of action is not non-competitive antagonism of signalling, but rather that enhanced binding results in an increased rate of receptor desensitization and reduced internalization, which results in time-dependent modulation of cAMP signalling. The observed effect of the allosteric modulators is therefore dependent on the time frame over which the signalling response occurs. This finding may have important consequences for the potential therapeutic application of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Cawston
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Weston C, Poyner D, Patel V, Dowell S, Ladds G. Investigating G protein signalling bias at the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in yeast. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3651-65. [PMID: 24712679 PMCID: PMC4128063 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor performs an important role in glycaemic control, stimulating the release of insulin. It is an attractive target for treating type 2 diabetes. Recently, several reports of adverse side effects following prolonged use of GLP-1 receptor therapies have emerged: most likely due to an incomplete understanding of signalling complexities. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We describe the expression of the GLP-1 receptor in a panel of modified yeast strains that couple receptor activation to cell growth via single Gα/yeast chimeras. This assay enables the study of individual ligand-receptor G protein coupling preferences and the quantification of the effect of GLP-1 receptor ligands on G protein selectivity. KEY RESULTS The GLP-1 receptor functionally coupled to the chimeras representing the human Gαs, Gαi and Gαq subunits. Calculation of the dissociation constant for a receptor antagonist, exendin-3 revealed no significant difference between the two systems. We obtained previously unobserved differences in G protein signalling bias for clinically relevant therapeutic agents, liraglutide and exenatide; the latter displaying significant bias for the Gαi pathway. We extended the use of the system to investigate small-molecule allosteric compounds and the closely related glucagon receptor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results provide a better understanding of the molecular events involved in GLP-1 receptor pleiotropic signalling and establish the yeast platform as a robust tool to screen for more selective, efficacious compounds acting at this important class of receptors in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Weston
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Christopoulos A. Advances in G protein-coupled receptor allostery: from function to structure. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:463-78. [PMID: 25061106 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.094342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly dynamic proteins that adopt multiple active states linked to distinct functional outcomes. Furthermore, these states can be differentially stabilized not only by orthosteric ligands but also by allosteric ligands acting at spatially distinct binding sites. The key pharmacologic characteristics of GPCR allostery include improved selectivity due to either greater sequence divergence between receptor subtypes and/or subtype-selective cooperativity, a ceiling level to the effect, probe dependence (whereby the magnitude and direction of the allosteric effect change with the nature of the interacting ligands), and the potential for biased signaling. Recent chemical biology developments are beginning to demonstrate how the incorporation of analytical pharmacology and operational modeling into the experimental workflow can enrich structure-activity studies of allostery and bias, and have also led to the discovery of a new class of hybrid orthosteric/allosteric (bitopic) molecules. The potential for endogenous allosteric modulators to play a role in physiology and disease remains to be fully appreciated but will likely represent an important area for future studies. Finally, breakthroughs in structural and computational biology are beginning to unravel the mechanistic basis of GPCR allosteric modulation at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nolte WM, Fortin JP, Stevens BD, Aspnes GE, Griffith DA, Hoth LR, Ruggeri RB, Mathiowetz AM, Limberakis C, Hepworth D, Carpino PA. A potentiator of orthosteric ligand activity at GLP-1R acts via covalent modification. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:629-31. [PMID: 24997604 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report that 4-(3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-ethylsulfinyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (BETP), which behaves as a positive allosteric modulator at the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), covalently modifies cysteines 347 and 438 in GLP-1R. C347, located in intracellular loop 3 of GLP-1R, is critical to the activity of BETP and a structurally distinct GLP-1R ago-allosteric modulator, N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine. We further show that substitution of cysteine for phenylalanine 345 in the glucagon receptor is sufficient to confer sensitivity to BETP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Nolte
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Fortin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin D Stevens
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary E Aspnes
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David A Griffith
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lise R Hoth
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Group, Center for Chemistry Innovation and Excellence, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Roger B Ruggeri
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan M Mathiowetz
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip A Carpino
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Burford NT, Traynor JR, Alt A. Positive allosteric modulators of the μ-opioid receptor: a novel approach for future pain medications. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:277-86. [PMID: 24460691 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Morphine and other agonists of the μ-opioid receptor are used clinically for acute and chronic pain relief and are considered to be the gold standard for pain medication. However, these opioids also have significant side effects, which are also mediated via activation of the μ-opioid receptor. Since the latter half of the twentieth century, researchers have sought to tease apart the mechanisms underlying analgesia, tolerance and dependence, with the hope of designing drugs with fewer side effects. These efforts have revolved around the design of orthosteric agonists with differing pharmacokinetic properties and/or selectivity profiles for the different opioid receptor types. Recently, μ-opioid receptor-positive allosteric modulators (μ-PAMs) were identified, which bind to a (allosteric) site on the μ-opioid receptor separate from the orthosteric site that binds an endogenous agonist. These allosteric modulators have little or no detectable functional activity when bound to the receptor in the absence of orthosteric agonist, but can potentiate the activity of bound orthosteric agonist, seen as an increase in apparent potency and/or efficacy of the orthosteric agonist. In this review, we describe the potential advantages that a μ-PAM approach might bring to the design of novel therapeutics for pain that may lack the side effects currently associated with opioid therapy. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N T Burford
- GPCR Lead Discovery & Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Morris LC, Days EL, Turney M, Mi D, Lindsley CW, Weaver CD, Niswender KD. A Duplexed High-Throughput Screen to Identify Allosteric Modulators of the Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Glucagon Receptors. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2014; 19:847-58. [PMID: 24525870 PMCID: PMC4306651 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114520971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Injectable, degradation-resistant peptide agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R), such as exenatide and liraglutide, activate the GLP-1R via a complex orthosteric-binding site and are effective therapeutics for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Orally bioavailable orthosteric small-molecule agonists are unlikely to be developed, whereas positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) may offer an improved therapeutic profile. We hypothesize that allosteric modulators of the GLP-1R would increase the potency and efficacy of native GLP-1 in a spatial and temporally preserved manner and/or may improve efficacy or side effects of injectable analogs. We report the design, optimization, and initial results of a duplexed high-throughput screen in which cell lines overexpressing either the GLP-1R or the glucagon receptor were coplated, loaded with a calcium-sensitive dye, and probed in a three-phase assay to identify agonists, antagonists, and potentiators of GLP-1, and potentiators of glucagon. 175,000 compounds were initially screened, and progression through secondary assays yielded 98 compounds with a variety of activities at the GLP-1R. Here, we describe five compounds possessing different patterns of modulation of the GLP-1R. These data uncover PAMs that may offer a drug-development pathway to enhancing in vivo efficacy of both endogenous GLP-1 and peptide analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey C Morris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily L Days
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maxine Turney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dehui Mi
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C David Weaver
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin D Niswender
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schann S, Bouvier M, Neuville P. Technology combination to address GPCR allosteric modulator drug-discovery pitfalls. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e261-7. [PMID: 24050277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators (AMs) represent a novel paradigm to therapeutically target G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, their identification and characterization using standard functional assays remain elusive due to the ‘context-dependent phenomena’. Novel technological approaches such as combining a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based library filtering with a Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET)-based multiparametric compound profiling can circumvent the limitations of current GPCR screening processes and simplify the discovery of biased AMs.
Collapse
|
47
|
Changeux JP. The concept of allosteric modulation: an overview. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e223-8. [PMID: 24050272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A brief historical overview of the concept of allosteric interaction is presented together with the different kinds of allosteric control recognized, in the past decades, with the model system of pentameric ligandgated ion channels. Multiple levels of allosteric modulation are identified that include sites distributed in the extracellular ligand binding domain (e.g. Ca2+ or benzodiazepines), the transmembrane domain (e.g. general anesthetic and various allosteric modulators) and the cytoplasmic domain, as potential targets for drug design. The new opportunities offered by the recent technological developments are discussed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Janssens J, Etienne H, Idriss S, Azmi A, Martin B, Maudsley S. Systems-Level G Protein-Coupled Receptor Therapy Across a Neurodegenerative Continuum by the GLP-1 Receptor System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:142. [PMID: 25225492 PMCID: PMC4150252 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With our increasing appreciation of the true complexity of diseases and pathophysiologies, it is clear that this knowledge needs to inform the future development of pharmacotherapeutics. For many disorders, the disease mechanism itself is a complex process spanning multiple signaling networks, tissues, and organ systems. Identifying the precise nature and locations of the pathophysiology is crucial for the creation of systemically effective drugs. Diseases once considered constrained to a limited range of organ systems, e.g., central neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington' disease (HD), the role of multiple central and peripheral organ systems in the etiology of such diseases is now widely accepted. With this knowledge, it is increasingly clear that these seemingly distinct neurodegenerative disorders (AD, PD, and HD) possess multiple pathophysiological similarities thereby demonstrating an inter-related continuum of disease-related molecular alterations. With this systems-level appreciation of neurodegenerative diseases, it is now imperative to consider that pharmacotherapeutics should be developed specifically to address the systemic imbalances that create the disorders. Identification of potential systems-level signaling axes may facilitate the generation of therapeutic agents with synergistic remedial activity across multiple tissues, organ systems, and even diseases. Here, we discuss the potentially therapeutic systems-level interaction of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) ligand-receptor axis with multiple aspects of the AD, PD, and HD neurodegenerative continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Janssens
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Harmonie Etienne
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sherif Idriss
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdelkrim Azmi
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stuart Maudsley, Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Building V, Antwerpen B2610, Belgium e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wootten D, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Emerging paradigms in GPCR allostery: implications for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:630-44. [PMID: 23903222 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric ligands bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; also known as seven-transmembrane receptors) at sites that are distinct from the sites to which endogenous ligands bind. The existence of allosteric ligands has enriched the ways in which the functions of GPCRs can be manipulated for potential therapeutic benefit, yet the complexity of their actions provides both challenges and opportunities for drug screening and development. Converging avenues of research in areas such as biased signalling by allosteric ligands and the mechanisms by which allosteric ligands modulate the effects of diverse endogenous ligands have provided new insights into how interactions between allosteric ligands and GPCRs could be exploited for drug discovery. These new findings have the potential to alter how screening for allosteric drugs is performed and may increase the chances of success in the development of allosteric modulators as clinical lead compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Extrasensory perception: odorant and taste receptors beyond the nose and mouth. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:41-61. [PMID: 24280065 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are prime therapeutic targets. The odorant and taste receptors account for over half of the GPCR repertoire, yet they are generally excluded from large-scale, drug candidate analyses. Accumulating molecular evidence indicates that the odorant and taste receptors are widely expressed throughout the body and functional beyond the oronasal cavity - with roles including nutrient sensing, autophagy, muscle regeneration, regulation of gut motility, protective airway reflexes, bronchodilation, and respiratory disease. Given this expanding array of actions, the restricted perception of these GPCRs as mere mediators of smell and taste is outdated. Moreover, delineation of the precise actions of odorant and taste GPCRs continues to be hampered by the relative paucity of selective and specific experimental tools, as well as the lack of defined receptor pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the evidence for expression and function of odorant and taste receptors in tissues beyond the nose and mouth, and we highlight their broad potential in physiology and pathophysiology.
Collapse
|