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Elgazzaz M, Filipeanu C, Lazartigues E. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Posttranslational Modifications and Implications for Hypertension and SARS-CoV-2: 2023 Lewis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture. Hypertension 2024; 81:1438-1449. [PMID: 38567498 PMCID: PMC11168885 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), a multifunctional transmembrane protein, is well recognized as an important member of the (RAS) renin-angiotensin system with important roles in the regulation of cardiovascular function by opposing the harmful effects of Ang-II (angiotensin II) and AT1R (Ang-II type 1 receptor) activation. More recently, ACE2 was found to be the entry point for the SARS-CoV-2 virus into cells, causing COVID-19. This finding has led to an exponential rise in the number of publications focused on ACE2, albeit these studies often have opposite objectives to the preservation of ACE2 in cardiovascular regulation. However, notwithstanding accumulating data of the role of ACE2 in the generation of angiotensin-(1-7) and SARS-CoV-2 internalization, numerous other putative roles of this enzyme remain less investigated and not yet characterized. Currently, no drug modulating ACE2 function or expression is available in the clinic, and the development of new pharmacological tools should attempt targeting each step of the lifespan of the protein from synthesis to degradation. The present review expands on our presentation during the 2023 Lewis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture Sponsored by the American Heart Association Council on Hypertension. We provide a critical summary of the current knowledge of the mechanisms controlling ACE2 internalization and intracellular trafficking, the mutual regulation with GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) and other proteins, and posttranslational modifications. A major focus is on ubiquitination which has become a critical step in the modulation of ACE2 cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elgazzaz
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Catalin Filipeanu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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Samuel CS, Li Y, Wang Y, Widdop RE. Functional crosstalk between angiotensin receptors (types 1 and 2) and relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1): Implications for the therapeutic targeting of fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2302-2318. [PMID: 36560925 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Class A, rhodopsin-like, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are by far the largest class of GPCRs and are integral membrane proteins used by various cells to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses. Initially, class A GPCRs were believed to function as monomers, but a growing body of evidence has emerged to suggest that these receptors can function as homodimers and heterodimers and can undergo functional crosstalk to influence the actions of agonists or antagonists acting at each receptor. This review will focus on the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors, as well as the relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1), each of which have their unique characteristics but have been demonstrated to undergo some level of interaction when appropriately co-expressed, which influences the function of each receptor. In particular, this receptor functional crosstalk will be discussed in the context of fibrosis, the tissue scarring that results from a failed wound-healing response to injury, and which is a hallmark of chronic disease and related organ dysfunction. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yifang Li
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Wang T, Shao J, Kumar S, Alnouri MW, Carvalho J, Günther S, Krasel C, Murphy KT, Bünemann M, Offermanns S, Wettschureck N. Orphan GPCR GPRC5C Facilitates Angiotensin II-Induced Smooth Muscle Contraction. Circ Res 2024; 134:1259-1275. [PMID: 38597112 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) play a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractility, but the function of SMC-expressed orphan GPCR class C group 5 member C (GPRC5C) is unclear. The aim of this project is to define the role of GPRC5C in SMC in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We studied the role of GPRC5C in the regulation of SMC contractility and differentiation in human and murine SMC in vitro, as well as in tamoxifen-inducible, SMC-specific GPRC5C knockout mice under basal conditions and in vascular disease in vivo. RESULTS Mesenteric arteries from tamoxifen-inducible, SMC-specific GPRC5C knockout mice showed ex vivo significantly reduced angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent calcium mobilization and contraction, whereas responses to other relaxant or contractile factors were normal. In vitro, the knockdown of GPRC5C in human aortic SMC resulted in diminished Ang II-dependent inositol phosphate production and lower myosin light chain phosphorylation. In line with this, tamoxifen-inducible, SMC-specific GPRC5C knockout mice showed reduced Ang II-induced arterial hypertension, and acute inactivation of GPRC5C was able to ameliorate established arterial hypertension. Mechanistically, we show that GPRC5C and the Ang II receptor AT1 dimerize, and knockdown of GPRC5C resulted in reduced binding of Ang II to AT1 receptors in HEK293 cells, human and murine SMC, and arteries from tamoxifen-inducible, SMC-specific GPRC5C knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that GPRC5C regulates Ang II-dependent vascular contraction by facilitating AT1 receptor-ligand binding and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (T.W., J.S., S.K., M.W.A., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jingchen Shao
- Department of Pharmacology (T.W., J.S., S.K., M.W.A., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shamit Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology (T.W., J.S., S.K., M.W.A., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mohammad Wessam Alnouri
- Department of Pharmacology (T.W., J.S., S.K., M.W.A., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jorge Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology (T.W., J.S., S.K., M.W.A., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform (S.G.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany (C.K., M.B.)
| | - Kate T Murphy
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia (K.T.M.)
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany (C.K., M.B.)
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology (T.W., J.S., S.K., M.W.A., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt/Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Frankfurt/Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology (T.W., J.S., S.K., M.W.A., J.C., S.O., N.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt/Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Frankfurt/Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.O., N.W.)
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Benndorf RA. Introduction to the Special Issue "Angiotensin Receptors". Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116180. [PMID: 38565339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Benndorf
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Halle (Saale), Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Silva-Velasco DL, Cervantes-Pérez LG, Sánchez-Mendoza A. ACE inhibitors and their interaction with systems and molecules involved in metabolism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24655. [PMID: 38298628 PMCID: PMC10828069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The main function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the regulation of blood pressure; therefore, researchers have focused on its study to treat cardiovascular and renal diseases. One of the most widely used treatments derived from the study of RAAS, is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). Since it was discovered, the main target of ACEi has been the cardiovascular and renal systems. However, being the RAAS expressed locally in several specialized tissues and cells such as pneumocytes, hepatocytes, spleenocytes, enterocytes, adipocytes, and neurons the effect of inhibitors has expanded, because it is expected that RAAS has a role in the specific function of those cells. Many chronic degenerative diseases compromise the correct function of those organs, and in most of them, the RAAS is overactivated. Therefore, the use of ACEi must exert a benefit on an impaired system. Accordingly, the objective of this review is to present a brief overview of the cardiovascular and renal actions of ACEi and its effects in organs that are not the classic targets of ACEi that carry on glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz G. Cervantes-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Drury ER, Wu J, Gigliotti JC, Le TH. Sex differences in blood pressure regulation and hypertension: renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:199-251. [PMID: 37477622 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The teleology of sex differences has been argued since at least as early as Aristotle's controversial Generation of Animals more than 300 years BC, which reflects the sex bias of the time to contemporary readers. Although the question "why are the sexes different" remains a topic of debate in the present day in metaphysics, the recent emphasis on sex comparison in research studies has led to the question "how are the sexes different" being addressed in health science through numerous observational studies in both health and disease susceptibility, including blood pressure regulation and hypertension. These efforts have resulted in better understanding of differences in males and females at the molecular level that partially explain their differences in vascular function and renal sodium handling and hence blood pressure and the consequential cardiovascular and kidney disease risks in hypertension. This review focuses on clinical studies comparing differences between men and women in blood pressure over the life span and response to dietary sodium and highlights experimental models investigating sexual dimorphism in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, vascular, sympathetic nervous, and immune systems, endothelin, the major renal sodium transporters/exchangers/channels, and the impact of sex hormones on these systems in blood pressure homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms governing sex differences in blood pressure regulation could guide novel therapeutic approaches in a sex-specific manner to lower cardiovascular risks in hypertension and advance personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Drury
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Joseph C Gigliotti
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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Abedi Dorcheh F, Balmeh N, Hejazi SH, Allahyari Fard N. Investigation of the mutated antimicrobial peptides to inhibit ACE2, TMPRSS2 and GRP78 receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) as well as controlling COVID-19 disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-24. [PMID: 38109185 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2292307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a global problem nowadays. Based on studies, some human receptors are involved in binding to SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the inhibition of these receptors can be effective in the treatment of Covid-19. Because of the proven benefits of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the side effects of chemical drugs, they can be known as an alternative to recent medicines. RCSB PDB to obtain PDB id, StraPep and PhytAMP to acquire Bio-AMPs information and 3-D structure, and AlgPred, Toxinpred, TargetAntiAngio, IL-4pred, IL-6pred, ACPred and Hemopred databases were used to find the best score peptide features. HADDOCK 2.2 was used for molecular docking analysis, and UCSF Chimera software version 1.15, SWISS-MODEL and BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer4.5 were used for mutation and structure modeling. Furthermore, MD simulation results were achieved from GROMACS 4.6.5. Based on the obtained results, the Moricin peptide was found to have the best affinity for ACE2. Moreover, Bacteriocin leucocin-A had the highest affinity for GRP78, Cathelicidin-6 had the best affinity for AT1R, and Bacteriocin PlnK had the best binding affinity for TMPRSS2. Additionally, Bacteriocin glycocin F, Bacteriocin lactococcin-G subunit beta and Cathelicidin-6 peptides were the most common compounds among the four receptors. However, these peptides also have some side effects. Consequently, the mutation eliminated the side effects, and MD simulation results indicated that the mutation proved the result of the docking analysis. The effect of AMPs on ACE2, GRP78, TMPRSS2 and AT1R receptors can be a novel treatment for Covid-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abedi Dorcheh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University of Isfahan, Sepahan Shahr, Iran
| | - Negar Balmeh
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Najaf Allahyari Fard
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Fleisher-Berkovich S, Battaglia V, Baratta F, Brusa P, Ventura Y, Sharon N, Dahan A, Collino M, Ben-Shabat S. An Emerging Strategy for Neuroinflammation Treatment: Combined Cannabidiol and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Treatments Effectively Inhibit Glial Nitric Oxide Release. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16254. [PMID: 38003444 PMCID: PMC10671332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid found in cannabis, has anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Despite the increasing use of CBD, little is known about its effect in combination with other substances. Combination therapy has been gaining attention recently, aiming to produce more efficient effects. Angiotensin II activates the angiotensin 1 receptor and regulates neuroinflammation and cognition. Angiotensin receptor 1 blockers (ARBs) were shown to be neuroprotective and prevent cognitive decline. The present study aimed to elucidate the combined role of CBD and ARBs in the modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glial inflammation. While LPS significantly enhanced nitric oxide synthesis vs. the control, telmisartan and CBD, when administered alone, attenuated this effect by 60% and 36%, respectively. Exposure of LPS-stimulated cells to both compounds resulted in the 95% inhibition of glial nitric oxide release (additive effect). A synergistic inhibitory effect on nitric oxide release was observed when cells were co-treated with losartan (5 μM) and CBD (5 μM) (by 80%) compared to exposure to each compound alone (by 22% and 26%, respectively). Telmisartan and CBD given alone increased TNFα levels by 60% and 40%, respectively. CBD and telmisartan, when given together, attenuated the LPS-induced increase in TNFα levels without statistical significance. LPS-induced IL-17 release was attenuated by CBD with or without telmisartan (by 75%) or telmisartan alone (by 60%). LPS-induced Interferon-γ release was attenuated by 80% when telmisartan was administered in the absence or presence of CBD. Anti-inflammatory effects were recorded when CBD was combined with the known anti-inflammatory agent dimethyl fumarate (DMF)/monomethyl fumarate (MMF). A synergistic inhibitory effect of CBD and MMF on glial release of nitric oxide (by 77%) was observed compared to cells exposed to MMF (by 35%) or CBD (by 12%) alone. Overall, this study highlights the potential of new combinations of CBD (5 μM) with losartan (5 μM) or MMF (1 μM) to synergistically attenuate glial NO synthesis. Additive effects on NO production were observed when telmisartan (5 μM) and CBD (5 μM) were administered together to glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Veronica Battaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Francesca Baratta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Brusa
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Yvonne Ventura
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Nitzan Sharon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
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Alvarez-Gallego F, González-Blázquez R, Gil-Ortega M, Somoza B, Calderón-Dominguez M, Moratinos J, Garcia-Garcia V, Fernández P, González-Moreno D, Viana M, Alcalá M. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor as a novel activator of brown adipose tissue in obesity. Biofactors 2023; 49:1106-1120. [PMID: 37286331 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) exerts vasorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In obesity, its activation counterbalances the adverse cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II mediated by the AT1R. Preliminary results indicate that it also promotes brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Our hypothesis is that AT2R activation could increase BAT mass and activity in obesity. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard or a high-fat (HF) diet for 6 weeks. Half of the animals were treated with compound 21 (C21), a selective AT2R agonist, (1 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. Electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation, and UCP1 proteins were measured in the interscapular BAT (iBAT) and thoracic perivascular adipose tissue (tPVAT) as well as inflammatory and oxidative parameters. Differentiation and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in the presence of C21 was tested in brown preadipocytes. In vitro, C21-differentiated brown adipocytes showed an AT2R-dependent increase of differentiation markers (Ucp1, Cidea, Pparg) and increased basal and H+ leak-linked OCR. In vivo, HF-C21 mice showed increased iBAT mass compared to HF animals. Both their iBAT and tPVAT showed higher protein levels of the ETC protein complexes and UCP1, together with a reduction of inflammatory and oxidative markers. The activation of the AT2R increases BAT mass, mitochondrial activity, and reduces markers of tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity. Therefore, insulin reduction and better vascular responses are achieved. Thus, the activation of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system arises as a promising tool in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Alvarez-Gallego
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Blázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calderón-Dominguez
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Moratinos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Garcia-Garcia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Alcalá
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Birkner S, Möhlendick B, Wilde B, Schoenfelder K, Boss K, Siffert W, Kribben A, Friebus-Kardash J. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in Genes Encoding G Protein Subunits GNB3 and GNAQ Increase the Risk of Cardiovascular Morbidity among Patients Undergoing Renal Replacement Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15260. [PMID: 37894940 PMCID: PMC10607787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in G protein subunits are linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events among the general population. We assessed the effects of GNB3 c.825C > T, GNAQ -695/-694GC > TT, and GNAS c.393C > T polymorphisms on the risk of cardiovascular events among 454 patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. The patients were followed up for a median of 4.5 years after the initiation of dialysis. Carriers of the TT/TT genotype of GNAQ required stenting because of coronary artery stenosis (p = 0.0009) and developed cardiovascular events involving more than one organ system (p = 0.03) significantly earlier and more frequently than did the GC/TT or GC/GC genotypes. Multivariate analysis found that the TT/TT genotype of GNAQ was an independent risk factor for coronary artery stenosis requiring stent (hazard ratio, 4.5; p = 0.001), cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.93; p = 0.04) and cardiovascular events affecting multiple organs (hazard ratio, 4.9; p = 0.03). In the subgroup of male patients left ventricular dilatation with abnormally increased LVEDD values occurred significantly more frequently in TT genotypes of GNB3 than in CT/CC genotypes (p = 0.007). Our findings suggest that male dialysis patients carrying the TT genotype of GNB3 are at higher risk of left ventricular dilatation and that dialysis patients carrying the TT/TT genotype of GNAQ are prone to coronary artery stenosis and severe cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Birkner
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.B.); (B.W.); (K.S.); (K.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Birte Möhlendick
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.B.); (B.W.); (K.S.); (K.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Kristina Schoenfelder
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.B.); (B.W.); (K.S.); (K.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Kristina Boss
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.B.); (B.W.); (K.S.); (K.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (W.S.)
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.B.); (B.W.); (K.S.); (K.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Justa Friebus-Kardash
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (S.B.); (B.W.); (K.S.); (K.B.); (A.K.)
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11
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Villapol S, Janatpour ZC, Affram KO, Symes AJ. The Renin Angiotensin System as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1565-1591. [PMID: 37759139 PMCID: PMC10684482 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, with limited pharmacological options available beyond symptomatic relief. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily known as a systemic endocrine regulatory system, with major roles controlling blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Drugs that target the RAS are used to treat hypertension, heart failure and kidney disorders. They have now been used chronically by millions of people and have a favorable safety profile. In addition to the systemic RAS, it is now appreciated that many different organ systems, including the brain, have their own local RAS. The major ligand of the classic RAS, Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts predominantly through the Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1R), leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress. These processes can exacerbate brain injuries. Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) are AT1R antagonists. They have been shown in several preclinical studies to enhance recovery from TBI in rodents through improvements in molecular, cellular and behavioral correlates of injury. ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct from the AT1R, are also potential therapeutic targets for TBI. The counter regulatory RAS pathway has actions that oppose those stimulated by AT1R signaling. This alternative pathway has many beneficial effects on cells in the central nervous system, bringing about vasodilation, and having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress actions. Stimulation of this pathway also has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of TBI. This comprehensive review will provide an overview of the various components of the RAS, with a focus on their direct relevance to TBI pathology. It will explore different therapeutic agents that modulate this system and assess their potential efficacy in treating TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary C Janatpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kwame O Affram
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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12
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Dallagnol JCC, Volkovich M, Chatenet D, Allen BG, Hébert TE. G Protein-Biased Agonists for Intracellular Angiotensin Receptors Promote Collagen Secretion in Myofibroblasts. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2050-2062. [PMID: 37611227 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable ligands remain valuable tools to study the spatiotemporal aspects of cellular signaling. However, the synthesis, handling, and biological validation of such compounds remain challenging, especially when dealing with peptides. We report an optimized synthetic strategy, where laborious preparation of dimethoxy-nitrobenzyl-tyrosine building blocks was replaced by direct functionalization of amino acid side chains while peptides remained coupled to resin, reducing both preparation time and cost. Our caged peptides were designed to investigate cellular responses mediated by intracellular angiotensin II receptors (iATR) upon interaction with known biased and unbiased ligands. The pathophysiological roles of iATRs remain poorly understood, and we sought to develop ligands to explore this. Initial validation showed that our caged ligands undergo rapid photolysis and produced functionally active peptides upon UV exposure. We also show, for the first time, that different biased ligands (β-arrestin- vs G protein-biased analogues) evoked distinct responses when uncaged in adult rat myofibroblasts. Intracellularly targeted versions of Ang II (unbiased) or G protein-biased analogues (TRV055, TRV056) were more effective than β-arrestin-biased Ang II analogues (SI, TRV026, and TRV27) in inducing collagen secretion, suggesting a divergent role in regulating the fibrotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C C Dallagnol
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Laval H7V 5B7, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal H1T 1C8, Québec, Canada
| | - Mikhail Volkovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal H1T 1C8, Québec, Canada
| | - David Chatenet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Laval H7V 5B7, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal H1T 1C8, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Québec, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Québec, Canada
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13
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Wess J, Oteng AB, Rivera-Gonzalez O, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. β-Arrestins: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Pharmacological Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:854-884. [PMID: 37028945 PMCID: PMC10441628 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and -2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and -3, respectively), are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of cellular signaling pathways and physiologic functions. The two proteins were discovered for their ability to disrupt signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via binding to the activated receptors. However, it is now well recognized that both β-arrestins can also act as direct modulators of numerous cellular processes via either GPCR-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Recent structural, biophysical, and biochemical studies have provided novel insights into how β-arrestins bind to activated GPCRs and downstream effector proteins. Studies with β-arrestin mutant mice have identified numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes regulated by β-arrestin-1 and/or -2. Following a short summary of recent structural studies, this review primarily focuses on β-arrestin-regulated physiologic functions, with particular focus on the central nervous system and the roles of β-arrestins in carcinogenesis and key metabolic processes including the maintenance of glucose and energy homeostasis. This review also highlights potential therapeutic implications of these studies and discusses strategies that could prove useful for targeting specific β-arrestin-regulated signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The two β-arrestins, structurally closely related intracellular proteins that are evolutionarily highly conserved, have emerged as multifunctional proteins able to regulate a vast array of cellular and physiological functions. The outcome of studies with β-arrestin mutant mice and cultured cells, complemented by novel insights into β-arrestin structure and function, should pave the way for the development of novel classes of therapeutically useful drugs capable of regulating specific β-arrestin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Osvaldo Rivera-Gonzalez
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
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14
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Wang J, Li D, Zhang Y, Xing D, Lei Z, Jiao X. Angiotensin II type 1a receptor knockout ameliorates high-fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1380-1392. [PMID: 37501512 PMCID: PMC10520472 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related cardiovascular diseases are associated with overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cardiac dysfunction by focusing on cardiac glucose and lipid metabolism and energy supply. Ang II plays a role in cardiovascular regulation mainly by stimulating angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), among which AT1aR is the most important subtype in regulating the function of the cardiovascular system. AT1aR gene knockout (AT1aR ‒/‒) rats and wild-type (WT) rats are randomly divided into four groups and fed with either a normal diet (ND) or a HFD for 12 weeks. The myocardial lipid content, Ang II level and cardiac function are then evaluated. The expressions of a number of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial dynamics are measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Our results demonstrate that AT1aR knockout improves HFD-induced insulin resistance and dyslipidemia as well as lipid deposition and left ventricular dysfunction compared with WT rats fed a HFD. In addition, after feeding with HFD, AT1aR ‒/‒ rats not only show further improvement in glucose and fatty acid oxidation but also have a reverse effect on increased mitochondrial fission proteins. In conclusion, AT1aR deficiency ameliorates HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction by enhancing glucose and fatty acid oxidation, regulating mitochondrial dynamics-related protein changes, and further promoting cardiac energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University)Ministry of Educationand Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Dongxue Li
- />Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University)Ministry of Educationand Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Yan Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University)Ministry of Educationand Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Dehai Xing
- />Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University)Ministry of Educationand Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Zhandong Lei
- />Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University)Ministry of Educationand Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Xiangying Jiao
- />Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University)Ministry of Educationand Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
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15
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Lymperopoulos A, Borges JI, Suster MS. Angiotensin II-dependent aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:393-404. [PMID: 38408805 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is responsible for production of adrenal steroid hormones and is anatomically divided into three distinct zones: zona glomerulosa secreting mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone), zona fasciculata secreting glucocorticoids (cortisol), and zona reticularis producing androgens. Importantly, due to their high lipophilicity, no adrenal steroid hormone (including aldosterone) is stored in vesicles but rather gets synthesized and secreted instantly upon cell stimulation with specific stimuli. Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid hormone produced from the adrenal cortex in response to either angiotensin II (AngII) or elevated K+ levels in the blood (hyperkalemia). AngII, being a peptide, cannot cross cell membranes and thus, uses two distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and AT2R to exert its effects inside cells. In zona glomerulosa cells, AT1R activation by AngII results in aldosterone synthesis and secretion via two main pathways: (a) Gq/11 proteins that activate phospholipase C ultimately raising intracellular free calcium concentration; and (b) βarrestin1 and -2 (also known as Arrestin-2 and -3, respectively) that elicit sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Both pathways induce upregulation and acute activation of StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in aldosterone biosynthesis. This chapter describes these two salient pathways underlying AT1R-induced aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells. We also highlight some pharmacologically important notions pertaining to the efficacy of the currently available AT1R antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or sartans at suppressing both pathways, i.e., their inverse agonism efficacy at G proteins and βarrestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
| | - Jordana I Borges
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Malka S Suster
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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16
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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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17
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Zhang D, Liu Y, Zaidi SA, Xu L, Zhan Y, Chen A, Guo J, Huang X, Roth BL, Katritch V, Cherezov V, Zhang H. Structural insights into angiotensin receptor signaling modulation by balanced and biased agonists. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112940. [PMID: 37038975 PMCID: PMC10233375 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone angiotensin II regulates blood pressure mainly through the type 1 angiotensin II receptor AT1 R and its downstream signaling proteins Gq and β-arrestin. AT1 R blockers, clinically used as antihypertensive drugs, inhibit both signaling pathways, whereas AT1 R β-arrestin-biased agonists have shown great potential for the treatment of acute heart failure. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human AT1 R in complex with a balanced agonist, Sar1 -AngII, and Gq protein at 2.9 Å resolution. This structure, together with extensive functional assays and computational modeling, reveals the molecular mechanisms for AT1 R signaling modulation and suggests that a major hydrogen bond network (MHN) inside the receptor serves as a key regulator of AT1 R signal transduction from the ligand-binding pocket to both Gq and β-arrestin pathways. Specifically, we found that the MHN mutations N1113.35 A and N2947.45 A induce biased signaling to Gq and β-arrestin, respectively. These insights should facilitate AT1 R structure-based drug discovery for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP)University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Department of Quantitative and Computational BiologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Lingyi Xu
- Department of BiophysicsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yuting Zhan
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Anqi Chen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of BiophysicsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xi‐Ping Huang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP)University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP)University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Quantitative and Computational BiologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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18
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Li X, Zhuo J. Intracellular Angiotensin II Stimulation of Sodium Transporter Expression in Proximal Tubule Cells via AT 1 (AT 1a) Receptor-Mediated, MAP Kinases ERK1/2- and NF-кB-Dependent Signaling Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:1492. [PMID: 37296613 PMCID: PMC10252550 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current prevailing paradigm in the renin-angiotensin system dictates that most, if not all, biological, physiological, and pathological responses to its most potent peptide, angiotensin II (Ang II), are mediated by extracellular Ang II activating its cell surface receptors. Whether intracellular (or intracrine) Ang II and its receptors are involved remains incompletely understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that extracellular Ang II is taken up by the proximal tubules of the kidney by an AT1 (AT1a) receptor-dependent mechanism and that overexpression of an intracellular Ang II fusion protein (ECFP/Ang II) in mouse proximal tubule cells (mPTC) stimulates the expression of Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), Na+/HCO3- cotransporter, and sodium and glucose cotransporter 2 (Sglt2) by AT1a/MAPK/ERK1/2/NF-kB signaling pathways. mPCT cells derived from male wild-type and type 1a Ang II receptor-deficient mice (Agtr1a-/-) were transfected with an intracellular enhanced cyan fluorescent protein-tagged Ang II fusion protein, ECFP/Ang II, and treated without or with AT1 receptor blocker losartan, AT2 receptor blocker PD123319, MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor U0126, NF-кB inhibitor RO 106-9920, or p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202196, respectively. In wild-type mPCT cells, the expression of ECFP/Ang II significantly increased NHE3, Na+/HCO3-, and Sglt2 expression (p < 0.01). These responses were accompanied by >3-fold increases in the expression of phospho-ERK1/2 and the p65 subunit of NF-кB (p < 0.01). Losartan, U0126, or RO 106-9920 all significantly attenuated ECFP/Ang II-induced NHE3 and Na+/HCO3- expression (p < 0.01). Deletion of AT1 (AT1a) receptors in mPCT cells attenuated ECFP/Ang II-induced NHE3 and Na+/HCO3- expression (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the AT2 receptor blocker PD123319 also attenuated ECFP/Ang II-induced NHE3 and Na+/HCO3- expression (p < 0.01). These results suggest that, similar to extracellular Ang II, intracellular Ang II may also play an important role in Ang II receptor-mediated proximal tubule NHE3, Na+/HCO3-, and Sglt2 expression by activation of AT1a/MAPK/ERK1/2/NF-kB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Li
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA;
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
| | - Jialong Zhuo
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA;
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
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19
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Grogan A, Lucero EY, Jiang H, Rockman HA. Pathophysiology and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1117-1129. [PMID: 36534965 PMCID: PMC10202650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), comprising the largest superfamily of cell surface receptors, serve as fundamental modulators of cardiac health and disease owing to their key roles in the regulation of heart rate, contractile dynamics, and cardiac function. Accordingly, GPCRs are heavily pursued as drug targets for a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases ranging from heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia to hypertension and coronary artery disease. Recent advancements in understanding the signalling mechanisms, regulation, and pharmacological properties of GPCRs have provided valuable insights that will guide the development of novel therapeutics. Herein, we review the cellular signalling mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and pharmacological developments of the major GPCRs in the heart, highlighting the β-adrenergic, muscarinic, and angiotensin receptors as exemplar subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Grogan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emilio Y Lucero
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, 12 Durham, NC 27710, USA
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20
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Matsuo Y, Suematsu Y, Morita H, Miura SI. Development of a Non-Peptide Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Ligand by Structural Modification of Olmesartan as a Biased Agonist. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051486. [PMID: 37239156 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biased agonist, peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT1) receptor ligand antagonizes Ang II-stimulated G protein signaling but stimulates several kinase pathways. Here, we developed a non-peptide AT1 receptor compound as a biased ligand. We synthesized three non-peptide AT1 receptor ligands (R239470, R781253, and R794847) as candidates of biased ligands. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation and inositol phosphate (IP) production were measured using a cell system that overexpressed AT1 receptors (wild-type, L112A, Q257A, Y292A, and N295A receptors). We also examined the modes of receptor-ligand binding using a competition binding study. The Kd values of R239470, R781253, and R794847 for the AT1 wild-type receptor were 0.8, 21, and 48 nM, respectively, as assessed in a competition binding study. Those of R239470, R781253, and R794847 for the L112A receptor were 37, 23, and 31 nM, respectively. R781253 and R794847 decreased and increased IP production, respectively, whereas R239470 did not change IP production. R781253 and R794847, but not R239470, activated ERK1/2. In conclusion, R239470, R781253, and R794847 act as a neutral antagonist, an inverse agonist, and an agonist with regard to IP production, respectively. On the other hand, R781253 and R794847, but not R239470, are agonists toward ERK1/2 activation. Thus, we developed a non-peptide AT1 receptor compound as a biased ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshino Matsuo
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasunori Suematsu
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Morita
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Miura
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University Nishijin Hospital, Fukuoka 814-8522, Japan
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21
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Kunvariya AD, Dave SA, Modi ZJ, Patel PK, Sagar SR. Exploration of multifaceted molecular mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in pathogenesis of various diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15644. [PMID: 37153428 PMCID: PMC10160752 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homolog of ACE (a transmembrane bound dipeptidyl peptidase enzyme). ACE2 converts angiotensinogen to the heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7). ACE2 and its product, angiotensin-(1-7), have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other members of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 and its principal product, angiotensin-(1-7), were considered an under recognized arm of the RAS. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to light this arm of RAS with special focus on ACE2. Membrane bound ACE2 serves as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 viral entry through spike proteins. Apart from that, ACE2 is also involved in the pathogenesis of various other diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and infertility. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanism of ACE2 in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, infertility and respiratory diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes unveiled roles of ACE2 in the pathogenesis of various diseases which further provides intriguing possibilities for the use of ACE2 activators and RAS modulating agents for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi D. Kunvariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Shivani A. Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Zeal J. Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Paresh K. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Sneha R. Sagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Gomes-de-Souza L, Santana FG, Duarte JO, Barretto-de-Souza L, Crestani CC. Angiotensinergic neurotransmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:517-526. [PMID: 36715761 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The brain angiotensin II acting via AT1 receptors is a prominent mechanism involved in physiological and behavioral responses during aversive situations. The AT2 receptor has also been implicated in stress responses, but its role was less explored. Despite these pieces of evidence, the brain sites related to control of the changes during aversive threats by the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are poorly understood. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic structure related to the cardiovascular responses by stress, and components of the RAS system were identified in this forebrain region. Therefore, we investigated the role of angiotensinergic neurotransmission present within the BNST acting via local AT1 and AT2 receptors in cardiovascular responses evoked by an acute session of restraint stress in rats. For this, rats were subjected to bilateral microinjection of either the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, the selective AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, or the selective AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 before they underwent the restraint stress session. We observed that BNST treatment with captopril reduced the decrease in tail skin temperature evoked by restraint stress, without affecting the pressor and tachycardic responses. Local AT2 receptor antagonism within the BNST reduced both the tachycardia and the drop in tail skin temperature during restraint. Bilateral microinjection of losartan into the BNST did not affect the restraint-evoked cardiovascular changes. Taken together, these data indicate an involvement of BNST angiotensinergic neurotransmission acting via local AT2 receptors in cardiovascular responses during stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Santana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josiane O Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Barretto-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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Sun Y, Liu X, Wang L, Li L, Quan X, Shi H, Wang T, Mei L, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Meng R, Wang J, Dai F. Losartan attenuates acetic acid enema-induced visceral hypersensitivity by inhibiting the ACE1/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis in enteric glial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 946:175650. [PMID: 36907262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) play an important role in visceral hypersensitivity associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Losartan (Los) is known to reduce pain; however, its function in IBS is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate Los's therapeutic effect on visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into control, acetic acid enema (AA), AA + Los low, medium and high dose groups in vivo. EGCs were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Los in vitro. The molecular mechanisms were explored by assessing the expression of EGC activation markers, pain mediators, inflammatory factors and angiotensin-converting enzyme 1(ACE1)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor axis molecules in colon tissue and EGCs. The results showed that the rats in the AA group showed significantly higher visceral hypersensitivity than the control rats, which was alleviated by different doses of Los. The expression of GFAP, S100β, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was considerably increased in colonic tissues of AA group rats and LPS-treated EGCs compared with control rats and EGCs, and reduced by Los. In addition, Los reversed ACE1/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis upregulation in AA colon tissues and LPS-treated EGCs. These results show that Los inhibits ACE1/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis upregulation by suppressing EGC activation, resulting in reduced expression of pain mediators and inflammatory factors, thereby alleviating visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lianli Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Laifu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaojing Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Haitao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yindi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an People's Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jingyao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ruiting Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jinhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Fei Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affifiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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An Unexpected Enzyme in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Angiotensin II Upregulates Cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043968. [PMID: 36835391 PMCID: PMC9965395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) is a vasoactive peptide hormone, which, under pathological conditions, contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Oxysterols, including 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), the product of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), also have detrimental effects on vascular health by affecting vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We investigated AngII-induced gene expression changes in VSMCs to explore whether AngII stimulus and 25-HC production have a connection in the vasculature. RNA-sequencing revealed that Ch25h is significantly upregulated in response to AngII stimulus. The Ch25h mRNA levels were elevated robustly (~50-fold) 1 h after AngII (100 nM) stimulation compared to baseline levels. Using inhibitors, we specified that the AngII-induced Ch25h upregulation is type 1 angiotensin II receptor- and Gq/11 activity-dependent. Furthermore, p38 MAPK has a crucial role in the upregulation of Ch25h. We performed LC-MS/MS to identify 25-HC in the supernatant of AngII-stimulated VSMCs. In the supernatants, 25-HC concentration peaked 4 h after AngII stimulation. Our findings provide insight into the pathways mediating AngII-induced Ch25h upregulation. Our study elucidates a connection between AngII stimulus and 25-HC production in primary rat VSMCs. These results potentially lead to the identification and understanding of new mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vascular impairments.
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25
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Shi Y, Chen Y, Deng L, Du K, Lu S, Chen T. Structural Understanding of Peptide-Bound G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Peptide-Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1083-1111. [PMID: 36625741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is triggered by ligand binding to their orthosteric sites, which induces ligand-specific conformational changes. Agonists and antagonists bound to GPCR orthosteric sites provide detailed information on ligand-binding modes. Among these, peptide ligands play an instrumental role in GPCR pharmacology and have attracted increased attention as therapeutic drugs. The recent breakthrough in GPCR structural biology has resulted in the remarkable availability of peptide-bound GPCR complexes. Despite the several structural similarities shared by these receptors, they exhibit distinct features in terms of peptide recognition and receptor activation. From this perspective, we have summarized the current status of peptide-bound GPCR structural complexes, largely focusing on the interactions between the receptor and its peptide ligand at the orthosteric site. In-depth structural investigations have yielded valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying peptide recognition. This study would contribute to the discovery of GPCR peptide drugs with improved therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Interventional, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Kui Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Institute of Energy Metabolism and Health, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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26
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A Review on COVID-19: Primary Receptor, Endothelial Dysfunction, Related Comorbidities, and Therapeutics. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2023. [PMCID: PMC9843681 DOI: 10.1007/s40995-022-01400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic named coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and resulted in a worldwide economic crisis. Utilizing the spike-like protein on its surface, the SARS-CoV-2 binds to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which highly expresses on the surface of many cell types. Given the crucial role of ACE2 in the renin–angiotensin system, its engagement by SARS-CoV-2 could potentially result in endothelial cell perturbation. This is supported by the observation that one of the most common consequences of COVID-19 infection is endothelial dysfunction and subsequent vascular damage. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction is the shared denominator among previous comorbidities, including hypertension, kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc., which are associated with an increased risk of severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Several vaccines and therapeutics have been developed and suggested for COVID-19 therapy. The present review summarizes the relationship between ACE2 and endothelial dysfunction and COVID-19, also reviews the most common comorbidities associated with COVID-19, and finally reviews several categories of potential therapies against COVID-19.
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27
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Yi W, Chen F, Zhang H, Tang P, Yuan M, Wen J, Wang S, Cai Z. Role of angiotensin II in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1002138. [PMID: 36533172 PMCID: PMC9755866 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable progressive decline in physiological organ function that increases the chance of disease and death. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the regulation of vasoconstriction, fluid homeostasis, cell growth, fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In recent years, unprecedented advancement has been made in the RAS study, particularly with the observation that angiotensin II (Ang II), the central product of the RAS, plays a significant role in aging and chronic disease burden with aging. Binding to its receptors (Ang II type 1 receptor - AT1R in particular), Ang II acts as a mediator in the aging process by increasing free radical production and, consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition. In this review, we examine the physiological function of the RAS and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources in detail, highlighting how Ang II amplifies or drives mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition underlying each hallmark of aging and contributes to the development of aging and age-linked diseases. Accordingly, the Ang II/AT1R pathway opens a new preventive and therapeutic direction for delaying aging and reducing the incidence of age-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Yi
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiji Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Department and Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
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28
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Sabharwal R, Chapleau MW, Gerhold TD, Baumbach GL, Faraci FM. Plasticity of cerebral microvascular structure and mechanics during hypertension and following recovery of arterial pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1108-H1117. [PMID: 36269650 PMCID: PMC9678426 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00292.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in vascular structure contribute to vascular events and loss of brain health. We examined changes in cerebral arterioles at the onset of hypertension and the hypothesis that alterations during hypertension would recover with the return of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to normal. MAP was measured with radiotelemetry in awake male C57BL/6J mice at baseline and during infusion of vehicle or angiotensin II (ANG II, 1.4 mg/kg/day using osmotic pumps) for 28 days, followed by a 28-day recovery. With ANG II treatment, MAP increased through day 28. On day 30, MAP began to recover, reaching levels not different from vehicle on day 37. We measured intravascular pressure, diameter, wall thickness (WT), wall:lumen ratio (W:L), cross-sectional area (CSA), and slope of the tangential elastic modulus (ET) in maximally dilated arterioles. Variables were similar in both groups at day 1, with no significant change with vehicle treatment. With ANG II treatment, CSA, WT, and W:L increased on days 7-28. Internal and external diameter was reduced at 14 and 28 days. ET versus wall stress was reduced on days 7-28. During recovery, the diameter remained at days 14 and 28 values, whereas other variables returned partly or completely to normal. Thus, CSA, WT, W:L, and ET versus wall stress changed rapidly during hypertension and recovered with MAP. In contrast, inward remodeling developed slowly and did not recover. This lack of recovery has mechanistic implications for the long-term impact of hypertension on vascular determinants of brain health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Changes in vascular structure contribute to vascular events and loss of brain health. We examined the inherent structural plasticity of cerebral arterioles during and after a period of hypertension. Arteriolar wall thickness, diameter, wall-to-lumen ratio, and biological stiffness changed rapidly during hypertension and recovered with blood pressure. In contrast, inward remodeling developed slowly and did not recover. This lack of recovery of arteriolar diameter has implications for the long-term impact of hypertension on vascular determinants of brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna Sabharwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas D Gerhold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gary L Baumbach
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Frank M Faraci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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29
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Fernandes RS, Netto MRT, Carvalho FB, Rigatto K. Alamandine: A promising treatment for fibrosis. Peptides 2022; 157:170848. [PMID: 35931236 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main active member of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), is essential for the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. However, hyperactivation of the RAS causes fibrotic diseases. Ang II has pro-inflammatory actions, and moreover activates interstitial fibroblasts and/or dysregulates extracellular matrix degradation. The discovery of new RAS pathways has revealed the complexity of this system. Among the RAS peptides, alamandine (ALA, Ala1 Ang 1-7) has been identified in humans, rats, and mice, with protective actions in different pathological conditions. ALA has similar effects to its well-known congener, Ang-(1-7), as a vasodilator, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic. Its protective role against cardiovascular diseases is well-reviewed in the literature. However, the protective actions of ALA in fibrotic conditions have been little explored. Therefore, in this article, we review the ability of ALA to modulate the inflammatory process and collagen deposition, to serve as an antioxidant, and to mediate protection against functional disorders. In this scenario, we also explore ALA as a promising therapy for pulmonary fibrosis after COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Streck Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, UFCSPA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Katya Rigatto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, UFCSPA, Brazil.
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30
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Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Convalescents May Present Pro-Longed Endothelium Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216461. [PMID: 36362687 PMCID: PMC9658558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic posed a great threat to public health, healthcare systems and the economy worldwide. It became clear that, in addition to COVID-19 and acute disease, the condition that develops after recovery may also negatively impact survivors’ health and quality of life. The damage inflicted by the viral infection on endothelial cells was identified quite early on as a possible mechanism underlying the so-called post-COVID syndrome. It became an urgent matter to establish whether convalescents present chronic endothelial impairment, which could result in an increased risk of cardiovascular and thrombotic complications. Methods: In this study, we measured the levels of CRP, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and syndecan-1 as markers of inflammation and endothelial injury in generally healthy convalescents selected from blood donors and compared these to a healthy control group. Results: We found higher concentrations of E-selectin and a lower level of syndecan-1 in convalescents in comparison to those of the control group. Conclusion: Based on our results, it can be concluded that, at least 6 months after infection, there is only slight evidence of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 convalescents who do not suffer from other comorbidities related to endothelial impairment.
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31
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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Schiedel AC, Moreira IS. Class A and C GPCR Dimers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2081-2141. [PMID: 35339177 PMCID: PMC9886835 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220327221830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect over 30 million people worldwide with an ascending trend. Most individuals suffering from these irreversible brain damages belong to the elderly population, with onset between 50 and 60 years. Although the pathophysiology of such diseases is partially known, it remains unclear upon which point a disease turns degenerative. Moreover, current therapeutics can treat some of the symptoms but often have severe side effects and become less effective in long-term treatment. For many neurodegenerative diseases, the involvement of G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs), which are key players of neuronal transmission and plasticity, has become clearer and holds great promise in elucidating their biological mechanism. With this review, we introduce and summarize class A and class C GPCRs, known to form heterodimers or oligomers to increase their signalling repertoire. Additionally, the examples discussed here were shown to display relevant alterations in brain signalling and had already been associated with the pathophysiology of certain neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, we classified the heterodimers into two categories of crosstalk, positive or negative, for which there is known evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; ,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,Address correspondence to this author at the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; E-mail:
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Khodaei B, Nasimi M, Nassireslami E, Seyedpour S, Rahmati J, Haddady Abianeh S, Motavalli Khiavi F. Efficacy of Topical Losartan in Management of Mammoplasty and Abdominoplasty Scars: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:2580-2587. [PMID: 35614156 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually, millions of people suffer from skin scars' psychological and physical disadvantages. Pathologic scars prevention is challenging and requires developing feasible and effective therapeutic strategies. Regarding promising results of losartan (an angiotensin 1 receptor inhibitor) on skin scar in preclinical studies, we aimed to assess the losartan ointment's impact on surgical scars in a clinical setting. MATERIAL AND METHOD Twenty-four patients with surgical wounds were enrolled from Razi hospital's plastic and reconstructive surgery department. The patients were trained to apply ointments 14-18 days post-surgery on the determined scar side, twice a day for 6 months. Two dermatologists independently evaluated scar formation at 3 and 6-month follow-ups using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) score. RESULT Twenty-four female patients with cosmetic surgeries were included. The mean VSS score of losartan-treated sides was 7.1 ± 2.06 (at month 3) and 5.21 ± 1.71 (at month 6) that significantly were different from placebo-treated sides (9.77 ± 1.55 and 8.31 ± 1.88 at 3 and 6 months, respectively) (P value < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively, for months 3 and 6). The subset analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in height (P value < 0.001 at 3 and 6 months), pliability (P value < 0.001 at 3 and 6 months), and vascularity (P value < 0.001 at 3 and 6 months) subsets at losartan compared to placebo-treated side. Losartan ointment was well tolerated with no complication. CONCLUSION Losartan ointment successfully improved scar formation in mammoplasty and abdominoplasty patients. The losartan preventive effect should be confirmed in future large-scale studies with long-term follow-ups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Khodaei
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Etemad zadeh Street, Fatemi-Gharbi Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasimi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nassireslami
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Seyedpour
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Rahmati
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Haddady Abianeh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Motavalli Khiavi
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Etemad zadeh Street, Fatemi-Gharbi Street, Tehran, Iran.
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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34
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Guimarães-Nobre CC, Mendonça-Reis E, Teixeira-Alves LR, Miranda-Alves L, Berto-Junior C. ATR1 Angiotensin II Receptor Reduces Hemoglobin S Polymerization, Phosphatidylserine Exposure, and Increases Deformability of Sickle Cell Disease Erythrocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:711-721. [PMID: 36175813 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) regulates blood volume and stimulates erythropoiesis through AT1 (ATR1) and AT2 (ATR2) receptors, found in multiple tissues, including erythrocytes. Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients present altered Ang II levels. Hemoglobin S polymerization, deformability and phosphatidylserine translocation are important features of mature erythrocytes, therefore, our hypothesis is Ang II affects these parameters and, if it does, what would be the influence of AT1R and AT2R on these effects. A polymerization assay (PA), deformability, and annexin V binding were performed in SCD erythrocytes samples adding Ang II, ATR1 antagonist (losartan or eprosartan), and ATR2 antagonist (PD123319). Through the PA test, we observed a dose-dependent polymerization inhibition effect when comparing Ang II to control. Losartan did not affect the level or the rate of Ang II inhibition, while PD123319 showed an increased level of protection against polymerization, and eprosartan brought levels back to control. Ang II was able to reduce the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer leaflet, a marker of eryptosis, in the presence of PD123319. Also, ATR1 showed a positive effect increasing deformability. Our data shows that ATR1 is important for maintenance of erythrocyte physiological function in SCD and for prolonging its life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cristina Guimarães-Nobre
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Eritróide - GPFisEri, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Mendonça-Reis
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Eritróide - GPFisEri, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lyzes Rosa Teixeira-Alves
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Eritróide - GPFisEri, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental- LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clemilson Berto-Junior
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Eritróide - GPFisEri, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental- LEEx, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Speth RC, Bader M. Why Angiotensin II is a Poor Choice for Circulatory Support of Ventilated COVID-19 Patients Compared to Vasopressin. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:3079. [PMID: 36438606 PMCID: PMC9696557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic when it was first reported that SARS-CoV-2 used membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as its receptor for entry into cells, warnings were raised against the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) because of their potential to increase ACE2 expression. These reports ignored the adverse effects that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exerts on the cardiovascular system and kidneys via its primary hormone angiotensin (Ang) II acting upon AT1 receptors that could exacerbate the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 1. At one point it was even recommended that COVID-19 patients suffering from cardiovascular collapse be administered Ang II to restore blood pressure rather than norepinephrine or vasopressin 2. An alternative strategy for treating COVID-19 was the administration of soluble ACE2 (sACE2) to act as a decoy receptor for the virus, misdirecting it away from vulnerable cells expressing membrane bound ACE2 3-5. However, a paper published in early 2021 6 described a scenario in which sACE2 and vasopressin played essential roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells vulnerable to the virus. This commentary challenges both the 2 and 6 reports based upon their misconceptions and technical errors that pose a threat to the administration of life-saving therapies for severely affected COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 USA,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 USA, or
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany,University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany, or
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Singh KD, Karnik SS. Structural perspectives on the mechanism of signal activation, ligand selectivity and allosteric modulation in angiotensin receptors: IUPHAR Review 34. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4461-4472. [PMID: 35318654 PMCID: PMC9398925 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional advances have guided our knowledge of physiological and fatal pathological mechanisms of the hormone angiotensin II (AngII) and its antagonists. Such studies revealed that tissue response to a given dose of the hormone or its antagonist depends on receptors that engage the ligand. Thus, we need to know much more about the structures of receptor-ligand complexes at high resolution. Recently, X-ray structures of both AngII receptors (AT1 and AT2 receptors) bound to peptide and non-peptide ligands have been elucidated, providing new opportunities to examine the dynamic fluxes in the 3D architecture of the receptors, as the basis of ligand selectivity, efficacy, and regulation of the molecular functions of the receptors. Constituent structural motifs cooperatively transform ligand selectivity into specific functions, thus conceptualizing the primacy of the 3D structure over individual motifs of receptors. This review covers the new data elucidating the structural dynamics of AngII receptors and how structural knowledge can be transformative in understanding the mechanisms underlying the physiology of AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuraijam Dhanachandra Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sadashiva S. Karnik
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Yue X, Yin J, Wang X, Heidecke H, Hackel AM, Dong X, Kasper B, Wen L, Zhang L, Schulze-Forster K, Junker J, Grasshoff H, Müller A, Wallukat G, Schimke I, Zeiner J, Deckstein LM, Mertens N, Kerstein-Staehle A, Hundt JE, Kostenis E, Yu X, Riemekasten G, Petersen F. Induced antibodies directed to the angiotensin receptor type 1 provoke skin and lung inflammation, dermal fibrosis and act species overarching. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1281-1289. [PMID: 35595388 PMCID: PMC9380513 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-222088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine contributions and functions of autoantibodies (Abs) directed to the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R), which are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of AT1R Abs-related diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS C57BL/6J mice were immunised with membrane-embedded human AT1R or empty membrane as control. Mice deficient for CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and B cells were immunised with membrane-embedded AT1R or an AT1R peptide proposed to be a dominant T cell epitope. A monoclonal (m)AT1R Ab was generated by hybridoma technique and transferred into C57BL/6J and AT1Ra/b knockout mice. The induced phenotype was examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, apoptosis assay and ELISA. In vitro, Abs responses towards AT1R were measured in cells of different origins and species. RESULTS AT1R-immunised mice developed perivascular skin and lung inflammation, lymphocytic alveolitis, weak lung endothelial apoptosis and skin fibrosis accompanied by Smad2/3 signalling, not present in controls or mice deficient for CD4+ T and B cells. The AT1R peptide 149-172 provoked lung inflammation. Application of the mAT1R Ab induced skin and lung inflammation, not observed in AT1Ra/b knockout mice. In vitro, AT1R Abs activated rat cardiomyocytes and human monocytes, enhanced angiotensin II-mediated AT1R activation in AT1R-transfected HEK293 cells via AT1R binding and mAT1R Ab-activated monocytes mediated the induction of profibrotic markers in dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Our immunisation strategy successfully induced AT1R Abs, contributing to inflammation and, possibly, to fibrosis via activation of AT1R. Therefore, AT1R Abs are valuable targets for future therapies of SSc and other AT1R Ab-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Junping Yin
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Maximilian Hackel
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Lübeck Campus, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Xiamen University Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Brigitte Kasper
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Lifang Wen
- Xiamen University Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Lübeck Campus, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Antje Müller
- Rheumatology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Lübeck Campus, Lubeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Julian Zeiner
- Section Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Deckstein
- Section Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Mertens
- Section Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Kerstein-Staehle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | | | - Evi Kostenis
- Section Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Lübeck Campus, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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Associations of Dynapenic Obesity and Sarcopenic Obesity with the Risk of Complications in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158277. [PMID: 35955411 PMCID: PMC9368708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in body composition, such as low muscle mass (sarcopenia), decreased grip strength or physical function (dynapenia), and accumulation of fat mass. When the accumulation of fat mass synergistically accompanies low muscle mass or reduced grip strength, it results in sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity, respectively. These types of obesity contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the elderly, which could increase the damage caused by COVID-19. In this review, we associated factors that could generate a higher risk of COVID-19 complications in dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity. For example, skeletal muscle regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and supports metabolic stress in pulmonary disease; hence, the presence of dynapenic obesity or sarcopenic obesity could be related to a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients.
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Lansdell TA, Chambers LC, Dorrance AM. Endothelial Cells and the Cerebral Circulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3449-3508. [PMID: 35766836 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the innermost layer of all blood vessels and are the only vascular component that remains throughout all vascular segments. The cerebral vasculature has several unique properties not found in the peripheral circulation; this requires that the cerebral endothelium be considered as a unique entity. Cerebral endothelial cells perform several functions vital for brain health. The cerebral vasculature is responsible for protecting the brain from external threats carried in the blood. The endothelial cells are central to this requirement as they form the basis of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelium also regulates fibrinolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, vascular permeability, metabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and white cell trafficking. Endothelial cells regulate the changes in vascular structure caused by angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Further, the endothelium contributes to vascular tone, allowing proper perfusion of the brain which has high energy demands and no energy stores. In this article, we discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the cerebral endothelium. Where appropriate, we discuss the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the cerebral endothelium and the contribution of cerebrovascular disease endothelial dysfunction and dementia. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3449-3508, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Kinzenbaw DA, Langmack L, Faraci FM. Angiotensin II-induced endothelial dysfunction: Impact of sex, genetic background, and rho kinase. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15336. [PMID: 35681278 PMCID: PMC9184751 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to vascular disease with multiple cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension. As a major effector within the RAS, angiotensin II (Ang II) activates diverse signaling mechanisms that affect vascular biology. Despite the impact of such vascular pathophysiology, our understanding of the effects of Ang II in relation to the function of endothelial cells is incomplete. Because genetic background and biological sex can be determinants of vascular disease, we performed studies examining the direct effects of Ang II using carotid arteries from male and female mice on two genetic backgrounds, C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ. Although FVB/NJ mice are much less susceptible to atherosclerosis than C57BL/6J, the effects of Ang II on endothelial cells in FVB/NJ are poorly defined. Overnight incubation of isolated arteries with Ang II (10 nmol/L), impaired endothelial function in both strains and sexes by approximately one-half (p < 0.05). To examine the potential mechanistic contribution of Rho kinase (ROCK), we treated arteries with SLX-2119, an inhibitor with high selectivity for ROCK2. In both male and female mice of both strains, SLX-2119 largely restored endothelial function to normal, compared to vessels treated with vehicle. Thus, Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction was observed in both FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J mice. This effect was sex-independent. In all groups, effects of Ang II were reversed by inhibition of ROCK2 with SLX-2119. These studies provide the first evidence that ROCK2 may be a key contributor to Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction in both sexes and in mouse strains that differ in relation to other major aspects of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A. Kinzenbaw
- Departments of Internal MedicineFrancois M. Abboud Cardiovascular CenterThe University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Lucy Langmack
- Departments of Internal MedicineFrancois M. Abboud Cardiovascular CenterThe University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Frank M. Faraci
- Departments of Internal MedicineFrancois M. Abboud Cardiovascular CenterThe University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowaUSA
- Departments of Neuroscience and PharmacologyThe University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowaUSA
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Jang YN, Lee YJ, Han YM, Kim HM, Seo HS, Jeong JH, Park SY, Jung TW. Fimasartan Ameliorates Deteriorations in Glucose Metabolism in a High Glucose State by Regulating Skeletal Muscle and Liver Cells. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:530-538. [PMID: 35619576 PMCID: PMC9171673 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.6.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Since diabetes and hypertension frequently occur together, it is thought that these conditions may have a common pathogenesis. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic function of the anti-hypertensive drug fimasartan on C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle and HepG2 human liver cells in a high glucose state. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-diabetic effects and mechanism of fimasartan were identified using Western blot, glucose uptake tests, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analysis, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence staining for diabetic biomarkers in C2C12 cells. Protein biomarkers for glycogenolysis and glycogenesis were evaluated by Western blotting and ELISA in HepG2 cells. RESULTS The protein levels of phosphorylated 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), p-AKT, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) were elevated in C2C12 cells treated with fimasartan. These increases were reversed by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) antagonist. ATP, OCR, and glucose uptake were increased in cells treated with 200 µM fimasartan. Protein levels of glycogen phosphorylase, glucose synthase, phosphorylated glycogen synthase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) were decreased in HepG2 cells treated with fimasartan. However, these effects were reversed following the addition of the PPARδ antagonist GSK0660. CONCLUSION In conclusion, fimasartan ameliorates deteriorations in glucose metabolism as a result of a high glucose state by regulating PPARδ in skeletal muscle and liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Na Jang
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Jik Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Genomics and Translational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Mi Han
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Cong X, Zhang X, Liang X, He X, Tang Y, Zheng X, Lu S, Zhang J, Chen T. Delineating the conformational landscape and intrinsic properties of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor using a computational study. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2268-2279. [PMID: 35615027 PMCID: PMC9117689 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key regulator for the renin-angiotensin system, a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), AngII type 2 receptor (AT2R), plays a pivotal role in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Compared with other GPCRs, AT2R has a unique antagonist-bound conformation and its mechanism is still an enigma. Here, we applied combined dynamic and evolutional approaches to investigate the conformational space and intrinsic properties of AT2R. With molecular dynamic simulations, Markov State Models, and statistics coupled analysis, we captured the conformational landscape of AT2R and identified its uniquity from both dynamical and evolutional viewpoints. A cryptic pocket was also discovered in the intermediate state during conformation transitions. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the AT2R mechanism at an atomic level and provide hints for the design of novel AT2R modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Cong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xinheng He
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yehua Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Valente R, Crippa S, Arnelo U, Vanella G, Zerboni G, Zarantonello L, Fogliati A, Arcidiacono PG, Vujasinovic M, Lohr JM, Falconi M, Capurso G, Del Chiaro M. The use of ace inhibitors influences the risk of progression of BD-IPMNs under follow-up. Pancreatology 2022; 22:516-524. [PMID: 35431111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoprevention's ability to slow down or prevent the progression of BD-IPMNs is extremely appealing. Aspirin (ASA), Ace Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) and Statins (STATs) are frequently prescribed drugs with a possible beneficial effect on different cancer types. Their effect on IPMNs is largely unknown. AIM To evaluate the association between the use of ASA, ACEIs/ARBs and STATs and the risk of progression of BD-IPMNs in follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS multicenter, retrospective cohort study on patients with presumed BD-IPMNs without relative or absolute indication for surgery. Pharmacological exposures and risk factors were collected. We identified clinically relevant progression (occurrence of radiological absolute or relative indication for surgery) and any progression (occurrence of clinically relevant progression OR any dimension increase OR the occurrence of new cysts). RESULTS Overall 594 patients were included. ACEIs were associated with a lower occurrence of any progression (HR = 0.70; 95% CI 0.49-0.98, p = 0.04) and clinically relevant progression, HR = 0.42 (95% CI 0.20-0.88; p = 0.02). No significant effect was shown for factors associated with the occurrence of pancreas cancer such as smoking, alcohol consumption and 1st degree family history of pancreas cancer. Among pharmacological exposures, no convincing effect was shown for the chronic use of ASA, ARB and STAT. CONCLUSIONS ACEIs might have an effect in slowing the progression of BD-IPMNs. ASA, STAT and ARBs show no convincing effect on the progression of BD-IPMNs. Further, prospective, and long-term multicenter studies are needed to verify such association and to define the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Valente
- Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Surgical Oncology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Stefano Crippa
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Urban Arnelo
- Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Vanella
- Pancreatobiliary Endoscopy and EUS Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Zerboni
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Fogliati
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgio Arcidiacono
- Pancreatobiliary Endoscopy and EUS Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Miroslav Vujasinovic
- Department for Upper Abdominal Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | | | - Massimo Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Pancreatobiliary Endoscopy and EUS Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Del Chiaro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
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Speck D, Kleinau G, Szczepek M, Kwiatkowski D, Catar R, Philippe A, Scheerer P. Angiotensin and Endothelin Receptor Structures With Implications for Signaling Regulation and Pharmacological Targeting. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:880002. [PMID: 35518926 PMCID: PMC9063481 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.880002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with the endothelin (ET) type A (ETAR) and type B (ETBR) receptors, angiotensin (AT) type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptors, are peptide-binding class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) acting in a physiologically overlapping context. Angiotensin receptors (ATRs) are involved in regulating cell proliferation, as well as cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and endothelial functions. They are important therapeutic targets for several diseases or pathological conditions, such as hypertrophy, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, and cancer. Endothelin receptors (ETRs) are expressed primarily in blood vessels, but also in the central nervous system or epithelial cells. They regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis. Pathogenic conditions associated with ETR dysfunctions include cancer and pulmonary hypertension. While both receptor groups are activated by their respective peptide agonists, pathogenic autoantibodies (auto-Abs) can also activate the AT1R and ETAR accompanied by respective clinical conditions. To date, the exact mechanisms and differences in binding and receptor-activation mediated by auto-Abs as opposed to endogenous ligands are not well understood. Further, several questions regarding signaling regulation in these receptors remain open. In the last decade, several receptor structures in the apo- and ligand-bound states were determined with protein X-ray crystallography using conventional synchrotrons or X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFEL). These inactive and active complexes provide detailed information on ligand binding, signal induction or inhibition, as well as signal transduction, which is fundamental for understanding properties of different activity states. They are also supportive in the development of pharmacological strategies against dysfunctions at the receptors or in the associated signaling axis. Here, we summarize current structural information for the AT1R, AT2R, and ETBR to provide an improved molecular understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Speck
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kwiatkowski
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurélie Philippe
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cook JR, Ausiello J. Functional ACE2 deficiency leading to angiotensin imbalance in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:151-170. [PMID: 34195965 PMCID: PMC8245275 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary cell-surface receptor. ACE2 is a key enzyme in the counter-regulatory pathway of the broader renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that has been implicated in a broad array of human pathology. The RAS is composed of two competing pathways that work in opposition to each other: the "conventional" arm involving angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) generating angiotensin-2 and the more recently identified ACE2 pathway that generates angiotensin (1-7). Following the original SARS pandemic, additional studies suggested that coronaviral binding to ACE2 resulted in downregulation of the membrane-bound enzyme. Given the similarities between the two viruses, many have posited a similar process with SARS-CoV-2. Proponents of this ACE2 deficiency model argue that downregulation of ACE2 limits its enzymatic function, thereby skewing the delicate balance between the two competing arms of the RAS. In this review we critically examine this model. The available data remain incomplete but are consistent with the possibility that the broad multisystem dysfunction of COVID-19 is due in large part to functional ACE2 deficiency leading to angiotensin imbalance with consequent immune dysregulation and endothelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Cook
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Ausiello
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Braga CL, Acquarone M, Arona VDC, Osório BS, Barreto TG, Kian RM, Pereira JPAL, Silva MDMCD, Silva BA, de Oliveira GMM, Macedo Rocco PR, Silva PL, Alencar AKN. Can Epigenetics Help Solve the Puzzle Between Concomitant Cardiovascular Injury and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79:431-443. [PMID: 34935698 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has significant implications in patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease (CVD) because they are the population at the greatest risk of death. The treatment of such patients and complications may represent a new challenge for the fields of cardiology and pharmacology. Thus, understanding the involvement of this viral infection in CVD might help to reduce the aggressiveness of SARS-CoV-2 in causing multiorgan infection and damage. SARS-CoV-2 disturbs the host epigenome and several epigenetic processes involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 that can directly affect the function and structure of the cardiovascular system (CVS). Hence, it would be relevant to identify epigenetic alterations that directly impact CVS physiology after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This could contribute to the view of this virus-induced CVS injury and direct forthcoming tackles for COVID-19 treatment to reduce mortality in patients with CVD. Targeting epigenetic marks could offer strong evidence for the development of novel antiviral therapies, especially in the context of COVID-19-related CVS damage. In this review, we address some of the main signaling pathways that are currently known as being involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology and the importance of this glint on epigenetics and some of its modifiers (epidrugs) to control the unregulated epitope activity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19, and underlying CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia L Braga
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Acquarone
- Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, School Clinic, Petrópolis, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor da C Arona
- Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, School Clinic, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Brenno S Osório
- Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, School Clinic, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Thiago G Barreto
- Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, School Clinic, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Ruan M Kian
- Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, School Clinic, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Marina de Moraes C da Silva
- Serviço de Radiologia do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia A Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Maria M de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan K N Alencar
- Laboratório de Investigação Pulmonar, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, School Clinic, Petrópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Borghi C, Levy BI. Synergistic actions between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins in atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:815-826. [PMID: 35082055 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are independent risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by acting directly on the endothelium and activating the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and mevalonate pathways. This review examines how the severity and duration of these risk factors may influence the cardiovascular risk through a reciprocal interplay leading to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response. DATA SYNTHESIS The review highlights the clinical evidence supporting the benefits of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for hypertension, lipid disorders and ASCVD management, both individually and combined, at all stages of the cardiovascular continuum. CONCLUSION Drug strategies incorporating an ACE-inhibitor and a statin, and in particular perindopril and atorvastatin, have consistently demonstrated reductions in the rate of ASCVD events in patients with hypertension and lipid disorders, cementing their position as first-line therapies for the management of atherosclerosis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS-S.Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Bernard I Levy
- INSERM Unit 970, PARCC, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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Pothen L, Verdoy R, De Mulder D, Esfahani H, Farah C, Michel LYM, Dei Zotti F, Bearzatto B, Ambroise J, Bouzin C, Dessy C, Balligand JL. Sustained Downregulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Acta2 After Transient Angiotensin II Infusion: A New Model of "Vascular Memory". Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:854361. [PMID: 35360022 PMCID: PMC8964264 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.854361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in the development of hypertension. Published evidence on a putative "memory effect" of AngII on the vascular components is however scarce. Aim To evaluate the long-term effects of transient exposure to AngII on the mouse heart and the arterial tissue. Methods Blood pressure, cardiovascular tissue damage and remodeling, and systemic oxidative stress were evaluated in C57/B6/J mice at the end of a 2-week AngII infusion (AngII); 2 and 3 weeks after the interruption of a 2-week AngII treatment (AngII+2W and AngII +3W; so-called "memory" conditions) and control littermate (CTRL). RNAseq profiling of aortic tissues was used to identify potential key regulated genes accounting for legacy effects on the vascular phenotype. RNAseq results were validated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in a reproduction cohort of mice. Key findings were reproduced in a homotypic cell culture model. Results The 2 weeks AngII infusion induced cardiac hypertrophy and aortic damage that persisted beyond AngII interruption and despite blood pressure normalization, with a sustained vascular expression of ICAM1, infiltration by CD45+ cells, and cell proliferation associated with systemic oxidative stress. RNAseq profiling in aortic tissue identified robust Acta2 downregulation at transcript and protein levels (α-smooth muscle actin) that was maintained beyond interruption of AngII treatment. Among regulators of Acta2 expression, the transcription factor Myocardin (Myocd), exhibited a similar expression pattern. The sustained downregulation of Acta2 and Myocd was associated with an increase in H3K27me3 in nuclei of aortic sections from mice in the "memory" conditions. A sustained downregulation of ACTA2 and MYOCD was reproduced in the cultured human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells upon transient exposure to Ang II. Conclusion A transient exposure to Ang II produces prolonged vascular remodeling with robust ACTA2 downregulation, associated with epigenetic imprinting supporting a "memory" effect despite stimulus withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pothen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roxane Verdoy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine De Mulder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hrag Esfahani
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Farah
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lauriane Y. M. Michel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Flavia Dei Zotti
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Centre des Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées (CTMA), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jerome Ambroise
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Centre des Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées (CTMA), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Imaging Platform (2IP), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Dessy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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49
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Banik SK, Baishya S, Das Talukdar A, Choudhury MD. Network analysis of atherosclerotic genes elucidates druggable targets. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:42. [PMID: 35241081 PMCID: PMC8893053 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque in arteries under the influence of inflammatory responses, proliferation of smooth muscle cell, accumulation of modified low density lipoprotein. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves the interplay of a number of genes and metabolic pathways. In traditional translation method, only a limited number of genes and pathways can be studied at once. However, the new paradigm of network medicine can be explored to study the interaction of a large array of genes and their functional partners and their connections with the concerned disease pathogenesis. Thus, in our study we employed a branch of network medicine, gene network analysis as a tool to identify the most crucial genes and the miRNAs that regulate these genes at the post transcriptional level responsible for pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Result From NCBI database 988 atherosclerotic genes were retrieved. The protein–protein interaction using STRING database resulted in 22,693 PPI interactions among 872 nodes (genes) at different confidence score. The cluster analysis of the 872 genes using MCODE, a plug-in of Cytoscape software revealed a total of 18 clusters, the topological parameter and gene ontology analysis facilitated in the selection of four influential genes viz., AGT, LPL, ITGB2, IRS1 from cluster 3. Further, the miRNAs (miR-26, miR-27, and miR-29 families) targeting these genes were obtained by employing MIENTURNET webtool. Conclusion Gene network analysis assisted in filtering out the 4 probable influential genes and 3 miRNA families in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These genes, miRNAs can be targeted to restrict the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Given the importance of atherosclerosis, any approach in the understanding the genes involved in its pathogenesis can substantially enhance the health care system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01195-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheuli Kangsa Banik
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Somorita Baishya
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
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50
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Ben Boubaker R, Tiss A, Henrion D, Guissouma H, Chabbert M. Evolutionary information helps understand distinctive features of the angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2 in amniota. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009732. [PMID: 35202400 PMCID: PMC8870451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the octopeptide angiotensin II (AngII) is an important in vivo regulator of the cardiovascular system. It acts mainly through two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2. To better understand distinctive features of these receptors, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis that revealed a mirror evolution of AT1 and AT2, each one split into two clades, separating fish from terrestrial receptors. It also revealed that hallmark mutations occurred at, or near, the sodium binding site in both AT1 and AT2. Electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations support maintained sodium binding to human AT1 with slow ingress from the extracellular side and an electrostatic component of the binding free energy around -3kT, to be compared to around -2kT for human AT2 and the δ opioid receptor. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in wild type and mutated AT1 and AT2 from humans and eels indicates that the allosteric control by sodium in both AT1 and AT2 evolved during the transition from fish to amniota. The unusual S7.46N mutation in AT1 is mirrored by a L3.36M mutation in AT2. In the presence of sodium, the N7.46 pattern in amniota AT1 stabilizes the inward orientation of N3.35 in the apo receptor, which should contribute to efficient N3.35 driven biased signaling. The M3.36 pattern in amniota AT2 favours the outward orientation of N3.35 and the receptor promiscuity. Both mutations have physiological consequences for the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. The analysis of protein sequences from different species can reveal interesting trends in the structural and functional evolution of a protein family. Here, we analyze the evolution of two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2, which bind the angiotensin II peptide and are important regulators of the cardiovascular system. We show that these receptors underwent a mirror evolution. Specific mutations at, or near, the sodium binding pocket occurred in both AT1 and AT2 during the transition to terrestrial life. We carried out electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations to decipher the details of the sodium binding mode in eel and human receptors, as prototypes of fish and amniota receptors. Our results indicate that sodium binding is kinetically slow but thermodynamically stable. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in eel and human receptors reveals that an unusual mutation in the sodium binding pocket of AT1 is critical for biased signaling of amniota AT1 whereas a mutation in AT2 promotes promiscuity of amniota AT2. In turn, these data indicate that a few mutations at a strategic position (here the sodium binding pocket) are an efficient way to gain functional evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Boubaker
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Asma Tiss
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- INSAT de Tunis, Université de Carthage, Carthage, Tunisie
| | - Daniel Henrion
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Marie Chabbert
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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