1
|
Kang M, Yeo WH. Advances in Energy Harvesting Technologies for Wearable Devices. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:884. [PMID: 39064395 PMCID: PMC11279352 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of wearable electronics is revolutionizing human health monitoring, intelligent robotics, and informatics. Yet the reliance on traditional batteries limits their wearability, user comfort, and continuous use. Energy harvesting technologies offer a promising power solution by converting ambient energy from the human body or surrounding environment into electrical power. Despite their potential, current studies often focus on individual modules under specific conditions, which limits practical applicability in diverse real-world environments. Here, this review highlights the recent progress, potential, and technological challenges in energy harvesting technology and accompanying technologies to construct a practical powering module, including power management and energy storage devices for wearable device developments. Also, this paper offers perspectives on designing next-generation wearable soft electronics that enhance quality of life and foster broader adoption in various aspects of daily life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minki Kang
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center), Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center), Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao B, Jiang J, Zhou S, Li J, Zhou Q, Li X. Toward the Next Generation Human-Machine Interaction: Headworn Wearable Devices. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10477-10487. [PMID: 38888091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Wearable devices are lightweight and portable devices worn directly on the body or integrated into the user's clothing or accessories. They are usually connected to the Internet and combined with various software applications to monitor the user's physical conditions. The latest research shows that wearable head devices, particularly those incorporating microfluidic technology, enable the monitoring of bodily fluids and physiological states. Here, we summarize the main forms, functions, and applications of head wearable devices through innovative researches in recent years. The main functions of wearable head devices are sensor monitoring, diagnosis, and even therapeutic interventions. Through this application, real-time monitoring of human physiological conditions and noninvasive treatment can be realized. Furthermore, microfluidics can realize real-time monitoring of body fluids and skin interstitial fluid, which is highly significant in medical diagnosis and has broad medical application prospects. However, despite the progress made, significant challenges persist in the integration of microfluidics into wearable devices at the current technological level. Herein, we focus on summarizing the cutting-edge applications of microfluidic contact lenses and offer insights into the burgeoning intersection between microfluidics and head-worn wearables, providing a glimpse into their future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX, Si T. Free-Boundary Microfluidic Platform for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304840. [PMID: 37722080 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, with its remarkable capacity to manipulate fluids and droplets at the microscale, has emerged as a powerful platform in numerous fields. In contrast to conventional closed microchannel microfluidic systems, free-boundary microfluidic manufacturing (FBMM) processes continuous precursor fluids into jets or droplets in a relatively spacious environment. FBMM is highly regarded for its superior flexibility, stability, economy, usability, and versatility in the manufacturing of advanced materials and architectures. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in FBMM is provided, encompassing technical principles, advanced material manufacturing, and their applications. FBMM is categorized based on the foundational mechanisms, primarily comprising hydrodynamics, interface effects, acoustics, and electrohydrodynamic. The processes and mechanisms of fluid manipulation are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the manufacturing of advanced materials in various dimensions ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, as well as their diverse applications in material science, biomedical engineering, and engineering are presented. Finally, current progress is summarized and future challenges are prospected. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of FBMM as a powerful tool for advanced materials manufacturing and its wide-ranging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tianao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fangsheng Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shang C, Fu B, Tuo J, Guo X, Li Z, Wang Z, Xu L, Guo J. Soft Biomimetic Fiber-Optic Tactile Sensors Capable of Discriminating Temperature and Pressure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53264-53272. [PMID: 37934693 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors with high softness and multisensory functions are highly desirable for applications in humanoid robotics, smart prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces. Here, we report a soft biomimetic fiber-optic tactile (SBFT) sensor that offers skin-like tactile sensing abilities to perceive and discriminate temperature and pressure. The SBFT sensor is fabricated by encapsulating a macrobent fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in an elastomeric droplet-shaped structure that results in two optical resonances associated with the FBG and excited whispering gallery modes (WGMs) propagating along the bent region. Benefiting from the different thermo-optic and stress-optic effects of FBG and WGM resonances, the pressure and temperature can be fully decoupled with a high precision of 0.2 °C and 0.8 mN, respectively. To achieve a compact system for signal demodulation, a single-cavity dual-comb fiber laser is developed to interrogate the SBFT sensor based on dual-comb spectroscopy, which enables fast spectral sampling with a single photodiode. We show that the SBFT sensor is capable of perceiving pressure, temperature, and hardness in touching soft tissues and human skins, demonstrating great promise for soft tissue palpation and human-like robotic perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Fu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialin Tuo
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuozhou Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim K, Yang H, Lee J, Lee WG. Metaverse Wearables for Immersive Digital Healthcare: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303234. [PMID: 37740417 PMCID: PMC10625124 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The recent exponential growth of metaverse technology has been instrumental in reshaping a myriad of sectors, not least digital healthcare. This comprehensive review critically examines the landscape and future applications of metaverse wearables toward immersive digital healthcare. The key technologies and advancements that have spearheaded the metamorphosis of metaverse wearables are categorized, encapsulating all-encompassed extended reality, such as virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and other haptic feedback systems. Moreover, the fundamentals of their deployment in assistive healthcare (especially for rehabilitation), medical and nursing education, and remote patient management and treatment are investigated. The potential benefits of integrating metaverse wearables into healthcare paradigms are multifold, encompassing improved patient prognosis, enhanced accessibility to high-quality care, and high standards of practitioner instruction. Nevertheless, these technologies are not without their inherent challenges and untapped opportunities, which span privacy protection, data safeguarding, and innovation in artificial intelligence. In summary, future research trajectories and potential advancements to circumvent these hurdles are also discussed, further augmenting the incorporation of metaverse wearables within healthcare infrastructures in the post-pandemic era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- Intelligent Optical Module Research CenterKorea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI)Gwangju61007Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosill Yang
- Department of NursingCollege of Nursing ScienceKyung Hee UniversitySeoul02447Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Lee
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringKyung Hee UniversityYongin17104Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringKyung Hee UniversityYongin17104Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu T, Liu X. Perspectives in Wearable Systems in the Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) Field. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8315. [PMID: 37837147 PMCID: PMC10575189 DOI: 10.3390/s23198315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the advantages of ease of use, less motion disturbance, and low cost, wearable systems have been widely used in the human-machine interaction (HRI) field. However, HRI in complex clinical rehabilitation scenarios has further requirements for wearable sensor systems, which has aroused the interest of many researchers. However, the traditional wearable system has problems such as low integration, limited types of measurement data, and low accuracy, causing a gap with the actual needs of HRI. This paper will introduce the latest progress in the current wearable systems of HRI from four aspects. First of all, it introduces the breakthroughs of current research in system integration, which includes processing chips and flexible sensing modules to reduce the system's volume and increase battery life. After that, this paper reviews the latest progress of wearable systems in electrochemical measurement, which can extract single or multiple biomarkers from biological fluids such as sweat. In addition, the clinical application of non-invasive wearable systems is introduced, which solves the pain and discomfort problems caused by traditional clinical invasive measurement equipment. Finally, progress in the combination of current wearable systems and the latest machine-learning methods is shown, where higher accuracy and indirect acquisition of data that cannot be directly measured is achieved. From the evidence presented, we believe that the development trend of wearable systems in HRI is heading towards high integration, multi-electrochemical measurement data, and clinical and intelligent development.
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu Y, De la Paz E, Paul A, Mahato K, Sempionatto JR, Tostado N, Lee M, Hota G, Lin M, Uppal A, Chen W, Dua S, Yin L, Wuerstle BL, Deiss S, Mercier P, Xu S, Wang J, Cauwenberghs G. In-ear integrated sensor array for the continuous monitoring of brain activity and of lactate in sweat. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1307-1320. [PMID: 37770754 PMCID: PMC10589098 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the proximity of the ear canal to the central nervous system, in-ear electrophysiological systems can be used to unobtrusively monitor brain states. Here, by taking advantage of the ear's exocrine sweat glands, we describe an in-ear integrated array of electrochemical and electrophysiological sensors placed on a flexible substrate surrounding a user-generic earphone for the simultaneous monitoring of lactate concentration and brain states via electroencephalography, electrooculography and electrodermal activity. In volunteers performing an acute bout of exercise, the device detected elevated lactate levels in sweat concurrently with the modulation of brain activity across all electroencephalography frequency bands. Simultaneous and continuous unobtrusive in-ear monitoring of metabolic biomarkers and brain electrophysiology may allow for the discovery of dynamic and synergetic interactions between brain and body biomarkers in real-world settings for long-term health monitoring or for the detection or monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xu
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Akshay Paul
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juliane R Sempionatto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Tostado
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Min Lee
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gopabandhu Hota
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Muyang Lin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Abhinav Uppal
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Chen
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srishty Dua
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian L Wuerstle
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Deiss
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Mercier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sheng Xu
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Gert Cauwenberghs
- Shu Chien - Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Zhou P, Zou Y, Yang J, Haick H, Wang Y. Soft Bioelectronics for Therapeutics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17634-17667. [PMID: 37677154 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Soft bioelectronics play an increasingly crucial role in high-precision therapeutics due to their softness, biocompatibility, clinical accuracy, long-term stability, and patient-friendliness. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest representative therapeutic applications of advanced soft bioelectronics, ranging from wearable therapeutics for skin wounds, diabetes, ophthalmic diseases, muscle disorders, and other diseases to implantable therapeutics against complex diseases, such as cardiac arrhythmias, cancer, neurological diseases, and others. We also highlight key challenges and opportunities for future clinical translation and commercialization of soft therapeutic bioelectronics toward personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongman Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhongtai Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Zhou Z, Li R, Wang J, Sha B, Li S, Su Y. A Hierarchical Theory for the Tensile Stiffness of Non-Buckling Fractal-Inspired Interconnects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2542. [PMID: 37764571 PMCID: PMC10536892 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The design of non-buckling interconnects with thick sections has gained important applications in stretchable inorganic electronics due to their simultaneous achievement of high stretchability, low resistance, and low heat generation. However, at the same time, such a design sharply increased the tensile stiffness, which is detrimental to the conformal fit and skin comfort. Introducing the fractal design into the non-buckling interconnects is a promising approach to greatly reduce the tensile stiffness while maintaining other excellent performances. Here, a hierarchical theory is proposed for the tensile stiffness of the non-buckling fractal-inspired interconnects with an arbitrary shape at each order, which is verified by the finite element analysis. The results show that the tensile stiffness of the non-buckling fractal-inspired interconnects decreases with the increase in either the height/span ratio or the number of fractal orders but is not highly correlated with the ratio of the two adjacent dimensions. When the ratio of the two adjacent dimensions and height/span ratio are fixed, the tensile stiffness of the serpentine fractal-inspired interconnect is smaller than that of sinusoidal and zigzag fractal-inspired interconnects. These findings are of great significance for the design of non-buckling fractal-inspired interconnects of stretchable inorganic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zanxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianru Wang
- Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Technology Institute, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Baolin Sha
- The 41st Institute of the Fourth Academy of CASC, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yewang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi Y, Yang P, Lei R, Liu Z, Dong X, Tao X, Chu X, Wang ZL, Chen X. Eye tracking and eye expression decoding based on transparent, flexible and ultra-persistent electrostatic interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3315. [PMID: 37286541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye tracking provides valuable insight for analyzing visual attention and underlying thinking progress through the observation of eye movements. Here, a transparent, flexible and ultra-persistent electrostatic sensing interface is proposed for realizing active eye tracking (AET) system based on the electrostatic induction effect. Through a triple-layer structure combined with a dielectric bilayer and a rough-surface Ag nanowire (Ag NW) electrode layer, the inherent capacitance and interfacial trapping density of the electrostatic interface has been strongly enhanced, contributing to an unprecedented charge storage capability. The electrostatic charge density of the interface reached 1671.10 μC·m-2 with a charge-keeping rate of 96.91% after 1000 non-contact operation cycles, which can finally realize oculogyric detection with an angular resolution of 5°. Thus, the AET system enables real-time decoding eye movements for customer preference recording and eye-controlled human-computer interaction, supporting its limitless potentiality in commercial purpose, virtual reality, human computer interactions and medical monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Lei
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhaoqi Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanyi Dong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xinglin Tao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangcheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu H, Li Z, Xu Z, Huang X, Guo W, Zhao J, Zhang J, Liu S, Tang M, Qiu Y, Yang G, Zhu J, Liu L, Wu Y, Lei W, Zhou P, Yin Z, Chen Z, Liu Y. On-skin biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of postoperative free flaps and replanted digits. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq1634. [PMID: 37099631 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe soft tissue defects and amputated digits are clinically common injuries. Primary treatments include surgical free flap transfer and digit replantation, but these can fail because of vascular compromise. Postoperative monitoring is therefore crucial for timely detection of vessel obstruction and survival of replanted digits and free flaps. However, current postoperative clinical monitoring methods are labor intensive and highly dependent on the experience of nurses and surgeons. Here, we developed on-skin biosensors for noninvasive and wireless postoperative monitoring based on pulse oximetry. The on-skin biosensor was made of polydimethylsiloxane with gradient cross-linking to create a self-adhesive and mechanically robust substrate that interfaces with skin. The substrate was shown to exhibit appropriate adhesion on one side for both high-fidelity measurements of the sensor and low risk of peeling injury to delicate tissues. The other side demonstrated mechanical integrity to facilitate flexible hybrid integration of the sensor. Validation studies using a model of vascular obstruction in rats demonstrated the effectiveness of the sensor in vivo. Clinical studies indicated that the on-skin biosensor was accurate and more responsive than current clinical monitoring methods in identifying microvascular conditions. Comparisons with existing monitoring techniques, including laser Doppler flowmetry and micro-lightguide spectrophotometry, further verified the sensor's accuracy and ability to identify both arterial and venous insufficiency. These findings suggest that this on-skin biosensor may improve postoperative outcomes in free flap and replanted digit surgeries by providing sensitive and unbiased data directly from the surgical site that can be remotely monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Miao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqi Qiu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Juntong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Zhouping Yin
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qiao Y, Luo J, Cui T, Liu H, Tang H, Zeng Y, Liu C, Li Y, Jian J, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL, Zhou J. Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36918452 PMCID: PMC10014415 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of the novel materials, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics. The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care. One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin, which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality. Therefore, it is easy to build the specific dataset, which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm. At the same time, with the assistance of machine learning algorithm, the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis. The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well. It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future. Therefore, in this review, we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material, physiological signal detected by soft devices, and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm. Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material, carbon nanotube, nanowire, nanomesh, and hydrogel. Then, soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types (pulse, respiration, human motion, intraocular pressure, phonation, etc.). After that, the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed, including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms. Especially, the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully. Finally, the outlook, challenge, and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinan Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfen Zeng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ban S, Lee YJ, Kwon S, Kim YS, Chang JW, Kim JH, Yeo WH. Soft Wireless Headband Bioelectronics and Electrooculography for Persistent Human-Machine Interfaces. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:877-886. [PMID: 36873262 PMCID: PMC9979786 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in wearable technologies have enabled ways for people to interact with external devices, known as human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Among them, electrooculography (EOG), measured by wearable devices, is used for eye movement-enabled HMI. Most prior studies have utilized conventional gel electrodes for EOG recording. However, the gel is problematic due to skin irritation, while separate bulky electronics cause motion artifacts. Here, we introduce a low-profile, headband-type, soft wearable electronic system with embedded stretchable electrodes, and a flexible wireless circuit to detect EOG signals for persistent HMIs. The headband with dry electrodes is printed with flexible thermoplastic polyurethane. Nanomembrane electrodes are prepared by thin-film deposition and laser cutting techniques. A set of signal processing data from dry electrodes demonstrate successful real-time classification of eye motions, including blink, up, down, left, and right. Our study shows that the convolutional neural network performs exceptionally well compared to other machine learning methods, showing 98.3% accuracy with six classes: the highest performance till date in EOG classification with only four electrodes. Collectively, the real-time demonstration of continuous wireless control of a two-wheeled radio-controlled car captures the potential of the bioelectronic system and the algorithm for targeting various HMI and virtual reality applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeb Ban
- School
of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington
State University, Vancouver, Washington 98686, United States
- IEN
Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute
for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- IEN
Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute
for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- IEN
Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute
for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yun-Soung Kim
- BioMedical
Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department
of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School
of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington
State University, Vancouver, Washington 98686, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- IEN
Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute
for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for
Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent
Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Zhao D, Cao L, Fan L, Lin A, Wang S, Gu F, Yu A. Droplets Patterning of Structurally Integrated 3D Conductive Networks-Based Flexible Strain Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:181. [PMID: 36616092 PMCID: PMC9824308 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors with significant extensibility, stability, and durability are essential for public healthcare due to their ability to monitor vital health signals noninvasively. However, thus far, the conductive networks have been plagued by the inconsistent interface states of the conductive components, which hampered the ultimate sensitivity performance. Here, we demonstrate structurally integrated 3D conductive networks-based flexible strain sensors of hybrid Ag nanorods/nanoparticles(AgNRs/NPs) by combining a droplet-based aerosol jet printing(AJP) process and a feasible transfer process. Structurally integrated 3D conductive networks have been intentionally developed by tweaking droplets deposition behaviors at multi-scale for efficient hybridization and ordered assembly of AgNRs/NPs. The hybrid AgNRs/NPs enhance interfacial conduction and mechanical properties during stretching. In a strain range of 25%, the developed sensor demonstrates an ideal gauge factor of 23.18. When real-time monitoring of finger bending, arm bending, squatting, and vocalization, the fabricated sensors revealed effective responses to human movements. Our findings demonstrate the efficient droplet-based AJP process is particularly capable of developing advanced flexible devices for optoelectronics and wearable electronics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Danjiao Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Lanlan Fan
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Aiping Lin
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- Institute for Process Modelling and Optimization, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aibing Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (LAMM), Nanchang Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, International Institute for Innovation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ban S, Lee YJ, Kim KR, Kim JH, Yeo WH. Advances in Materials, Sensors, and Integrated Systems for Monitoring Eye Movements. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1039. [PMID: 36421157 PMCID: PMC9688058 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eye movements show primary responses that reflect humans' voluntary intention and conscious selection. Because visual perception is one of the fundamental sensory interactions in the brain, eye movements contain critical information regarding physical/psychological health, perception, intention, and preference. With the advancement of wearable device technologies, the performance of monitoring eye tracking has been significantly improved. It also has led to myriad applications for assisting and augmenting human activities. Among them, electrooculograms, measured by skin-mounted electrodes, have been widely used to track eye motions accurately. In addition, eye trackers that detect reflected optical signals offer alternative ways without using wearable sensors. This paper outlines a systematic summary of the latest research on various materials, sensors, and integrated systems for monitoring eye movements and enabling human-machine interfaces. Specifically, we summarize recent developments in soft materials, biocompatible materials, manufacturing methods, sensor functions, systems' performances, and their applications in eye tracking. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and suggest research directions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeb Ban
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ka Ram Kim
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Song D, Ye G, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Hou X, Liu N. An All-in-One, Bioderived, Air-Permeable, and Sweat-Stable MXene Epidermal Electrode for Muscle Theranostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17168-17178. [PMID: 36219847 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a common symptom experienced by many people and associated with less maximal force production of fatigued muscle. It is highly desirable to simultaneously and imperceivably diagnose muscle fatigue and restore muscle function using one skin electrode, yet no such electrode has been developed so far. Herein, we report an all-in-one, bioderived, air-permeable, and sweat-stable MXene electrode that can concurrently and comfortably record electromyographic (EMG) signals and achieve electrostimulation and electrothermal therapy for muscle theranostics. Leveraging the structural arrangement of perennial herbs and ion cross-linking of MXene in sweat, MXene-based electrodes (MBE) exhibit high breathability, are ultralightweight (∼0.25 mg/cm3), and have low and stable electrode-skin interfacial impedance at a variety of environments, facilitating the long-term reliable monitoring of electrophysiology. Taken together with electrostimulation and electrothermal therapy at the skin surface, MBE can diagnose muscle fatigue and restore muscle function by stimulating blood circulation. In addition, it can also be used for muscle rehabilitation training and prosthesis control via human-computer interaction. Our all-in-one, bioderived, air-permeable, and sweat-stable MXene electrode has a great potential for daily wearable healthcare of muscle fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dekui Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guo Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xincun Hou
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100094, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Z, Kong J, Qu M, Zhao G, Zhang C. Progress in Data Acquisition of Wearable Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:889. [PMID: 36291026 PMCID: PMC9599646 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have demonstrated wide applications from medical treatment, health monitoring to real-time tracking, human-machine interface, smart home, and motion capture because of the capability of in situ and online monitoring. Data acquisition is extremely important for wearable sensors, including modules of probes, signal conditioning, and analog-to-digital conversion. However, signal conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, and data transmission have received less attention than probes, especially flexible sensing materials, in research on wearable sensors. Here, as a supplement, this paper systematically reviews the recent progress of characteristics, applications, and optimizations of transistor amplifiers and typical filters in signal conditioning, and mainstream analog-to-digital conversion strategies. Moreover, possible research directions on the data acquisition of wearable sensors are discussed at the end of the paper.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ouyang X, Su R, Ng DWH, Han G, Pearson DR, McAlpine MC. 3D Printed Skin-Interfaced UV-Visible Hybrid Photodetectors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201275. [PMID: 35818683 PMCID: PMC9443467 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors that are intimately interfaced with human skin and measure real-time optical irradiance are appealing in the medical profiling of photosensitive diseases. Developing compliant devices for this purpose requires the fabrication of photodetectors with ultraviolet (UV)-enhanced broadband photoresponse and high mechanical flexibility, to ensure precise irradiance measurements across the spectral band critical to dermatological health when directly applied onto curved skin surfaces. Here, a fully 3D printed flexible UV-visible photodetector array is reported that incorporates a hybrid organic-inorganic material system and is integrated with a custom-built portable console to continuously monitor broadband irradiance in-situ. The active materials are formulated by doping polymeric photoactive materials with zinc oxide nanoparticles in order to improve the UV photoresponse and trigger a photomultiplication (PM) effect. The ability of a stand-alone skin-interfaced light intensity monitoring system to detect natural irradiance within the wavelength range of 310-650 nm for nearly 24 h is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
- Sino‐German College of Intelligent ManufacturingShenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhen518118P. R. China
| | - Ruitao Su
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Daniel Wai Hou Ng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Guebum Han
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - David R. Pearson
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Michael C. McAlpine
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu H, Huang Y, Yin Z. Flexible hybrid electronics: Enabling integration techniques and applications. SCIENCE CHINA. TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 65:1995-2006. [PMID: 35892001 PMCID: PMC9302228 DOI: 10.1007/s11431-022-2074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The conventional electronic systems enabled by rigid electronic are prone to malfunction under deformation, greatly limiting their application prospects. As an emerging platform for applications in healthcare monitoring and human-machine interface (HMI), flexible electronics have attracted growing attention due to its remarkable advantages, such as stretchability, flexibility, conformability, and wearing comfort. However, to realize the overall electronic systems, rigid components are also required for functions such as signal acquisition and transmission. Therefore, flexible hybrid electronics (FHE), which simultaneously possesses the desirable flexibility and enables the integration of rigid components for functionality, has been emerging as a promising strategy. This paper reviews the enabling integration techniques for FHE, including technologies for two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) interconnects, bonding of rigid integrated circuit (IC) chips to soft substrate, stress-isolation structures, and representative applications of FHE. In addition, future challenges and opportunities involved in FHE-based systems are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - YongAn Huang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - ZhouPing Yin
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen K, Hu Y, Wang F, Liu M, Liu P, Li C, Yu Y, Xiao X, Feng Q. Ultra-stretchable, adhesive, and self-healing MXene/polyampholytes hydrogel as flexible and wearable epidermal sensors. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Yu X, Zhu L, Liang X, Yuan B, Li M, Hu S, Ding P, Du L, Guo J, Jin Y. A wearable gamma radiation-responsive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor microneedle system protecting against ionizing radiation-induced injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:197-210. [PMID: 35487423 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a nuclear accident or a radiological attack may cause serious death events due to ionizing radiation-induced injury and acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is now used for the treatment of ARS. However, the current injection formulation might not ensure treatment as early as possible after a nuclear accident, resulting in a decrease in therapeutic efficiency. In the present study, we have developed a G-CSF wearable system (GWS) consisting of a commercial microchip, a temperature sensor, a gamma-ray detection sensor, a flexible heater, and a G-CSF temperature-sensitive microneedle (GTSMN) patch. G-CSF-containing hyaluronic acid solutions were cast into the mold to obtain G-CSF microneedles (GMNs), which were coated with a temperature-sensitive layer of dodecanoic acid-cetylamine salt to obtain GTSMNs. The flexible heater was prepared by jet printing Ag nanoparticle inks. The GWS and its components are explored and optimized in the aspects of electronics, mechanics, heat transfer and drug diffusion. The γ radiation signal is sensitively monitored by the GWS. The wearable G-CSF system immediately releases G-CSF into the body in response to signal feedback and provides maximal protection against ionizing radiation-induced injury. Therefore, the GWS is a promising wearable system against emergent ionizing radiation injury. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ionizing radiation-induced injury is always the very important public health problem all the global people care. Some medicines have been applied to protect the body from the injury. Unfortunately, sometimes the injuries accidently happen and the medicines cannot be administered in time, leading to serious acute radiation syndrome. Here, we design a wearable system loading G-CSF that has been approved by FDA to protect the body from ionizing radiation-induced injury. This system consists of a commercial microchip, a temperature sensor, a Gamma-ray detection sensor, a flexible heater, and a G-CSF temperature-sensitive microneedle patch. It can monitor γ radiation and immediately release G-CSF into the body to protect the body to the maximal extent. Therefore, the system is a promising wearable medical device against emergent ionizing radiation injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaohui Liang
- Support Center for Scientific Research, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bochuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shen Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Junwang Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martingano AJ, Brown E, Telaak SH, Dolwick AP, Persky S. Cybersickness Variability by Race: Findings From 6 Studies and a Mini Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e36843. [PMID: 35648477 PMCID: PMC9201708 DOI: 10.2196/36843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the influx of medical virtual reality (VR) technologies, cybersickness has transitioned from a nuisance experienced during leisure activities to a potential safety and efficacy concern for patients and clinicians. To improve health equity, it is important to understand any potential differences in cybersickness propensity among demographic groups, including racial groups. Objective This study aims to explore whether cybersickness propensity differs across racial groups. Methods We collected self-reported cybersickness ratings from 6 racially diverse independent samples within 1 laboratory group (N=931). In these studies, the participants were asked to perform tasks in VR such as traversing environments, pointing at and selecting objects, and interacting with virtual humans. Results Significant racial differences in cybersickness were found in 50% (3/6) of studies. A mini meta-analysis revealed that, on average, Black participants reported approximately one-third of SD less cybersickness than White participants (Cohen d=−0.31; P<.001), regardless of the nature of the VR experience. There was no overall difference in reported cybersickness between the Asian and White participants (Cohen d=−0.11; P=.51). Conclusions Racial differences in cybersickness indicate that researchers, practitioners, and regulators should consider patient demographics when evaluating VR health intervention outcomes. These findings lay the groundwork for future studies that may explore racial differences in cybersickness directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jane Martingano
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ellenor Brown
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sydney H Telaak
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexander P Dolwick
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Persky
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xie M, Yao G, Zhang T, Wang Q, Mo X, Dong Q, Lou W, Lu F, Pan T, Gao M, Jiang D, Zhao K, Lin Y. Multifunctional flexible contact lens for eye health monitoring using inorganic magnetic oxide nanosheets. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:202. [PMID: 35477463 PMCID: PMC9044588 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a non-invasive innovative diagnosis platform, advanced flexible contact lenses can dynamically monitor vital ocular indicators, spot abnormalities and provide biofeedback guidance for real-time diagnosis and rehabilitation tracking of chronic eye diseases. However, most of the state-of-the-art reported contact lenses either can only monitor a single indicator at a time or realize multifunctional integration based on multiple materials. Herein, we developed a flexible multifunctional contact lens based on inorganic γ-Fe2O3@NiO magnetic oxide nanosheets, which can be attached conformally and seamlessly to the eyeball to simultaneously monitor glucose level in tears, eyeball movement, and intraocular pressure. The optimized contact lens has a reliable glucose detection limit (0.43 μmol), superior eye movement measurement accuracy (95.27%) and high intraocular pressure sensitivity (0.17 MHz mmHg− 1). This work presents a concept in the biochemical and biophysical integrated sensing of ocular signals using contact lens via an innovative material, and provides a personalized and efficient way for health management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maowen Xie
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Guang Yao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China. .,Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Mo
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiwei Dong
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenhao Lou
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kangning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China. .,Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim H, Kim E, Choi C, Yeo WH. Advances in Soft and Dry Electrodes for Wearable Health Monitoring Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040629. [PMID: 35457934 PMCID: PMC9029742 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology signals are crucial health status indicators as they are related to all human activities. Current demands for mobile healthcare have driven considerable interest in developing skin-mounted electrodes for health monitoring. Silver-Silver chloride-based (Ag-/AgCl) wet electrodes, commonly used in conventional clinical practice, provide excellent signal quality, but cannot monitor long-term signals due to gel evaporation and skin irritation. Therefore, the focus has shifted to developing dry electrodes that can operate without gels and extra adhesives. Compared to conventional wet electrodes, dry ones offer various advantages in terms of ease of use, long-term stability, and biocompatibility. This review outlines a systematic summary of the latest research on high-performance soft and dry electrodes. In addition, we summarize recent developments in soft materials, biocompatible materials, manufacturing methods, strategies to promote physical adhesion, methods for higher breathability, and their applications in wearable biomedical devices. Finally, we discuss the developmental challenges and advantages of various dry electrodes, while suggesting research directions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Kim
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Chanyeong Choi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-385-5710
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tian B, Fang Y, Liang J, Zheng K, Guo P, Zhang X, Wu Y, Liu Q, Huang Z, Cao C, Wu W. Fully Printed Stretchable and Multifunctional E-Textiles for Aesthetic Wearable Electronic Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107298. [PMID: 35150063 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) that combine the wearing comfort of textiles and the functionality of soft electronics are highly demanded in wearable applications. However, fabricating robust high-performance stretchable e-textiles with good abrasion resistance and high-resolution aesthetic patterns for high-throughput manufacturing and practical applications remains challenging. Herein, the authors report a new multifunctional e-textile fabricated via screen printing of the water-based silver fractal dendrites conductive ink. The as-fabricated e-textiles spray-coated with the invisible waterproofing agent exhibit superior flexibility, water resistance, wearing comfort, air permeability, and abrasion resistance, achieving a low sheet resistance of 0.088 Ω sq-1 , high stretchability of up to 154%, and excellent dynamic stability for over 1000 cyclic testing (ε = 100%). The printed e-textiles can be explored as strain sensors and ultralow voltage-driven Joule heaters driven for personalized thermal management. They finally demonstrate an integrated aesthetic smart clothing made of their multifunctional e-textiles for human motion detection and body-temperature management. The printed e-textiles provide new opportunities for developing novel wearable electronics and smart clothing for future commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuhui Fang
- Laboratory for Soft Machines & Electronics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Panwang Guo
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Youfusheng Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhida Huang
- Laboratory for Soft Machines & Electronics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Changyong Cao
- Laboratory for Soft Machines & Electronics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Heng W, Solomon S, Gao W. Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107902. [PMID: 34897836 PMCID: PMC9035141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human-machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human-machine interfaces on soft robotics will make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which can potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible human-machine interfaces are summarized by recent and renowned applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human-machine interface in medical robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Heng
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cao Y, Yang Y, Qu X, Shi B, Xu L, Xue J, Wang C, Bai Y, Gai Y, Luo D, Li Z. A Self-Powered Triboelectric Hybrid Coder for Human-Machine Interaction. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101529. [PMID: 35084114 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human-machine interfaces have penetrated various academia and industry fields such as smartphones, robotic, virtual reality, and wearable electronics, due to their abundant functional sensors and information interaction methods. Nevertheless, most sensors' complex structural design, monotonous parameter detection capability, and single information coding communication hinder their rapid development. As the frontier of self-powered sensors, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has multiple working modes and high structural adaptability, which is a potential solution for multi-parameter sensing and miniaturizing of traditional interactive electronic devices. Herein, a self-powered hybrid coder (SHC) based on TENG is reported to encode two action parameters of touch and press, which can be used as a smart interface for human-machine interaction. The top-down hollow structure of the SHC, not only constructs a compositing mode to generate stable touch and press signals but also builds a hybrid coding platform for generating action codes in synergy mode. When a finger touches or presses the SHC, Morse code and Gray code can be transmitted for text information or remote control of electric devices. This self-powered coder is of reference value for designing an alternative human-machine interface and having the potential to contribute to the next generation of highly integrated portable smart electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuecheng Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bojing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Jiangtao Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yansong Gai
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Wang G, Li X, Yin J, Zhu J. Research Progress of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Prepared by Solution-Based Processing. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
32
|
Wu Y, Zhao D, Zhang J, Lin A, Wang Y, Cao L, Wang S, Xiong S, Gu F. Microscale Curling and Alignment of Ti 3C 2T x MXene by Confining Aerosol Droplets for Planar Micro-Supercapacitors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33067-33074. [PMID: 34901658 PMCID: PMC8655942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing techniques have revolutionized the field of fabricating micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with a high degree of pattern and geometry flexibility. However, traditional additive manufacturing processes are based on the functionality of microstructural modulation, which is essential for device performance. Herein, Ti3C2T x MXene was chosen to report a convenient aerosol jet printing (AJP) process for the in situ curling and alignment of MXene nanosheets. The aerosol droplet provides a microscale regime for curling MXene monolayers while their alignment is performed by the as-generated directional stress derived from the quasi-conical fiber array (CFA)-guided parallel droplet flow. Interdigital microelectrodes were further developed with the curled MXene and a satisfying areal capacitance performance has been demonstrated. Importantly, the AJP technique holds promise for revolutionizing additive manufacturing techniques for fabricating future smart microelectronics and devices not only in the microscale but also in the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Danjiao Zhao
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jidi Zhang
- Institute
for Process Modelling and Optimization, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aiping Lin
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Shixian Xiong
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Laboratory
of Advanced Materials & Manufacturing (LAMM), Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory for Simulation and Modelling of Particulate Systems, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- Institute
for Process Modelling and Optimization, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Herbert R, Lim H, Park S, Kim J, Yeo W. Recent Advances in Printing Technologies of Nanomaterials for Implantable Wireless Systems in Health Monitoring and Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100158. [PMID: 34019731 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of wireless implantable sensors and integrated systems, enabled by advances in flexible and stretchable electronics technologies, is emerging to advance human health monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. Progress in material and fabrication strategies allows for implantable electronics for unobtrusive monitoring via seamlessly interfacing with tissues and wirelessly communicating. Combining new nanomaterials and customizable printing processes offers unique possibilities for high-performance implantable electronics. Here, this report summarizes the recent progress and advances in nanomaterials and printing technologies to develop wireless implantable sensors and electronics. Advances in materials and printing processes are reviewed with a focus on challenges in implantable applications. Demonstrations of wireless implantable electronics and advantages based on these technologies are discussed. Lastly, existing challenges and future directions of nanomaterials and printing are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Hyo‐Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Sehyun Park
- School of Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University Vancouver WA 98686 USA
| | - Jong‐Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University Vancouver WA 98686 USA
| | - Woon‐Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Neural Engineering Center Institute for Materials Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Soft wearable electronics are rapidly developing through exploration of new materials, fabrication approaches, and design concepts. Although there have been many efforts for decades, a resurgence of interest in liquid metals (LMs) for sensing and wiring functional properties of materials in soft wearable electronics has brought great advances in wearable electronics and materials. Various forms of LMs enable many routes to fabricate flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, and functional wearables with many desirable properties. This review article presents a systematic overview of recent progresses in LM-enabled wearable electronics that have been achieved through material innovations and the discovery of new fabrication approaches and design architectures. We also present applications of wearable LM technologies for physiological sensing, activity tracking, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss a perspective on future opportunities and challenges for wearable LM electronics as this field continues to grow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design / Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhuang M, Yin L, Wang Y, Bai Y, Zhan J, Hou C, Yin L, Xu Z, Tan X, Huang Y. Highly Robust and Wearable Facial Expression Recognition via Deep-Learning-Assisted, Soft Epidermal Electronics. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9759601. [PMID: 34368767 PMCID: PMC8302843 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9759601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The facial expressions are a mirror of the elusive emotion hidden in the mind, and thus, capturing expressions is a crucial way of merging the inward world and virtual world. However, typical facial expression recognition (FER) systems are restricted by environments where faces must be clearly seen for computer vision, or rigid devices that are not suitable for the time-dynamic, curvilinear faces. Here, we present a robust, highly wearable FER system that is based on deep-learning-assisted, soft epidermal electronics. The epidermal electronics that can fully conform on faces enable high-fidelity biosignal acquisition without hindering spontaneous facial expressions, releasing the constraint of movement, space, and light. The deep learning method can significantly enhance the recognition accuracy of facial expression types and intensities based on a small sample. The proposed wearable FER system is superior for wide applicability and high accuracy. The FER system is suitable for the individual and shows essential robustness to different light, occlusion, and various face poses. It is totally different from but complementary to the computer vision technology that is merely suitable for simultaneous FER of multiple individuals in a specific place. This wearable FER system is successfully applied to human-avatar emotion interaction and verbal communication disambiguation in a real-life environment, enabling promising human-computer interaction applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Zhuang
- Information Engineering College, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunzhao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhangyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohui Tan
- Information Engineering College, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - YongAn Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gao L, Wang M, Wang W, Xu H, Wang Y, Zhao H, Cao K, Xu D, Li L. Highly Sensitive Pseudocapacitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Broad Sensing Range. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:140. [PMID: 34138418 PMCID: PMC8193410 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The iontronic pressure sensor achieved an ultrahigh sensitivity (Smin > 200 kPa-1, Smax > 45,000 kPa-1). The iontronic pressure sensor exhibited a broad sensing range of over 1.4 MPa. Pseudocapacitive iontronic pressure sensor using MXene was proposed. Flexible pressure sensors are unprecedentedly studied on monitoring human physical activities and robotics. Simultaneously, improving the response sensitivity and sensing range of flexible pressure sensors is a great challenge, which hinders the devices' practical application. Targeting this obstacle, we developed a Ti3C2Tx-derived iontronic pressure sensor (TIPS) by taking the advantages of the high intercalation pseudocapacitance under high pressure and rationally designed structural configuration. TIPS achieved an ultrahigh sensitivity (Smin > 200 kPa-1, Smax > 45,000 kPa-1) in a broad sensing range of over 1.4 MPa and low limit of detection of 20 Pa as well as stable long-term working durability for 10,000 cycles. The practical application of TIPS in physical activity monitoring and flexible robot manifested its versatile potential. This study provides a demonstration for exploring pseudocapacitive materials for building flexible iontronic sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity and sensing range to advance the development of high-performance wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Gao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China.
| | - Hongcheng Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xian Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xian, 710049, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang S, Zhang B, Lin Y, Lee CS, Zhang X. Compact Biomimetic Hair Sensors Based on Single Silicon Nanowires for Ultrafast and Highly-Sensitive Airflow Detection. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4684-4691. [PMID: 34053221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors that can mimic functionalities of human bodies have attracted intense recent attention. However, research on wearable airflow sensors is still lagging behind. Herein, we report a biomimetic hair sensor based on a single ultralong silicon nanowire (SiNW-BHS) for airflow detection. In our device, the SiNW can provide both mechanical and electrical responses in airflow, which enables a simple and compact design. The SiNW-BHSs can detect airflow with a low detection limit (<0.15 m/s) and a record-high response speed (response time <40 ms). The compact design of the SiNW-BHSs also enables easy integration of an array of devices onto a flexible substrate to mimic human skin to provide comprehensive airflow information including wind speed, incident position, incident angle, and so forth. This work provides novel-designed BHSs for ultrafast and highly sensitive airflow detection, showing great potential for applications such as e-skins, wearable electronics, and robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Film (COSADF), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gogurla N, Kim Y, Cho S, Kim J, Kim S. Multifunctional and Ultrathin Electronic Tattoo for On-Skin Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008308. [PMID: 33955069 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronic systems for detecting electrophysiological signals, sensing, therapy, and drug delivery are at the frontier in man-machine interfacing for healthcare. However, it is still a challenge to develop multifunctional bioapplications with minimal invasiveness, biocompatibility, and stable electrical performance under various mechanical deformations of biological tissues. In this study, a natural silk protein with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is utilized to realize an epidermal electronic tattoo (E-tattoo) system for multifunctional applications that address these challenging issues through dispersing highly conductive CNTs onto the biocompatible silk nanofibrous networks with porous nature to construct skin-adhesive ultrathin electronic patches. Individual components that incorporate electrically and optically active heaters, a temperature sensor (temperature coefficient of resistance of 5.2 × 10-3 °C-1 ), a stimulator for drug delivery (>500 µm penetration depth in skin), and real-time electrophysiological signal detectors are described. This strategy of E-tattoos integrated onto human skin can open a new route to a next-generation electronic platform for wearable and epidermal bioapplications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Gogurla
- Basic Science Research Center, Department of Physics, and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yisub Kim
- Panoptics Corporation, Seongnam, 13516, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Cho
- Panoptics Corporation, Seongnam, 13516, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangsun Kim
- Panoptics Corporation, Seongnam, 13516, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Basic Science Research Center, Department of Physics, and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wei Z, Xue Z, Guo Q. Recent Progress on Bioresorbable Passive Electronic Devices and Systems. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060600. [PMID: 34067419 PMCID: PMC8224698 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioresorbable electronic devices and/or systems are of great appeal in the field of biomedical engineering due to their unique characteristics that can be dissolved and resorbed after a predefined period, thus eliminating the costs and risks associated with the secondary surgery for retrieval. Among them, passive electronic components or systems are attractive for the clear structure design, simple fabrication process, and ease of data extraction. This work reviews the recent progress on bioresorbable passive electronic devices and systems, with an emphasis on their applications in biomedical engineering. Materials strategies, device architectures, integration approaches, and applications of bioresorbable passive devices are discussed. Furthermore, this work also overviews wireless passive systems fabricated with the combination of various passive components for vital sign monitoring, drug delivering, and nerve regeneration. Finally, we conclude with some perspectives on future fundamental studies, application opportunities, and remaining challenges of bioresorbable passive electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihuan Wei
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Zhongying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (Q.G.)
| | - Qinglei Guo
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (Q.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hong Y, Wang B, Lin W, Jin L, Liu S, Luo X, Pan J, Wang W, Yang Z. Highly anisotropic and flexible piezoceramic kirigami for preventing joint disorders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabf0795. [PMID: 33712465 PMCID: PMC7954449 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of work-related upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs; e.g., neck pain and shoulder fatigue) requires frequent exercises of neck and shoulder that primarily rely on the assistance of joint motion monitoring devices. However, most available wearable healthcare sensors are rigid, bulky, and incapable of recognizing the full range of human motions. Here, we propose a kirigami-structured highly anisotropic piezoelectric network composite sensor that is able to monitor multiple information of joint motions, including bending direction, bending radius, and motion modes, and to distinguish them simultaneously within one sensor unit. On the basis of the modified template-assisted processing method, we design a functional piezoceramic kirigami with a honeycomb network structure that is stretchable (~100% strain), highly sensitive (15.4 mV kPa-1), and highly anisotropic to bending directions (17.3 times from 90° to 0°). An integrated monitoring system is further established to alarm the prolonged sedentary behaviors, facilitating the prevention of upper extremity MSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lihan Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaowei Luo
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Pan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim H, Kim YS, Mahmood M, Kwon S, Epps F, Rim YS, Yeo WH. Wireless, continuous monitoring of daily stress and management practice via soft bioelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 173:112764. [PMID: 33190046 PMCID: PMC8093317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress has become a significant factor, directly affecting human health. Due to the numerous sources of stress that are inevitable in daily life, effective management of stress is essential to maintain a healthy life. Recent advancements in wearable devices allow monitoring stress levels via the detection of galvanic skin response on the skin. Some of these devices show the capability of assessing stress relief methods. However, prior works have been limited in a controlled laboratory setting with a short period assessment (<1 h) of stress intervention. The existing systems' main issues include motion artifacts and discomfort caused by rigid and bulky electronics and mandatory device connection on active fingers. Here, we introduce soft, wireless, skin-like electronics (SKINTRONICS) that offers continuous, portable daily stress and management practice monitoring. The ultrathin, lightweight, all-in-one device captures the change of a subject's stress over six continuous hours during everyday activities, including desk work, cleaning, and resting. At the same time, the SKINTRONICS proves that typical stress alleviation methods (mindfulness and meditation) can reduce stress levels, even in the middle of the day, which is supported by statistical analysis. The low-profile, wireless, gel-free device shows enhanced breathability and minimized motion artifacts compared to a commercial stress monitor. Collectively, this study shows the first demonstration of soft, nanomembrane bioelectronics for long-term, continuous assessment of stress and intervention effectiveness throughout daily life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojoong Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soung Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Musa Mahmood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Fayron Epps
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - You Seung Rim
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hsu LC, Isono T, Lin YC, Kobayashi S, Chiang YC, Jiang DH, Hung CC, Ercan E, Yang WC, Hsieh HC, Tajima K, Satoh T, Chen WC. Stretchable OFET Memories: Tuning the Morphology and the Charge-Trapping Ability of Conjugated Block Copolymers through Soft Segment Branching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2932-2943. [PMID: 33423476 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties and structural design flexibility of charge-trapping polymer electrets have led to their widespread use in organic field-effect transistor (OFET) memories. For example, in the electrets of polyfluorene-based conjugated/insulating block copolymers (BCPs), the confined fiberlike polyfluorene nanostructures in the insulating polymer matrix act as effective hole-trapping sites, leading to controllable memory performance through the design of BCPs. However, few studies have reported intrinsically stretchable charge-trapping materials and their memory device applications, and a practical method to correlate the thin-film morphology of BCP electrets with their charge-trapping ability has not yet been developed. In this study, a series of new conjugated/insulating BCPs, poly(9,9-di-n-hexyl-2,7-fluorene)-block-poly(δ-decanolactone)s (PF-b-PDLx, x = 1-3), as stretchable hole-trapping materials are reported. The linear and branched PDL blocks with comparable molecular weights were used to investigate the effect of polymer architecture on morphology and device performance. Moreover, the coverage area of the polyfluorene nanofibers on the BCP films was extracted from atomic force microscopy images, which can be correlated with the trapping density of the polymer electrets. The branched PDL segments not only improve stretchability but also tailor crystallinity and phase separation of the BCPs, thus increasing their charge-trapping ability. The OFET memory device with PF-b-PDL3 as the electret layer exhibited the largest memory window (102 V) and could retain its performance at up to 100% strain. This research highlights the importance of the BCP design for developing stretchable charge-trapping materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Che Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Saburo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Hua Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Chih-Chien Hung
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ender Ercan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim H, Kwon S, Kwon YT, Yeo WH. Soft Wireless Bioelectronics and Differential Electrodermal Activity for Home Sleep Monitoring. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020354. [PMID: 33430220 PMCID: PMC7825679 DOI: 10.3390/s21020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an essential element to human life, restoring the brain and body from accumulated fatigue from daily activities. Quantitative monitoring of daily sleep quality can provide critical feedback to evaluate human health and life patterns. However, the existing sleep assessment system using polysomnography is not available for a home sleep evaluation, while it requires multiple sensors, tabletop electronics, and sleep specialists. More importantly, the mandatory sleep in a designated lab facility disrupts a subject’s regular sleep pattern, which does not capture one’s everyday sleep behaviors. Recent studies report that galvanic skin response (GSR) measured on the skin can be one indicator to evaluate the sleep quality daily at home. However, the available GSR detection devices require rigid sensors wrapped on fingers along with separate electronic components for data acquisition, which can interrupt the normal sleep conditions. Here, we report a new class of materials, sensors, electronics, and packaging technologies to develop a wireless, soft electronic system that can measure GSR on the wrist. The single device platform that avoids wires, rigid sensors, and straps offers the maximum comfort to wear on the skin and minimize disruption of a subject’s sleep. A nanomaterial GSR sensor, printed on a soft elastomeric membrane, can have intimate contact with the skin to reduce motion artifact during sleep. A multi-layered flexible circuit mounted on top of the sensor provides a wireless, continuous, real-time recording of GSR to classify sleep stages, validated by the direct comparison with the standard method that measures other physiological signals. Collectively, the soft bioelectronic system shows great potential to be working as a portable, at-home sensor system for assessing sleep quality before a hospital visit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojoong Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Young-Tae Kwon
- Department for Metal Powder, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Korea;
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (S.K.)
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, and Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-385-5710; Fax: +1-404-894-1658
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu H, Gao L, Zhao H, Huang H, Wang Y, Chen G, Qin Y, Zhao N, Xu D, Duan L, Li X, Li S, Luo Z, Wang W, Lu Y. Stretchable and anti-impact iontronic pressure sensor with an ultrabroad linear range for biophysical monitoring and deep learning-aided knee rehabilitation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:92. [PMID: 34804586 PMCID: PMC8599697 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring biophysical signals such as body or organ movements and other physical phenomena is necessary for patient rehabilitation. However, stretchable flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a broad range that can meet these requirements are still lacking. Herein, we successfully monitored various vital biophysical features and implemented in-sensor dynamic deep learning for knee rehabilitation using an ultrabroad linear range and high-sensitivity stretchable iontronic pressure sensor (SIPS). We optimized the topological structure and material composition of the electrode to build a fully stretching on-skin sensor. The high sensitivity (12.43 kPa-1), ultrabroad linear sensing range (1 MPa), high pressure resolution (6.4 Pa), long-term durability (no decay after 12000 cycles), and excellent stretchability (up to 20%) allow the sensor to maintain operating stability, even in emergency cases with a high sudden impact force (near 1 MPa) applied to the sensor. As a practical demonstration, the SIPS can positively track biophysical signals such as pulse waves, muscle movements, and plantar pressure. Importantly, with the help of a neuro-inspired fully convolutional network algorithm, the SIPS can accurately predict knee joint postures for better rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery. Our SIPS has potential as a promising candidate for wearable electronics and artificial intelligent medical engineering owing to its unique high signal-to-noise ratio and ultrabroad linear range. An ultrabroad-linear range (1 MPa) iontronic pressure sensor with superior sensitivity (12.43 kPa-1) and stretchability (up to 20%) was proposed for biophysical monitoring and deep learning-based knee-rehabilitation training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Libo Gao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Huang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Yuxin Qin
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Ningjuan Zhao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Ling Duan
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Siyu Li
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Zhongbao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Yang Lu
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wu H, Yang G, Zhu K, Liu S, Guo W, Jiang Z, Li Z. Materials, Devices, and Systems of On-Skin Electrodes for Electrophysiological Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001938. [PMID: 33511003 PMCID: PMC7816724 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes function as an ideal platform for collecting high-quality electrophysiological (EP) signals due to their unique characteristics, such as stretchability, conformal interfaces with skin, biocompatibility, and wearable comfort. The past decade has witnessed great advancements in performance optimization and function extension of on-skin electrodes. With continuous development and great promise for practical applications, on-skin electrodes are playing an increasingly important role in EP monitoring and human-machine interfaces (HMI). In this review, the latest progress in the development of on-skin electrodes and their integrated system is summarized. Desirable features of on-skin electrodes are briefly discussed from the perspective of performances. Then, recent advances in the development of electrode materials, followed by the analysis of strategies and methods to enhance adhesion and breathability of on-skin electrodes are examined. In addition, representative integrated electrode systems and practical applications of on-skin electrodes in healthcare monitoring and HMI are introduced in detail. It is concluded with the discussion of key challenges and opportunities for on-skin electrodes and their integrated systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Kanhao Zhu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Han M, Liu Y, Rakhmanov R, Israel C, Tajin MAS, Friedman G, Volman V, Hoorfar A, Dandekar KR, Gogotsi Y. Solution-Processed Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Antennas for Radio-Frequency Communication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003225. [PMID: 33251683 PMCID: PMC9119193 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly integrated, flexible, and ultrathin wireless communication components are in significant demand due to the explosive growth of portable and wearable electronic devices in the fifth-generation (5G) network era, but only conventional metals meet the requirements for emerging radio-frequency (RF) devices so far. Here, it is reported on Ti3 C2 Tx MXene microstrip transmission lines with low-energy attenuation and patch antennas with high-power radiation at frequencies from 5.6 to 16.4 GHz. The radiation efficiency of a 5.5 µm thick MXene patch antenna manufactured by spray-coating from aqueous solution reaches 99% at 16.4 GHz, which is about the same as that of a standard 35 µm thick copper patch antenna at about 15% of its thickness and 7% of the copper weight. MXene outperforms all other materials evaluated for patch antennas to date. Moreover, it is demonstrated that an MXene patch antenna array with integrated feeding circuits on a conformal surface has comparable performance with that of a copper antenna array at 28 GHz, which is a target frequency in practical 5G applications. The versatility of MXene antennas in wide frequency ranges coupled with the flexibility, scalability, and ease of solution processing makes MXene promising for integrated RF components in various flexible electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meikang Han
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuqiao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Roman Rakhmanov
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Israel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Md Abu Saleh Tajin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Ahmad Hoorfar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kapil R Dandekar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jeon Y, Noh I, Seo YC, Han JH, Park Y, Cho EH, Choi KC. Parallel-Stacked Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes for Wearable Photodynamic Therapeutics and Color-Tunable Optoelectronics. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15688-15699. [PMID: 33155466 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deformable organic light-emitting diode (OLED) based optoelectronic devices hold promise for various wearable applications including biomedical systems and displays, but current OLED technologies require high voltage and lack the power needed for wearable photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications and wearable displays. This paper presents a parallel-stacked OLED (PAOLED) with high power, more than 100 mW/cm2, at low voltage (<8 V). The current dispersion ratio can be tuned by optimizing the structure of the individual OLEDs stacked to create the PAOLED, allowing control of the PAOLED's wavelength shapes, current efficiency, and power. In this study, a fabricated PAOLED operated reliably for 100 h at a high power of 35 mW/cm2. Confirming its potential application to PDT, the measured singlet oxygen generation ratio of the PAOLED was found to be 3.8 times higher than the reference OLED. The high-power PAOLED achieved a 24% reduction in melanoma cancer cell viability after a short (0.5 h) irradiation. In addition, a white light PAOLED with color tuning was realized through OLED color combination, and a high brightness of over 30 000 cd/m2 was realized, below 8.5 V. In conclusion, the PAOLED was demonstrated to be suitable for a variety of low-voltage, high-power wearable optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Jeon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilkoo Noh
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Seo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Han
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hae Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Cheol Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ryplida B, In I, Park SY. Tunable Pressure Sensor of f-Carbon Dot-Based Conductive Hydrogel with Electrical, Mechanical, and Shape Recovery for Monitoring Human Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51766-51775. [PMID: 33146512 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reversible volume memories of the inner structures of soft materials with controllable hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance have been widely recognized, for example, hydrogels used in pressure sensors. Mechanical stimuli, such as pressure, vibration, and tensile, may influence the deformation of the hydrogel while simultaneously changing the electronic signal. Here, we designed a hydrophobic carbon dot nanoparticle (f-CD) mixed with polyvinyl alcohol and catechol-conjugated chitosan to obtain a hydrogel suitable for pressure and vibration sensor applications. The hydrophobicity of loaded f-CD plays an important role in mechanical performance and electronic signal acquisition. It also affects the different rheological reversibility and shape recovery as an impact on the volume transition. These characteristics are influenced by the compactness, dimensional structure, and density of the fabricated hydrogel. As a result, hydrogels with high hydrophobicity have a stiff structure (shear modulus 8123.1 N·m-2) compared to that of the hydrophilic hydrogel (ranging between 6065.7 and 7739.2 N·m-2). Moreover, the mechanically dependent volume transition hydrogel affects the electronic resistivity (up to 17.3 ± 1.3%) and capacitance change (up to 145%) when compressed with different forces. The hydrogel with a controlled hydrophobic-hydrophilic inner structure shows a unique sensitivity and great potential for various applications in wearable electronic skins, real-time clinical health-care monitoring, and human-computer interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny Ryplida
- Department of Green Bio Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
- Department of IT and Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Insik In
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
- Department of IT and Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of Green Bio Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
- Department of IT and Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kwon YT, Kim H, Mahmood M, Kim YS, Demolder C, Yeo WH. Printed, Wireless, Soft Bioelectronics and Deep Learning Algorithm for Smart Human-Machine Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49398-49406. [PMID: 33085453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in flexible materials and wearable electronics offer a noninvasive, high-fidelity recording of biopotentials for portable healthcare, disease diagnosis, and machine interfaces. Current device-manufacturing methods, however, still heavily rely on the conventional cleanroom microfabrication that requires expensive, time-consuming, and complicated processes. Here, we introduce an additive nanomanufacturing technology that explores a contactless direct printing of aerosol nanomaterials and polymers to fabricate stretchable sensors and multilayered wearable electronics. Computational and experimental studies prove the mechanical flexibility and reliability of soft electronics, considering direct mounting to the deformable human skin with a curvilinear surface. The dry, skin-conformal graphene biosensor, without the use of conductive gels and aggressive tapes, offers an enhanced biopotential recording on the skin and multiple uses (over ten times) with consistent measurement of electromyograms. The combination of soft bioelectronics and deep learning algorithm allows classifying six classes of muscle activities with an accuracy of over 97%, which enables wireless, real-time, continuous control of external machines such as a robotic hand and a robotic arm. Collectively, the comprehensive study of nanomaterials, flexible mechanics, system integration, and machine learning shows the potential of the printed bioelectronics for portable, smart, and persistent human-machine interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hojoong Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Musa Mahmood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yun-Soung Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carl Demolder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Integration and Testing of a Three-Axis Accelerometer in a Woven E-Textile Sleeve for Wearable Movement Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185033. [PMID: 32899770 PMCID: PMC7571150 DOI: 10.3390/s20185033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a method to integrate and package an accelerometer within a textile to create an electronic textile (e-textile). The smallest commercially available accelerometer sensor (2 mm × 2 mm × 0.95 mm) is used in the e-textile and is fully integrated within the weave structure of the fabric itself, rendering it invisible to the wearer. The e-textile forms the basis of a wearable woven sleeve which is applied to arm and knee joint bending angle measurement. The integrated e-textile based accelerometer sensor system is used to identify activity type, such as walking or running, and count the total number of steps taken. Performance was verified by comparing measurements of specific elbow joint angles over the range of 0° to 180° with those obtained from a commercial bending sensor from Bend Labs and from a custom-built goniometer. The joint bending angles, measured by all three sensors, show good agreement with an error of less than ~1% of reading which provides a high degree of confidence in the e-textile sensor system. Subsequently, knee joint angles were measured experimentally on three subjects with each being tested three times on each of three activities (walking, running and climbing stairs). This allowed the minimum and maximum knee joint angles for each activity to be determined. This data is then used to identify activity type and perform step counting.
Collapse
|