1
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Bourgoin C, Ceccherini G, Girardello M, Vancutsem C, Avitabile V, Beck PSA, Beuchle R, Blanc L, Duveiller G, Migliavacca M, Vieilledent G, Cescatti A, Achard F. Human degradation of tropical moist forests is greater than previously estimated. Nature 2024; 631:570-576. [PMID: 38961293 PMCID: PMC11254752 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Tropical forest degradation from selective logging, fire and edge effects is a major driver of carbon and biodiversity loss1-3, with annual rates comparable to those of deforestation4. However, its actual extent and long-term impacts remain uncertain at global tropical scale5. Here we quantify the magnitude and persistence of multiple types of degradation on forest structure by combining satellite remote sensing data on pantropical moist forest cover changes4 with estimates of canopy height and biomass from spaceborne6 light detection and ranging (LiDAR). We estimate that forest height decreases owing to selective logging and fire by 15% and 50%, respectively, with low rates of recovery even after 20 years. Agriculture and road expansion trigger a 20% to 30% reduction in canopy height and biomass at the forest edge, with persistent effects being measurable up to 1.5 km inside the forest. Edge effects encroach on 18% (approximately 206 Mha) of the remaining tropical moist forests, an area more than 200% larger than previously estimated7. Finally, degraded forests with more than 50% canopy loss are significantly more vulnerable to subsequent deforestation. Collectively, our findings call for greater efforts to prevent degradation and protect already degraded forests to meet the conservation pledges made at recent United Nations Climate Change and Biodiversity conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bourgoin
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
| | - G Ceccherini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - M Girardello
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - C Vancutsem
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - V Avitabile
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - P S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Beuchle
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - L Blanc
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Montpellier, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - G Duveiller
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - M Migliavacca
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - G Vieilledent
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - A Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - F Achard
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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2
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de Toledo RM, Pivello VR, Perring MP, Verdade LM. Natural vegetation biomass and the dimension of forest quality in tropical agricultural landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2950. [PMID: 38404050 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Forest cover has been a pivotal indicator of biological conservation and carrying capacity for wildlife in forest ecoregions. Such a relationship underpins policies focused on the extension of protected lands. Here, we estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) as a proxy for habitat quality in seminatural rural patches and provide a comparison with approaches that only consider forest cover. We hypothesize that recommendations for biological conservation in agricultural landscapes are substantially improved if habitat quality is also taken into account, and thus consider the possibility of forest quality being modulated by land-use amount, type, and age. We assessed AGB in a densely farmed Brazilian region using a straightforward approach designed to be affordable at large scales, focusing on two expanding and contrasting land uses: sugarcane, and eucalyptus plantations. At a detailed scale, we confirmed through field surveys and AGB estimation using 3D-multispectral imagery (i.e., AGB = 0.842 × vegetation heightNDVI+1) that AGB variation could be predicted with forest degradation classes that are visually distinguishable with high-resolution images: 9.33 t ha-1 (90% predictive intervals [PI] = [3.23, 26.97]) in regenerating fields (RF), 31.12 t ha-1 (90% PI = [10.77, 89.90]) in pioneer woods (PW), and 149.04 t ha-1 (90% PI = [51.59, 430.58]) in dense forests (DF). Applying these values to land units sampled across the study region, we found an average land use of 88.5%, together with 11.5% of land set aside for conservation, which reduced AGB to less than 4.2% of its potential (averages of 5.85 t ha-1 in sugarcane-dominated areas and 6.56 t ha-1 in eucalyptus-dominated areas, with secondary forests averaging 149.04 t ha-1). This imbalance between forest cover and AGB resulted from forest quality decay, which was similarly severe among land-use types, ages, and extensions. Therefore, the shortage of trophic resources is likely more critical to wildlife than spatial limitations in vastly deforested tropical ecoregions, where AGB and carbon sinks can be more than doubled just by restoring forests in lands currently spared by agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Miazaki de Toledo
- LEPaC, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vania Regina Pivello
- LEPaC, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Philip Perring
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH), Bangor, UK
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luciano Martins Verdade
- LE2AVe, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Pompeu J, Assis TO, Ometto JP. Landscape changes in the Cerrado: Challenges of land clearing, fragmentation and land tenure for biological conservation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167581. [PMID: 37813262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Land clearing, low levels of protection, and high biodiversity make the Brazilian Cerrado a hotspot for biological conservation. However, one of the most active agricultural frontiers in Brazil is located in this region. We thus aimed to evaluate the current trends of deforestation and fragmentation of the Cerrado, from 1986 to 2019; and the contribution of land tenure and farm size to the Cerrado conservation. We divided the Cerrado (∼2 Mkm2) into three sub-regions and calculated the distribution and size of the fragments; core areas and edge distance; isolation and importance of the smallest fragments for reducing isolation; and connectivity for the years 1986, 1997, 2008, and 2019. We then evaluated vegetation cover and landscape metrics for public lands and private farms. Since 1986, 22 % of the Cerrado's remnant vegetation was cleared and the number of fragments increased by 20 %. Currently, 10 % of the Cerrado vegetation is under the effect of a 30 m edge. Isolation increased in all the sub-regions and smaller fragments (>100 ha) are important for landscape configuration. 10.82 % of the vegetation is preserved in public lands and 57.9 % in private farms, where 377,901.5 km2 could be legally cleared. Compared to other Brazilian regions, the northern Cerrado is relatively well connected and less fragmented but land clearing still threatens biodiversity. Public lands are important for connectivity and habitat amount but play a minor role when compared to private lands. Our results highlight that avoiding further land clearing of the Cerrado is a challenge that requires the engagement of different stakeholders at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pompeu
- National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758 São José dos Campos, Brazil.
| | - Tainá Oliveira Assis
- National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758 São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Ometto
- National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758 São José dos Campos, Brazil
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4
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Nunes MH, Vaz MC, Camargo JLC, Laurance WF, de Andrade A, Vicentini A, Laurance S, Raumonen P, Jackson T, Zuquim G, Wu J, Peñuelas J, Chave J, Maeda EE. Edge effects on tree architecture exacerbate biomass loss of fragmented Amazonian forests. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8129. [PMID: 38097604 PMCID: PMC10721830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation could potentially affect tree architecture and allometry. Here, we use ground surveys of terrestrial LiDAR in Central Amazonia to explore the influence of forest edge effects on tree architecture and allometry, as well as forest biomass, 40 years after fragmentation. We find that young trees colonising the forest fragments have thicker branches and architectural traits that optimise for light capture, which result in 50% more woody volume than their counterparts of similar stem size and height in the forest interior. However, we observe a disproportionately lower height in some large trees, leading to a 30% decline in their woody volume. Despite the substantial wood production of colonising trees, the lower height of some large trees has resulted in a net loss of 6.0 Mg ha-1 of aboveground biomass - representing 2.3% of the aboveground biomass of edge forests. Our findings indicate a strong influence of edge effects on tree architecture and allometry, and uncover an overlooked factor that likely exacerbates carbon losses in fragmented forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Henrique Nunes
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Marcel Caritá Vaz
- Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainabilty, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - José Luís Campana Camargo
- Ecology Graduate Program, National Institute for Amazonian Research, (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) at National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ana de Andrade
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) at National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alberto Vicentini
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) at National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Computing Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Toby Jackson
- Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Zuquim
- Amazon Research Team, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS, UPS, IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Eduardo Eiji Maeda
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, FMI, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Vilà-Cabrera A, Astigarraga J, Jump AS, Zavala MA, Seijo F, Sperlich D, Ruiz-Benito P. Anthropogenic land-use legacies underpin climate change-related risks to forest ecosystems. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1132-1143. [PMID: 37263916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems with long-lasting human imprints can emerge worldwide as outcomes of land-use cessation. However, the interaction of these anthropogenic legacies with climate change impacts on forests is not well understood. Here, we set out how anthropogenic land-use legacies that persist in forest properties, following alterations in forest distribution, structure, and composition, can interact with climate change stressors. We propose a risk-based framework to identify anthropogenic legacies of land uses in forest ecosystems and quantify the impact of their interaction with climate-related stress on forest responses. Considering anthropogenic land-use legacies alongside environmental drivers of forest ecosystem dynamics will improve our predictive capacity of climate-related risks to forests and our ability to promote ecosystem resilience to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vilà-Cabrera
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK; Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julen Astigarraga
- Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Seijo
- Instituto de Empresa, School of Global and Public Affairs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominik Sperlich
- Department of Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Investigación en Teledetección Ambiental, Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Gatti LV, Cunha CL, Marani L, Cassol HLG, Messias CG, Arai E, Denning AS, Soler LS, Almeida C, Setzer A, Domingues LG, Basso LS, Miller JB, Gloor M, Correia CSC, Tejada G, Neves RAL, Rajao R, Nunes F, Filho BSS, Schmitt J, Nobre C, Corrêa SM, Sanches AH, Aragão LEOC, Anderson L, Von Randow C, Crispim SP, Silva FM, Machado GBM. Increased Amazon carbon emissions mainly from decline in law enforcement. Nature 2023; 621:318-323. [PMID: 37612502 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Amazon forest carbon sink is declining, mainly as a result of land-use and climate change1-4. Here we investigate how changes in law enforcement of environmental protection policies may have affected the Amazonian carbon balance between 2010 and 2018 compared with 2019 and 2020, based on atmospheric CO2 vertical profiles5,6, deforestation7 and fire data8, as well as infraction notices related to illegal deforestation9. We estimate that Amazonia carbon emissions increased from a mean of 0.24 ± 0.08 PgC year-1 in 2010-2018 to 0.44 ± 0.10 PgC year-1 in 2019 and 0.52 ± 0.10 PgC year-1 in 2020 (± uncertainty). The observed increases in deforestation were 82% and 77% (94% accuracy) and burned area were 14% and 42% in 2019 and 2020 compared with the 2010-2018 mean, respectively. We find that the numbers of notifications of infractions against flora decreased by 30% and 54% and fines paid by 74% and 89% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Carbon losses during 2019-2020 were comparable with those of the record warm El Niño (2015-2016) without an extreme drought event. Statistical tests show that the observed differences between the 2010-2018 mean and 2019-2020 are unlikely to have arisen by chance. The changes in the carbon budget of Amazonia during 2019-2020 were mainly because of western Amazonia becoming a carbon source. Our results indicate that a decline in law enforcement led to increases in deforestation, biomass burning and forest degradation, which increased carbon emissions and enhanced drying and warming of the Amazon forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana V Gatti
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camilla L Cunha
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciano Marani
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Henrique L G Cassol
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Gustavo Messias
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Egidio Arai
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana S Soler
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Claudio Almeida
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Alberto Setzer
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gatti Domingues
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Luana S Basso
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - John B Miller
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Manuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Caio S C Correia
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graciela Tejada
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Raiane A L Neves
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Raoni Rajao
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Nunes
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Britaldo S S Filho
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jair Schmitt
- Remote Sensing Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Nobre
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados (IEA), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio M Corrêa
- Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alber H Sanches
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Liana Anderson
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Celso Von Randow
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Stephane P Crispim
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Francine M Silva
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B M Machado
- General Coordination of Earth Science (CGCT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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7
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Maracahipes-Santos L, Silvério DV, Maracahipes L, Macedo MN, Lenza E, Jankowski KJ, Wong MY, Silva ACSD, Neill C, Durigan G, Brando PM. Intraspecific trait variability facilitates tree species persistence along riparian forest edges in Southern Amazonia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12454. [PMID: 37528174 PMCID: PMC10394016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical forest fragmentation from agricultural expansion alters the microclimatic conditions of the remaining forests, with effects on vegetation structure and function. However, little is known about how the functional trait variability within and among tree species in fragmented landscapes influence and facilitate species' persistence in these new environmental conditions. Here, we assessed potential changes in tree species' functional traits in riparian forests within six riparian forests in cropland catchments (Cropland) and four riparian forests in forested catchments (Forest) in southern Amazonia. We sampled 12 common functional traits of 123 species across all sites: 64 common to both croplands and forests, 33 restricted to croplands, and 26 restricted to forests. We found that forest-restricted species had leaves that were thinner, larger, and with higher phosphorus (P) content, compared to cropland-restricted ones. Tree species common to both environments showed higher intraspecific variability in functional traits, with leaf thickness and leaf P concentration varying the most. Species turnover contributed more to differences between forest and cropland environments only for the stem-specific density trait. We conclude that the intraspecific variability of functional traits (leaf thickness, leaf P, and specific leaf area) facilitates species persistence in riparian forests occurring within catchments cleared for agricultural expansion in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Maracahipes-Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Rua Horizontina 104, Centro, Canarana, MT, 78640-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Nova Xavantina, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, Caixa Postal 08, Nova Xavantina, MT, 78690-000, Brazil.
| | - Divino Vicente Silvério
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Rua Horizontina 104, Centro, Canarana, MT, 78640-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Nova Xavantina, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, Caixa Postal 08, Nova Xavantina, MT, 78690-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Capitão Poço, Pará, 68650-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Maracahipes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Rua Horizontina 104, Centro, Canarana, MT, 78640-000, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcia Nunes Macedo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Rua Horizontina 104, Centro, Canarana, MT, 78640-000, Brazil
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
| | - Eddie Lenza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Nova Xavantina, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, Caixa Postal 08, Nova Xavantina, MT, 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Kathi Jo Jankowski
- U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA
| | | | | | | | - Giselda Durigan
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Hidrologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Floresta Estadual de Assis, Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Monteiro Brando
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Rua Horizontina 104, Centro, Canarana, MT, 78640-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Nova Xavantina, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, Caixa Postal 08, Nova Xavantina, MT, 78690-000, Brazil
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Silva-Junior CHL, Silva FB, Arisi BM, Mataveli G, Pessôa ACM, Carvalho NS, Reis JBC, Silva Júnior AR, Motta NACS, E Silva PVM, Ribeiro FD, Siqueira-Gay J, Alencar A, Saatchi S, Aragão LEOC, Anderson LO, Melo M. Brazilian Amazon indigenous territories under deforestation pressure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5851. [PMID: 37037850 PMCID: PMC10085996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies showed that Brazilian Amazon indigenous territories (ITs) are efficient models for preserving forests by reducing deforestation, fires, and related carbon emissions. Considering the importance of ITs for conserving socio-environmental and cultural diversity and the recent climb in the Brazilian Amazon deforestation, we used official remote sensing datasets to analyze deforestation inside and outside indigenous territories within Brazil's Amazon biome during the 2013-2021 period. Deforestation has increased by 129% inside ITs since 2013, followed by an increase in illegal mining areas. In 2019-2021, deforestation was 195% higher and 30% farther from the borders towards the interior of indigenous territories than in previous years (2013-2018). Furthermore, about 59% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within ITs in 2013-2021 (96 million tons) occurred in the last three years of analyzed years, revealing the magnitude of increasing deforestation to climate impacts. Therefore, curbing deforestation in indigenous territories must be a priority for the Brazilian government to secure these peoples' land rights, ensure the forests' protection and regulate the global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso H L Silva-Junior
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - JPL, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício B Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma - UNICEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Mataveli
- National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C M Pessôa
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - Cemaden, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João B C Reis
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - Cemaden, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Admo R Silva Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Nathalia A C S Motta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma - UNICEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ane Alencar
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia - IPAM, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles - UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - JPL, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research - INPE, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - Cemaden, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maycon Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma - UNICEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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9
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Rangel Pinagé E, Keller M, Peck CP, Longo M, Duffy P, Csillik O. Effects of forest degradation classification on the uncertainty of aboveground carbon estimates in the Amazon. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 18:2. [PMID: 36786979 PMCID: PMC9926651 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-023-00221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropical forests are critical for the global carbon budget, yet they have been threatened by deforestation and forest degradation by fire, selective logging, and fragmentation. Existing uncertainties on land cover classification and in biomass estimates hinder accurate attribution of carbon emissions to specific forest classes. In this study, we used textural metrics derived from PlanetScope images to implement a probabilistic classification framework to identify intact, logged and burned forests in three Amazonian sites. We also estimated biomass for these forest classes using airborne lidar and compared biomass uncertainties using the lidar-derived estimates only to biomass uncertainties considering the forest degradation classification as well. RESULTS Our classification approach reached overall accuracy of 0.86, with accuracy at individual sites varying from 0.69 to 0.93. Logged forests showed variable biomass changes, while burned forests showed an average carbon loss of 35%. We found that including uncertainty in forest degradation classification significantly increased uncertainty and decreased estimates of mean carbon density in two of the three test sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the attribution of biomass changes to forest degradation classes needs to account for the uncertainty in forest degradation classification. By combining very high-resolution images with lidar data, we could attribute carbon stock changes to specific pathways of forest degradation. This approach also allows quantifying uncertainties of carbon emissions associated with forest degradation through logging and fire. Both the attribution and uncertainty quantification provide critical information for national greenhouse gas inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Río Piedras, 00926 Puerto Rico
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | - Marcos Longo
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Paul Duffy
- Neptune and Company, Inc, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA
| | - Ovidiu Csillik
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
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10
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Rorato AC, Dal'Asta AP, Lana RM, Dos Santos RBN, Escada MIS, Vogt CM, Neves TC, Barbosa M, Andreazzi CS, Dos Reis IC, Fernandes DA, da Silva-Nunes M, de Souza AR, Monteiro AMV, Codeço CT. Trajetorias: a dataset of environmental, epidemiological, and economic indicators for the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Data 2023; 10:65. [PMID: 36732347 PMCID: PMC9895449 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Trajetorias dataset is a harmonized set of environmental, epidemiological, and poverty indicators for all municipalities of the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA). This dataset is the result of a scientific synthesis research initiative conducted by scientists from several natural and social sciences fields, consolidating multidisciplinary indicators into a coherent dataset for integrated and interdisciplinary studies of the Brazilian Amazon. The dataset allows the investigation of the association between the Amazonian agrarian systems and their impacts on environmental and epidemiological changes, furthermore enhancing the possibilities for understanding, in a more integrated and consistent way, the scenarios that affect the Amazonian biome and its inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Rorato
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, 12227-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Dal'Asta
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, 12227-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Isabel S Escada
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, 12227-900, Brazil
| | - Camila M Vogt
- Departamento de Ciências Administrativas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Campos Neves
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Milton Barbosa
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cecilia S Andreazzi
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil.,Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Izabel C Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Mônica da Silva-Nunes
- Departamento de Medicina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Anielli R de Souza
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, 12227-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio M V Monteiro
- Laboratório de Investigação em Sistemas Socioambientais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, 12227-900, Brazil
| | - Claudia T Codeço
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
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11
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da Costa LM, de Mendonça GC, Araújo Santos GAD, Moraes JRDSCD, Colombo R, Panosso AR, La Scala N. High spatial resolution solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and its relation to rainfall precipitation across Brazilian ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114991. [PMID: 36502899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The detection of Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) by remote sensing has opened new perspectives on ecosystem studies and other related aspects such as photosynthesis. In general, fluorescence high-resolution studies were limited to proximal sensors, but new approaches were developed to improve SIF resolution by combining OCO-2 with MODIS orbital observations, improving its resolution from 0.5° to 0.05 on a global scale. Using a high-resolution dataset and rainfall data some SIF characteristics of the satellite were studied based across 06 contrasting ecosystems in Brazil: Amazonia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal, from years 2015-2018. SIF spatial variability in each biome presented significant spatial variability structures with high R2 values (>0.6, Gaussian models) in all studied years. The rainfall maps were positively and similar related to SIF spatial distribution and were able to explain more than 40% of SIF's spatial variability. The Amazon biome presented the higher SIF values (>0.4 W m-2 sr-1 μm-1) and also the higher annual rainfall precipitation (around 2000 mm), while Caatinga had the lowest SIF values and precipitations (<0.1 W m-2 sr-1 μm-1, precipitation around 500 mm). The linear relationship of SIF to rainfall across biomes was mostly significant (except in Pantanal) and presented contrasting sensitivities as in Caatinga SIF was mostly affected while in the Amazon, SIF was lesser affected by precipitation events. We believe that the features presented here indicate that SIF could be highly affected by rainfall precipitation changes in some Brazilian biomes. Combining rainfall with SIF allowed us to detect the differences and similarities across Brazil's biomes improving our understanding on how these ecosystems could be affected by climate change and severe weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel da Costa
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Costa de Mendonça
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo André de Araújo Santos
- Advanced Campus Porto Franco, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão - IFMA, Rua Custódio Barbosa, no 09, Centro, Porto Franco, Maranhão, 65970-000, Brazil; Center of Agricultural, Natural and Literary Sciences, State University of the Tocantins Region of Maranhão (UEMASUL), Av. Brejo do Pinto, S/N - Brejo do Pinto, Estreito, Maranhão, 65975-000, Brazil.
| | - José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Colombo
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Lab., DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alan Rodrigo Panosso
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Newton La Scala
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV-UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Fawcett D, Sitch S, Ciais P, Wigneron JP, Silva‐Junior CHL, Heinrich V, Vancutsem C, Achard F, Bastos A, Yang H, Li X, Albergel C, Friedlingstein P, Aragão LEOC. Declining Amazon biomass due to deforestation and subsequent degradation losses exceeding gains. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1106-1118. [PMID: 36415966 PMCID: PMC10100003 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the Amazon, deforestation and climate change lead to increased vulnerability to forest degradation, threatening its existing carbon stocks and its capacity as a carbon sink. We use satellite L-Band Vegetation Optical Depth (L-VOD) data that provide an integrated (top-down) estimate of biomass carbon to track changes over 2011-2019. Because the spatial resolution of L-VOD is coarse (0.25°), it allows limited attribution of the observed changes. We therefore combined high-resolution annual maps of forest cover and disturbances with biomass maps to model carbon losses (bottom-up) from deforestation and degradation, and gains from regrowing secondary forests. We show an increase of deforestation and associated degradation losses since 2012 which greatly outweigh secondary forest gains. Degradation accounted for 40% of gross losses. After an increase in 2011, old-growth forests show a net loss of above-ground carbon between 2012 and 2019. The sum of component carbon fluxes in our model is consistent with the total biomass change from L-VOD of 1.3 Pg C over 2012-2019. Across nine Amazon countries, we found that while Brazil contains the majority of biomass stocks (64%), its losses from disturbances were disproportionately high (79% of gross losses). Our multi-source analysis provides a pessimistic assessment of the Amazon carbon balance and highlights the urgent need to stop the recent rise of deforestation and degradation, particularly in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Fawcett
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCECEA CNRS UVSQ, Centre d'Etudes Orme de MerisiersGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | | | - Celso H. L. Silva‐Junior
- Institute of Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biodiversidade e ConservaçãoUniversidade Federal do MaranhãoSão LuísBrazil
| | - Viola Heinrich
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Christelle Vancutsem
- FINCONs GroupMilanItaly
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)BogorIndonesia
| | | | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCECEA CNRS UVSQ, Centre d'Etudes Orme de MerisiersGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Xiaojun Li
- INRAE, UMR ISPAUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Clément Albergel
- European Space Agency Climate OfficeECSAT, Harwell CampusDidcotOxfordshireUK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- LMD/IPSL, ENS PSL Université, Ècole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de ParisSorbonne Université, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences LaboratorySão José dos CamposBrazil
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics DivisionNational Institute for Space ResearchSão José dos CamposBrazil
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13
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Lapola DM, Pinho P, Barlow J, Aragão LEOC, Berenguer E, Carmenta R, Liddy HM, Seixas H, Silva CVJ, Silva-Junior CHL, Alencar AAC, Anderson LO, Armenteras D, Brovkin V, Calders K, Chambers J, Chini L, Costa MH, Faria BL, Fearnside PM, Ferreira J, Gatti L, Gutierrez-Velez VH, Han Z, Hibbard K, Koven C, Lawrence P, Pongratz J, Portela BTT, Rounsevell M, Ruane AC, Schaldach R, da Silva SS, von Randow C, Walker WS. The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation. Science 2023; 379:eabp8622. [PMID: 36701452 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2.5 × 106 square kilometers of the Amazon forest are currently degraded by fire, edge effects, timber extraction, and/or extreme drought, representing 38% of all remaining forests in the region. Carbon emissions from this degradation total up to 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1), which is equivalent to, if not greater than, the emissions from Amazon deforestation (0.06 to 0.21 Pg C year-1). Amazon forest degradation can reduce dry-season evapotranspiration by up to 34% and cause as much biodiversity loss as deforestation in human-modified landscapes, generating uneven socioeconomic burdens, mainly to forest dwellers. Projections indicate that degradation will remain a dominant source of carbon emissions independent of deforestation rates. Policies to tackle degradation should be integrated with efforts to curb deforestation and complemented with innovative measures addressing the disturbances that degrade the Amazon forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lapola
- Laboratório de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre - LabTerra, Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas Aplicadas à Agricultura - CEPAGRI, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pinho
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais da Amazônia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hannah M Liddy
- Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hugo Seixas
- Laboratório de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre - LabTerra, Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas Aplicadas à Agricultura - CEPAGRI, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila V J Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais da Amazônia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,BeZero Carbon Ltd, London, UK
| | - Celso H L Silva-Junior
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Ane A C Alencar
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais da Amazônia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kim Calders
- Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology Laboratory, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Belgium.,School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Bruno L Faria
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luciana Gatti
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kathleen Hibbard
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charles Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mark Rounsevell
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex C Ruane
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Celso von Randow
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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14
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Abrupt loss and uncertain recovery from fires of Amazon forests under low climate mitigation scenarios. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203200119. [PMID: 36534807 PMCID: PMC9907153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests contribute a major sink for anthropogenic carbon emissions essential to slowing down the buildup of atmospheric CO2 and buffering climate change impacts. However, the response of tropical forests to more frequent weather extremes and long-recovery disturbances like fires remains uncertain. Analyses of field data and ecological theory raise concerns about the possibility of the Amazon crossing a tipping point leading to catastrophic tropical forest loss. In contrast, climate models consistently project an enhanced tropical sink. Here, we show a heterogeneous response of Amazonian carbon stocks in GFDL-ESM4.1, an Earth System Model (ESM) featuring dynamic disturbances and height-structured tree-grass competition. Enhanced productivity due to CO2 fertilization promotes increases in forest biomass that, under low emission scenarios, last until the end of the century. Under high emissions, positive trends reverse after 2060, when simulated fires prompt forest loss that results in a 40% decline in tropical forest biomass by 2100. Projected fires occur under dry conditions associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, a response observed under current climate conditions, but exacerbated by an overall decline in precipitation. Following the initial disturbance, grassland dominance promotes recurrent fires and tree competitive exclusion, which prevents forest recovery. EC-Earth3-Veg, an ESM with a dynamic vegetation model of similar complexity, projected comparable wildfire forest loss under high emissions but faster postfire recovery rates. Our results reveal the importance of complex nonlinear responses to assessing climate change impacts and the urgent need to research postfire recovery and its representation in ESMs.
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15
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Li Y, Brando PM, Morton DC, Lawrence DM, Yang H, Randerson JT. Deforestation-induced climate change reduces carbon storage in remaining tropical forests. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1964. [PMID: 35413947 PMCID: PMC9005651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical effects from deforestation have the potential to amplify carbon losses but are often neglected in carbon accounting systems. Here we use both Earth system model simulations and satellite-derived estimates of aboveground biomass to assess losses of vegetation carbon caused by the influence of tropical deforestation on regional climate across different continents. In the Amazon, warming and drying arising from deforestation result in an additional 5.1 ± 3.7% loss of aboveground biomass. Biophysical effects also amplify carbon losses in the Congo (3.8 ± 2.5%) but do not lead to significant additional carbon losses in tropical Asia due to its high levels of annual mean precipitation. These findings indicate that tropical forests may be undervalued in carbon accounting systems that neglect climate feedbacks from surface biophysical changes and that the positive carbon-climate feedback from deforestation-driven climate change is higher than the feedback originating from fossil fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Paulo M Brando
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Douglas C Morton
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - James T Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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16
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Effects of Forest Fragmentation on the Volume of Wood Resources in Managed, Pine-Dominated Forests in Poland. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Forest fragmentation is a widespread phenomenon that directly or indirectly affects the processes that take place both in forest ecosystems and in their immediate surroundings. So far, many studies confirm its negative effects, especially on biodiversity. On the other hand, there are few studies that address the effects of forest fragmentation on the amount of accumulated biomass or carbon, as well as on the characteristics of wood resources in managed forests. Therefore, issues related to timber production, which are important from the point of view of multifunctional forest management, are omitted. The aim of our research was to add to the knowledge in this area. In particular, we focused on assessing the impact of forest fragmentation on wood resources based on an analysis of edge effects in forest patches (units formed by combining forest fragments characterized by structural connectivity). Vector data describing the topography of forest fragments in Poland and the results of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) from 2015–2019 were used as material for solving this problem. The results of our research showed that the effects of fragmentation on managed pine stands depend on the age of the stand and the fertility of the habitat. In young stands growing on barren or strongly barren habitats, growing stock volume turned out to be significantly higher in the edge zone. In older stands, especially on moderately fertile habitats, significantly higher resources were found in the interior zone of forest patches. Habitat quality also had a significant effect on the amount of carbon accumulated. In strongly barren habitats, higher carbon mass was found in edge zones, while in moderately fertile habitats, stands had higher carbon volume in the interior zone. Our results illustrate that forest fragmentation is a very complex process that can increase or reduce wood resources, depending on the age of the stand and the quality of the habitat. From the standpoint of measurable benefits, it was concluded that protection from the negative effects of fragmentation should focus primarily on older stands and more fertile habitats.
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17
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Forest fragmentation impacts the seasonality of Amazonian evergreen canopies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:917. [PMID: 35177619 PMCID: PMC8854568 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictions of the magnitude and timing of leaf phenology in Amazonian forests remain highly controversial. Here, we use terrestrial LiDAR surveys every two weeks spanning wet and dry seasons in Central Amazonia to show that plant phenology varies strongly across vertical strata in old-growth forests, but is sensitive to disturbances arising from forest fragmentation. In combination with continuous microclimate measurements, we find that when maximum daily temperatures reached 35 °C in the latter part of the dry season, the upper canopy of large trees in undisturbed forests lost plant material. In contrast, the understory greened up with increased light availability driven by the upper canopy loss, alongside increases in solar radiation, even during periods of drier soil and atmospheric conditions. However, persistently high temperatures in forest edges exacerbated the upper canopy losses of large trees throughout the dry season, whereas the understory in these light-rich environments was less dependent on the altered upper canopy structure. Our findings reveal a strong influence of edge effects on phenological controls in wet forests of Central Amazonia. Even evergreen tropical forests can have seasonal dynamics, which may be sensitive to disturbance. Here, the authors combine high-resolution remote sensing observations and microclimate data to show that forest fragmentation impacts canopy phenology dynamics in the Amazon forest.
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18
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Singh M, Zhu X. Analysis of how the spatial and temporal patterns of fire and their bioclimatic and anthropogenic drivers vary across the Amazon rainforest in El Niño and non-El Niño years. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12029. [PMID: 34707922 PMCID: PMC8502451 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, Amazon rainforest countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela) have experienced a substantial increase in fire frequency due to the changes in the patterns of different anthropogenic and climatic drivers. This study examines how both fire dynamics and bioclimatic factors varied based on the season (wet season and dry season) El Niño years across the different countries and ecosystems within the Amazon rainforest. Data from publicly available databases on forest fires (Global Fire Atlas) and bioclimatic, topographic and anthropogenic variables were employed in the analysis. Linear mixed-effect models discovered that year type (El Niño vs. non-El Niño), seasonality (dry vs. wet), land cover and forest strata (in terms of canopy cover and intactness) and their interactions varied across the Amazonian countries (and the different ecosystems) under consideration. A machine learning model, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS), was utilized to determine the relative importance of climatic, topographic, forest structure and human modification variables on fire dynamics across wet and dry seasons, both in El Niño and non-El Niño years. The findings of this study make clear that declining precipitation and increased temperatures have strong impact on fire dynamics (size, duration, expansion and speed) for El Niño years. El Niño years also saw greater fire sizes and speeds as compared to non-El Niño years. Dense and relatively undisturbed forests were found to have the lowest fire activity and increased human impact on a landscape was associated with exacerbated fire dynamics, especially in the El Niño years. Additionally, the presence of grass-dominated ecosystems such as grasslands also acted as a driver of fire in both El Niño and non-El Niño years. Hence, from a conservation perspective, increased interventions during the El Niño periods should be considered.
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19
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De Frenne P, Lenoir J, Luoto M, Scheffers BR, Zellweger F, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, Christiansen DM, Decocq G, De Pauw K, Govaert S, Greiser C, Gril E, Hampe A, Jucker T, Klinges DH, Koelemeijer IA, Lembrechts JJ, Marrec R, Meeussen C, Ogée J, Tyystjärvi V, Vangansbeke P, Hylander K. Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2279-2297. [PMID: 33725415 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Forest microclimates contrast strongly with the climate outside forests. To fully understand and better predict how forests' biodiversity and functions relate to climate and climate change, microclimates need to be integrated into ecological research. Despite the potentially broad impact of microclimates on the response of forest ecosystems to global change, our understanding of how microclimates within and below tree canopies modulate biotic responses to global change at the species, community and ecosystem level is still limited. Here, we review how spatial and temporal variation in forest microclimates result from an interplay of forest features, local water balance, topography and landscape composition. We first stress and exemplify the importance of considering forest microclimates to understand variation in biodiversity and ecosystem functions across forest landscapes. Next, we explain how macroclimate warming (of the free atmosphere) can affect microclimates, and vice versa, via interactions with land-use changes across different biomes. Finally, we perform a priority ranking of future research avenues at the interface of microclimate ecology and global change biology, with a specific focus on three key themes: (1) disentangling the abiotic and biotic drivers and feedbacks of forest microclimates; (2) global and regional mapping and predictions of forest microclimates; and (3) the impacts of microclimate on forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the face of climate change. The availability of microclimatic data will significantly increase in the coming decades, characterizing climate variability at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales relevant to biological processes in forests. This will revolutionize our understanding of the dynamics, drivers and implications of forest microclimates on biodiversity and ecological functions, and the impacts of global changes. In order to support the sustainable use of forests and to secure their biodiversity and ecosystem services for future generations, microclimates cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Juha Aalto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael B Ashcroft
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ditte M Christiansen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Karen De Pauw
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Sanne Govaert
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Caroline Greiser
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Gril
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Arndt Hampe
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David H Klinges
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Irena A Koelemeijer
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ronan Marrec
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vilna Tyystjärvi
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Pontes-Lopes A, Silva CVJ, Barlow J, Rincón LM, Campanharo WA, Nunes CA, de Almeida CT, Silva Júnior CHL, Cassol HLG, Dalagnol R, Stark SC, Graça PMLA, Aragão LEOC. Drought-driven wildfire impacts on structure and dynamics in a wet Central Amazonian forest. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210094. [PMID: 34004131 PMCID: PMC8131120 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the climate and human-induced forest degradation is increasing in the Amazon, fire impacts on forest dynamics remain understudied in the wetter regions of the basin, which are susceptible to large wildfires only during extreme droughts. To address this gap, we installed burned and unburned plots immediately after a wildfire in the northern Purus-Madeira (Central Amazon) during the 2015 El-Niño. We measured all individuals with diameter of 10 cm or more at breast height and conducted recensuses to track the demographic drivers of biomass change over 3 years. We also assessed how stem-level growth and mortality were influenced by fire intensity (proxied by char height) and tree morphological traits (size and wood density). Overall, the burned forest lost 27.3% of stem density and 12.8% of biomass, concentrated in small and medium trees. Mortality drove these losses in the first 2 years and recruitment decreased in the third year. The fire increased growth in lower wood density and larger sized trees, while char height had transitory strong effects increasing tree mortality. Our findings suggest that fire impacts are weaker in the wetter Amazon. Here, trees of greater sizes and higher wood densities may confer a margin of fire resistance; however, this may not extend to higher intensity fires arising from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pontes-Lopes
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Camila V. J. Silva
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Brasília 71503-505, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Lorena M. Rincón
- National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), Manaus 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Wesley A. Campanharo
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Cássio A. Nunes
- Department of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Catherine T. de Almeida
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Celso H. L. Silva Júnior
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís 65055-310, Brazil
| | - Henrique L. G. Cassol
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dalagnol
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Scott C. Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
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21
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Meeussen C, Govaert S, Vanneste T, Haesen S, Van Meerbeek K, Bollmann K, Brunet J, Calders K, Cousins SAO, Diekmann M, Graae BJ, Iacopetti G, Lenoir J, Orczewska A, Ponette Q, Plue J, Selvi F, Spicher F, Sørensen MV, Verbeeck H, Vermeir P, Verheyen K, Vangansbeke P, De Frenne P. Drivers of carbon stocks in forest edges across Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143497. [PMID: 33246733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forests play a key role in global carbon cycling and sequestration. However, the potential for carbon drawdown is affected by forest fragmentation and resulting changes in microclimate, nutrient inputs, disturbance and productivity near edges. Up to 20% of the global forested area lies within 100 m of an edge and, even in temperate forests, knowledge on how edge conditions affect carbon stocks and how far this influence penetrates into forest interiors is scarce. Here we studied carbon stocks in the aboveground biomass, forest floor and the mineral topsoil in 225 plots in deciduous forest edges across Europe and tested the impact of macroclimate, nitrogen deposition and smaller-grained drivers (e.g. microclimate) on these stocks. Total carbon and carbon in the aboveground biomass stock were on average 39% and 95% higher at the forest edge than 100 m into the interior. The increase in the aboveground biomass stock close to the edge was mainly related to enhanced nitrogen deposition. No edge influence was found for stocks in the mineral topsoil. Edge-to-interior gradients in forest floor carbon changed across latitude: carbon stocks in the forest floor were higher near the edge in southern Europe. Forest floor carbon decreased with increasing litter quality (i.e. high decomposition rate) and decreasing plant area index, whereas higher soil temperatures negatively affected the mineral topsoil carbon. Based on high-resolution forest fragmentation maps, we estimate that the additional carbon stored in deciduous forest edges across Europe amounts to not less than 183 Tg carbon, which is equivalent to the storage capacity of 1 million ha of additional forest. This study underpins the importance of including edge influences when quantifying the carbon stocks in temperate forests and stresses the importance of preserving natural forest edges and small forest patches with a high edge-to-interior surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Meeussen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
| | - Sanne Govaert
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanneste
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Stef Haesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Bollmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Brunet
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kim Calders
- CAVElab - Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara A O Cousins
- Biogeography and Geomatics, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Diekmann
- Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bente J Graae
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Giovanni Iacopetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, P. le Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UR « Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés » (EDYSAN, UMR 7058 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 Rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Anna Orczewska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix de Sud 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jan Plue
- Biogeography and Geomatics, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico Selvi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, P. le Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabien Spicher
- UR « Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés » (EDYSAN, UMR 7058 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 Rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Mia Vedel Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab - Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory for Chemical Analysis (LCA), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Voskenslaan 270, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vangansbeke
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
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Abstract
Over the past 40 years, roads have been the main driver behind the State of Acre’s occupation and development. However, the expansion of roads, has often been associated with the advance of deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and social conflicts. There are no up-to-date data available on the current extent of Acre’s road network nor its environmental and socioenvironmental impacts. In this study, we updated the State of Acre’s road network map for the period 2007 to 2019 through the visual interpretation of 153 Landsat images (5, 7, and 8) at a scale of 1:50,000. To estimate the impact of roads, we measured the distribution of roads in municipalities and in different land tenure categories and calculated the correlation between roads and annual deforestation. Up to 2019, we estimated 19,620 km of roads, of which 92% were unofficial roads, 6% federal roads, and 2% state roads. The roads increased at an average annual rate of 590 km year−1. The most significant advance in road length between 2007 and 2019 was in protected areas (240%), followed by public lands (68%) and settlement projects (66%). We recommend monitoring of the road network to understand the landscape’s evolution and support actions against illicit environmental and socioenvironmental impacts.
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