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Kumar A, Kumar P. Dissociation of H 2O 2 on water surfaces (ice and water droplets). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11331-11339. [PMID: 38563356 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OH radicals are an important constituent of the atmosphere. Therefore, all reactions that act as a source of OH radicals are important. It is known that photo-dissociation of H2O2 is an important source of OH radicals in the atmosphere. In the present study, using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations, we have shown that the H2O2 molecule can dissociate thermally on water droplets, as well as on the surface of ice, to form OH radicals. Furthermore, the dissociation of H2O2 was found to be very fast (less than 50 fs) on the ice surface compared with on the water droplets. We believe this route for the formation of OH radicals could be more critical than photo-dissociation, as it can take place both during the day and at night, but further studies with more sophisticated theoretical approaches or experiments are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
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2
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Desservettaz M, Pikridas M, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Hatzianastassiou N, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N, Bourtsoukidis E. Emission of volatile organic compounds from residential biomass burning and their rapid chemical transformations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166592. [PMID: 37640072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion releases a complex array of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that pose significant challenges to air quality and human health. Although biomass burning has been extensively studied at ecosystem levels, understanding the atmospheric transformation and impact on air quality of emissions in urban environments remains challenging due to complex sources and burning materials. In this study, we investigate the VOC emission rates and atmospheric chemical processing of predominantly wood burning emissions in a small urban centre in Greece. Ioannina is situated in a valley within the Dinaric Alps and experiences intense atmospheric pollution accumulation during winter due to its topography and high wood burning activity. During pollution event days, the ambient mixing ratios of key VOC species were found to be similar to those reported for major urban centres worldwide. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis revealed that biomass burning was the dominant emission source (>50 %), representing two thirds of OH reactivity, which indicates a highly reactive atmospheric mixture. Calculated OH reactivity ranges from 5 s-1 to an unprecedented 278 s-1, and averages at 93 ± 66 s-1 at 9 PM, indicating the presence of exceptionally reactive VOCs. The highly pronounced photochemical formation of organic acids coincided with the formation of ozone, highlighting the significance of secondary formation of pollutants in poorly ventilated urban areas. Our findings underscore the pressing need to transition from wood burning to environmentally friendly sources of energy in poorly ventilated urban areas, in order to improve air quality and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou
- Laboratory of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
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Kumar A, Kumar P. Can Ozone Dissociate at the Surface of Water (Water Droplet and Ice) without Light? J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10016-10025. [PMID: 37965752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a major source of OH radicals in the troposphere. It is well-known that photodissociation of ozone is key for the conversion of ozone into OH radicals. In the present study, using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulation, we have shown that on the surface of the droplet and ice, ozone can dissociate without light. In addition, the dissociation time of ozone is found to be much less on the ice surface than the same time on the water droplet. As the dissociation of ozone on the water surface can happen during the day as well as in the night time, we believe this route of forming OH radicals can be even more important than the photodissociation. The present study suggests that the cloud and ice surface can enhance the oxidizing power of the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017,India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017,India
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4
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Reif J, Gamero A, Flousek J, Hůnová I. Ambient ozone - New threat to birds in mountain ecosystems? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162711. [PMID: 36906038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mountain ecosystems are inhabited by species with specific characteristics enabling survival at high altitudes, which make them at risk from various pressures. In order to study these pressures, birds represent excellent model organisms due to their high diversity and position at the top of food chains. The pressures upon mountain bird populations include climate change, human disturbance, land abandonment, and air pollution, whose impacts are little understood. Ambient ozone (O3) is one of the most important air pollutants occurring in elevated concentrations in mountain conditions. Although laboratory experiments and indirect course-scale evidence suggest its negative effects on birds, population-level impacts remain unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we analysed a unique 25-years long time series of annual monitoring of bird populations conducted at fixed sites under constant effort in a Central European mountain range, the Giant Mountains, Czechia. We related annual population growth rates of 51 bird species to O3 concentrations measured during the breeding season and hypothesized (i) an overall negative relationship across all species, and (ii) more negative O3 effects at higher altitudes due to increasing O3 concentration along altitudinal gradient. After controlling for the influence of weather conditions on bird population growth rates, we found an indication of the overall negative effect of O3 concentration, but it was insignificant. However, the effect became stronger and significant when we performed a separate analysis of upland species occupying the alpine zone above treeline. In these species, populations growth rates were lower after the years experiencing higher O3 concentration indicating an adverse impact of O3 on bird breeding. This impact corresponds well to O3 behaviour and mountain bird ecology. Our study thus represents the first step towards mechanistic understanding of O3 impacts on animal populations in nature linking the experimental results with indirect indications at the country-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Reif
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia.
| | - Anna Gamero
- Czech Society for Ornithology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Flousek
- Krkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, Czechia
| | - Iva Hůnová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia; Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czechia
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Guo K, Yan L, He Y, Li H, Lam SS, Peng W, Sonne C. Phytoremediation as a potential technique for vehicle hazardous pollutants around highways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121130. [PMID: 36693585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the synchronous development of highway construction and the urban economy, automobiles have entered thousands of households as essential means of transportation. This paper reviews the latest research progress in using phytoremediation technology to remediate the environmental pollution caused by automobile exhaust in recent years, including the prospects for stereoscopic forestry. Currently, most automobiles on the global market are internal combustion vehicles using fossil energy sources as the primary fuel, such as gasoline, diesel, and liquid or compressed natural gas. The composition of vehicle exhaust is relatively complex. When it enters the atmosphere, it is prone to a series of chemical reactions to generate various secondary pollutants, which are very harmful to human beings, plants, animals, and the eco-environment. Despite improving the automobile fuel quality and installing exhaust gas purification devices, helping to reduce air pollution, the treatment costs of these approaches are expensive and cannot achieve zero emissions of automobile exhaust pollutants. The purification of vehicle exhaust by plants is a crucial way to remediate the environmental pollution caused by automobile exhaust and improve the environment along the highway by utilizing the ecosystem's self-regulating ability. Therefore, it has become a global trend to use phytoremediation technology to restore the automobile exhaust pollution. Now, there is no scientific report or systematic review about how plants absorb vehicle pollutants. The screening and configuration of suitable plant species is the most crucial aspect of successful phytoremediation. The mechanisms of plant adsorption, metabolism, and detoxification are reviewed in this paper to address the problem of automobile exhaust pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Guo
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lijun Yan
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yifeng He
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hanyin Li
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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Guo W, Yang Y, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li G, Sun W, She J. Chemical reactivity of volatile organic compounds and their effects on ozone formation in a petrochemical industrial area of Lanzhou, Western China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:155901. [PMID: 35569665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of ozone (O3) and its precursors were performed in the summer of 2019 in Lanzhou, a petrochemical industrial city, to better understand the reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on O3 production. During the campaign, the daily maximum 8-hour average (MDA8) O3, NO2, and total VOC (TVOC) concentrations reached 72.2 ± 19.9 ppb, 24.9 ± 10.8 ppb, and 50.8 ± 46.1 ppb, respectively. Alkanes, alkenes, halocarbons, aromatics, and alkynes contributed 45.3%, 24.0%, 16.5%, 10.0%, and 4.2% to TVOCs, respectively. The OH reactivity and relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of VOCs at different times were calculated. The results indicated that alkenes played a predominant role, accounting for an average of 68.5% of the initial VOC reactivity. Compared to other regions, alkenes are relatively more important for O3 formation in the petrochemical industry area of Lanzhou, while aromatics are relatively less important. Generally, O3 formation occurred in a VOC-limited regime in the morning and in a transitional regime in the afternoon. The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a chemical box model was applied to obtain relationships between O3 and its precursors and determine the most effective way to reduce the O3 concentration. Reduction in the non-alkene concentration slightly affected the O3 concentration. In contrast, the effect of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was closely related to the alkene concentration, and NOx concentration reduction could lead to an increase in the O3 concentration when alkenes were abated to less than 80% of the present concentration. To mitigate O3 pollution near the petrochemical industrial area of Lanzhou, reducing the alkene concentration, especially the C4 alkene concentration (1,3-butadiene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene), was the fastest and most effective control strategy. The results of this study serve as a reference for O3 pollution control in petrochemical industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Northwest Institute of Eco-environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuhuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yongle Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing She
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Hobday R, Collignon P. An Old Defence Against New Infections: The Open-Air Factor and COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14:e26133. [PMID: 35875284 PMCID: PMC9300299 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Outdoors, the risks of transmission of COVID-19 and many other respiratory infections are low. Several environmental factors are known to reduce the viability of viruses and other infectious pathogens in the air. They include variations in temperature, relative humidity, solar ultraviolet radiation, and dilution effects. But one agent that reduces the viability of both viruses and bacteria outdoors, the germicidal open-air factor (OAF), has not been properly recognized for decades. This is despite robust evidence that the OAF can influence both the survival of airborne pathogens and the course of infections. The germicidal effects of outdoor air were widely exploited during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Firstly, in the treatment of tuberculosis patients who underwent 'open-air therapy' in sanatoria; and secondly by military surgeons during the First World War. They used the same open-air regimen in specially designed hospital wards to disinfect and heal severe wounds among injured soldiers. It was also used on influenza patients during the 1918-19 pandemic. Later, in the 1950s, open-air disinfection and treatment of burns were proposed in the event of nuclear warfare. During the 1960s, the OAF briefly returned to prominence when biodefence scientists conducted experiments proving that open air has a potent germicidal effect. When this work ended in the 1970s, interest in the OAF again fell away, and it remains largely ignored. The COVID-19 pandemic has revived interest in understanding the transmission dynamics and survival of viruses in the air. The pandemic has also stimulated research in the science and practice of improved ventilation to control respiratory infections. Such work is incomplete without an appreciation of the inactivation of viruses and other pathogens by the OAF, but this needs further investigation as a matter of urgency. Research to better understand the conditions under which the OAF can be preserved indoors is urgently needed. We need to review building design with better regard to infection control and patient recovery. But we need to act without delay, as there is already sufficient evidence to show that public health generally would improve if more emphasis was placed on increased exposure to outdoor air.
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Xu D, Yuan Z, Wang M, Zhao K, Liu X, Duan Y, Fu Q, Wang Q, Jing S, Wang H, Zhao X. Multi-factor reconciliation of discrepancies in ozone-precursor sensitivity retrieved from observation- and emission-based models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106952. [PMID: 34717174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level O3 pollution has been continuously worsening in China despite gradual improvement in other major pollutant levels. Understanding the sensitivity of O3 production to its precursors (OPS) is a prerequisite for formulating effective O3 control measures, but this has been hampered by significant discrepancies in OPS produced by traditional identification approaches using observation-based models (OBM) and emission-based models (EBM). In this study, by applying OBM and EBM in parallel within a month having significant O3 pollution in Shanghai, China, we demonstrated that a lack of carbonyl input, overestimation in NO2 monitoring data, and differences in simulation period and emission reduction area were the core factors leading to OPS discrepancies, and that a reliable OPS cannot be obtained unless these factors are reconciled. By collectively addressing these factors, the number of days with a consistent OPS from both models increased from 6-7 to 20-21 in a month, and the R value defined to quantify the discrepancy decreased by ∼55%. The contributions of these factors to OPS discrepancy differed greatly in urban and suburban settings, mainly caused by differences in pollutant emission and transport characteristics. Overall, OPS identified solely by OBM or EBM is associated with great uncertainty, while reliable OPS estimation can be achieved by a collective application of OBM and EBM with consensus on the above factors. The method demonstrated here could be applied to other photo-chemically active regions worldwide as part of efforts to address ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Kaihui Zhao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Nanjing Intelligent Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211800, China
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Balasubramanian R. Air quality changes in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown: A critical review. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2021; 264:105823. [PMID: 34456403 PMCID: PMC8384485 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the rapid spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) within and across countries and the need to protect public health, governments worldwide introduced unprecedented measures such as restricted road and air travel and reduced human mobility in 2020. The curtailment of personal travel and economic activity provided a unique opportunity for researchers to assess the interplay between anthropogenic emissions of primary air pollutants, their physical transport, chemical transformation, ultimate fate and potential health impacts. In general, reductions in the atmospheric levels of outdoor air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed in many countries during the lockdowns. However, the levels of ozone (O3), a secondary air pollutant linked to asthma and respiratory ailments, and secondary PM were frequently reported to remain unchanged or even increase. An increase in O3 can enhance the formation of secondary PM2.5, especially secondary organic aerosols, through the atmospheric oxidation of VOCs. Given that the gaseous precursors of O3 (VOCs and NOx) are also involved in the formation of secondary PM2.5, an integrated control strategy should focus on reducing the emission of the common precursors for the co-mitigation of PM2.5 and O3 with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions. Compared to outdoor air quality, comprehensive investigations of indoor air quality (IAQ) are relatively sparse. People spend more than 80% of their time indoors with exposure to air pollutants of both outdoor and indoor origins. Consequently, an integrated assessment of exposure to air pollutants in both outdoor and indoor microenvironments is needed for effective urban air quality management and for mitigation of health risk. To provide further insights into air quality, we do a critical review of scientific articles, published from January 2020 to December 2020 across the globe. Finally, we discuss policy implications of our review in the context of global air quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Mohd Hanif N, Limi Hawari NSS, Othman M, Abd Hamid HH, Ahamad F, Uning R, Ooi MCG, Wahab MIA, Sahani M, Latif MT. Ambient volatile organic compounds in tropical environments: Potential sources, composition and impacts - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131355. [PMID: 34710962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are widely recognized to affect the environment and human health. This review provides a comprehensive presentation of the types and levels of VOCs, their sources and potential effects on human health and the environment based on past and current observations made at tropical sites. Isoprene was found to be the dominant biogenic VOC in the tropics. Tropical broad leaf evergreen trees are the main emitters of isoprene, making up more than 70% of the total emissions. The VOCs found in the tropical remote marine atmosphere included isoprene (>100 ppt), dimethyl sulfide (≤100 ppt) and halocarbons, i.e. bromoform (≤8.4 ppt), dibromomethane (≤2.7 ppt) and dibromochloromethane (≤1.6 ppt). VOCs such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are the most monitored anthropogenic VOCs and are present mainly due to motor vehicles emissions. Additionally, biomass burning contributes to anthropogenic VOCs, especially high molecular weight VOCs, e.g. methanol and acetonitrile. The relative contributions of VOC species to ozone are determined through the level of the Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) of different species. Emissions of VOCs (e.g. very short-lived halogenated gases) in the tropics are capable of contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion. BTEX has been identified as the main types of VOCs that are associated with the cancer risk in urban areas in tropical regions. Finally, future studies related to VOCs in the tropics and their associated health risks are needed to address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfazrin Mohd Hanif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ahamad
- AQ Expert Solutions, Jalan Dato Muda Linggi, Seremban, 70100, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Royston Uning
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Maggie Chel Gee Ooi
- Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram A Wahab
- Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, Center for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, Center for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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O3 Concentration and Its Relation with BVOC Emissions in a Subtropical Plantation. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An empirical model of O3 is developed using the measurements of emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), O3 concentration, global solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and meteorological variables in a subtropical Pinus plantation, China, during 2013–2016. In view of the different structures of isoprene and monoterpenes, two empirical models of O3 concentration are developed, considering PAR absorption and scattering due to gases, liquids and particles (GLPs), as well as PAR attenuation caused by O3 and BVOCs. The estimated O3 is in agreement with the observations, and validation of the O3 empirical model is conducted. O3 concentrations are more sensitive to changes in PAR and water vapor than S/Q (horizontal diffuse to global solar radiation) and BVOC emissions. O3 is positive to changes in isoprene emission at low light and high GLPs, or negative at high light and low GLPs; O3 is negative to changes in monoterpene emissions. O3 are positive with the changes of PAR, water vapor and S/Q. It is suggested to control human-induced high BVOC emissions, regulate plant cutting, and reduce NOx and SO2 emissions more strictly than ever before. There are inverted U-shape interactions between O3 and its driving factors, and S/Q controls their turning points.
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12
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Dai Z, Li D, Ao Z, Wang S, An T. Theoretical exploration of VOCs removal mechanism by carbon nanotubes through persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes: Adsorption and catalytic oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124684. [PMID: 33307410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-catalyzed persulfate activation for the removal of gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has not been reported yet, and the corresponding fundamental mechanisms of VOCs adsorption and the subsequent VOCs degradation remain controversial. In this work, theoretical chemistry calculations were carried out to explore the VOCs removal mechanism by the persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (P-AOPs) for VOCs removal over single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). This study provided detailed theoretical insights into the SWCNT/P-AOPs for VOCs treatment in terms of adsorption, activation, mineralization, and diffusion of VOCs or peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Various VOCs were found to be preferentially adsorbed onto SWCNT, and the adsorption strength of VOCs was found to be significantly dependent on their polarizability. On the other side, PMS adsorbed on SWCNT could be efficiently activated through accepting π electron in the sp2 carbon matrix of SWCNT rather than the electrons at dangling bonds to generate •OH radicals attributed to the strong interaction between PMS and SWCNT. Formaldehyde was then taken as an example to evaluate the catalytic degradation pathways via SWCNT/P-AOPs. Under the attack of •OH radicals, the ultrafast degradation pathway of formaldehyde with no byproduct CO was identified with ultralow reaction energy barrier and large energy release. In addition, factors affecting the adsorption of organic compounds were identified and the detailed PMS activation pathway was present directly in this work. Above all, this work extended the carbons/P-AOPs system to VOCs abatement and presented systematic evidences for the essential mechanisms associated with VOCs adsorption and PMS activation by SWCNT, and the corresponding removal pathway and mechanism were also understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Dai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Didi Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Zhimin Ao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
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13
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Mermet K, Perraudin E, Dusanter S, Sauvage S, Léonardis T, Flaud PM, Bsaibes S, Kammer J, Michoud V, Gratien A, Cirtog M, Al Ajami M, Truong F, Batut S, Hecquet C, Doussin JF, Schoemaecker C, Gros V, Locoge N, Villenave E. Atmospheric reactivity of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a maritime pine forest during the LANDEX episode 1 field campaign. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144129. [PMID: 33310213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas measurements were performed during the LANDEX (the LANDes EXperiment) Episode 1 field campaign in the summer 2017, in one of the largest European maritime pine forests (> 95% Pinus pinaster) located in southwestern France. Efforts have been focused on obtaining a good speciation of 20 major biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs, including pinenes, carenes, terpinenes, linalool, camphene, etc.). This was made possible by the development of a new and specific chromatographic method. In order to assess the role of BVOCs in the local gas phase chemistry budget, their reactivity with the main atmospheric oxidants (hydroxyl radicals (OH), ozone (O3) and nitrate radicals (NO3)) and the corresponding consumption rates were determined. When considering the OH reactivity with BVOCs, isoprene and linalool accounted for 10-47% of the OH depletion during daytime, and monoterpenes for 50-65%, whereas monoterpenes were the main contributors during the night (70-85%). Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes were the main contributors to the ozone reactivity, especially β-caryophyllene (30-70%), with a maximum contribution during nighttime. Nighttime nitrate reactivity was predominantly due to monoterpenes (i.e. 90-95%). Five specific groups have been proposed to classify the 19 BVOCs measured in the forest, according to their reactivity with atmospheric oxidants and their concentrations. The total amount of BVOCs consumed under and above the forest canopy was evaluated for 7 BVOCs (i.e. isoprene, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene + cis-ocimene and Δ3-carene). The reactivity of atmospheric oxidants and BVOCs at a local level are discussed in order to highlight the compounds (BVOCs, other VOCs), the atmospheric oxidants and the main associated reactive processes observed under the canopy of a maritime pine forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Mermet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France; IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Perraudin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Sauvage
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Thierry Léonardis
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Sandy Bsaibes
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Kammer
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Michoud
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Aline Gratien
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Manuela Cirtog
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Mohamad Al Ajami
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - François Truong
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Hecquet
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Francois Doussin
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, PC2A, UMR 8522, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille - SAGE, Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Eric Villenave
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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14
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Wang N, Zannoni N, Ernle L, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Li M, Weschler CJ, Williams J. Total OH Reactivity of Emissions from Humans: In Situ Measurement and Budget Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:149-159. [PMID: 33295177 PMCID: PMC7788569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are a potent, mobile source of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments. Such direct anthropogenic emissions are gaining importance, as those from furnishings and building materials have become better regulated and energy efficient homes may reduce ventilation. While previous studies have characterized human emissions in indoor environments, the question remains whether VOCs remain unidentified by current measuring techniques. In this study conducted in a climate chamber occupied by four people, the total OH reactivity of air was quantified, together with multiple VOCs measured by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (fast-GC-MS). Whole-body, breath, and dermal emissions were assessed. The comparison of directly measured OH reactivity and that of the summed reactivity of individually measured species revealed no significant shortfall. Ozone exposure (37 ppb) was found to have little influence on breath OH reactivity but enhanced dermal OH reactivity significantly. Without ozone, the whole-body OH reactivity was dominated by breath emissions, mostly isoprene (76%). With ozone present, OH reactivity nearly doubled, with the increase being mainly caused by dermal emissions of mostly carbonyl compounds (57%). No significant difference in total OH reactivity was observed for different age groups (teenagers/young adults/seniors) without ozone. With ozone present, the total OH reactivity decreased slightly with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijing Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Mengze Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental
and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- The
Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
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15
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Observation-Based Summer O3 Control Effect Evaluation: A Case Study in Chengdu, a Megacity in Sichuan Basin, China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3), which is mainly from the photochemical reactions of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has become a crucial pollutant obstructing air quality improvement in China. Understanding the composition, temporal variability and source apportionment of VOCs is necessary for determining effective control measures to minimize VOCs and their related photochemical pollution. To provide a comprehensive analysis of VOC sources and their contributions to ozone formation in the city of Chengdu—a megacity with the highest rates of industrial and economic development in southwest China—we conducted a one-month monitoring project at three urban sites (Shuangliu, Xindu, Junpingjie; SL, XD and JPJ, respectively) along the main north–south meteorological transport channel before and during the implemented control measures. Alkanes were the dominant group at each site, contributing to around 50% of the observed total VOCs, followed by oxygen-containing VOCs (OVOCs), aromatics, halohydrocarbons and alkenes. During the control period, the mixing ratios of most measured VOC species decreased, and O3 concentrations were down by at least 20%. VOC species experiencing the most effect from control were aromatics and OVOCs, which had higher O3 formation reactivity. This indicated that the control policies had significant influence on reductions of reactive VOC species. We also identified VOC sources at SL and XD using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and assessed their contributions to photochemical O3 formation by calculating the O3 formation potential (OFP) based on mass concentrations and maximum incremental reactivity of related VOCs. Five dominant VOC sources were identified, with the highest contributions from vehicular exhaust and fuel evaporation before control, followed by solvent utilization, biogenic background and secondary formation, and industrial emissions. Contribution from vehicular exhaust was reduced the most at SL, while at XD, secondary formation VOCs decreased significantly. VOCs from vehicular and industrial emissions and solvent utilization were found to be the dominant precursors for OFPs, particularly the species of xylenes, toluene and propene. Our results therefore suggest that priority should be given to the alleviation of photochemical pollutants for effective control of O3 formation in Chengdu. The findings from this work have important implications for formulating effective emission control policies in Chengdu.
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16
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Li J, Sakamoto Y, Kohno N, Fujii T, Matsuoka K, Takemura M, Zhou J, Nakagawa M, Murano K, Sadanaga Y, Nakashima Y, Sato K, Takami A, Yoshino A, Nakayama T, Kato S, Kajii Y. Total hydroxyl radical reactivity measurements in a suburban area during AQUAS-Tsukuba campaign in summer 2017. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:139897. [PMID: 32563867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Missing hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity from unknown/unmeasured trace species empirically accounts for 10%-30% of total OH reactivity and may cause significant uncertainty regarding estimation of photochemical ozone production. Thus, it is essential to unveil the missing OH reactivity for developing an effective ozone mitigation strategy. In this study, we conducted simultaneous observations of total OH reactivity and 54 reactive trace species in a suburban area as part of the Air QUAlity Study (AQUAS)-Tsukuba campaign for the summer of 2017 to gain in-depth insight into total OH reactivity in an area that experienced relatively high contributions of secondary pollutants. The campaign identified on average 35.3% of missing OH reactivity among total OH reactivity (12.9 s-1). In general, ozone-production potential estimation categorized ozone formation in this area as volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited conditions, and missing OH reactivity may increase ozone production potential 40% on average if considered. Our results suggest the importance of photochemical processes of both AVOCs and BVOCs for the production of missing OH reactivity and that we may underestimate the importance of reducing precursors in approach to suppressing ozone production if we ignore the contribution of their photochemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Li
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan; Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Nanase Kohno
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomihide Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Marina Takemura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Jun Zhou
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Maho Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Kentaro Murano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sadanaga
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshino
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakayama
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shungo Kato
- Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan; Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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17
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Qin M, Murphy BN, Isaacs KK, McDonald BC, Lu Q, McKeen SA, Koval L, Robinson AL, Efstathiou C, Allen C, Pye HO. Criteria pollutant impacts of volatile chemical products informed by near-field modeling. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2020; N/A:1-57. [PMID: 33134558 PMCID: PMC7592713 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-020-00614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Consumer, industrial, and commercial product usage is a source of exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals. In addition, cleaning agents, personal care products, coatings, and other volatile chemical products (VCPs), evaporate and react in the atmosphere producing secondary pollutants. Here, we show high air emissions from VCP usage (≥ 14 kg person-1 yr-1, at least 1.7× higher than current operational estimates) are supported by multiple estimation methods and constraints imposed by ambient levels of ozone, hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity, and the organic component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Pasadena, California. A near-field model, which estimates human chemical exposure during or in the vicinity of product use, indicates these high air emissions are consistent with organic product usage up to ~75 kg person-1 yr-1, and inhalation of consumer products could be a non-negligible exposure pathway. After constraining the PM2.5 yield to 5% by mass, VCPs produce ~41% of the photochemical organic PM2.5 (1.1 ± 0.3 μg m-3) and ~17% of maximum daily 8-hr average ozone (9 ± 2 ppb) in summer Los Angeles. Therefore, both toxicity and ambient criteria pollutant formation should be considered when organic substituents are developed for VCPs in pursuit of safer and sustainable products and cleaner air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momei Qin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participant at the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence to: Momei Qin () and Havala Pye ()
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Quanyang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart A. McKeen
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren Koval
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participant at the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allen L. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christos Efstathiou
- General Dynamics Information Technology Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chris Allen
- General Dynamics Information Technology Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Havala O.T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Correspondence to: Momei Qin () and Havala Pye ()
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18
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Yao D, Zhao S, Yang S, Ji D, Sun J, Wang Y, Liu Z, Hu B, Zhang R, Wang Y. Significant decreases in the volatile organic compound concentration, atmospheric oxidation capacity and photochemical reactivity during the National Day holiday over a suburban site in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114657. [PMID: 33618483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To what extent anthropogenic emissions could influence volatile organic compound (VOCs) concentrations and related atmospheric reactivity is still poorly understood. China's 70th National Day holidays, during which anthropogenic emissions were significantly reduced to ensure good air quality on Anniversary Day, provides a unique opportunity to investigate these processes. Atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), OH reactivity, secondary transformation, O3 formation and VOCs-PM2.5 sensitivity are evaluated based on parameterization methods and simultaneous measurements of VOCs, O3, NOx, CO, SO2, PM2.5, JO1D, JNO2, JNO3 carried out at a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin before, during, and after the National Day holiday 2019. During the National Day holidays, the AOC, OH reactivity, O3 formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) were 1.6 × 107 molecules cm-3 s-1, 41.8 s-1, 299.2 μg cm-3 and 1471.8 μg cm-3, respectively, which were 42%, 29%, 47% and 42% lower than pre-National Day values and -12%, 42%, 36% and 42% lower than post-National Day values, respectively. Reactions involving OH radicals dominated the AOC during the day, but OH radicals and O3 reactions at night. Alkanes (the degree of unsaturation = 0, (D, Equation (1)) accounted for the largest contributions to the total VOCs concentration, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs; D ≤ 1) to OH reactivity and OFP, and aromatics (D = 4) to the SOAP. O3 production was identified as VOCs-limited by VOCs (ppbC)/NOx (ppbv) ratios during the sampling campaign, with greater VOCs limitation during post- National Day and more-aged air masses during the National Day. The VOCs-sensitivity coefficient (VOCs-S) suggested that VOCs were more sensitive to PM2.5 in low-pollution domains and during the National Day holiday. This study emphasizes the importance of not only the abundance, reactivity, and secondary transformation of VOCs but also the effects of VOCs on PM2.5 for the development of effective control strategies to minimize O3 and PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O.Box 64, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dan Yao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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19
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Travis KR, Heald CL, Allen HM, Apel EC, Arnold SR, Blake DR, Brune WH, Chen X, Commane R, Crounse JD, Daube BC, Diskin GS, Elkins JW, Evans MJ, Hall SR, Hintsa EJ, Hornbrook RS, Kasibhatla PS, Kim MJ, Luo G, McKain K, Millet DB, Moore FL, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Sherwen T, Thames AB, Ullmann K, Wang X, Wennberg PO, Wolfe GM, Yu F. Constraining remote oxidation capacity with ATom observations. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:7753-7781. [PMID: 33688335 PMCID: PMC7939060 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The global oxidation capacity, defined as the tropospheric mean concentration of the hydroxyl radical (OH), controls the lifetime of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere such as methane and carbon monoxide (CO). Models tend to underestimate the methane lifetime and CO concentrations throughout the troposphere, which is consistent with excessive OH. Approximately half of the oxidation of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is thought to occur over the oceans where oxidant chemistry has received little validation due to a lack of observational constraints. We use observations from the first two deployments of the NASA ATom aircraft campaign during July-August 2016 and January-February 2017 to evaluate the oxidation capacity over the remote oceans and its representation by the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The model successfully simulates the magnitude and vertical profile of remote OH within the measurement uncertainties. Comparisons against the drivers of OH production (water vapor, ozone, and NO y concentrations, ozone photolysis frequencies) also show minimal bias, with the exception of wintertime NO y . The severe model overestimate of NO y during this period may indicate insufficient wet scavenging and/or missing loss on sea-salt aerosols. Large uncertainties in these processes require further study to improve simulated NO y partitioning and removal in the troposphere, but preliminary tests suggest that their overall impact could marginally reduce the model bias in tropospheric OH. During the ATom-1 deployment, OH reactivity (OHR) below 3 km is significantly enhanced, and this is not captured by the sum of its measured components (cOHRobs) or by the model (cOHRmod). This enhancement could suggest missing reactive VOCs but cannot be explained by a comprehensive simulation of both biotic and abiotic ocean sources of VOCs. Additional sources of VOC reactivity in this region are difficult to reconcile with the full suite of ATom measurement constraints. The model generally reproduces the magnitude and seasonality of cOHRobs but underestimates the contribution of oxygenated VOCs, mainly acetaldehyde, which is severely underestimated throughout the troposphere despite its calculated lifetime of less than a day. Missing model acetaldehyde in previous studies was attributed to measurement uncertainties that have been largely resolved. Observations of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) provide new support for remote levels of acetaldehyde. The underestimate in both model acetaldehyde and PAA is present throughout the year in both hemispheres and peaks during Northern Hemisphere summer. The addition of ocean sources of VOCs in the model increases cOHRmod by 3% to 9% and improves model-measurement agreement for acetaldehyde, particularly in winter, but cannot resolve the model summertime bias. Doing so would require 100 Tg yr-1 of a long-lived unknown precursor throughout the year with significant additional emissions in the Northern Hemisphere summer. Improving the model bias for remote acetaldehyde and PAA is unlikely to fully resolve previously reported model global biases in OH and methane lifetime, suggesting that future work should examine the sources and sinks of OH over land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Róisín Commane
- Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C. Daube
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - James W. Elkins
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mathew J. Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J. Hintsa
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Michelle J. Kim
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fred L. Moore
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexander B. Thames
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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20
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Tan Q, Liu H, Xie S, Zhou L, Song T, Shi G, Jiang W, Yang F, Wei F. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and source origins of volatile organic compounds in a megacity of Sichuan Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109478. [PMID: 32276165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As important pollution gases and represented precursors of both ozone and second organic aerosol (SOA), the component characteristics, source origins, environmental health and emission control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are gaining more and more attention in Chinese megacities. In order to understand the concentration, composition and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of VOCs in the atmosphere of Chengdu, a megacity located in Sichuan basin in southwest China, the offline sampling measurements of VOCs were carried out at 28 different field sites covering all the districts and counties of Chengdu during special periods from May 2016 to January 2017. Speciated VOCs measurement was performed by the GC-FID/MS, and 99 species were identified. The averaged total VOC mixing ratios of each sampling site were in the range from 35.03 to 180.57 ppbv. Based on these observational data, the distribution characteristics of VOCs in different months and different regions of Chengdu were clarified. The VOCs data were used to estimate the potential amount of ozone, secondary aerosol formation and health risk assessment in Chengdu. Furthermore, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify the dominant emission sources and evaluate their contribution to VOCs in the city. The two main sources of VOCs in Chengdu were motor vehicle exhaust and solvent utilization. These accounted for 43% of all emission sources. In the summertime, due to higher temperatures and stronger sunlight, the contribution of natural sources and secondary emissions were also relatively high, which were supported by the regional emission inventories. Finally, the controlling direction of VOCs and O3 pollution in Chengdu was discussed, and the VOCs pollution control strategy was proposed for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Tan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tianli Song
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenju Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fusheng Wei
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Wei N, Fang B, Zhao W, Wang C, Yang N, Zhang W, Chen W, Fittschen C. Time-Resolved Laser-Flash Photolysis Faraday Rotation Spectrometer: A New Tool for Total OH Reactivity Measurement and Free Radical Kinetics Research. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4334-4339. [PMID: 31984730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total OH reactivity (kOH') is an important parameter for quantitative assessment of the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Although laboratory measurement of kOH' has been achieved 20 years ago, the instruments required are often costly and complex. Long-term atmospheric observations remain challenging and elusive. In this work, a novel instrument combining laser-flash photolysis with a mid-infrared Faraday rotation spectrometer (LFP-FRS) has been developed for the measurement of kOH' and for studying gas phase free radical kinetics. The reactor is composed of a Herriott-type optical multipass cell, and OH radicals were generated by flash photolysis of ozone with a 266 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The decay of the OH signal was directly measured with a time-resolved FRS spectrometer at 2.8 μm. The overlapping path length between the pump beam and probe beam was 25 m. High performance was achieved by subtracting the signals before and after flash photolysis to eliminate interferences caused by H2O absorption and background drift. The optimum precisions (1σ) of OH concentration and kOH' measurement were 4 × 106 molecules cm-3 and 0.09 s-1 over data acquisition times of 56 and 112 s, respectively. The performance of the system was evaluated by the reaction of OH with CO and NO. The measured rate coefficients (kOH+CO and kOH+NO) were in good agreement with values reported in the literature. The developed LFP-FRS provides a new, high precision, and highly selective tool for atmospheric chemistry research of OH radicals and other transient paramagnetic free radicals such as HO2 radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Christa Fittschen
- Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
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22
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Characterization of Total OH Reactivity in a Rapeseed Field: Results from the COV3ER Experiment in April 2017. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Croplands remain poorly studied ecosystems in terms of total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity, especially when compared to forests. As part of the COV3ER project, total OH reactivity (ROH), defined as the total loss rate of OH due to its reaction with reactive species in the atmosphere, was characterized in a rapeseed field (Grignon, France) during the blooming season in April 2017. Measurements were performed in a dynamic chamber as well as in ambient air using the Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM). Complementary measurements of organic (including a proton transfer reaction quadrupole ion–time of flight mass spectrometry, PTRQi-ToFMS) and inorganic compounds were also performed in order to calculate the expected OH reactivity and evaluate the missing fraction. Measured ROH varied diurnally in the dynamic chamber (mROHchamber) with maxima around 20 to 30 s−1 at midday and minima during dark hours, following the variability of the enclosed branch VOCsrapeseed, which is light- and temperature-dependent. Oxygenated VOCs were the major compounds emitted by the rapeseed crop. However, in terms of contribution to OH reactivity, isoprene accounted for 40% during the daytime, followed by acetaldehyde (21%) and monoterpenes (18%). The comparison between mROHchamber and calculated ROH (cROHchamber) exhibited little or no difference during dark hours, whereas a maximum difference appeared around midday, highlighting a significant missing fraction (46% on average during daytime) mainly related to biogenic temperature- and/or light-dependent emissions.
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23
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Heald CL, Kroll JH. The fuel of atmospheric chemistry: Toward a complete description of reactive organic carbon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8967. [PMID: 32076652 PMCID: PMC7002119 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's atmosphere contains a multitude of emitted (primary) and chemically formed (secondary) gases and particles that degrade air quality and modulate the climate. Reactive organic carbon (ROC) species are the fuel of the chemistry of the atmosphere, dominating short-lived emissions, reactivity, and the secondary production of key species such as ozone, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide. Despite the central importance of ROC, the diversity and complexity of this class of species has been a longstanding obstacle to developing a comprehensive understanding of how the composition of our atmosphere, and the associated environmental implications, will evolve. Here, we characterize the role of ROC in atmospheric chemistry and the challenges inherent in measuring and modeling ROC, and highlight recent progress toward achieving mass closure for the complete description of atmospheric ROC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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24
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Jara‐Toro RA, Pino GA, Glowacki DR, Shannon RJ, Martínez‐Núñez E. Enhancing Automated Reaction Discovery with Boxed Molecular Dynamics in Energy Space. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.201900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Jara‐Toro
- INIFIQC (CONICET-UNC) Dpto. De Fisicoquímica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro Láser de Ciencias MolecularesUniversidad de Córdoba Ciudad Universitaria X50000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Gustavo A. Pino
- INIFIQC (CONICET-UNC) Dpto. De Fisicoquímica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro Láser de Ciencias MolecularesUniversidad de Córdoba Ciudad Universitaria X50000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - David R. Glowacki
- Centre for Computational Chemistry School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Robin J. Shannon
- Centre for Computational Chemistry School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Emilio Martínez‐Núñez
- Departmento de Química Física, Facultade de QuímicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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25
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Zhong J, Kumar M, Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Ruiz-Lopez MF, Zeng XC, Francisco JS. Atmospheric Spectroscopy and Photochemistry at Environmental Water Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2019; 70:45-69. [PMID: 31174459 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The air-water interface is ubiquitous in nature, as manifested in the form of the surfaces of oceans, lakes, and atmospheric aerosols. The aerosol interface, in particular, can play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. The adsorption of atmospheric species onto and into aerosols modifies their concentrations and chemistries. Moreover, the aerosol phase allows otherwise unlikely solution-phase chemistry to occur in the atmosphere. The effect of the air-water interface on these processes is not entirely known. This review summarizes recent theoretical investigations of the interactions of atmosphere species with the air-water interface, including reactant adsorption, photochemistry, and the spectroscopy of reactants at the water surface, with an emphasis on understanding differences between interfacial chemistries and the chemistries in both bulk solution and the gas phase. The results discussed here enable an understanding of fundamental concepts that lead to potential air-water interface effects, providing a framework to understand the effects of water surfaces on our atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - J M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M T C Martins-Costa
- Le Laboratoire Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), CNRS UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M F Ruiz-Lopez
- Le Laboratoire Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), CNRS UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - X C Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68566, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, USA;
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26
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Demetillo MAG, Anderson JF, Geddes JA, Yang X, Najacht EY, Herrera SA, Kabasares KM, Kotsakis AE, Lerdau MT, Pusede SE. Observing Severe Drought Influences on Ozone Air Pollution in California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4695-4706. [PMID: 30968688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drought conditions affect ozone air quality, potentially altering multiple terms in the O3 mass balance equation. Here, we present a multiyear observational analysis using data collected before, during, and after the record-breaking California drought (2011-2015) at the O3-polluted locations of Fresno and Bakersfield near the Sierra Nevada foothills. We separately assess drought influences on O3 chemical production ( PO3) from O3 concentration. We show that isoprene concentrations, which are a source of O3-forming organic reactivity, were relatively insensitive to early drought conditions but decreased by more than 50% during the most severe drought years (2014-2015), with recovery a function of location. We find drought-isoprene effects are temperature-dependent, even after accounting for changes in leaf area, consistent with laboratory studies but not previously observed at landscape scales with atmospheric observations. Drought-driven decreases in organic reactivity are contemporaneous with a change in dominant oxidation mechanism, with PO3 becoming more NO x-suppressed, leading to a decrease in PO3 of ∼20%. We infer reductions in atmospheric O3 loss of ∼15% during the most severe drought period, consistent with past observations of decreases in O3 uptake by plants. We consider drought-related trends in O3 variability on synoptic time scales by analyzing statistics of multiday high-O3 events. We discuss implications for regulating O3 air pollution in California and other locations under more prevalent drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Angelique G Demetillo
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Jaime F Anderson
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Geddes
- Department of Earth and Environment , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Emily Y Najacht
- Department of Chemistry , Saint Mary's College , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Solianna A Herrera
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Kyle M Kabasares
- Department of Physics , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Alexander E Kotsakis
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Manuel T Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
- Department of Biology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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27
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Weichenthal S, Shekarrizfard M, Traub A, Kulka R, Al-Rijleh K, Anowar S, Evans G, Hatzopoulou M. Within-City Spatial Variations in Multiple Measures of PM 2.5 Oxidative Potential in Toronto, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2799-2810. [PMID: 30735615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have characterized within-city spatial variations in the oxidative potential of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5). In this study, we evaluated multiple measures of PM2.5 oxidative potential across Toronto, Canada (2016-2017), including glutathione/ascorbate-related oxidative potential (OPGSH and OPAA) and dithiothreitol depletion (OPDTT). Integrated 2-week samples were collected from 67 sites in summer and 42 sites in winter. Multivariable linear models were developed to predict OP based on various land use/traffic factors, and PM2.5 metals and black carbon were also examined. All three measures of PM2.5 oxidative potential varied substantially across Toronto. OPAA and OPDTT were primarily associated with traffic-related components of PM2.5 (i.e., Fe, Cu, and black carbon) whereas OPGSH was not a strong marker for traffic during either season. During summer, multivariable models performed best for OPAA ( RCV2 = 0.48) followed by OPDTT ( RCV2 = 0.32) and OPGSH ( RCV2 = 0.22). During winter, model performance was best for OPDTT ( RCV2 = 0.55) followed by OPGSH ( RCV2 = 0.50) and OPAA ( RCV2 = 0.23). Model parameters varied between seasons, and between-season differences in PM2.5 mass concentrations were weakly/moderately correlated with seasonal differences in OP. Our findings highlight substantial within-city variations in PM2.5 oxidative potential. More detailed information is needed on local sources of air pollution to improve model performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A2 , Canada
- Air Health Science Division , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Maryam Shekarrizfard
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
| | - Alison Traub
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Air Health Science Division , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Kenan Al-Rijleh
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
| | - Sabreena Anowar
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Marianne Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
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28
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Farmer DK. Analytical Challenges and Opportunities For Indoor Air Chemistry Field Studies. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3761-3767. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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29
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Huang J, Hartmann H, Hellén H, Wisthaler A, Perreca E, Weinhold A, Rücker A, van Dam NM, Gershenzon J, Trumbore S, Behrendt T. New Perspectives on CO 2, Temperature, and Light Effects on BVOC Emissions Using Online Measurements by PTR-MS and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13811-13823. [PMID: 30335995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, plant ecology, and physiology, and biogenic VOC (BVOC) emitted by plants is the largest VOC source. Our knowledge about how environmental drivers (e.g., carbon, light, and temperature) may regulate BVOC emissions is limited because they are often not controlled. We combined a greenhouse facility to manipulate atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy to investigate the regulation of BVOC in Norway spruce. Our results indicate a direct relationship between [CO2] and methanol and acetone emissions, and their temperature and light dependencies, possibly related to substrate availability. The composition of monoterpenes stored in needles remained constant, but emissions of mono-(linalool) and sesquiterpenes (β-farnesene) increased at lower [CO2], with the effects being most pronounced at the highest air temperature. Pulse-labeling suggested an immediate incorporation of recently assimilated carbon into acetone, mono- and sesquiterpene emissions even under 50 ppm [CO2]. Our results provide new perspectives on CO2, temperature and light effects on BVOC emissions, in particular how they depend on stored pools and recent photosynthetic products. Future studies using smaller but more seedlings may allow sufficient replication to examine the physiological mechanisms behind the BVOC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish Meteorological Institute , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Erica Perreca
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Jena , Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research , Leipzig , Germany
- Institute of Ecology , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Susan Trumbore
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena , Germany
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30
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Millet DB, Alwe HD, Chen X, Deventer MJ, Griffis TJ, Holzinger R, Bertman SB, Rickly PS, Stevens PS, Léonardis T, Locoge N, Dusanter S, Tyndall GS, Alvarez SL, Erickson MH, Flynn JH. Bidirectional Ecosystem-Atmosphere Fluxes of Volatile Organic Compounds Across the Mass Spectrum: How Many Matter? ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2018; 2:764-777. [PMID: 33615099 PMCID: PMC7894362 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are simultaneously the largest source and a major sink of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the global atmosphere, and these two-way fluxes are an important source of uncertainty in current models. Here, we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry (proton transfer reaction-quadrupole interface time-of-flight; PTR-QiTOF) to measure ecosystem-atmosphere VOC fluxes across the entire detected mass range (m/z 0-335) over a mixed temperate forest and use the results to test how well a state-of-science chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) is able to represent the observed reactive carbon exchange. We show that ambient humidity fluctuations can give rise to spurious VOC fluxes with PTR-based techniques and present a method to screen for such effects. After doing so, 377 of the 636 detected ions exhibited detectable gross fluxes during the study, implying a large number of species with active ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. We introduce the reactivity flux as a measure of how Earth-atmosphere fluxes influence ambient OH reactivity and show that the upward total VOC (∑VOC) carbon and reactivity fluxes are carried by a far smaller number of species than the downward fluxes. The model underpredicts the ∑VOC carbon and reactivity fluxes by 40-60% on average. However, the observed net fluxes are dominated (90% on a carbon basis, 95% on a reactivity basis) by known VOCs explicitly included in the CTM. As a result, the largest CTM uncertainties in simulating VOC carbon and reactivity exchange for this environment are associated with known rather than unrepresented species. This conclusion pertains to the set of species detectable by PTR-TOF techniques, which likely represents the majority in terms of carbon mass and OH reactivity, but not necessarily in terms of aerosol formation potential. In the case of oxygenated VOCs, the model severely underpredicts the gross fluxes and the net exchange. Here, unrepresented VOCs play a larger role, accounting for ~30% of the carbon flux and ~50% of the reactivity flux. The resulting CTM biases, however, are still smaller than those that arise from uncertainties for known and represented compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steven B. Bertman
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | | | | | - Thierry Léonardis
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffrey S. Tyndall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | | | - James H. Flynn
- University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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Martins-Costa MTC, Anglada JM, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Impacts of cloud water droplets on the OH production rate from peroxide photolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:31621-31627. [PMID: 29164201 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the difference between observed and modeled concentrations of HOx radicals in the troposphere is a current major issue in atmospheric chemistry. It is widely believed that existing atmospheric models miss a source of such radicals and several potential new sources have been proposed. In recent years, interest has increased on the role played by cloud droplets and organic aerosols. Computer modeling of ozone photolysis, for instance, has shown that atmospheric aqueous interfaces accelerate the associated OH production rate by as much as 3-4 orders of magnitude. Since methylhydroperoxide is a main source and sink of HOx radicals, especially at low NOx concentrations, it is fundamental to assess what is the influence of clouds on its chemistry and photochemistry. In this study, computer simulations for the photolysis of methylhydroperoxide at the air-water interface have been carried out showing that the OH production rate is severely enhanced, reaching a comparable level to ozone photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T C Martins-Costa
- SRSMC, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Large unexplained suite of chemically reactive compounds present in ambient air due to biomass fires. Sci Rep 2018; 8:626. [PMID: 29330495 PMCID: PMC5766614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass fires impact global atmospheric chemistry. The reactive compounds emitted and formed due to biomass fires drive ozone and organic aerosol formation, affecting both air quality and climate. Direct hydroxyl (OH) Reactivity measurements quantify total gaseous reactive pollutant loadings and comparison with measured compounds yields the fraction of unmeasured compounds. Here, we quantified the magnitude and composition of total OH reactivity in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain. More than 120% increase occurred in total OH reactivity (28 s-1 to 64 s-1) and from no missing OH reactivity in the normal summertime air, the missing OH reactivity fraction increased to ~40 % in the post-harvest summertime period influenced by large scale biomass fires highlighting presence of unmeasured compounds. Increased missing OH reactivity between the two summertime periods was associated with increased concentrations of compounds with strong photochemical source such as acetaldehyde, acetone, hydroxyacetone, nitromethane, amides, isocyanic acid and primary emissions of acetonitrile and aromatic compounds. Currently even the most detailed state-of-the art atmospheric chemistry models exclude formamide, acetamide, nitromethane and isocyanic acid and their highly reactive precursor alkylamines (e.g. methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine). For improved understanding of atmospheric chemistry-air quality-climate feedbacks in biomass-fire impacted atmospheric environments, future studies should include these compounds.
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Kim S, Sanchez D, Wang M, Seco R, Jeong D, Hughes S, Barletta B, Blake DR, Jung J, Kim D, Lee G, Lee M, Ahn J, Lee SD, Cho G, Sung MY, Lee YH, Kim DB, Kim Y, Woo JH, Jo D, Park R, Park JH, Hong YD, Hong JH. OH reactivity in urban and suburban regions in Seoul, South Korea - an East Asian megacity in a rapid transition. Faraday Discuss 2017; 189:231-51. [PMID: 27138104 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
South Korea has recently achieved developed country status with the second largest megacity in the world, the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). This study provides insights into future changes in air quality for rapidly emerging megacities in the East Asian region. We present total OH reactivity observations in the SMA conducted at an urban Seoul site (May-June, 2015) and a suburban forest site (Sep, 2015). The total OH reactivity in an urban site during the daytime was observed at similar levels (∼15 s(-1)) to those previously reported from other East Asian megacity studies. Trace gas observations indicate that OH reactivity is largely accounted for by NOX (∼50%) followed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (∼35%). Isoprene accounts for a substantial fraction of OH reactivity among the comprehensive VOC observational dataset (25-47%). In general, observed total OH reactivity can be accounted for by the observed trace gas dataset. However, observed total OH reactivity in the suburban forest area cannot be largely accounted for (∼70%) by the trace gas measurements. The importance of biogenic VOC (BVOCs) emissions and oxidations used to evaluate the impacts of East Asian megacity outflows for the regional air quality and climate contexts are highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Dianne Sanchez
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Mark Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Roger Seco
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Daun Jeong
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Stacey Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Jinsang Jung
- The Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea 34113
| | - Deugsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, South Korea 573-701
| | - Gangwoong Lee
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea 449-791
| | - Meehye Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea 02841
| | - Joonyoung Ahn
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Sang-Deok Lee
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Gangnam Cho
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Min-Young Sung
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Dan Bi Kim
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Younha Kim
- Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 05025
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 05025
| | - Duseong Jo
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 08826
| | - Rokjin Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 08826
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - You-Deog Hong
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Ji-Hyung Hong
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
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Wei X, Lyu S, Yu Y, Wang Z, Liu H, Pan D, Chen J. Phylloremediation of Air Pollutants: Exploiting the Potential of Plant Leaves and Leaf-Associated Microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1318. [PMID: 28804491 PMCID: PMC5532450 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is air contaminated by anthropogenic or naturally occurring substances in high concentrations for a prolonged time, resulting in adverse effects on human comfort and health as well as on ecosystems. Major air pollutants include particulate matters (PMs), ground-level ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxides (NO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During the last three decades, air has become increasingly polluted in countries like China and India due to rapid economic growth accompanied by increased energy consumption. Various policies, regulations, and technologies have been brought together for remediation of air pollution, but the air still remains polluted. In this review, we direct attention to bioremediation of air pollutants by exploiting the potentials of plant leaves and leaf-associated microbes. The aerial surfaces of plants, particularly leaves, are estimated to sum up to 4 × 108 km2 on the earth and are also home for up to 1026 bacterial cells. Plant leaves are able to adsorb or absorb air pollutants, and habituated microbes on leaf surface and in leaves (endophytes) are reported to be able to biodegrade or transform pollutants into less or nontoxic molecules, but their potentials for air remediation has been largely unexplored. With advances in omics technologies, molecular mechanisms underlying plant leaves and leaf associated microbes in reduction of air pollutants will be deeply examined, which will provide theoretical bases for developing leaf-based remediation technologies or phylloremediation for mitigating pollutants in the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Wei
- Fujian Univeristy Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of FloridaApopka, FL, United States
| | - Shiheng Lyu
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of FloridaApopka, FL, United States
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Univeristy Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Fujian Univeristy Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Dongming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Fujian Univeristy Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of FloridaApopka, FL, United States
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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35
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Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds in a Typical Urban Area of Beijing: Pollution Characterization, Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nölscher AC, Yañez-Serrano AM, Wolff S, de Araujo AC, Lavrič JV, Kesselmeier J, Williams J. Unexpected seasonality in quantity and composition of Amazon rainforest air reactivity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10383. [PMID: 26797390 PMCID: PMC4735797 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) removes most atmospheric pollutants from air. The loss frequency of OH radicals due to the combined effect of all gas-phase OH reactive species is a measureable quantity termed total OH reactivity. Here we present total OH reactivity observations in pristine Amazon rainforest air, as a function of season, time-of-day and height (0–80 m). Total OH reactivity is low during wet (10 s−1) and high during dry season (62 s−1). Comparison to individually measured trace gases reveals strong variation in unaccounted for OH reactivity, from 5 to 15% missing in wet-season afternoons to mostly unknown (average 79%) during dry season. During dry-season afternoons isoprene, considered the dominant reagent with OH in rainforests, only accounts for ∼20% of the total OH reactivity. Vertical profiles of OH reactivity are shaped by biogenic emissions, photochemistry and turbulent mixing. The rainforest floor was identified as a significant but poorly characterized source of OH reactivity. The degree to which biogenic volatile organic compounds released by the Amazon canopy impact oxidation capacity remains uncertain. Here, the authors evaluate the vertical distribution of total hydroxyl radical reactivity and individual trace gases in the Amazon rainforest, and determine seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Nölscher
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - A M Yañez-Serrano
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.,Clima e Ambiente (CLIAMB), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenue André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69083-000, Brazil
| | - S Wolff
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.,Clima e Ambiente (CLIAMB), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenue André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69083-000, Brazil
| | - A Carioca de Araujo
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Belem, Pará CEP 66095-100, Brazil
| | - J V Lavrič
- Biogeochemical Systems Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - J Kesselmeier
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - J Williams
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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37
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Wang H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Mu Y, Han X. Evident elevation of atmospheric monoterpenes due to degradation-induced species changes in a semi-arid grassland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1499-1503. [PMID: 26490529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from plants have substantial effects on atmospheric chemistry/physics and feedbacks on ecosystem function. The on-going climate change and anthropogenic disturbance have been confirmed to cause the evident degradation of grassland with shift of plant community, and hence BVOCs emissions were suspected to be altered due to the different BOVCs emission potentials of different species. In this study, we investigated BVOCs concentration above ground surface during growing season in a degraded semi-arid grassland (41°2' N-45°6' N, 113°5'-117°8') in Inner Mongolia. The observed monoterpenes' concentrations varied from 0.10 to 215.78 μg m(-3) (34.88 ± 9.73 μg m(-3) in average) across 41 sites. Compared to non-degraded grassland, concentrations of monoterpenes were about 180 times higher at the sites dominated by subshrub--Artemisia frigida, a preponderant species under drought stress and over-grazing. The biomass of A. frigida explained 51.39% of the variation of monoterpenes' concentrations. α-pinene, β-pinene and γ-terpinene dominated in the 10 determined monoterpenes, accounting for 37.72 ± 2.98%, 14.65 ± 2.55% and 10.50 ± 2.37% of the total monoterpenes concentration, respectively. Low isoprene concentrations (≤ 3.25 μg m(-3)) were found and sedge biomass contributed about 51.76% to their spatial variation. α-pinene and isoprene emissions at noon were as high as 515.53 ± 88.34 μg m(-2)h(-1) and 7606.19 ± 1073.94 μg m(-2) h(-1) in A. frigida- and sedge-dominated areas where their biomass were 236.90 g m(-2) and 72.37 g m(-2), respectively. Our results suggested that the expansion of A. frigida and sedge caused by over-grazing and climatic stresses may increase local ambient BVOCs concentration in grassland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China; State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
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38
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Removal of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds via Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Short Review and Prospect. Molecules 2016; 21:56. [PMID: 26742024 PMCID: PMC6273848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments. Inhalation of VOCs can cause irritation, difficulty breathing, and nausea, and damage the central nervous system as well as other organs. Formaldehyde is a particularly important VOC as it is even a carcinogen. Removal of VOCs is thus critical to control indoor air quality (IAQ). Photocatalytic oxidation has demonstrated feasibility to remove toxic VOCs and formaldehyde from indoor environments. The technique is highly-chemical stable, inexpensive, non-toxic, and capable of removing a wide variety of organics under light irradiation. In this paper, we review and summarize the traditional air cleaning methods and current photocatalytic oxidation approaches in both of VOCs and formaldehyde degradation in indoor environments. Influencing factors such as temperature, relative humidity, deactivation and reactivations of the photocatalyst are discussed. Aspects of the application of the photocatalytic technique to improve the IAQ are suggested.
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39
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Calfapietra C, Morani A, Sgrigna G, Di Giovanni S, Muzzini V, Pallozzi E, Guidolotti G, Nowak D, Fares S. Removal of Ozone by Urban and Peri-Urban Forests: Evidence from Laboratory, Field, and Modeling Approaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:224-233. [PMID: 26828178 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.01.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A crucial issue in urban environments is the interaction between urban trees and atmospheric pollution, particularly ozone (O). Ozone represents one of the most harmful pollutants in urban and peri-urban environments, especially in warm climates. Besides the large interest in reducing anthropogenic and biogenic precursors of O emissions, there is growing scientific activity aimed at understanding O removal by vegetation, particularly trees. The intent of this paper is to provide the state of the art and suggestions to improve future studies of O fluxes and to discuss implications of O flux studies to maximize environmental services through the planning and management of urban forests. To evaluate and quantify the potential of O removal in urban and peri-urban forests, we describe experimental approaches to measure O fluxes, distinguishing laboratory experiments, field measurements, and model estimates, including recent case studies. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and conclude that the combination of the three levels of investigation is essential for estimating O removal by urban trees. We also comment on the implications of these findings for planning and management of urban forests, suggesting some key issues that should be considered to maximize O removal by urban and peri-urban forests.
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40
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Rosenkranz M, Pugh TAM, Schnitzler JP, Arneth A. Effect of land-use change and management on biogenic volatile organic compound emissions--selecting climate-smart cultivars. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1896-1912. [PMID: 25255900 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change (LUC) has fundamentally altered the form and function of the terrestrial biosphere. Increasing human population, the drive for higher living standards and the potential challenges of mitigating and adapting to global environmental change mean that further changes in LUC are unavoidable. LUC has direct consequences on climate not only via emissions of greenhouse gases and changing the surface energy balance but also by affecting the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Isoprenoids, which dominate global BVOC emissions, are highly reactive and strongly modify atmospheric composition. The effects of LUC on BVOC emissions and related atmospheric chemistry have been largely ignored so far. However, compared with natural ecosystems, most tree species used in bioenergy plantations are strong BVOC emitters, whereas intensively cultivated crops typically emit less BVOCs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on LUC-driven BVOC emissions and how these might affect atmospheric composition and climate. We further discuss land management and plant-breeding strategies, which could be taken to move towards climate-friendly BVOC emissions while simultaneously maintaining or improving key ecosystem functions such as crop yield under a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaria Rosenkranz
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Valolahti H, Kivimäenpää M, Faubert P, Michelsen A, Rinnan R. Climate change-induced vegetation change as a driver of increased subarctic biogenic volatile organic compound emissions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3478-88. [PMID: 25994223 PMCID: PMC4676918 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) have been earlier shown to be highly temperature sensitive in subarctic ecosystems. As these ecosystems experience rapidly advancing pronounced climate warming, we aimed to investigate how warming affects the BVOC emissions in the long term (up to 13 treatment years). We also aimed to assess whether the increased litterfall resulting from the vegetation changes in the warming subarctic would affect the emissions. The study was conducted in a field experiment with factorial open-top chamber warming and annual litter addition treatments on subarctic heath in Abisko, northern Sweden. After 11 and 13 treatment years, BVOCs were sampled from plant communities in the experimental plots using a push-pull enclosure technique and collection into adsorbent cartridges during the growing season and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plant species coverage in the plots was analyzed by the point intercept method. Warming by 2 °C caused a 2-fold increase in monoterpene and 5-fold increase in sesquiterpene emissions, averaged over all measurements. When the momentary effect of temperature was diminished by standardization of emissions to a fixed temperature, warming still had a significant effect suggesting that emissions were also indirectly increased. This indirect increase appeared to result from increased plant coverage and changes in vegetation composition. The litter addition treatment also caused significant increases in the emission rates of some BVOC groups, especially when combined with warming. The combined treatment had both the largest vegetation changes and the highest BVOC emissions. The increased emissions under litter addition were probably a result of a changed vegetation composition due to alleviated nutrient limitation and stimulated microbial production of BVOCs. We suggest that the changes in the subarctic vegetation composition induced by climate warming will be the major factor indirectly affecting the BVOC emission potentials and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Valolahti
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geography and Geology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopio, Finland
| | - Patrick Faubert
- Chaire en éco-conseil, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geography and Geology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geography and Geology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: Riikka Rinnan, tel. +45 51827039, fax +45 35322321, e-mail:
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Pusede SE, Steiner AL, Cohen RC. Temperature and recent trends in the chemistry of continental surface ozone. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3898-918. [PMID: 25950502 DOI: 10.1021/cr5006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison L Steiner
- §Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Oliveira RCDM, Bauerfeldt GF. Ozonolysis reactions of monoterpenes: a variational transition state investigation. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2802-12. [PMID: 25734376 DOI: 10.1021/jp5129222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The O3-initiated oxidation reactions of α-pinene ([1S,5S]-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene), β-pinene ([1R,5R]-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane), camphene ([1R,4S]-2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) and sabinene ([1R,5R]-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)bicycle[3.1.0]hexane), four monoterpenes typically emitted into the atmosphere, were studied at the B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,2p) level of theory. The rate coefficients were calculated on the basis of the variational transition state theory for two kinetic models, in order to investigate the reaction mechanism: first assuming a direct bimolecular reaction and the second, assuming the formation of a prebarrier-complex, which further reacts forming the corresponding molozonide. The barrier heights leading to the formation of exo-conformers of the molozonides of α-pinene and camphene are lower than the barrier heights for the formation of the endo-conformers of these molozonides, whereas the inverse trend is observed for β-pinene and sabinene. The canonical variational rate coefficients are found in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, especially when the prebarrier complexes are considered. Microcanonical variational rate coefficients are also calculated, as a final validation test, being found in an expected agreement with the canonical rate coefficients. The best predictions for the rate coefficients at 298 K, based on the microcanonical variational method, for α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, and sabine are (in units cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)): 6.92 × 10(-17), 1.06 × 10(-17), 4.61 × 10(-19), and 4.81 × 10(-17), respectively. Our results suggest that the prebarrier complex is an important specie in the ozone addition mechanism and should be taken into account for the proper description of the overall kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C de M Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - G F Bauerfeldt
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
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44
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Fares S, Loreto F. Isoprenoid emissions by the Mediterranean vegetation in Castelporziano. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-014-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Rinnan R, Steinke M, McGenity T, Loreto F. Plant volatiles in extreme terrestrial and marine environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1776-89. [PMID: 24601952 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding on plant and algal volatile organic compound (VOC) production and emission in extreme environments, where temperature, water availability, salinity or other environmental factors pose stress on vegetation. Here, the extreme environments include terrestrial systems, such as arctic tundra, deserts, CO₂ springs and wetlands, and marine systems such as sea ice, tidal rock pools and hypersaline environments, with mangroves and salt marshes at the land-sea interface. The emission potentials at fixed temperature and light level or actual emission rates for phototrophs in extreme environments are frequently higher than for organisms from less stressful environments. For example, plants from the arctic tundra appear to have higher emission potentials for isoprenoids than temperate species, and hypersaline marine habitats contribute to global dimethyl sulphide (DMS) emissions in significant amounts. DMS emissions are more widespread than previously considered, for example, in salt marshes and some desert plants. The reason for widespread VOC, especially isoprenoid, emissions from different extreme environments deserves further attention, as these compounds may have important roles in stress resistance and adaptation to extremes. Climate warming is likely to significantly increase VOC emissions from extreme environments both by direct effects on VOC production and volatility, and indirectly by altering the composition of the vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark; Centre for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, DK-1350, Denmark
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Niinemets Ü, Fares S, Harley P, Jardine KJ. Bidirectional exchange of biogenic volatiles with vegetation: emission sources, reactions, breakdown and deposition. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1790-809. [PMID: 24635661 PMCID: PMC4289707 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are widely modelled as inputs to atmospheric chemistry simulations. However, BVOC may interact with cellular structures and neighbouring leaves in a complex manner during volatile diffusion from the sites of release to leaf boundary layer and during turbulent transport to the atmospheric boundary layer. Furthermore, recent observations demonstrate that the BVOC emissions are bidirectional, and uptake and deposition of BVOC and their oxidation products are the rule rather than the exception. This review summarizes current knowledge of within-leaf reactions of synthesized volatiles with reactive oxygen species (ROS), uptake, deposition and storage of volatiles, and their oxidation products as driven by adsorption on leaf surface and solubilization and enzymatic detoxification inside leaves. The available evidence indicates that because of the reactions with ROS and enzymatic metabolism, the BVOC gross production rates are much larger than previously thought. The degree to which volatiles react within leaves and can be potentially taken up by vegetation depends upon compound reactivity, physicochemical characteristics, as well as upon their participation in leaf metabolism. We argue that future models should be based upon the concept of bidirectional BVOC exchange and consider modification of BVOC sink/source strengths by within-leaf metabolism and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Silvano Fares
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo, Via della Navicella 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Harley
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kolby J. Jardine
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, building 64-241, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Spectroscopic signatures of ozone at the air-water interface and photochemistry implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11618-23. [PMID: 25071195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411727111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
First-principles simulations suggest that additional OH formation in the troposphere can result from ozone interactions with the surface of cloud droplets. Ozone exhibits an affinity for the air-water interface, which modifies its UV and visible light spectroscopic signatures and photolytic rate constant in the troposphere. Ozone cross sections on the red side of the Hartley band (290- to 350-nm region) and in the Chappuis band (450-700 nm) are increased due to electronic ozone-water interactions. This effect, combined with the potential contribution of the O3 + hν → O((3)P) + O2(X(3)Σg(-)) photolytic channel at the interface, leads to an enhancement of the OH radical formation rate by four orders of magnitude. This finding suggests that clouds can influence the overall oxidizing capacity of the troposphere on a global scale by stimulating the production of OH radicals through ozone photolysis by UV and visible light at the air-water interface.
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Pollastri S, Tsonev T, Loreto F. Isoprene improves photochemical efficiency and enhances heat dissipation in plants at physiological temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1565-70. [PMID: 24676032 PMCID: PMC3967094 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against thermal and oxidative stresses. Isoprene may strengthen membranes avoiding their denaturation and may quench reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, achieving a similar protective effect. The physiological role of isoprene in unstressed plants, up to now, is not understood. It is shown here, by monitoring the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves with chemically or genetically altered isoprene biosynthesis, that chloroplasts of isoprene-emitting leaves dissipate less energy as heat than chloroplasts of non-emitting leaves, when exposed to physiologically high temperatures (28-37 °C) that do not impair the photosynthetic apparatus. The effect was especially remarkable at foliar temperatures between 30 °C and 35 °C, at which isoprene emission is maximized and NPQ is quenched by about 20%. Isoprene may also allow better stability of photosynthetic membranes and a more efficient electron transfer through PSII at physiological temperatures, explaining most of the NPQ reduction and the slightly higher photochemical quenching that was also observed in isoprene-emitting leaves. The possibility that isoprene emission helps in removing thermal energy at the thylakoid level is also put forward, although such an effect was calculated to be minimal. These experiments expand current evidence that isoprene is an important trait against thermal and oxidative stresses and also explains why plants invest resources in isoprene under unstressed conditions. By improving PSII efficiency and reducing the need for heat dissipation in photosynthetic membranes, isoprene emitters are best fitted to physiologically high temperatures and will have an evolutionary advantage when adapting to a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Tsonko Tsonev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Francesco Loreto
- The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Alam MS, Rickard AR, Camredon M, Wyche KP, Carr T, Hornsby KE, Monks PS, Bloss WJ. Radical Product Yields from the Ozonolysis of Short Chain Alkenes under Atmospheric Boundary Layer Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12468-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408745h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Alam
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | - Marie Camredon
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Kevin P. Wyche
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Timo Carr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Karen E. Hornsby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Paul S. Monks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - William J. Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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50
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PTR-MS in Italy: a multipurpose sensor with applications in environmental, agri-food and health science. SENSORS 2013; 13:11923-55. [PMID: 24021966 PMCID: PMC3821335 DOI: 10.3390/s130911923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) has evolved in the last decade as a fast and high sensitivity sensor for the real-time monitoring of volatile compounds. Its applications range from environmental sciences to medical sciences, from food technology to bioprocess monitoring. Italian scientists and institutions participated from the very beginning in fundamental and applied research aiming at exploiting the potentialities of this technique and providing relevant methodological advances and new fundamental indications. In this review we describe this activity on the basis of the available literature. The Italian scientific community has been active mostly in food science and technology, plant physiology and environmental studies and also pioneered the applications of the recently released PTR-ToF-MS (Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry) in food science and in plant physiology. In the very last years new results related to bioprocess monitoring and health science have been published as well. PTR-MS data analysis, particularly in the case of the ToF based version, and the application of advanced chemometrics and data mining are also aspects characterising the activity of the Italian community.
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