1
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Strosahl J, Ye K, Pazdro R. Novel insights into the pleiotropic health effects of growth differentiation factor 11 gained from genome-wide association studies in population biobanks. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:837. [PMID: 39237910 PMCID: PMC11378601 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily that has gained considerable attention over the last decade for its observed ability to reverse age-related deterioration of multiple tissues, including the heart. Yet as many researchers have struggled to confirm the cardioprotective and anti-aging effects of GDF11, the topic has grown increasingly controversial, and the field has reached an impasse. We postulated that a clearer understanding of GDF11 could be gained by investigating its health effects at the population level. METHODS AND RESULTS We employed a comprehensive strategy to interrogate results from genome-wide association studies in population Biobanks. Interestingly, phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) of GDF11 tissue-specific cis-eQTLs revealed associations with asthma, immune function, lung function, and thyroid phenotypes. Furthermore, PheWAS of GDF11 genetic variants confirmed these results, revealing similar associations with asthma, immune function, lung function, and thyroid health. To complement these findings, we mined results from transcriptome-wide association studies, which uncovered associations between predicted tissue-specific GDF11 expression and the same health effects identified from PheWAS analyses. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report novel relationships between GDF11 and disease, namely asthma and hypothyroidism, in contrast to its formerly assumed role as a rejuvenating factor in basic aging and cardiovascular health. We propose that these associations are mediated through the involvement of GDF11 in inflammatory signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into the health effects of GDF11 at the population level and warrant future studies investigating the role of GDF11 in these specific health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Strosahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert Pazdro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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2
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Luo Z, Shah S, Tanasa B, Chang KC, Goldberg JL. Gene regulatory roles of growth and differentiation factors in retinal development. iScience 2024; 27:110100. [PMID: 38947520 PMCID: PMC11214324 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation is tightly controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) promotes RGC differentiation, opposite to GDF-11 which inhibits RGC differentiation, both in the mouse retina and in human stem cells. To deepen our understanding of how these two closely related molecules confer opposing effects on retinal development, here we assess the transcriptional profiles of mouse retinal progenitors exposed to exogenous GDF-11 or -15. We find a dichotomous effect of GDF-15 on RGC differentiation, decreasing RGCs expressing residual pro-proliferative genes and increasing RGCs expressing non-proliferative genes, suggestive of greater RGC maturation. Furthermore, GDF-11 promoted the differentiation of photoreceptors and amacrine cells. These data enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of RGCs and photoreceptors from retinal progenitors and suggest new approaches to the optimization of protocols for the differentiation of these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sahil Shah
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Bogdan Tanasa
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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3
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Du SW, Komirisetty R, Lewandowski D, Choi EH, Panas D, Suh S, Tabaka M, Radu RA, Palczewski K. Conditional deletion of miR-204 and miR-211 in murine retinal pigment epithelium results in retinal degeneration. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107344. [PMID: 38705389 PMCID: PMC11140208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are short, evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNAs that canonically downregulate expression of target genes. The miR family composed of miR-204 and miR-211 is among the most highly expressed miRs in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in both mouse and human and also retains high sequence identity. To assess the role of this miR family in the developed mouse eye, we generated two floxed conditional KO mouse lines crossed to the RPE65-ERT2-Cre driver mouse line to perform an RPE-specific conditional KO of this miR family in adult mice. After Cre-mediated deletion, we observed retinal structural changes by optical coherence tomography; dysfunction and loss of photoreceptors by retinal imaging; and retinal inflammation marked by subretinal infiltration of immune cells by imaging and immunostaining. Single-cell RNA sequencing of diseased RPE and retinas showed potential miR-regulated target genes, as well as changes in noncoding RNAs in the RPE, rod photoreceptors, and Müller glia. This work thus highlights the role of miR-204 and miR-211 in maintaining RPE function and how the loss of miRs in the RPE exerts effects on the neural retina, leading to inflammation and retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
| | - Ravikiran Komirisetty
- Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dominik Lewandowski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Elliot H Choi
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Damian Panas
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Susie Suh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marcin Tabaka
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roxana A Radu
- Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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4
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Callan A, Jha S, Valdez L, Baldado L, Tsin A. TGF-β Signaling Pathways in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3052. [PMID: 38474297 PMCID: PMC10932130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus affecting a significant portion of the global population, has long been viewed primarily as a microvascular disorder. However, emerging evidence suggests that it should be redefined as a neurovascular disease with multifaceted pathogenesis rooted in oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling family has emerged as a major contributor to DR pathogenesis due to its pivotal role in retinal vascular homeostasis, endothelial cell barrier function, and pericyte differentiation. However, the precise roles of TGF-β signaling in DR remain incompletely understood, with conflicting reports on its impact in different stages of the disease. Additionally, the BMP subfamily within the TGF-β superfamily introduces further complexity, with BMPs exhibiting both pro- and anti-angiogenic properties. Furthermore, TGF-β signaling extends beyond the vascular realm, encompassing immune regulation, neuronal survival, and maintenance. The intricate interactions between TGF-β and reactive oxygen species (ROS), non-coding RNAs, and inflammatory mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of DR. This review delves into the complex web of signaling pathways orchestrated by the TGF-β superfamily and their involvement in DR. A comprehensive understanding of these pathways may hold the key to developing targeted therapies to halt or mitigate the progression of DR and its devastating consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Tsin
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (A.C.); (S.J.); (L.V.); (L.B.)
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5
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Driss LB, Lian J, Walker RG, Howard JA, Thompson TB, Rubin LL, Wagers AJ, Lee RT. GDF11 and aging biology - controversies resolved and pending. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2023; 3:42. [PMID: 38235060 PMCID: PMC10793994 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2023.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Since the exogenous administration of GDF11, a TGF-ß superfamily member, was reported to have beneficial effects in some models of human disease, there have been many research studies in GDF11 biology. However, many studies have now confirmed that exogenous administration of GDF11 can improve physiology in disease models, including cardiac fibrosis, experimental stroke, and disordered metabolism. GDF11 is similar to GDF8 (also called Myostatin), differing only by 11 amino acids in their mature signaling domains. These two proteins are now known to be biochemically different both in vitro and in vivo. GDF11 is much more potent than GDF8 and induces more strongly SMAD2 phosphorylation in the myocardium compared to GDF8. GDF8 and GDF11 prodomain are only 52% identical and are cleaved by different Tolloid proteases to liberate the mature signaling domain from inhibition of the prodomain. Here, we review the state of GDF11 biology, highlighting both resolved and remaining controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ben Driss
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John Lian
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ryan G. Walker
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - James A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amy J. Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Zhang X, Leavey P, Appel H, Makrides N, Blackshaw S. Molecular mechanisms controlling vertebrate retinal patterning, neurogenesis, and cell fate specification. Trends Genet 2023; 39:736-757. [PMID: 37423870 PMCID: PMC10529299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling neurogenesis and specification of the developing retina, with a focus on insights obtained from comparative single cell multiomic analysis. We discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms by which extrinsic factors trigger transcriptional changes that spatially pattern the optic cup (OC) and control the initiation and progression of retinal neurogenesis. We also discuss progress in unraveling the core evolutionarily conserved gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that specify early- and late-state retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and neurogenic progenitors and that control the final steps in determining cell identity. Finally, we discuss findings that provide insight into regulation of species-specific aspects of retinal patterning and neurogenesis, including consideration of key outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Patrick Leavey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haley Appel
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neoklis Makrides
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Subramani M, Van Hook MJ, Ahmad I. Reproducible generation of human retinal ganglion cells from banked retinal progenitor cells: analysis of target recognition and IGF-1-mediated axon regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1214104. [PMID: 37519299 PMCID: PMC10373790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1214104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a common feature in glaucoma, a complex group of diseases, leading to irreversible vision loss. Stem cell-based glaucoma disease modeling, cell replacement, and axon regeneration are viable approaches to understand mechanisms underlying glaucomatous degeneration for neuroprotection, ex vivo stem cell therapy, and therapeutic regeneration. These approaches require direct and facile generation of human RGCs (hRGCs) from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we demonstrate a method for rapid generation of hRGCs from banked human pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs) by recapitulating the developmental mechanism. The resulting hRGCs are stable, functional, and transplantable and have the potential for target recognition, demonstrating their suitability for both ex vivo stem cell approaches to glaucomatous degeneration and disease modeling. Additionally, we demonstrate that hRGCs derived from banked hRPCs are capable of regenerating their axons through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism involving insulin-like growth factor 1 and the mTOR axis, demonstrating their potential to identify and characterize the underlying mechanism(s) that can be targeted for therapeutic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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8
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Santos-França PL, David LA, Kassem F, Meng XQ, Cayouette M. Time to see: How temporal identity factors specify the developing mammalian retina. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:36-42. [PMID: 35760728 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) give rise to the variety of neural cell types of the retina has been a question of major interest over the last few decades. While environmental cues and transcription factor networks have been shown to control specific cell fate decisions, how RPCs alter fate output over time to control proper histogenesis remains poorly understood. In recent years, the identification of "temporal identity factors (TIFs)", which control RPC competence states to ensure that the right cell types are produced at the right time, has contributed to increasing our understanding of temporal patterning in the retina. Here, we review the different TIFs identified to date in the mammalian retina and discuss the underlying mechanisms by which they are thought to operate. We conclude by speculating on how identification of temporal patterning mechanisms might support the development of new therapeutic approaches against visual impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Santos-França
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Luke Ajay David
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fatima Kassem
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiang Qi Meng
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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9
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Shao Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Yuan Y, Xing D. Growth differentiation factor 11: A new hope for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:82-93. [PMID: 37414617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily that has garnered significant attention due to its anti-cardiac aging properties. Many studies have revealed that GDF11 plays an indispensable role in the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Consequently, it has emerged as a potential target and novel therapeutic agent for CVD treatment. However, currently, no literature reviews comprehensively summarize the research on GDF11 in the context of CVDs. Therefore, herein, we comprehensively described GDF11's structure, function, and signaling in various tissues. Furthermore, we focused on the latest findings concerning its involvement in CVD development and its potential for clinical translation as a CVD treatment. We aim to provide a theoretical basis for the prospects and future research directions of the GDF11 application regarding CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Shao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Marcy G, Foucault L, Babina E, Capeliez T, Texeraud E, Zweifel S, Heinrich C, Hernandez-Vargas H, Parras C, Jabaudon D, Raineteau O. Single-cell analysis of the postnatal dorsal V-SVZ reveals a role for Bmpr1a signaling in silencing pallial germinal activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7553. [PMID: 37146152 PMCID: PMC10162676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) is the largest neurogenic region of the postnatal forebrain, containing neural stem cells (NSCs) that emerge from both the embryonic pallium and subpallium. Despite of this dual origin, glutamatergic neurogenesis declines rapidly after birth, while GABAergic neurogenesis persists throughout life. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of the postnatal dorsal V-SVZ for unraveling the mechanisms leading to pallial lineage germinal activity silencing. We show that pallial NSCs enter a state of deep quiescence, characterized by high bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, reduced transcriptional activity and Hopx expression, while in contrast, subpallial NSCs remain primed for activation. Induction of deep quiescence is paralleled by a rapid blockade of glutamatergic neuron production and differentiation. Last, manipulation of Bmpr1a demonstrates its key role in mediating these effects. Together, our results highlight a central role of BMP signaling in synchronizing quiescence induction and blockade of neuronal differentiation to rapidly silence pallial germinal activity after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marcy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bioinformatic Platform of the Labex Cortex, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Louis Foucault
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Elodie Babina
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Timothy Capeliez
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Emeric Texeraud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bioinformatic Platform of the Labex Cortex, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Zweifel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Christophe Heinrich
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, UCBL1, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Carlos Parras
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
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11
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Lian J, Walker RG, D'Amico A, Vujic A, Mills MJ, Messemer KA, Mendello KR, Goldstein JM, Leacock KA, Epp S, Stimpfl EV, Thompson TB, Wagers AJ, Lee RT. Functional substitutions of amino acids that differ between GDF11 and GDF8 impact skeletal development and skeletal muscle. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201662. [PMID: 36631218 PMCID: PMC9834663 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and GDF8 (MSTN) are closely related TGF-β family proteins that interact with nearly identical signaling receptors and antagonists. However, GDF11 appears to activate SMAD2/3 more potently than GDF8 in vitro and in vivo. The ligands possess divergent structural properties, whereby substituting unique GDF11 amino acids into GDF8 enhanced the activity of the resulting chimeric GDF8. We investigated potentially distinct endogenous activities of GDF11 and GDF8 in vivo by genetically modifying their mature signaling domains. Full recoding of GDF8 to that of GDF11 yielded mice lacking GDF8, with GDF11 levels ∼50-fold higher than normal, and exhibiting modestly decreased muscle mass, with no apparent negative impacts on health or survival. Substitution of two specific amino acids in the fingertip region of GDF11 with the corresponding GDF8 residues resulted in prenatal axial skeletal transformations, consistent with Gdf11-deficient mice, without apparent perturbation of skeletal or cardiac muscle development or homeostasis. These experiments uncover distinctive features between the GDF11 and GDF8 mature domains in vivo and identify a specific requirement for GDF11 in early-stage skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lian
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan G Walker
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea D'Amico
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ana Vujic
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Melanie J Mills
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Messemer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kourtney R Mendello
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Krystynne A Leacock
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Soraya Epp
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emma V Stimpfl
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Moigneu C, Abdellaoui S, Ramos-Brossier M, Pfaffenseller B, Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Camus C, Chiche A, Kuperwasser N, Azevedo da Silva R, Pedrotti Moreira F, Li H, Oury F, Kapczinski F, Lledo PM, Katsimpardi L. Systemic GDF11 attenuates depression-like phenotype in aged mice via stimulation of neuronal autophagy. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:213-228. [PMID: 37118117 PMCID: PMC10154197 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive decline and mood disorders increase in frequency with age. Many efforts are focused on the identification of molecules and pathways to treat these conditions. Here, we demonstrate that systemic administration of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) in aged mice improves memory and alleviates senescence and depression-like symptoms in a neurogenesis-independent manner. Mechanistically, GDF11 acts directly on hippocampal neurons to enhance neuronal activity via stimulation of autophagy. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of these neurons reveal that GDF11 reduces the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of autophagy. Using a murine model of corticosterone-induced depression-like phenotype, we also show that GDF11 attenuates the depressive-like behavior of young mice. Analysis of sera from young adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) reveals reduced GDF11 levels. These findings identify mechanistic pathways related to GDF11 action in the brain and uncover an unknown role for GDF11 as an antidepressant candidate and biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Moigneu
- Perception and Memory Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3571, Paris, France
| | - Soumia Abdellaoui
- Perception and Memory Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3571, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM UMR-S1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Bianca Pfaffenseller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Claire Camus
- Perception and Memory Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3571, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Chiche
- Cellular Plasticity in Age-Related Pathologies Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Kuperwasser
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM UMR-S1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Han Li
- Cellular Plasticity in Age-Related Pathologies Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Franck Oury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM UMR-S1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Perception and Memory Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3571, Paris, France.
| | - Lida Katsimpardi
- Perception and Memory Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3571, Paris, France.
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM UMR-S1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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13
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Tsai MJ, Fay LY, Liou DY, Chen Y, Chen YT, Lee MJ, Tu TH, Huang WC, Cheng H. Multifaceted Benefits of GDF11 Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010421. [PMID: 36613862 PMCID: PMC9820576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a series of cellular and molecular events that include both primary and secondary injury cascades. This secondary cascade provides opportunities for the delivery of therapeutic intervention. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, regulates various biological processes in mammals. The effects of GDF11 in the nervous system were not fully elucidated. Here, we perform extensive in vitro and in vivo studies to unravel the effects of GDF11 on spinal cord after injury. In vitro culture studies showed that GDF11 increased the survival of both neuronal and oligodendroglial cells but decreased microglial cells. In stressed cultures, GDF11 effectively inhibited LPS stimulation and also protected neurons from ischemic damage. Intravenous GDF11 administration to rat after eliciting SCI significantly improved hindlimb functional restoration of SCI rats. Reduced neuronal connectivity was evident at 6 weeks post-injury and these deficits were markedly attenuated by GDF11 treatment. Furthermore, SCI-associated oligodendroglial alteration were more preserved by GDF11 treatment. Taken together, GDF11 infusion via intravenous route to SCI rats is beneficial, facilitating its therapeutic application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Fay
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Dann-Ying Liou
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chen
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tzu Chen
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsi Tu
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28757718
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14
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Lee SJ, Lehar A, Rydzik R, Youngstrom DW, Bhasin S, Liu Y, Germain-Lee EL. Functional replacement of myostatin with GDF-11 in the germline of mice. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:7. [PMID: 35287700 PMCID: PMC8922734 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myostatin (MSTN) is a transforming growth factor-ß superfamily member that acts as a major regulator of skeletal muscle mass. GDF-11, which is highly related to MSTN, plays multiple roles during embryonic development, including regulating development of the axial skeleton, kidneys, nervous system, and pancreas. As MSTN and GDF-11 share a high degree of amino acid sequence identity, behave virtually identically in cell culture assays, and utilize similar regulatory and signaling components, a critical question is whether their distinct biological functions result from inherent differences in their abilities to interact with specific regulatory and signaling components or whether their distinct biological functions mainly reflect their differing temporal and spatial patterns of expression. METHODS We generated and characterized mice in which we precisely replaced in the germline the portion of the Mstn gene encoding the mature C-terminal peptide with the corresponding region of Gdf11. RESULTS In mice homozygous for the knock-in allele, all of the circulating MSTN protein was replaced with GDF-11, resulting in ~ 30-40-fold increased levels of circulating GDF-11. Male mice homozygous for the knock-in allele had slightly decreased muscle weights, slightly increased weight gain in response to a high-fat diet, slightly increased plasma cholesterol and HDL levels, and significantly decreased bone density and bone mass, whereas female mice were mostly unaffected. CONCLUSIONS GDF-11 appears to be capable of nearly completely functionally replacing MSTN in the control of muscle mass. The developmental and physiological consequences of replacing MSTN with GDF-11 are strikingly limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Adam Lehar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Renata Rydzik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Daniel W Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Brigham Research Assay Core Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yewei Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes and Center for Rare Bone Disorders, Connecticut Children's, Farmington, CT, USA
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15
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Lin J, Shi J, Min X, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Cheng L. The GDF11 Promotes Nerve Regeneration After Sciatic Nerve Injury in Adult Rats by Promoting Axon Growth and Inhibiting Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:803052. [PMID: 35059389 PMCID: PMC8764262 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.803052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sciatic nerve injury is a common injury of the nervous system. Stem cell-based therapies, drug-based therapies and rehabilitation physiotherapy therapies are currently available, but their limited therapeutic efficacy limits their use. Here, we aimed to explore a novel lentiviral-based gene therapeutic strategy and to elaborate its mechanism. Materials and Methods: Recombinant GDF11 protein was used for the in vitro treatment of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Lentivirus was used to construct a vector system for the in vivo expression of GDF11. The nerve conduction function was detected using action-evoked potentials at different time periods, and the regulatory effect of nerves on target organs was detected by weighing the gastrocnemius muscle. Immunofluorescence of NF200 and S100 was used to show the regeneration of the sciatic nerve, and myelin and Nissl staining were performed to observe the pathological features of the tissue. Western was used to validate signaling pathways. The expression of related genes was observed by qPCR and Western blotting, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Result: GDF11 promotes the axonal growth of DRG cells and inhibits DGR cell apoptosis in vitro. GDF11 acts by activating the Smad pathway. GDF11 promotes the recovery of damaged sciatic nerve function in rats, the regeneration of damaged sciatic nerves in rats, and myelin regeneration of damaged sciatic nerves in rats. GDF11 also exerts a protective effect on neuronal cells in rats. Conclusion: Based on the present study, we conclude that GDF11 promotes axonal growth and inhibits DRG cell apoptosis in vitro through the Smad pathway, and lentivirus-mediated GDF11 overexpression in vivo can promote the recovery of sciatic nerves after transection by promoting axonal growth and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Min
- Department of Health Management Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Mei W, Zhu B, Shu Y, Liang Y, Lin M, He M, Luo H, Ye J. GDF11 protects against glucotoxicity-induced mice retinal microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction and diabetic retinopathy disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 537:111422. [PMID: 34391845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) has been implicated in the regulation of embryonic development and age-related dysfunction, including the regulation of retinal progenitor cells. However, little is known about the functions of GDF11 in diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we demonstrated that GDF11 treatment improved diabetes-induced retinal cell death, capillary degeneration, pericyte loss, inflammation, and blood-retinal barrier breakdown in mice. Treatment of isolated mouse retinal microvascular endothelial cells with recombinant GDF11 in vitro attenuated glucotoxicity-induced retinal endothelial apoptosis and the inflammatory response. The protective mechanisms exerted are associated with TGF-β/Smad2, PI3k-Akt-FoxO1 activation,and NF-κB pathway inhibition. This study indicated that GDF11 is a novel therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Mei
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanhai District People's Hospital of Foshan, Foping Road 40, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hanzheng Road 473, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Fuxingmen Wai Street A 20, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanhai District People's Hospital of Foshan, Foping Road 40, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanhua Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Jiangmen, Penglai Road 19, Jiangmen, 529000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hanzheng Road 473, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Mingjuan He
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hanzheng Road 473, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haizhao Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanhai District People's Hospital of Foshan, Foping Road 40, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingwen Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanhai District People's Hospital of Foshan, Foping Road 40, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, China
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17
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Sagner A, Zhang I, Watson T, Lazaro J, Melchionda M, Briscoe J. A shared transcriptional code orchestrates temporal patterning of the central nervous system. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001450. [PMID: 34767545 PMCID: PMC8612522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that produce the full array of neuronal subtypes in the vertebrate nervous system are incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence of a global temporal patterning program comprising sets of transcription factors that stratifies neurons based on the developmental time at which they are generated. This transcriptional code acts throughout the central nervous system, in parallel to spatial patterning, thereby increasing the diversity of neurons generated along the neuraxis. We further demonstrate that this temporal program operates in stem cell-derived neurons and is under the control of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Targeted perturbation of components of the temporal program, Nfia and Nfib, reveals their functional requirement for the generation of late-born neuronal subtypes. Together, our results provide evidence for the existence of a previously unappreciated global temporal transcriptional program of neuronal subtype identity and suggest that the integration of spatial and temporal patterning mechanisms diversifies and organizes neuronal subtypes in the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sagner
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Zhang
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jorge Lazaro
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Mayweather BA, Buchanan SM, Rubin LL. GDF11 expressed in the adult brain negatively regulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Mol Brain 2021; 14:134. [PMID: 34488822 PMCID: PMC8422669 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a transforming factor-β superfamily member that functions as a negative regulator of neurogenesis during embryonic development. However, when recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11) is administered systemically in aged mice, it promotes neurogenesis, the opposite of its role during development. The goal of the present study was to reconcile this apparent discrepancy by performing the first detailed investigation into the expression of endogenous GDF11 in the adult brain and its effects on neurogenesis. Using quantitative histological analysis, we observed that Gdf11 is most highly expressed in adult neurogenic niches and non-neurogenic regions within the hippocampus, choroid plexus, thalamus, habenula, and cerebellum. To investigate the role of endogenous GDF11 during adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we generated a tamoxifen inducible mouse that allowed us to reduce GDF11 levels. Depletion of Gdf11 during adulthood increased proliferation of neural progenitors and decreased the number of newborn neurons in the hippocampus, suggesting that endogenous GDF11 remains a negative regulator of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. These findings further support the idea that circulating systemic GDF11 and endogenously expressed GDF11 in the adult brain have different target cells or mechanisms of action. Our data describe a role for GDF11-dependent signaling in adult neurogenesis that has implications for how GDF11 may be used to treat CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Mayweather
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean M Buchanan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Sherman Fairchild Bldg, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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19
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Wagstaff EL, Heredero Berzal A, Boon CJF, Quinn PMJ, ten Asbroek ALMA, Bergen AA. The Role of Small Molecules and Their Effect on the Molecular Mechanisms of Early Retinal Organoid Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7081. [PMID: 34209272 PMCID: PMC8268497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in vivo embryonic retinal development is a well-documented and evolutionary conserved process. The specification towards eye development is temporally controlled by consecutive activation or inhibition of multiple key signaling pathways, such as the Wnt and hedgehog signaling pathways. Recently, with the use of retinal organoids, researchers aim to manipulate these pathways to achieve better human representative models for retinal development and disease. To achieve this, a plethora of different small molecules and signaling factors have been used at various time points and concentrations in retinal organoid differentiations, with varying success. Additions differ from protocol to protocol, but their usefulness or efficiency has not yet been systematically reviewed. Interestingly, many of these small molecules affect the same and/or multiple pathways, leading to reduced reproducibility and high variability between studies. In this review, we make an inventory of the key signaling pathways involved in early retinogenesis and their effect on the development of the early retina in vitro. Further, we provide a comprehensive overview of the small molecules and signaling factors that are added to retinal organoid differentiation protocols, documenting the molecular and functional effects of these additions. Lastly, we comparatively evaluate several of these factors using our established retinal organoid methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Wagstaff
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Andrea Heredero Berzal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
| | - Camiel J. F. Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center—New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | | | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Weir K, Kim DW, Blackshaw S. A potential role for somatostatin signaling in regulating retinal neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10962. [PMID: 34040115 PMCID: PMC8155210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides have been reported to regulate progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis in the central nervous system. However, these studies have typically been conducted using pharmacological agents in ex vivo preparations, and in vivo evidence for their developmental function is generally lacking. Recent scRNA-Seq studies have identified multiple neuropeptides and their receptors as being selectively expressed in neurogenic progenitors of the embryonic mouse and human retina. This includes Sstr2, whose ligand somatostatin is transiently expressed by immature retinal ganglion cells. By analyzing retinal explants treated with selective ligands that target these receptors, we found that Sstr2-dependent somatostatin signaling induces a modest, dose-dependent inhibition of photoreceptor generation, while correspondingly increasing the relative fraction of primary progenitor cells. These effects were confirmed by scRNA-Seq analysis of retinal explants but abolished in Sstr2-deficient retinas. Although no changes in the relative fraction of primary progenitors or photoreceptor precursors were observed in Sstr2-deficient retinas in vivo, scRNA-Seq analysis demonstrated accelerated differentiation of neurogenic progenitors. We conclude that, while Sstr2 signaling may act to negatively regulate retinal neurogenesis in combination with other retinal ganglion cell-derived secreted factors such as Shh, it is dispensable for normal retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Weir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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21
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Zhang X, Mandric I, Nguyen KH, Nguyen TTT, Pellegrini M, Grove JCR, Barnes S, Yang XJ. Single Cell Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Impact of bHLH Factors on Human Retinal Organoid Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653305. [PMID: 34055784 PMCID: PMC8155690 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing retina expresses multiple bHLH transcription factors. Their precise functions and interactions in uncommitted retinal progenitors remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigate the roles of bHLH factors ATOH7 and Neurog2 in human ES cell-derived retinal organoids. Single cell transcriptome analyses identify three states of proliferating retinal progenitors: pre-neurogenic, neurogenic, and cell cycle-exiting progenitors. Each shows different expression profile of bHLH factors. The cell cycle-exiting progenitors feed into a postmitotic heterozygous neuroblast pool that gives rise to early born neuronal lineages. Elevating ATOH7 or Neurog2 expression accelerates the transition from the pre-neurogenic to the neurogenic state, and expands the exiting progenitor and neuroblast populations. In addition, ATOH7 and Neurog2 significantly, yet differentially, enhance retinal ganglion cell and cone photoreceptor production. Moreover, single cell transcriptome analyses reveal that ATOH7 and Neurog2 each assert positive autoregulation, and both suppress key bHLH factors associated with the pre-neurogenic and states and elevate bHLH factors expressed by exiting progenitors and differentiating neuroblasts. This study thus provides novel insight regarding how ATOH7 and Neurog2 impact human retinal progenitor behaviors and neuroblast fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Igor Mandric
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kevin H Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thao T T Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James C R Grove
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xian-Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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22
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Lyu J, Mu X. Genetic control of retinal ganglion cell genesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4417-4433. [PMID: 33782712 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only projection neurons in the neural retina. They receive and integrate visual signals from upstream retinal neurons in the visual circuitry and transmit them to the brain. The function of RGCs is performed by the approximately 40 RGC types projecting to various central brain targets. RGCs are the first cell type to form during retinogenesis. The specification and differentiation of the RGC lineage is a stepwise process; a hierarchical gene regulatory network controlling the RGC lineage has been identified and continues to be elaborated. Recent studies with single-cell transcriptomics have led to unprecedented new insights into their types and developmental trajectory. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the functions and relationships of the many regulators of the specification and differentiation of the RGC lineage. We emphasize the roles of these key transcription factors and pathways in different developmental steps, including the transition from retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) to RGCs, RGC differentiation, generation of diverse RGC types, and central projection of the RGC axons. We discuss critical issues that remain to be addressed for a comprehensive understanding of these different aspects of RGC genesis and emerging technologies, including single-cell techniques, novel genetic tools and resources, and high-throughput genome editing and screening assays, which can be leveraged in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, State University of New York At Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, State University of New York At Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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23
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Wu F, Bard JE, Kann J, Yergeau D, Sapkota D, Ge Y, Hu Z, Wang J, Liu T, Mu X. Single cell transcriptomics reveals lineage trajectory of retinal ganglion cells in wild-type and Atoh7-null retinas. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1465. [PMID: 33674582 PMCID: PMC7935890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atoh7 has been believed to be essential for establishing the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) lineage, and Pou4f2 and Isl1 are known to regulate RGC specification and differentiation. Here we report our further study of the roles of these transcription factors. Using bulk RNA-seq, we identify genes regulated by the three transcription factors, which expand our understanding of the scope of downstream events. Using scRNA-seq on wild-type and mutant retinal cells, we reveal a transitional cell state of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) co-marked by Atoh7 and other genes for different lineages and shared by all early retinal lineages. We further discover the unexpected emergence of the RGC lineage in the absence of Atoh7. We conclude that competence of RPCs for different retinal fates is defined by lineage-specific genes co-expressed in the transitional state and that Atoh7 defines the RGC competence and collaborates with other factors to shepherd transitional RPCs to the RGC lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E Bard
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Julien Kann
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Darshan Sapkota
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yichen Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zihua Hu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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24
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Liang X, Dou X, Tian L, Li Q. A Renewed Focus on GDF11 Level Fluctuation in Human Serum in Relation to Physical Examination Indicators. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1095-1102. [PMID: 31120107 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. Previous studies have shown that GDF11 decreases with age and has antiaging effects; however, such reports are controversial. We choose 152 subjects covering a large age range (2 hours to 75 years) to measure serum GDF11. Twenty-two hematological variables and 13 biochemical values were measured. Pearson's analysis found a significant correlation between GDF11 and age (p = .0000, r = .4898), as well as serum creatinine, uric acid, triglycerides, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet volume distribution width. GDF11 negatively correlated with aspartate transaminase, white blood cell count, platelet count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, mean platelet volume, and plateletcrit. Interestingly, we found GDF11 increases in people aged 20-30 years, holds steady in people aged 30-50 years, and increases in people older than 50 years. The results suggest that GDF11 serves different roles along the life span. The current actual evidence supports that GDF11 is helpful to promote aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liang
- Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Harvard Medical School, VA Medical Center, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Long Tian
- The Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital of Qinzhou City, China
| | - Quanyang Li
- Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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25
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Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) serve as a crucial communication channel from the retina to the brain. In the adult, these cells receive input from defined sets of presynaptic partners and communicate with postsynaptic brain regions to convey features of the visual scene. However, in the developing visual system, RGC interactions extend beyond their synaptic partners such that they guide development before the onset of vision. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of how interactions between RGCs and their environment influence cellular targeting, migration and circuit maturation during visual system development. We describe the roles of RGC subclasses in shaping unique developmental responses within the retina and at central targets. Finally, we highlight the utility of RNA sequencing and genetic tools in uncovering RGC type-specific roles during the development of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D'Souza
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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26
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Similar sequences but dissimilar biological functions of GDF11 and myostatin. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1673-1693. [PMID: 33077875 PMCID: PMC8080601 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (MSTN) are closely related TGFβ family members that are often believed to serve similar functions due to their high homology. However, genetic studies in animals provide clear evidence that they perform distinct roles. While the loss of Mstn leads to hypermuscularity, the deletion of Gdf11 results in abnormal skeletal patterning and organ development. The perinatal lethality of Gdf11-null mice, which contrasts with the long-term viability of Mstn-null mice, has led most research to focus on utilizing recombinant GDF11 proteins to investigate the postnatal functions of GDF11. However, the reported outcomes of the exogenous application of recombinant GDF11 proteins are controversial partly because of the different sources and qualities of recombinant GDF11 used and because recombinant GDF11 and MSTN proteins are nearly indistinguishable due to their similar structural and biochemical properties. Here, we analyze the similarities and differences between GDF11 and MSTN from an evolutionary point of view and summarize the current understanding of the biological processing, signaling, and physiological functions of GDF11 and MSTN. Finally, we discuss the potential use of recombinant GDF11 as a therapeutic option for a wide range of medical conditions and the possible adverse effects of GDF11 inhibition mediated by MSTN inhibitors.
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27
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Oliveira-Valença VM, Bosco A, Vetter ML, Silveira MS. On the Generation and Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581136. [PMID: 33043015 PMCID: PMC7527462 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal development follows a conserved neurogenic program in vertebrates to orchestrate the generation of specific cell types from multipotent progenitors in sequential but overlapping waves. In this program, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the first cell type generated. RGCs are the final output neurons of the retina and are essential for vision and circadian rhythm. Key molecular steps have been defined in multiple vertebrate species to regulate competence, specification, and terminal differentiation of this cell type. This involves neuronal-specific transcription factor networks, regulators of chromatin dynamics and miRNAs. In mammals, RGCs and their optic nerve axons undergo neurodegeneration and loss in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, resulting in irreversible vision loss. The incapacity of RGCs and axons to regenerate reinforces the need for the design of efficient RGC replacement strategies. Here we describe the essential molecular pathways for the differentiation of RGCs in vertebrates, as well as experimental manipulations that extend the competence window for generation of this early cell type from late progenitors. We discuss recent advances in regeneration of retinal neurons in vivo in both mouse and zebrafish and discuss possible strategies and barriers to achieving RGC regeneration as a therapeutic approach for vision restoration in blinding diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Oliveira-Valença
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Neurobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mariana S Silveira
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Neurobiology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Miesfeld JB, Ghiasvand NM, Marsh-Armstrong B, Marsh-Armstrong N, Miller EB, Zhang P, Manna SK, Zawadzki RJ, Brown NL, Glaser T. The Atoh7 remote enhancer provides transcriptional robustness during retinal ganglion cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21690-21700. [PMID: 32817515 PMCID: PMC7474671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006888117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cell (RGC) competence factor ATOH7 is dynamically expressed during retinal histogenesis. ATOH7 transcription is controlled by a promoter-adjacent primary enhancer and a remote shadow enhancer (SE). Deletion of the ATOH7 human SE causes nonsyndromic congenital retinal nonattachment (NCRNA) disease, characterized by optic nerve aplasia and total blindness. We used genome editing to model NCRNA in mice. Deletion of the murine SE reduces Atoh7 messenger RNA (mRNA) fivefold but does not recapitulate optic nerve loss; however, SEdel/knockout (KO) trans heterozygotes have thin optic nerves. By analyzing Atoh7 mRNA and protein levels, RGC development and survival, and chromatin landscape effects, we show that the SE ensures robust Atoh7 transcriptional output. Combining SE deletion and KO and wild-type alleles in a genotypic series, we determined the amount of Atoh7 needed to produce a normal complement of adult RGCs, and the secondary consequences of graded reductions in Atoh7 dosage. Together, these data reveal the workings of an evolutionary fail-safe, a duplicate enhancer mechanism that is hard-wired in the machinery of vertebrate retinal ganglion cell genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Noor M Ghiasvand
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brennan Marsh-Armstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Armstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Eric B Miller
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Suman K Manna
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robert J Zawadzki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Tom Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616;
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29
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Zhao Y, Wang LH, Peng A, Liu XY, Wang Y, Huang SH, Liu T, Wang XJ, Chen ZY. The neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of growth differentiation factor 11 in cerebral ischemic injury. Brain Res 2020; 1737:146802. [PMID: 32220534 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, regulates various biological processes in mammals. The effect of GDF11 in brain injury has not been fully elucidated. Our aim was to investigate the effects of GDF11 in cerebral ischemic injury. The expression level of GDF11 increased significantly in the peri-infarct cerebral cortex. Next, the effect of the intracerebroventricular injection of a GDF11 overexpression lentivirus or rGDF11 was investigated in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. The preventative effects of the GDF11 overexpression virus on stroke were observed. The delivery of the lentivirus into rats before MCAO significantly reduced the infarct volume and the percentage of apoptotic cells and improved motor function in MCAO rats. Furthermore, it elevated the expression of p-Smad2/3 and promoted neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the ipsilateral SVZ during ischemic injury. More importantly, the therapeutic effects of rGDF11 on stroke were subsequently explored. The results in MCAO rats treated with rGDF11 were found similar to that in those treated with the GDF11 overexpression lentivirus. Together, these findings indicate that GDF11 has neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects in cerebral ischemic injury and provide new insights into the function and mechanism of GDF11 in stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Hong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xing-Yu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shu-Hong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Zhe-Yu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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30
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Dai Z, Song G, Balakrishnan A, Yang T, Yuan Q, Möbus S, Weiss AC, Bentler M, Zhu J, Jiang X, Shen X, Bantel H, Jaeckel E, Kispert A, Vogel A, Saborowski A, Büning H, Manns M, Cantz T, Ott M, Sharma AD. Growth differentiation factor 11 attenuates liver fibrosis via expansion of liver progenitor cells. Gut 2020; 69:1104-1115. [PMID: 31767630 PMCID: PMC7282557 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis resulting from chronic liver injury represent a major healthcare burden worldwide. Growth differentiation factor (GDF) 11 has been recently investigated for its role in rejuvenation of ageing organs, but its role in chronic liver diseases has remained unknown. Here, we investigated the expression and function of GDF11 in liver fibrosis, a common feature of most chronic liver diseases. DESIGN We analysed the expression of GDF11 in patients with liver fibrosis, in a mouse model of liver fibrosis and in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as well as in other liver cell types. The functional relevance of GDF11 in toxin-induced and cholestasis-induced mouse models of liver fibrosis was examined by in vivo modulation of Gdf11 expression using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. The effect of GDF11 on leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)+ liver progenitor cells was studied in mouse and human liver organoid culture. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of LGR5+ cells was induced by injecting AAV vectors expressing diptheria toxin A under the transcriptional control of Lgr5 promoter. RESULTS We showed that the expression of GDF11 is upregulated in patients with liver fibrosis and in experimentally induced murine liver fibrosis models. Furthermore, we found that therapeutic application of GDF11 mounts a protective response against fibrosis by increasing the number of LGR5+ progenitor cells in the liver. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings uncover a protective role of GDF11 during liver fibrosis and suggest a potential application of GDF11 for the treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guangqi Song
- Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Asha Balakrishnan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Taihua Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Qinggong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Selina Möbus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Bentler
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jimin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Xizhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Ott
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany .,Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany .,Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Li L, Wei X, Wang D, Lv Z, Geng X, Li P, Lu J, Wang K, Wang X, Sun J, Cao X, Wei L. Positive Effects of a Young Systemic Environment and High Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Levels on Chondrocyte Proliferation and Cartilage Matrix Synthesis in Old Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1123-1133. [PMID: 32067417 DOI: 10.1002/art.41230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a young systemic environment and growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11) on aging cartilage. METHODS A heterochronic parabiosis model (2-month-old mouse and 12-month-old mouse [Y/O]), an isochronic parabiosis model (12-month-old mouse and 12-month-old mouse [O/O]), and 12-month-old mice alone (O) were evaluated. Knee joints and chondrocytes from old mice were examined by radiography, histology, cell proliferation assays, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction 16 weeks after parabiosis surgery. GDF-11 was injected into 12-month-old mouse joints daily for 16 weeks. Cartilage degeneration, cell proliferation, and osteoarthritis-related gene expression were evaluated. RESULTS Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores in old mice were significantly lower in the Y/O group than in the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). The percentage of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine-positive chondrocytes in old mice was significantly higher in the Y/O group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Type II collagen (CII) and SOX9 messenger RNA levels differed in cartilage from old mice in the Y/O group compared to the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). RUNX-2, CX, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 levels were significantly lower in cartilage from old mice in the Y/O group compared to the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for protein expression levels and after GDF-11 treatment in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) levels were higher in the recombinant GDF-11-treated group than in the control group. CONCLUSION A young systemic environment promotes chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis in old mice. GDF-11, a "young factor," contributes to these effects through the up-regulation of pSmad2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang Geng
- Shanxi Health Vocational College, Jinzhong, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiangong Lu
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kaihang Wang
- Subsidiary High School of Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian Sun
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoming Cao
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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32
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are a unique cell type that has unusual plasticity controlled by environmental stimuli. As an abnormal increase of VSMC proliferation is associated with various vascular diseases, tight regulation of VSMC phenotypes is essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis. Hypoxia is one environmental stress that stimulates VSMC proliferation. Emerging evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators in the hypoxic responses of VSMCs. Therefore, we previously investigated miRNAs modulated by hypoxia in VSMCs and found that miR-1260b is one of the most upregulated miRNAs under hypoxia. However, the mechanism that underlies the regulation of VSMCs via miR-1260b in response to hypoxia has not been explored. Here we demonstrated that hypoxia-induced miR-1260b promotes VSMC proliferation. We also identified growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, as a novel target of miR-1260b. miR-1260b directly targets the 3’UTR of GDF11. Downregulation of GDF11 inhibited Smad signaling and consequently enhanced the proliferation of VSMCs. Our findings suggest that miR-1260b-mediated GDF11-Smad-dependent signaling is an essential regulatory mechanism in the proliferation of VSMCs, and this axis is modulated by hypoxia to promote abnormal VSMC proliferation. Therefore, our study unveils a novel function of miR-1260b in the pathological proliferation of VSMCs under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyeong Seong
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Hara Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
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Ma TC, Vong KI, Kwan KM. Spatiotemporal Decline of BMP Signaling Activity in Neural Progenitors Mediates Fate Transition and Safeguards Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3616-3624.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Liu W, Zhou L, Xue H, Li H, Yuan Q. Growth differentiation factor 11 impairs titanium implant healing in the femur and leads to mandibular bone loss. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1203-1212. [PMID: 31983062 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a secreted member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, has recently been suggested as an anti-aging factor that declines with age in the bloodstream, and restoration of the youthful level by administration of its recombinant protein could reverse age-related dysfunctions. However, its effects on titanium implant osseointegration and mandibular bone during aging remain unknown. METHODS Two-month-old and 18-month-old C57BL male mice were given daily intraperitoneal injections of recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11) or vehicle for 6 weeks. Experimental titanium implants were inserted into femurs on the fourth week. Inhibition of GDF11 function was achieved by GDF11 antibody. Implant-bearing femurs were subjected to histomorphometric analysis and biomechanical evaluation. Mandibles were scanned with micro-CT and decalcified for histological measurements. RESULTS In both young adult and aged mice, supraphysiologic GDF11 leads to a significantly decreased bone-to-implant contact ratio (BIC) and peri-implant bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) at the histologic level and reduced resistance at the biomechanical level, indicating weakened implant fixation. Moreover, rGDF11 administration resulted in less trabecular bone volume and thinner cortical thickness in the mandible, which was further compromised in the old animals. In contrast, inhibition of GDF11 improved peri-implant bone healing in old mice. CONCLUSIONS Rather than functioning as a rejuvenating factor, exogenous GDF11 negatively affects not only titanium implant healing but also mandibular bone in both young and old mice. In contrast, neutralization of endogenous GDF11 has positive effects on implant fixation in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liyan Zhou
- Dept. of Implant, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanxiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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35
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Javed A, Mattar P, Lu S, Kruczek K, Kloc M, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Bremner R, Ali RR, Cayouette M. Pou2f1 and Pou2f2 cooperate to control the timing of cone photoreceptor production in the developing mouse retina. Development 2020; 147:dev.188730. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.188730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) generate various cell types in a precise chronological order, but how exactly cone photoreceptor production is restricted to early stages remains unclear. Here, we show that the POU-homeodomain factors Pou2f1/Pou2f2, the homologs of Drosophila temporal identity factors nub/pdm2, regulate the timely production of cones in mice. Forcing sustained expression of Pou2f1 or Pou2f2 in RPCs expands the period of cone production, whereas misexpression in late-stage RPCs triggers ectopic cone production at the expense of late-born fates. Mechanistically, we report that Pou2f1 induces Pou2f2 expression, which binds to a POU motif in the promoter of the rod-inducing factor Nrl to repress its expression. Conversely, conditional inactivation of Pou2f2 in RPCs increases Nrl expression and reduces cone production. Finally, we provide evidence that Pou2f1 is part of a cross-regulatory cascade with the other temporal identity factors Ikzf1 and Casz1. These results uncover Pou2f1/2 as regulators of the temporal window for cone genesis and, given their widespread expression in the nervous system, raise the possibility of a general role in temporal patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Javed
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Pierre Mattar
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Canada
| | - Suying Lu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto
| | | | | | | | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada. Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto
| | - Robin R. Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Canada
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36
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Yang ZX, Zhan JQ, Xiong JW, Wei B, Fu YH, Liu ZP, Tu YT, Yang YJ, Wan AL. Decreased Plasma Levels of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 in Patients With Schizophrenia: Correlation With Psychopathology and Cognition. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:555133. [PMID: 33364986 PMCID: PMC7750308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is linked with abnormal neurodevelopment, on which growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11) has a great impact. However, a direct evidence linking GDF-11 to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is still lacking. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma GDF-11 levels and both psychopathological symptoms and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Eighty-seven schizophrenia patients and 76 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. The symptomatology of schizophrenia was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognitive function was assessed by Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) including twelve neurocognitive tests in five aspects of cognitive function. Plasma GDF-11 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that plasma levels of GDF-11 were significantly lower in schizophrenia patients relative to healthy controls. Correlation analysis showed significant negative correlations between the GDF-11 levels and the PANSS total score, the positive symptoms score, the negative symptoms score or the general score. Additionally, positive associations were observed between plasma GDF-11 levels and the visuospatial/constructional, attention, immediate memory, or delayed memory in patients. Partial correlation analysis showed that these correlations were still significant after adjusting for age, gender, education years, body mass index, duration of illness, and age of onset except for the visuospatial/constructional and attention index. Multiple regression analysis revealed that GDF-11 was an independent contributor to the immediate memory, delayed memory and RBANS total score in patients. Collectively, the correlations between plasma GDF-11 and psychopathological and cognitive symptoms suggest that abnormal GDF-11 signaling might contribute to schizophrenic psychopathology and cognitive impairments and GDF-11 could be a potential and promising biomarker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Yang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin-Qiong Zhan
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian-Wen Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong-Hui Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ya-Ting Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan-Jian Yang
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Nanchang, China
| | - Ai-Lan Wan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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37
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Ahmad I, Teotia P, Erickson H, Xia X. Recapitulating developmental mechanisms for retinal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100824. [PMID: 31843569 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of specific retinal neurons in diseases like glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Currently, there is no therapy to modify the disease-associated degenerative changes. With the advancement in our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate the development of the vertebrate retina, the approach to treat blinding diseases through regenerative medicine appears a near possibility. Recapitulation of developmental mechanisms is critical for reproducibly generating cells in either 2D or 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells for retinal repair and disease modeling. It is the key for unlocking the neurogenic potential of Müller glia in the adult retina for therapeutic regeneration. Here, we examine the current status and potential of the regenerative medicine approach for the retina in the backdrop of developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Helen Erickson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
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38
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Goldstein JM, Valido A, Lewandowski JP, Walker RG, Mills MJ, Messemer KA, Besseling P, Lee KH, Wattrus SJ, Cho M, Lee RT, Wagers AJ. Variation in zygotic CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing outcomes generates novel reporter and deletion alleles at the Gdf11 locus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18613. [PMID: 31819086 PMCID: PMC6901511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology have significantly expanded the possibilities and accelerated the pace of creating genetically engineered animal models. However, CRISPR/Cas-based strategies designed to precisely edit the genome can often yield unintended outcomes. Here, we report the use of zygotic CRISPR/Cas9 injections to generate a knock-in GFP reporter mouse at the Gdf11 locus. Phenotypic and genomic characterization of founder animals from these injections revealed a subset that contained the correct targeting event and exhibited GFP expression that, within the hematopoietic system, was restricted predominantly to lymphoid cells. Yet, in another subset of founder mice, we detected aberrant integration events at the target site that dramatically and inaccurately shifted hematopoietic GFP expression from the lymphoid to the myeloid lineage. Additionally, we recovered multiple Gdf11 deletion alleles that modified the C-terminus of the GDF11 protein. When bred to homozygosity, most of these alleles recapitulated skeletal phenotypes reported previously for Gdf11 knockout mice, suggesting that these represent null alleles. However, we also recovered one Gdf11 deletion allele that encodes a novel GDF11 variant protein ("GDF11-WE") predicted to contain two additional amino acids (tryptophan (W) and glutamic acid (E)) at the C-terminus of the mature ligand. Unlike the other Gdf11 deletion alleles recovered in this study, homozygosity for the Gdf11WE allele did not phenocopy Gdf11 knockout skeletal phenotypes. Further investigation using in vivo and in vitro approaches demonstrated that GDF11-WE retains substantial physiological function, indicating that GDF11 can tolerate at least some modifications of its C-terminus and providing unexpected insights into its biochemical activities. Altogether, our study confirms that one-step zygotic injections of CRISPR/Cas gene editing complexes provide a quick and powerful tool to generate gene-modified mouse models. Moreover, our findings underscore the critical importance of thorough characterization and validation of any modified alleles generated by CRISPR, as unintended on-target effects that fail to be detected by simple PCR screening can produce substantially altered phenotypic readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Goldstein
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Austin Valido
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jordan P Lewandowski
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ryan G Walker
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Melanie J Mills
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Kathleen A Messemer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paul Besseling
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Kyu Ha Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samuel J Wattrus
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Miook Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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39
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GDF11 impairs liver regeneration in mice after partial hepatectomy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:2069-2084. [PMID: 31654062 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGrowth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. The rejuvenative effect of GDF11 has been called into question recently, and its role in liver regeneration is unclear. Here, we investigated the pathophysiologic role of GDF11, as well as its plausible signaling mechanisms in a mouse model of partial hepatectomy (PH). We demonstrated that both serum and hepatic GDF11 protein expression increased following PH. Treatment with adeno-associated viruses-GDF11 and recombinant GDF11 protein severely impaired liver regeneration, whereas inhibition of GDF11 activity with neutralizing antibodies significantly improved liver regeneration after PH. In vitro, GDF11 treatment significantly delayed cell proliferation and induced cell-cycle arrest in α mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells. Moreover, GDF11 activated TGF-β-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Inhibition of GDF11-induced SMAD2/3 activity significantly blocked GDF11-mediated reduction in cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. In the clinical setting, GDF11 levels were significantly elevated in patients after hepatectomy. Collectively, these results indicate that rather than a ‘rejuvenating’ agent, GDF11 impairs liver regeneration after PH. Suppression of cell-cycle progression via TGF-β-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway may be a key mechanism by which GDF11 inhibits liver regeneration.
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40
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Circulating factors in young blood as potential therapeutic agents for age-related neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:15-23. [PMID: 31400495 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent animal studies on heterochronic parabiosis (a technique combining the blood circulation of two animals) have revealed that young blood has a powerful rejuvenating effect on brain aging. Circulating factors, especially growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11), may play a key role in this effect, which inspires hope for novel approaches to treating age-related cerebral diseases in humans, such as neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Recently, attempts have begun to translate these astonishing and exciting findings from mice to humans and from bench to bedside. However, increasing reports have shown contradictory data, questioning the capacity of these circulating factors to reverse age-related brain dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current research on the role of young blood, as well as the circulating factors GDF11 and CCL11, in the aging brain and age-related cerebral diseases. We highlight recent controversies, discuss related challenges and provide a future outlook.
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Chang KC, Sun C, Cameron EG, Madaan A, Wu S, Xia X, Zhang X, Tenerelli K, Nahmou M, Knasel CM, Russano KR, Hertz J, Goldberg JL. Opposing Effects of Growth and Differentiation Factors in Cell-Fate Specification. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1963-1975.e5. [PMID: 31155355 PMCID: PMC6581615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Following ocular trauma or in diseases such as glaucoma, irreversible vision loss is due to the death of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurons. Although strategies to replace these lost cells include stem cell replacement therapy, few differentiated stem cells turn into RGC-like neurons. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of RGC differentiation in vivo may improve outcomes of cell transplantation by directing the fate of undifferentiated cells toward mature RGCs. Here, we report a new mechanism by which growth and differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a ligand in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily, strongly promotes RGC differentiation in the developing retina in vivo in rodent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This effect is in direct contrast to the closely related ligand GDF-11, which suppresses RGC-fate specification. We find these opposing effects are due in part to GDF-15's ability to specifically suppress Smad-2, but not Smad-1, signaling induced by GDF-11, which can be recapitulated by pharmacologic or genetic blockade of Smad-2 in vivo to increase RGC specification. No other retinal cell types were affected by GDF-11 knockout, but a slight reduction in photoreceptor cells was observed by GDF-15 knockout in the developing retina in vivo. These data define a novel regulatory mechanism of GDFs' opposing effects and their relevance in RGC differentiation and suggest a potential approach for advancing ESC-to-RGC cell-based replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Catalina Sun
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Evan G Cameron
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Suqian Wu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Eye, Ear, Nose, & Throat Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin Tenerelli
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Nahmou
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cara M Knasel
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kristina R Russano
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jonathan Hertz
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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42
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Prajapati-DiNubila M, Benito-Gonzalez A, Golden EJ, Zhang S, Doetzlhofer A. A counter gradient of Activin A and follistatin instructs the timing of hair cell differentiation in the murine cochlea. eLife 2019; 8:47613. [PMID: 31187730 PMCID: PMC6561706 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian auditory sensory epithelium has one of the most stereotyped cellular patterns known in vertebrates. Mechano-sensory hair cells are arranged in precise rows, with one row of inner and three rows of outer hair cells spanning the length of the spiral-shaped sensory epithelium. Aiding such precise cellular patterning, differentiation of the auditory sensory epithelium is precisely timed and follows a steep longitudinal gradient. The molecular signals that promote auditory sensory differentiation and instruct its graded pattern are largely unknown. Here, we identify Activin A and its antagonist follistatin as key regulators of hair cell differentiation and show, using mouse genetic approaches, that a local gradient of Activin A signaling within the auditory sensory epithelium times the longitudinal gradient of hair cell differentiation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Activin-type signaling regulates a radial gradient of terminal mitosis within the auditory sensory epithelium, which constitutes a novel mechanism for limiting the number of inner hair cells being produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Prajapati-DiNubila
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ana Benito-Gonzalez
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Erin Jennifer Golden
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Shuran Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Angelika Doetzlhofer
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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43
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Jin Q, Qiao C, Li J, Xiao B, Li J, Xiao X. A GDF11/myostatin inhibitor, GDF11 propeptide-Fc, increases skeletal muscle mass and improves muscle strength in dystrophic mdx mice. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:16. [PMID: 31133057 PMCID: PMC6537384 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. The GDF11 propeptide, which is derived from the GDF11 precursor protein, blocks the activity of GDF11 and its homolog, myostatin, which are both potent inhibitors of muscle growth. Thus, treatment with GDF11 propeptide may be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseases associated with muscle atrophy like sarcopenia and the muscular dystrophies. Here, we evaluate the impact of GDF11 propeptide-Fc (GDF11PRO-Fc) gene delivery on skeletal muscle in normal and dystrophic adult mice. Methods A pull-down assay was used to obtain physical confirmation of a protein-protein interaction between GDF11PRO-Fc and GDF11 or myostatin. Next, differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with AAV6-GDF11PRO-Fc and challenged with GDF11 or myostatin to determine if GDF11PRO-Fc could block GDF11/myostatin-induced myotube atrophy. Localized expression of GDF11PRO-Fc was evaluated via a unilateral intramuscular injection of AAV9-GDF11PRO-Fc into the hindlimb of C57BL/6J mice. In mdx mice, intravenous injection of AAV9-GDF11PRO-Fc was used to achieve systemic expression. The impact of GDF11PRO-Fc on muscle mass, function, and pathological features were assessed. Results GDF11PRO-Fc was observed to bind both GDF11 and myostatin. In C2C12 myotubes, expression of GDF11PRO-Fc was able to mitigate GDF11/myostatin-induced atrophy. Following intramuscular injection in C57BL/6J mice, increased grip strength and localized muscle hypertrophy were observed in the injected hindlimb after 10 weeks. In mdx mice, systemic expression of GDF11PRO-Fc resulted in skeletal muscle hypertrophy without a significant change in cardiac mass after 12 weeks. In addition, grip strength and rotarod latency time were improved. Intramuscular fibrosis was also reduced in treated mdx mice; however, there was no change seen in central nucleation, membrane permeability to serum IgG or serum creatine kinase levels. Conclusions GDF11PRO-Fc induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improvements in muscle strength via inhibition of GDF11/myostatin signaling. However, GDF11PRO-Fc does not significantly improve the dystrophic pathology in mdx mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-019-0197-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Jin
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Chunping Qiao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jianbin Li
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bin Xiao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Juan Li
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Raffo-Romero A, Arab T, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Wisztorski M, Franck J, Aboulouard S, Le Marrec-Croq F, Sautiere PE, Vizioli J, Salzet M, Lefebvre C. ALK4/5-dependent TGF-β signaling contributes to the crosstalk between neurons and microglia following axonal lesion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6896. [PMID: 31053759 PMCID: PMC6499822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is closely influenced by glia, especially microglia which are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia in medicinal leech are the only cells able to migrate to the injury site within the 24 hours post-lesion. The microglia-neuron interactions constitute an important mechanism as there is neither astrocyte nor oligodendrocyte in the leech CNS. Given that axonal sprouting is impaired when microglia recruitment is inhibited, the crosstalk between microglia and neurons plays a crucial role in neuroprotection. The present results show that neurons and microglia both use ALK4/5 (a type of TGF-β receptor) signaling in order to maintain mutual exchanges in an adult brain following an axonal injury. Indeed, a TGF-β family member (nGDF) is immediately released by injured axons contributing to the early recruitment of ALK4/5+ microglia to the lesion site. Surprisingly, within the following hours, nGDF from microglia activates ALK4/5+ neurons to maintain a later microglia accumulation in lesion. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ALK4/5 signaling is essential throughout the response to the lesion in the leech CNS and gives a new insight in the understanding of this pathway. This latter is an important signal contributing to a correct sequential mobilization over time of microglia recruitment leading to axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Raffo-Romero
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanina Arab
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Van Camp
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Lemaire
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Franck
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francoise Le Marrec-Croq
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Eric Sautiere
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Salzet
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Lefebvre
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Hwang ES, Morgan DJ, Pennington KL, Owen LA, Fingert JH, Bernstein PS, DeAngelis MM. Progressive optic nerve changes in cavitary optic disc anomaly: integration of copy number alteration and cis-expression quantitative trait loci to assess disease etiology. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:63. [PMID: 31029096 PMCID: PMC6487068 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background We performed clinical and genetic characterization of a family with cavitary optic disc anomaly (CODA), an autosomal dominant condition that causes vision loss due to adult-onset maculopathy in the majority of cases. CODA is characterized by a variably excavated optic nerve appearance such as morning glory, optic pit, atypical coloboma, and severe optic nerve cupping. Methods Four affected and fourteen unaffected family members of a multi-generation pedigree were phenotyped by visual acuity, intraocular pressure, dilated fundus examination, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography. Genetic analysis was performed by breakpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR), long range PCR, and direct Sanger sequencing. The functional relevance of the copy number alteration region was assessed by in silico analysis. Results We found progressive optic nerve cupping in three affected members of a family with CODA. In one individual, an optic pit developed over time from a normal optic nerve. By two independent methods, we detected a previously described intergenic triplication that segregated with disease in all adults of the family. The copy number alteration was also detected in five children with normal optic nerves. eQTL analysis demonstrated that this CNA region regulates expression of up to 4 genes in cis. Conclusions Morning glory, optic pit and atypical coloboma are currently considered congenital anomalies of the optic nerve, but our data indicate that in CODA, the excavated optic nerve appearance may develop after birth and into adulthood. In silico analysis of the CNA, may explain why vairable expressivity is observed in CODA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-019-0800-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen S Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Katie L Pennington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Leah A Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - John H Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA. .,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Lee J, Choi SH, Kim YB, Jun I, Sung JJ, Lee DR, Kim YI, Cho MS, Byeon SH, Kim DS, Kim DW. Defined Conditions for Differentiation of Functional Retinal Ganglion Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3531-3542. [PMID: 30025074 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to establish an efficient method for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) using defined factors. Methods To define the contribution of specific signal pathways to RGC development and optimize the differentiation of hPSCs toward RGCs, we examined RGC differentiation in three stages: (1) eye field progenitors expressing the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), (2) RGC progenitors expressing MATH5, and (3) RGCs expressing BRN3B and ISLET1. By monitoring the condition that elicited the highest yield of cells expressing stage-specific markers, we determined the optimal concentrations and combinations of signaling pathways required for efficient generation of RGCs from hPSCs. Results Precise modulation of signaling pathways, including Wnt, insulin growth factor-1, and fibroblast growth factor, in combination with mechanical isolation of neural rosette cell clusters significantly enriched RX and PAX6 double-positive eye field progenitors from hPSCs by day 12. Furthermore, Notch signal inhibition facilitated differentiation into MATH5-positive progenitors at 90% efficiency by day 20, and these cells further differentiated to BRN3B and ISLET1 double-positive RGCs at 45% efficiency by day 40. RGCs differentiated via this method were functional as exemplified by their ability to generate action potentials, express microfilament components on neuronal processes, and exhibit axonal transportation of mitochondria. Conclusions This protocol offers highly defined culture conditions for RGC differentiation from hPSCs and in vitro disease model and cell source for transplantation for diseases related to RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwi Choi
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Beom Kim
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ikhyun Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Jea Sung
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongjin R Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Suk Ho Byeon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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47
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The influence of GDF11 on brain fate and function. GeroScience 2019; 41:1-11. [PMID: 30729414 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) protein that regulates aspects of central nervous system (CNS) formation and health throughout the lifespan. During development, GDF11 influences CNS patterning and the genesis, differentiation, maturation, and activity of new cells, which may be primarily dependent on local production and action. In the aged brain, exogenous, peripherally delivered GDF11 may enhance neurogenesis and angiogenesis, as well as improve neuropathological outcomes. This is in contrast to a predominantly negative influence on neurogenesis in the developing CNS. Seemingly antithetical effects may correspond to the cell types and mechanisms activated by local versus circulating concentrations of GDF11. Yet undefined, distinct mechanisms of action in young and aged brains may also play a role, which could include differential receptor and binding partner interactions. Exogenously increasing circulating GDF11 concentrations may be a viable approach for improving deleterious aspects of brain aging and neuropathology. Caution is warranted, however, since GDF11 appears to negatively influence muscle health and body composition. Nevertheless, an expanding understanding of GDF11 biology suggests that it is an important regulator of CNS formation and fate, and its manipulation may improve aspects of brain health in older organisms.
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48
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Zheng R, Xie L, Liu W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Luo H, Kang N, Yuan Q. Recombinant growth differentiation factor 11 impairs fracture healing through inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1440:54-66. [PMID: 30575056 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a secreted member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, has been reported to have the capacity to reverse age-related pathologic changes and regulate organ regeneration after injury; however, the role of GDF11 in fracture healing and bone repair is still unclear. Here, we established a fracture model in 12-week-old male mice to observe two healing states: the cartilaginous callus and bony callus formation phases. Our results showed that recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11) injection inhibits cartilaginous callus maturation and hard callus formation, thereby impairing fracture healing in vivo. In vitro, rGDF11 administration inhibited chondrocyte differentiation and maturation by phosphorylating SMAD2/3 protein and inhibiting RUNX2 expression. Notably, inhibition of TGF-β activity by a SMAD-specific inhibitor attenuated GDF11 effects. Thus, our study demonstrates that, rather than acting as a rejuvenating agent, rGDF11 impairs fracture healing by inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongke Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rochette L, Meloux A, Rigal E, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Malka G, Vergely C. Regenerative Capacity of Endogenous Factor: Growth Differentiation Factor 11; a New Approach of the Management of Age-Related Cardiovascular Events. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123998. [PMID: 30545044 PMCID: PMC6321079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complicated pathophysiological process accompanied by a wide array of biological adaptations. The physiological deterioration correlates with the reduced regenerative capacity of tissues. The rejuvenation of tissue regeneration in aging organisms has also been observed after heterochronic parabiosis. With this model, it has been shown that exposure to young blood can rejuvenate the regenerative capacity of peripheral tissues and brain in aged animals. An endogenous compound called growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a circulating negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that raising GDF11 levels could potentially treat or prevent cardiac diseases. The protein GDF11 is found in humans as well as animals. The existence of endogenous regulators of regenerative capacity, such as GDF11, in peripheral tissues and brain has now been demonstrated. It will be important to investigate the mechanisms with therapeutic promise that induce the regenerative effects of GDF11 for a variety of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Alexandre Meloux
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Eve Rigal
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Yves Cottin
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
- Service de Cardiologie-CHU-Dijon, 21 000 Dijon, France.
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Institut de formation en biotechnologie et ingénierie biomédicale (IFR2B), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, 43 150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco.
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460): Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
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mTORC1 accelerates retinal development via the immunoproteasome. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2502. [PMID: 29950673 PMCID: PMC6021445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The numbers and types of cells constituting vertebrate neural tissues are determined by cellular mechanisms that couple neurogenesis to the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. Here we identified a role of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the development of neural tissue, showing that it accelerates progenitor cell cycle progression and neurogenesis in mTORC1-hyperactive tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1)-deficient mouse retina. We also show that concomitant loss of immunoproteasome subunit Psmb9, which is induced by Stat1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1), decelerates cell cycle progression of Tsc1-deficient mouse retinal progenitor cells and normalizes retinal developmental schedule. Collectively, our results establish a developmental role for mTORC1, showing that it promotes neural development through activation of protein turnover via a mechanism involving the immunoproteasome. One of the determinants of the neuronal subtype produced from retinal progenitor cells is their proliferative potential. Here the authors show that mTORC1 promotes progenitor cell cycle progression and hence accelerated development in mouse retina through induction of the immunoproteasome which enhances the degradation of cyclins.
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