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Kalantar-Zadeh K, Susic D, Hyett J. Vaginal Sensors. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3810-3827. [PMID: 39024191 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The development and market emergence of vaginal sensors have begun to demonstrate their impact on women's healthcare. Until recently, in limited cases, these sensors have exhibited their capabilities in diagnosing and monitoring disorders of the vaginal tract during different stages of women's lives. This Perspective is a compilation of what has been accomplished so far in the landscape of vaginal sensors. The text explores the diverse types of vaginal sensor technologies, their applications, and their potential impact on women's healthcare. The review introduces the anatomy of the vagina and cervix and categorizes vaginal sensors that have been developed, highlighting the technologies and potential applications. The paper covers biomarkers of the vaginal tract and discusses their importance in maintaining the overall characteristics of the vaginal system. The text also explores the clinical implications of vaginal sensors in pregnancy monitoring, disease detection, and sexual health management. In the final step, the manuscript provides future perspectives and possibilities that can be incorporated in the emerging field of vaginal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Daniella Susic
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Women's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Jon Hyett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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2
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Chuah JJM, Campbell NK. IFNε, IFNω and IFNλ: interferons defending the mucosa. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 89:102456. [PMID: 39173414 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The unconventional type I interferons IFNε and IFNω and type III interferon IFNλ are gradually emerging as tissue-specific cytokines in defence of mucosal tissues. This review provides an overview of the distinct features and functions that define these IFNs as protective factors in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, highlighting their immunoregulatory roles against pathogens while maintaining tolerance against commensal microbes. In particular, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the constitutively expressed IFNε and its role in protecting against mucosal infections, inflammation and cancers. We identify an emerging theme for this unique cytokine as a key contributor to the 'first line of defence' against pathogens and maintenance of mucosal tissue homeostasis, primarily through its regulation of immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J M Chuah
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole K Campbell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Yi M, Li T, Niu M, Zhang H, Wu Y, Wu K, Dai Z. Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:176. [PMID: 39034318 PMCID: PMC11275440 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These molecules, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and growth factors like TGF-β, VEGF, and EGF, can promote or inhibit tumor growth, influence the tumor microenvironment, and impact the efficacy of cancer treatments. Recent advances in targeting these pathways have shown promising therapeutic potential, offering new strategies to modulate the immune system, inhibit tumor progression, and overcome resistance to conventional therapies. In this review, we summarized the current understanding and therapeutic implications of targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways in cancer. By exploring the roles of these molecules in tumor biology and the immune response, we highlighted the development of novel therapeutic agents aimed at modulating these pathways to combat cancer. The review elaborated on the dual nature of cytokines as both promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis, depending on the context, and discussed the challenges and opportunities this presents for therapeutic intervention. We also examined the latest advancements in targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, receptor inhibitors, fusion proteins, engineered cytokine variants, and their impact on tumor growth, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of combining these targeted therapies with other treatment modalities to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. Besides, we also focused on the ongoing research and clinical trials that are pivotal in advancing our understanding and application of cytokine- and chemokine-targeted therapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianye Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuze Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Fung KY, de Geus ED, Ying L, Cumming H, Bourke N, Foster SC, Hertzog PJ. Expression of Interferon Epsilon in Mucosal Epithelium is Regulated by Elf3. Mol Cell Biol 2024; 44:334-343. [PMID: 38975675 PMCID: PMC11296529 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2024.2366207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon epsilon (IFNε) is a unique type I interferon (IFN) that shows distinct constitutive expression in reproductive tract epithelium. Understanding how IFNε expression is regulated is critical for the mechanism of action in protecting the mucosa from infection. Combined computational and experimental investigation of the promoter of IFNε predicted transcription factor binding sites for the ETS family of transcription factors. We demonstrate here that Ifnε is regulated by Elf3, an epithelial restricted member of the ETS family. It is co-expressed with IFNε at the epithelium of uterus, lung and intestine, and we focused on regulation of IFNε expression in the uterus. Promoter reporter studies demonstrated that Elf3 was a strong driver of Ifnε expression; knockdown of Elf3 reduced expression levels of IFNε; Elf3 regulated Ifnε expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) confirmed the direct binding of Elf3 to the IFNε promoter. These data show that Elf3 is important in regulating protective mucosal immunity by driving constitutive expression of IFNε to protect mucosal tissues from infection in at least three organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yee Fung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eveline D. de Geus
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Cumming
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nollaig Bourke
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel C. Foster
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Yang N, Sun Y, Han B, Deng N, Li G, Han Q, Wang Y, Cai H, Liu F, Cao B, Deng W, Bao H, Kong S, Lu J, Wang H. Trophoblastic signals facilitate endometrial interferon response and lipid metabolism, ensuring normal decidualization. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114246. [PMID: 38762885 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The decidua plays a crucial role in providing structural and trophic support to the developing conceptus before placentation. Following embryo attachment, embryonic components intimately interact with the decidual tissue. While evidence indicates the participation of embryo-derived factors in crosstalk with the uterus, the extent of their impact on post-implantation decidual development requires further investigation. Here, we utilize transgenic mouse models to selectively eliminate primary trophoblast giant cells (pTGCs), the embryonic cells that interface with maternal tissue at the forefront. pTGC ablation impairs decidualization and compromises decidual interferon response and lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, pTGCs release factors such as interferon kappa (IFNK) to strengthen the decidual interferon response and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to enhance lipid accumulation within the decidua, thereby promoting decidualization. This study presents genetic and metabolomic evidence reinforcing the proactive role of pTGC-derived factors in mobilizing maternal resources to strengthen decidualization, facilitating the normal progression of early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjie Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bing Han
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Na Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Gaizhen Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qian Han
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Han Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Haili Bao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Shuangbo Kong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Haibin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Lawrence LA, Vidal P, Varughese RS, Tiger Li ZR, Chen TD, Tuske SC, Jimenez AR, Lowen AC, Shafer WM, Swaims-Kohlmeier A. Murine modeling of menstruation identifies immune correlates of protection during Chlamydia muridarum challenge. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595090. [PMID: 38826233 PMCID: PMC11142139 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The menstrual cycle influences the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), although the underlying immune contributions are poorly defined. A mouse model simulating the immune-mediated process of menstruation could provide valuable insights into tissue-specific determinants of protection against chlamydial infection within the cervicovaginal and uterine mucosae comprising the female reproductive tract (FRT). Here, we used the pseudopregnancy approach in naïve C57Bl/6 mice and performed vaginal challenge with Chlamydia muridarum (C. muridarum) at decidualization, endometrial tissue remodeling, or uterine repair. This strategy identified that the time frame comprising uterine repair correlated with robust infection and greater bacterial burden as compared with mice on hormonal contraception, while challenges during endometrial remodeling were least likely to result in a productive infection. By comparing the infection site at early time points following chlamydial challenge, we found that a greater abundance of innate effector populations and proinflammatory signaling, including IFNγ correlated with protection. FRT immune profiling in uninfected mice over pseudopregnancy or in pig-tailed macaques over the menstrual cycle identified NK cell infiltration into the cervicovaginal tissues and lumen over the course of endometrial remodeling. Notably, NK cell depletion over this time frame reversed protection, with mice now productively infected with C. muridarum following challenge. This study shows that the pseudopregnancy murine menstruation model recapitulates immune changes in the FRT as a result of endometrial remodeling and identifies NK cell localization at the FRT as essential for immune protection against primary C. muridarum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paola Vidal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richa S Varughese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zheng-Rong Tiger Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thien Duy Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Steven C Tuske
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ariana R Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William M Shafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Laboratories of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Alison Swaims-Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of GYNOB, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of HIV Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (previous affiliation)
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7
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Steinbach A, Kun J, Urbán P, Palkovics T, Polgár B, Schneider G. Molecular Responses of the Eukaryotic Cell Line INT407 on the Internalized Campylobacter jejuni-The Other Side of the Coin. Pathogens 2024; 13:386. [PMID: 38787238 PMCID: PMC11124400 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic bacterium with the capacity to invade the epithelial cells during the pathogenic process. Several bacterial factors have been identified to contribute to this process, but our knowledge is still very limited about the response of the host. To reveal the major routes of this response, a whole-transcriptome analysis (WTA) was performed where gene expressions were compared between the 1st and the 3rd hours of internalization in INT407 epithelial cells. From the 41,769 human genes tested, altogether, 19,060 genes were shown through WTA to be influenced to different extents. The genes and regulation factors of transcription (296/1052; 28%), signal transduction (215/1052; 21%), apoptosis (153/1052; 15%), immune responses (97/1052; 9%), transmembrane transport (64/1052; 6%), cell-cell signaling (32/1052; 3%), cell-cell adhesions (29/1052; 3%), and carbohydrate metabolism (28/1052; 3%) were the most affected biological functions. A striking feature of the gene expression of this stage of the internalization process is the activation of both immune functions and apoptosis, which convincingly outlines that the invaded cell faces a choice between death and survival. The seemingly balanced status quo between the invader and the host is the result of a complex process that also affects genes known to be associated with postinfectious pathological conditions. The upregulation of TLR3 (3.79×) and CD36 (2.73×), two general tumor markers, and SERPINEB9 (11.37×), FNDC1 (7.58×), and TACR2 (8.84×), three factors of tumorigenesis, confirms the wider pathological significance of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Steinbach
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
| | - József Kun
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (J.K.); (P.U.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (J.K.); (P.U.)
| | - Tamás Palkovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Beáta Polgár
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
| | - György Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
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Sun F, Desevin K, Fu Y, Parameswaran S, Mayall J, Rinaldi V, Krietenstein N, Manukyan A, Yin Q, Galan C, Yang CH, Shindyapina AV, Gladyshev VN, Garber M, Schjenken JE, Rando OJ. A single cell atlas of the mouse seminal vesicle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.08.588538. [PMID: 38645090 PMCID: PMC11030459 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
During mammalian reproduction, sperm are delivered to the female reproductive tract bathed in a complex medium known as seminal fluid, which plays key roles in signaling to the female reproductive tract and in nourishing sperm for their onwards journey. Along with minor contributions from the prostate and the epididymis, the majority of seminal fluid is produced by a somewhat understudied organ known as the seminal vesicle. Here, we report the first single-cell RNA-seq atlas of the mouse seminal vesicle, generated using tissues obtained from 23 mice of varying ages, exposed to a range of dietary challenges. We define the transcriptome of the secretory cells in this tissue, identifying a relatively homogeneous population of the epithelial cells which are responsible for producing the majority of seminal fluid. We also define the immune cell populations - including large populations of macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and NKT cells - which have the potential to play roles in producing various immune mediators present in seminal plasma. Together, our data provide a resource for understanding the composition of an understudied reproductive tissue with potential implications for paternal control of offspring development and metabolism.
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Mayall JR, Horvat JC, Mangan NE, Chevalier A, McCarthy H, Hampsey D, Donovan C, Brown AC, Matthews AY, de Weerd NA, de Geus ED, Starkey MR, Kim RY, Daly K, Goggins BJ, Keely S, Maltby S, Baldwin R, Foster PS, Boyle MJ, Tanwar PS, Huntington ND, Hertzog PJ, Hansbro PM. Interferon-epsilon is a novel regulator of NK cell responses in the uterus. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:267-293. [PMID: 38263527 PMCID: PMC10897320 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The uterus is a unique mucosal site where immune responses are balanced to be permissive of a fetus, yet protective against infections. Regulation of natural killer (NK) cell responses in the uterus during infection is critical, yet no studies have identified uterine-specific factors that control NK cell responses in this immune-privileged site. We show that the constitutive expression of IFNε in the uterus plays a crucial role in promoting the accumulation, activation, and IFNγ production of NK cells in uterine tissue during Chlamydia infection. Uterine epithelial IFNε primes NK cell responses indirectly by increasing IL-15 production by local immune cells and directly by promoting the accumulation of a pre-pro-like NK cell progenitor population and activation of NK cells in the uterus. These findings demonstrate the unique features of this uterine-specific type I IFN and the mechanisms that underpin its major role in orchestrating innate immune cell protection against uterine infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma R Mayall
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Niamh E Mangan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Departments of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Anne Chevalier
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Huw McCarthy
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel Hampsey
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Antony Y Matthews
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Departments of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Departments of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Eveline D de Geus
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Departments of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Katie Daly
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Bridie J Goggins
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Steven Maltby
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Rennay Baldwin
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Michael J Boyle
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Pradeep S Tanwar
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Departments of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
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10
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Carr DJJ, Filiberti A, Gmyrek GB. Complement Suppresses the Initial Type 1 Interferon Response to Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Mice. Pathogens 2024; 13:74. [PMID: 38251381 PMCID: PMC10820508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system (CS) contributes to the initial containment of viral and bacterial pathogens and clearance of dying cells in circulation. We previously reported mice deficient in complement component 3 (C3KO mice) were more sensitive than wild-type (WT) mice to ocular HSV-1 infection, as measured by a reduction in cumulative survival and elevated viral titers in the nervous system but not the cornea between days three and seven post infection (pi). The present study was undertaken to determine if complement deficiency impacted virus replication and associated changes in inflammation at earlier time points in the cornea. C3KO mice were found to possess significantly (p < 0.05) less infectious virus in the cornea at 24 h pi that corresponded with a decrease in HSV-1 lytic gene expression at 12 and 24 h pi compared to WT animals. Flow cytometry acquisition found no differences in the myeloid cell populations residing in the cornea including total macrophage and neutrophil populations at 24 h pi with minimal infiltrating cell populations detected at the 12 h pi time point. Analysis of cytokine and chemokine content in the cornea measured at 12 and 24 h pi revealed that only CCL3 (MIP-1α) was found to be different between WT and C3KO mice with >2-fold increased levels (p < 0.05, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc t-test) in the cornea of WT mice at 12 h pi. C3KO mouse resistance to HSV-1 infection at the early time points correlated with a significant increase in type I interferon (IFN) gene expression including IFN-α1 and IFN-β and downstream effector genes including tetherin and RNase L (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney rank order test). These results suggest early activation of the CS interferes with the induction of the type I IFN response and leads to a transient increase in virus replication following corneal HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. J. Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.F.); (G.B.G.)
| | - Adrian Filiberti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.F.); (G.B.G.)
| | - Grzegorz B. Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.F.); (G.B.G.)
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11
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Deng S, Tian X, Belshaw R, Zhou J, Zhang S, Yang Y, Huang C, Chen W, Qiu H, Choo SW. An RNA-Seq analysis of coronavirus in the skin of the Pangolin. Sci Rep 2024; 14:910. [PMID: 38195813 PMCID: PMC10776870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Protection of the Critically Endangered East Asian Pangolin species is hampered by the vulnerability of captive individuals to infection. Studies have previously shown the pangolin to have a unique pseudogenisation of many immunity genes (including IFNE, IFIH1, cGAS, STING, TLR5, and TLR11), and we suspected that these losses could account for this vulnerability. Here we used RNA-Seq data to show the effect of these gene losses on the transcriptional response to a viral skin infection in a deceased pangolin. This virus is very closely related to the one causing the current COVID-19 pandemic in the human population (SARS-CoV2), and we found the most upregulated pathway was the same one previously identified in the lungs of SARS-CoV2-infected humans. As predicted, we found that the pathways downstream of the lost genes were not upregulated. For example, the pseudogenised interferon epsilon (IFNE) is known to be particularly important in epithelial immunity, and we show that interferon-related responses were not upregulated in the infected pangolin skin. We suggest that the pangolin's innate gene pseudogenisation is indeed likely to be responsible for the animal's vulnerability to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Deng
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Centre, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
| | - Robert Belshaw
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhou
- China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation (CBCGDF), Empark International Apartment, No. 69, Banding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation (CBCGDF), Empark International Apartment, No. 69, Banding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Centre, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
- Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
| | - Chang Huang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
| | - Weikang Chen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
| | - Hailu Qiu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China.
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Centre, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China.
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China.
- Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ, 07083, USA.
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12
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Xing X, Li H, Zhang Z, Qian R, Hu X. Upregulation of IFNE in cervical biopsies of patients with high-risk human papillomavirus infections. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1111. [PMID: 38156399 PMCID: PMC10698813 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Interferon epsilon (IFN-ε) is constitutively expressed in the epithelium of female reproductive tract and confers vital protection against sexually transmitted pathogens in mouse models. However, there is limited insight into the role of IFN-ε in human sexually transmitted infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV). METHOD OF STUDY Cervical biopsies were obtained from high-risk (HR) HPV positive (n = 28) and HR-HPV negative (n = 10) women. mRNA expression of IFN-ε in cervical tissues was measured by qPCR. Expression of the IFN-ε protein was determined by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS mRNA expression of IFN-ε was higher in the ectocervix than that of other IFNs, and was further upregulated in HR-HPV positive women compared with HR-HPV negative women. Expression of the IFN-ε protein was comparable between HR-HPV infected patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal differential expression of IFN-ε mRNA between individuals with or without HR-HPV infection, and imply direct or indirect regulatory mechanisms for IFN-ε transcription by HPV. Expression of IFN-ε protein in HPV infections would require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yuechen Zhou
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ruiya Qian
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic DiseasesBeijingChina
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13
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Elorbany S, Malacrida B, Balkwill F. Interferon epsilon and ovarian cancer. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:985-986. [PMID: 37778961 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Most biologists know of the interferons IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ and their roles in immunity and infection, but they may not have heard of IFNε. A recent study in Nature suggests that IFNε can act as a tumor suppressor in serous ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Elorbany
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Frances Balkwill
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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14
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Liu M, Ji M, Cheng J, Li Y, Tian Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhu S, Zhang L, Xu X, Feng GS, Liang X, Bao H, Tang Y, Kong S, Lu J, Wang H, Lu Z, Deng W. Deciphering a critical role of uterine epithelial SHP2 in parturition initiation at single cell resolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7356. [PMID: 37963860 PMCID: PMC10646072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The timely onset of female parturition is a critical determinant for pregnancy success. The highly heterogenous maternal decidua has been increasingly recognized as a vital factor in setting the timing of labor. Despite the cell type specific roles in parturition, the role of the uterine epithelium in the decidua remains poorly understood. This study uncovers the critical role of epithelial SHP2 in parturition initiation via COX1 and COX2 derived PGF2α leveraging epithelial specific Shp2 knockout mice, whose disruption contributes to delayed parturition initiation, dystocia and fetal deaths. Additionally, we also show that there are distinct types of epithelium in the decidua approaching parturition at single cell resolution accompanied with profound epithelium reformation via proliferation. Meanwhile, the epithelium maintains the microenvironment by communicating with stromal cells and macrophages. The epithelial microenvironment is maintained by a close interaction among epithelial, stromal and macrophage cells of uterine stromal cells. In brief, this study provides a previously unappreciated role of the epithelium in parturition preparation and sheds lights on the prevention of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengjun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jianghong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingpu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sijing Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xinmei Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haili Bao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yedong Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shuangbo Kong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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15
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Xu C, Wang A, Ebraham L, Sullivan L, Tasker C, Pizutelli V, Couret J, Hernandez C, Kolli P, Deb PQ, Fritzky L, Subbian S, Gao N, Lo Y, Salvatore M, Rivera A, Lemenze A, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Tyagi S, Lu W, Beaulieu A, Chang TL. Interferon ɛ restricts Zika virus infection in the female reproductive tract. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad350. [PMID: 37954158 PMCID: PMC10639110 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Interferon ɛ (IFNɛ) is a unique type I IFN that has been implicated in host defense against sexually transmitted infections. Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging pathogen, can infect the female reproductive tract (FRT) and cause devastating diseases, particularly in pregnant women. How IFNɛ contributes to protection against ZIKV infection in vivo is unknown. In this study, we show that IFNɛ plays a critical role in host protection against vaginal ZIKV infection in mice. We found that IFNɛ was expressed not only by epithelial cells in the FRT but also by immune and stromal cells at baseline or after exposure to viruses or specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. IFNɛ-deficient mice exhibited abnormalities in the epithelial border and underlying tissue in the cervicovaginal tract, and these defects were associated with increased susceptibility to vaginal but not subcutaneous ZIKV infection. IFNɛ deficiency resulted in an increase in magnitude, duration, and depth of ZIKV infection in the FRT. Critically, intravaginal administration of recombinant IFNɛ protected Ifnɛ-/- mice and highly susceptible Ifnar1-/- mice against vaginal ZIKV infection, indicating that IFNɛ was sufficient to provide protection even in the absence of signals from other type I IFNs and in an IFNAR1-independent manner. Our findings reveal a potentially critical role for IFNɛ in mediating protection against the transmission of ZIKV in the context of sexual contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xu
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Laith Ebraham
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Liam Sullivan
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carley Tasker
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Vanessa Pizutelli
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jennifer Couret
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Cyril Hernandez
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Priyanka Kolli
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pratik Q Deb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Luke Fritzky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Rutgers, School of Art and Science-Newark, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yungtai Lo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mirella Salvatore
- Departmentof Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Science, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aimee Beaulieu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Theresa L Chang
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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16
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de Geus ED, Volaric JS, Matthews AY, Mangan NE, Chang J, Ooi JD, de Weerd NA, Giles EM, Hertzog PJ. Epithelially Restricted Interferon Epsilon Protects Against Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:267-278. [PMID: 37879406 PMCID: PMC10765064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Type I interferon (T1IFN) signalling is crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. We previously found that the novel T1IFN, IFNε, is highly expressed by epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract, where it protects against pathogens. Its function has not been studied in the intestine. We hypothesize that IFNε is important in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. METHODS We characterized IFNε expression in mouse and human intestine by immunostaining and studied its function in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model using both genetic knockouts and neutralizing antibody. RESULTS We demonstrate that IFNε is expressed in human and mouse intestinal epithelium, and expression is lost in inflammation. Furthermore, we show that IFNε limits intestinal inflammation in mouse models. Regulatory T cell (Treg) frequencies were paradoxically decreased in DSS-treated IFNε-/- mice, suggesting a role for IFNε in maintaining the intestinal Treg compartment. Colitis was ameliorated by transfer of wild-type Tregs into IFNε-/- mice. This demonstrates that IFNε supports intestinal Treg function. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we have shown IFNε expression in intestinal epithelium and its critical role in gut homeostasis. Given its known role in the female reproductive tract, we now show IFNε has a protective role across multiple mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline D de Geus
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jennifer S Volaric
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Y Matthews
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Niamh E Mangan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Janet Chang
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward M Giles
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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17
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Alkailani MI, Gibbings D. The Regulation and Immune Signature of Retrotransposons in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4340. [PMID: 37686616 PMCID: PMC10486412 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies and the bioinformatic analysis of big data facilitate the study of jumping genes' activity in the human genome in cancer from a broad perspective. Retrotransposons, which move from one genomic site to another by a copy-and-paste mechanism, are regulated by various molecular pathways that may be disrupted during tumorigenesis. Active retrotransposons can stimulate type I IFN responses. Although accumulated evidence suggests that retrotransposons can induce inflammation, the research investigating the exact mechanism of triggering these responses is ongoing. Understanding these mechanisms could improve the therapeutic management of cancer through the use of retrotransposon-induced inflammation as a tool to instigate immune responses to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa I. Alkailani
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Derrick Gibbings
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
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18
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Gu Z, Liu J, Qin L, Zhang Y, Cui W, Huang H, Liu L, Cao Y, Zhang H. WTAP-mediated m6A modification of IFNE is required for antiviral defense in condyloma acuminata. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 111:43-51. [PMID: 37516644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IFN-ε is essential in combating viral infections, particularly in epithelial cells and protected mucosal tissues. Its protective effects have been demonstrated against HSV2, Zika virus, HIV and SARS-COV2. However, the specific expression and role of IFN-ε in skin keratinocytes and HPV infection are still not fully understood and require further investigation. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the functions and expression mechanism of IFN-ε in keratinocytes during HPV infection and the progression of condyloma acuminata. METHODS Keratinocytes isolated from biopsied CA warts and normal skins samples were analyzed by MeRIP-seq analysis. IFN-ε and WTAP in CA warts and normal skins were analyzed by immunostaining and qPCR. RESULTS In this study, we identified IFN-ɛ was markedly upregulated in CA warts and HPV-infected keratinocytes. IFN-ɛ expression also showed negatively correlation with the size of CA warts (R=-0.4646, P = 0.009). IFN-ɛ suppressed the susceptibility of HPV infection directly. m6A analysis reveals WTAP is a key m6A writer promoting the m6A modification of IFNE mRNA. CONCLUSION Our research suggests that IFN-ɛ is an important Type I IFN cytokine involved in the development of genital warts. Furthermore, we found that HPV infection affects the m6A modifications of IFNE through a mechanism dependent on WTAP. This study provides insights into the innate immune response of the host to HPV infection and may contribute to the development of future strategies for regulating innate immunity to treat genital warts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenya Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huayu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchun Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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19
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DePaoli Taylor B, Criscitiello MF, Bazer FW, Richardson LS, Noah A, Haggerty CL. Functional interferon-epsilon gene polymorphisms and sexually transmitted infections of the endometrium. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 90:e13754. [PMID: 37491918 PMCID: PMC10793201 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Interferon-epsilon (IFNε) is the only type I IFN constitutively expressed in the female reproductive tract and fluctuates across the menstrual cycle in humans. Mouse models show that IFNε protects against Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV, and Zika in mice, but human studies are limited. Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) can ascend to the upper genital tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and subsequent infertility. However, the host immunological mechanisms that play a role in the ascension and infection of the endometrium in individuals with clinically suspected PID are not elucidated. METHOD OF STUDY This pilot investigation determined if IFNε gene variants are associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and endometrial infection with C. trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma genitalium using biospecimens from 154 self-report Black individuals who participated in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study. RESULTS The T allele for rs2039381 was associated with endometrial STI infection (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.1) and the C allele for rs1125488 was inversely associated with BV (OR: .2, 95% CI: .05-.8). CONCLUSIONS Few studies have examined IFNε gene variants, our study raises the possibility that IFNε gene variants may be a potential host contributor to STI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie DePaoli Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lauren S. Richardson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Akaninyene Noah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Catherine L. Haggerty
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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20
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Marks ZRC, Campbell NK, Mangan NE, Vandenberg CJ, Gearing LJ, Matthews AY, Gould JA, Tate MD, Wray-McCann G, Ying L, Rosli S, Brockwell N, Parker BS, Lim SS, Bilandzic M, Christie EL, Stephens AN, de Geus E, Wakefield MJ, Ho GY, McNally O, McNeish IA, Bowtell DDL, de Weerd NA, Scott CL, Bourke NM, Hertzog PJ. Interferon-ε is a tumour suppressor and restricts ovarian cancer. Nature 2023; 620:1063-1070. [PMID: 37587335 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancers have low survival rates because of their late presentation with extensive peritoneal metastases and frequent chemoresistance1, and require new treatments guided by novel insights into pathogenesis. Here we describe the intrinsic tumour-suppressive activities of interferon-ε (IFNε). IFNε is constitutively expressed in epithelial cells of the fallopian tube, the cell of origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancers, and is then lost during development of these tumours. We characterize its anti-tumour activity in several preclinical models: ovarian cancer patient-derived xenografts, orthotopic and disseminated syngeneic models, and tumour cell lines with or without mutations in Trp53 and Brca genes. We use manipulation of the IFNε receptor IFNAR1 in different cell compartments, differential exposure status to IFNε and global measures of IFN signalling to show that the mechanism of the anti-tumour activity of IFNε involves direct action on tumour cells and, crucially, activation of anti-tumour immunity. IFNε activated anti-tumour T and natural killer cells and prevented the accumulation and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. Thus, we demonstrate that IFNε is an intrinsic tumour suppressor in the female reproductive tract whose activities in models of established and advanced ovarian cancer, distinct from other type I IFNs, are compelling indications of potential new therapeutic approaches for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R C Marks
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole K Campbell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niamh E Mangan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra J Vandenberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linden J Gearing
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Y Matthews
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodee A Gould
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgie Wray-McCann
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Rosli
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha Brockwell
- Research Division, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Research Division, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Bilandzic
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew N Stephens
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eveline de Geus
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Wakefield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gwo-Yaw Ho
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Orla McNally
- Research Division, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David D L Bowtell
- Research Division, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare L Scott
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nollaig M Bourke
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Dalskov L, Gad HH, Hartmann R. Viral recognition and the antiviral interferon response. EMBO J 2023:e112907. [PMID: 37367474 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that play a key role in the innate immune response to viral infections. In response to viral stimuli, cells produce and release interferons, which then act on neighboring cells to induce the transcription of hundreds of genes. Many of these gene products either combat the viral infection directly, e.g., by interfering with viral replication, or help shape the following immune response. Here, we review how viral recognition leads to the production of different types of IFNs and how this production differs in spatial and temporal manners. We then continue to describe how these IFNs play different roles in the ensuing immune response depending on when and where they are produced or act during an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dalskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Henrik Gad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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22
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Xu C, Wang A, Ebraham L, Sullivan L, Tasker C, Pizutelli V, Couret J, Hernandez C, Deb PQ, Fritzky L, Subbian S, Gao N, Lo Y, Salvatore M, Rivera A, Lemenze A, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Tyagi S, Lu W, Beaulieu A, Chang TL. Interferon ε restricts Zika virus infection in the female reproductive tract. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.06.535968. [PMID: 37066223 PMCID: PMC10104157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Interferon ε (IFNε) is a unique type I IFN that has been implicated in host defense against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging pathogen, can infect the female reproductive tract (FRT) and cause devastating diseases, particularly in pregnant women. How IFNε contributes to protection against ZIKV infection in vivo is unknown. Here, we show that IFNε plays a critical role in host protection against vaginal ZIKV infection in mice. We found that IFNε was expressed not only by epithelial cells in the FRT, but also by certain immune and other cells at baseline or after exposure to viruses or specific TLR agonists. IFNε-deficient mice exhibited abnormalities in the epithelial border and underlying tissue in the cervicovaginal tract, and these defects were associated with increased susceptibility to vaginal, but not subcutaneous ZIKV infection. IFNε-deficiency resulted in an increase in magnitude, duration, and depth of ZIKV infection in the FRT. Critically, intravaginal administration of recombinant IFNε protected Ifnε-/- mice and highly susceptible Ifnar1-/- mice against vaginal ZIKV infection, indicating that IFNε was sufficient to provide protection even in the absence of signals from other type I IFNs and in an IFNAR1-independent manner. Our findings reveal a potentially critical role for IFNε in mediating protection against transmission of ZIKV in the context of sexual contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xu
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Laith Ebraham
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Liam Sullivan
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carley Tasker
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Vanessa Pizutelli
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jennifer Couret
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Cyril Hernandez
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pratik Q. Deb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Luke Fritzky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Rutgers, School of Art and Science-Newark, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yungtai Lo
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Mirella Salvatore
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Science, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aimee Beaulieu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Theresa L. Chang
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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23
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Coldbeck-Shackley RC, Romeo O, Rosli S, Gearing LJ, Gould JA, Lim SS, Van der Hoek KH, Eyre NS, Shue B, Robertson SA, Best SM, Tate MD, Hertzog PJ, Beard MR. Constitutive expression and distinct properties of IFN-epsilon protect the female reproductive tract from Zika virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010843. [PMID: 36897927 PMCID: PMC10032502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological surveillance factors controlling vulnerability of the female reproductive tract (FRT) to sexually transmitted viral infections are not well understood. Interferon-epsilon (IFNɛ) is a distinct, immunoregulatory type-I IFN that is constitutively expressed by FRT epithelium and is not induced by pathogens like other antiviral IFNs α, β and λ. We show the necessity of IFNɛ for Zika Virus (ZIKV) protection by: increased susceptibility of IFNɛ-/- mice; their "rescue" by intravaginal recombinant IFNɛ treatment and blockade of protective endogenous IFNɛ by neutralising antibody. Complementary studies in human FRT cell lines showed IFNɛ had potent anti-ZIKV activity, associated with transcriptome responses similar to IFNλ but lacking the proinflammatory gene signature of IFNα. IFNɛ activated STAT1/2 pathways similar to IFNα and λ that were inhibited by ZIKV-encoded non-structural (NS) proteins, but not if IFNε exposure preceded infection. This scenario is provided by the constitutive expression of endogenous IFNε. However, the IFNɛ expression was not inhibited by ZIKV NS proteins despite their ability to antagonise the expression of IFNβ or λ. Thus, the constitutive expression of IFNɛ provides cellular resistance to viral strategies of antagonism and maximises the antiviral activity of the FRT. These results show that the unique spatiotemporal properties of IFNε provides an innate immune surveillance network in the FRT that is a significant barrier to viral infection with important implications for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa C Coldbeck-Shackley
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ornella Romeo
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Rosli
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linden J Gearing
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodee A Gould
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie H Van der Hoek
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Eyre
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Byron Shue
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton Montana, United States of America
| | - Michelle D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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24
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Zhang H, Zhang D, Zhang S, Liu H, Wang H, Wang C, Zou D, Hu B, Lian S, Lu S, Bai X. Isolation and characterization of the mink interferon-epsilon gene and its antiviral activity. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:972433. [PMID: 36776547 PMCID: PMC9915148 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.972433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) response is the first line of defense against viral invasion and thus plays a central role in the regulation of the immune response. IFN-epsilon (IFN-ε) is a newly discovered type I IFN that does not require viral induction, unlike other type I IFNs. IFN-ε is constitutively expressed in epithelial cells and plays an important role in mucosal immunity. In this study, we evaluated the biological activity of the mink-IFN (MiIFN)-ε gene in prokaryotic cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate IFN-ε expression in different mink tissues. MiIFN-ε was highly expressed in brain, lung, tracheal, kidney, intestinal, bladder, ovarian, and testis tissues. There was no significant difference in MiIFN-ε expression between female and male minks, except in the reproductive system. Expression of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO3)-MiIFN-ε fusion gene was induced by isopropylβ-d-thiogalactoside, and MiIFN-ε was collected after SUMO-specific protease digestion. We tested the antiviral activity of MiIFN-ε against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in epithelial cells of feline kidney 81 (F81). We used qRT-PCR to analyze the expression of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including ISG15, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2'-5'OAS1), and myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1). Recombinant IFN-ε induced high ISG expression in F81 cells. Compared with those in the cell control group, expressions of ISG15, Mx1, and 2'-5' OAS1 in the VSV-GFP control, IFN-ε, and MiIFN-ε-inhibited VSV-GFP groups were significantly increased. Compared with those in the VSV-GFP control group, expressions of ISG15 and 2'-5' OAS1 in the IFN-ε and MiIFN-ε-inhibited VSV-GFP groups were significantly increased, and the differences were highly significant (p < 0.0001). IFN-ε played an indirect antiviral role. These findings lay the foundation for detailed investigation of IFN-ε in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Deying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhen Lian
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Xue Bai
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25
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Gravitte A, Kintner J, Brown S, Cobble A, Kennard B, Hall JV. The hormonal environment and estrogen receptor signaling alters Chlamydia muridarum infection in vivo. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:939944. [PMID: 36636722 PMCID: PMC9831676 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.939944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States and worldwide. Previous studies indicate that the progression of chlamydial infection is influenced by various factors, including the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Sex hormone levels naturally fluctuate in women throughout their menstrual cycle. Varying concentrations of estrogen and progesterone may impact the progression of chlamydial infection and the host's immune response to Chlamydia. Estrogen signals through estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ. These receptors are similar in structure and function, but are differentially expressed in tissues throughout the body, including the genital tract and on cells of the immune system. In this study, we used ovariectomized (OVT) BALB/c mice to investigate the impact of long-term administration of physiologically relevant concentrations of estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), or a combination of E2/P4 on the progression of and immune response to C. muridarum infection. Additionally, we used ERα and ERβ knockout C57/BL6 mice to determine the how ERs affect chlamydial infection and the resulting immune response. Estrogen exposure prevented C. muridarum infection in vaginally infected OVT mice exposed to E2 alone or in combination with P4, while OVT or Sham mice exposed to hormone free, P4 or depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate shed similar amounts of chlamydiae. The hormonal environment also altered T cell recruitment and IFNϵ production the genital tracts of infected OVT and Sham mice on day 10 post infection. The absence of ERα, but not ERβ, in ER knockout mouse strains significantly changed the timing of C. muridarum infection. ERαKO mice shed significantly more chlamydiae at day 3 post infection and resolved the infection faster than WT or ERβKO animals. At day 9 post infection, flow cytometry showed that ERαKO mice had more T cells present and targeted RNA sequencing revealed increased expression of CD4 and FOXP3, suggesting that ERαKO mice had increased numbers of regulatory T cells compared to ERβKO and WT mice. Mock and chlamydia-infected ERαKO mice also expressed more IFNϵ early during infection. Overall, the data from these studies indicate that sex hormones and their receptors, particularly ERα and ERβ, differentially affect C. muridarum infection in murine models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gravitte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infection Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer Kintner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Stacy Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Allison Cobble
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Benjamin Kennard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer V. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infection Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Jennifer V. Hall,
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26
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Barriga FM, Tsanov KM, Ho YJ, Sohail N, Zhang A, Baslan T, Wuest AN, Del Priore I, Meškauskaitė B, Livshits G, Alonso-Curbelo D, Simon J, Chaves-Perez A, Bar-Sagi D, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Notta F, Chaligne R, Sharma R, Pe'er D, Lowe SW. MACHETE identifies interferon-encompassing chromosome 9p21.3 deletions as mediators of immune evasion and metastasis. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:1367-1385. [PMID: 36344707 PMCID: PMC9701143 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent homozygous deletions in cancer affect chromosome 9p21.3 and eliminate CDKN2A/B tumor suppressors, disabling a cell-intrinsic barrier to tumorigenesis. Half of 9p21.3 deletions, however, also encompass a type I interferon (IFN) gene cluster; the consequences of this co-deletion remain unexplored. To functionally dissect 9p21.3 and other large genomic deletions, we developed a flexible deletion engineering strategy, MACHETE (molecular alteration of chromosomes with engineered tandem elements). Applying MACHETE to a syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic cancer, we found that co-deletion of the IFN cluster promoted immune evasion, metastasis and immunotherapy resistance. Mechanistically, IFN co-deletion disrupted type I IFN signaling in the tumor microenvironment, leading to marked changes in infiltrating immune cells and escape from CD8+ T-cell surveillance, effects largely driven by the poorly understood interferon epsilon. These results reveal a chromosomal deletion that disables both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic tumor suppression and provide a framework for interrogating large deletions in cancer and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Barriga
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaloyan M Tsanov
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noor Sohail
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Zhang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra N Wuest
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabella Del Priore
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brigita Meškauskaitė
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geulah Livshits
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Direna Alonso-Curbelo
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janelle Simon
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Almudena Chaves-Perez
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronan Chaligne
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Park Y, Han SJ. Interferon Signaling in the Endometrium and in Endometriosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111554. [PMID: 36358904 PMCID: PMC9687697 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease that develops in reproductive-aged women who experience pelvic pain and infertility. Even though endometriosis is not a new disease, its molecular etiology has not been clearly elucidated. Defects in the immune system might be one of the factors that promote endometriosis progression. For example, elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with endometriosis. Interferon is one of the cytokines that is elevated in endometriotic tissues compared with normal endometrium. Therefore, high interferon levels play a crucial role in endometriosis progression. In addition to endometriosis, however, interferon has a critical role in endometrial function, particularly in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy. Therefore, this review describes the double-edged sword of interferon signaling in normal endometrial function versus endometriosis progression and also discusses interferon targeting as a new nonhormonal therapy for endometriosis. This approach may increase the efficacy of endometriosis treatment and reduce the adverse effects associated with current hormonal therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Zhao FR, Wang W, Zheng Q, Zhang YG, Chen J. The regulation of antiviral activity of interferon epsilon. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006481. [PMID: 36386666 PMCID: PMC9642105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon epsilon (IFN-ε) is a type I IFN. Some biological properties has been identified in many species, such as antiproliferative, anti-tumor, and antiviral effects, of IFN-ε, which are much weaker than those of IFN-α, have also been revealed. It has been shown to play a role in mucosal immunity and bacterial infection and in the prevention of certain sexually transmitted diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This paper reviews the known activity of IFN-ε, particularly in some viruses. In general, this review provides a better understanding of effective IFN-ε treatment in the future.
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Schmitz Y, Schwerdtfeger M, Westmeier J, Littwitz-Salomon E, Alt M, Brochhagen L, Krawczyk A, Sutter K. Superior antiviral activity of IFNβ in genital HSV-1 infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:949036. [PMID: 36325470 PMCID: PMC9618724 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.949036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) present the first line of defense against viral infections, providing antiviral, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects. The type I IFN family contains 12 IFNα subtypes and IFNβ, and although they share the same receptor, they are classified as non-redundant, capable to induce a variety of different IFN-stimulated genes. However, the biological impact of individual subtypes remains controversial. Recent data propose a subtype-specificity of type I IFNs revealing unique effector functions for different viruses and thus expanding the implications for IFNα-based antiviral immunotherapies. Despite extensive research, drug-resistant infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is the common agent of recurrent orogenital lesions, are still lacking a protective or curing therapeutic. However, due to the risk of generalized infections in immunocompromised hosts as well as the increasing incidence of resistance to conventional antiherpetic agents, HSV infections raise major health concerns. Based on their pleiotropic effector functions, the application of type I IFNs represents a promising approach to inhibit HSV-1 replication, to improve host immunity and to further elucidate their qualitative differences. Here, selective IFNα subtypes and IFNβ were evaluated for their therapeutic potential in genital HSV-1 infections. Respective in vivo studies in mice revealed subtype-specific differences in the reduction of local viral loads. IFNβ had the strongest antiviral efficacy against genital HSV-1 infection in mice, whereas IFNα1, IFNα4, and IFNα11 had no impact on viral loads. Based on flow cytometric analyses of underlying immune responses at local and peripheral sites, these differences could be further assigned to specific modulations of the antiviral immunity early during HSV-1 infection. IFNβ led to enhanced systemic cytokine secretion and elevated cytotoxic responses, which negatively correlated with viral loads in the vaginal tract. These data provide further insights into the diversity of type I IFN effector functions and their impact on the immunological control of HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Schmitz
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mara Schwerdtfeger
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jaana Westmeier
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Mira Alt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Leonie Brochhagen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kathrin Sutter,
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30
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Smith JB, Herbert JJ, Truong NR, Cunningham AL. Cytokines and chemokines: The vital role they play in herpes simplex virus mucosal immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936235. [PMID: 36211447 PMCID: PMC9538770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2 are ubiquitous infections in humans. They cause orofacial and genital herpes with occasional severe complications. HSV2 also predisposes individuals to infection with HIV. There is currently no vaccine or immunotherapy for these diseases. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of HSV infections is essential to progress towards these goals. Both HSV viruses result in initial infections in two major sites - in the skin or mucosa, either after initial infection or recurrence, and in the dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia where the viruses establish latency. HSV1 can also cause recurrent infection in the eye. At all of these sites immune cells respond to control infection. T cells and resident dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin/mucosa and around reactivating neurones in the ganglia, as well as keratinocytes in the skin and mucosa, are major sources of cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines such as the Type I and II interferons synergise in their local antiviral effects. Chemokines such as CCL2, 3 and 4 are found in lesion vesicle fluid, but their exact role in determining the interactions between epidermal and dermal DCs and with resident memory and infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells in the skin/mucosa is unclear. Even less is known about these mechanisms in the ganglia. Here we review the data on known sources and actions of these cytokines and chemokines at cellular and tissue level and indicate their potential for preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta B. Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anthony L. Cunningham,
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31
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Rarani FZ, Rashidi B, Jafari Najaf Abadi MH, Hamblin MR, Reza Hashemian SM, Mirzaei H. Cytokines and microRNAs in SARS-CoV-2: What do we know? MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:219-242. [PMID: 35782361 PMCID: PMC9233348 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a global health emergency. Currently, there are no completely effective therapeutic medications for the management of this outbreak. The cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory medical condition due to excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and even mortality. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can be helpful for the treatment of patients. Evidence suggests that the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are dramatically different between mild and severe patients, so they may be important contributors to the cytokine storm. Several serum markers can be predictors for the cytokine storm. This review discusses the cytokines involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, focusing on interferons (IFNs) and ILs, and whether they can be used in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we highlight several microRNAs that are involved in these cytokines and their role in the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran
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32
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Mungin JW, Chen X, Liu B. Interferon Epsilon Signaling Confers Attenuated Zika Replication in Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:853. [PMID: 36014974 PMCID: PMC9415962 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital birth defects and neurological compilations in the human host. Although ZIKV is primarily transmitted through infected mosquitos, recent studies reveal sexual contact as a potential transmission route. In vagina-bearing individuals, the vaginal epithelium constitutes the first line of defense against viruses. However, it is unclear how ZIKV interacts with the vaginal epithelium to initiate ZIKV transmission. In this study, we demonstrate that exposing ZIKV to human vaginal epithelial cells (hVECs) resulted in de novo viral RNA replication, increased envelope viral protein production, and a steady, extracellular release of infectious viral particles. Interestingly, our data show that, despite an increase in viral load, the hVECs did not exhibit significant cytopathology in culture as other cell types typically do. Furthermore, our data reveal that the innate antiviral state of hVECs plays a crucial role in preventing viral cytopathology. For the first time, our data show that interferon epsilon inhibits ZIKV replication. Collectively, our results in this study provide a novel perspective on the viral susceptibility and replication dynamics during ZIKV infection in the human vaginal epithelium. These findings will be instrumental towards developing therapeutic agents aimed at eliminating the pathology caused by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bindong Liu
- Centers for AIDS Health Disparity Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (J.W.M.J.); (X.C.)
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Bourke NM, Achilles SL, Huang SUS, Cumming HE, Lim SS, Papageorgiou I, Gearing LJ, Chapman R, Thakore S, Mangan NE, Mesiano S, Hertzog PJ. Spatiotemporal regulation of human IFNε and innate immunity in the female reproductive tract. JCI Insight 2022; 7:135407. [PMID: 35862222 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although published studies have demonstrated that interferon epsilon (IFNε) has a crucial role in regulating protective immunity in the mouse female reproductive tract (mFRT), expression and regulation of IFNε in the human female reproductive tract (hFRT) have not been characterised. To characterise human IFNε, we obtained hFRT samples from a well- characterized cohort of women, enabling us to comprehensively assess ex vivo IFNε expression in the hFRT at various stages of the menstrual cycle. We found that among the various types of IFNs, IFNε is uniquely selectively and constitutively expressed in the hFRT epithelium. It has distinct expression patterns in the surface and glandular epithelia of the upper hFRT compared with basal layers of the stratified squamous epithelia of the lower hFRT. There is cyclical variation of IFNε expression in the endometrial epithelium of the upper hFRT and not in the distal FRT, consistent with selective endometrial expression of the progesterone receptor and regulation of the IFNE promoter by progesterone. Since we show IFNε stimulates important protective IFN-regulated genes (IRGs) in FRT epithelium, this characterisation is a key element in understanding the mechanisms of hormonal control of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie U-Shane Huang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Helen E Cumming
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Irene Papageorgiou
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Linden J Gearing
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ross Chapman
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Suruchi Thakore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Niamh E Mangan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sam Mesiano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
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Pierangeli A, Gentile M, Oliveto G, Frasca F, Sorrentino L, Matera L, Nenna R, Viscido A, Fracella M, Petrarca L, D’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Midulla F, Antonelli G, Scagnolari C. Comparison by Age of the Local Interferon Response to SARS-CoV-2 Suggests a Role for IFN-ε and -ω. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873232. [PMID: 35903094 PMCID: PMC9315386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children generally develop a mild disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection whereas older adults are at risk of developing severe COVID-19. Recent transcriptomic analysis showed pre-activated innate immunity in children, resulting in a more effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 response upon infection. To further characterize age-related differences, we studied type I and III interferon (IFN) response in SARS-CoV-2 infected and non-infected individuals of different ages. Specifically, levels of expression of type I (IFN-α, -β, -ε and -ω), type III (IFN-λ1, -λ2 and -λ3) IFNs and of the IFN-stimulated genes, ISG15 and ISG56 were quantified in nasopharyngeal cells from diagnostic swabs. Basal transcription of type I/III IFN genes was highest among children and decreased with age. Among SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, only IFN-ε and -ω levels were significantly higher in children and young adults whereas ISGs were overexpressed in infected adults. The occurrence of symptoms in children and the need for hospitalization in adults were associated to higher transcription of several IFN genes. Starting from a pre-activated transcription level, the expression of type I and III IFNs was not highly up-regulated in children upon SARS-CoV-2 infection; young adults activated IFNs’ transcription at intermediate levels whereas older adults were characterized by higher ISGs and lower IFN-ε and -ω relative expression levels. Overall, our findings contribute to recognize components of a protective IFN response as a function of age, in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Pierangeli, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-0633-360X
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Oliveto
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Frasca
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorrentino
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Matera
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Viscido
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Fracella
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
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Campbell TM, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Moncada-Velez M, Covill LE, Zhang P, Alavi Darazam I, Bastard P, Bizien L, Bucciol G, Lind Enoksson S, Jouanguy E, Karabela ŞN, Khan T, Kendir-Demirkol Y, Arias AA, Mansouri D, Marits P, Marr N, Migeotte I, Moens L, Ozcelik T, Pellier I, Sendel A, Şenoğlu S, Shahrooei M, Smith CE, Vandernoot I, Willekens K, Kart Yaşar K, Bergman P, Abel L, Cobat A, Casanova JL, Meyts I, Bryceson YT. Respiratory viral infections in otherwise healthy humans with inherited IRF7 deficiency. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213267. [PMID: 35670811 PMCID: PMC9178406 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive IRF7 deficiency was previously reported in three patients with single critical influenza or COVID-19 pneumonia episodes. The patients' fibroblasts and plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced no detectable type I and III IFNs, except IFN-β. Having discovered four new patients, we describe the genetic, immunological, and clinical features of seven IRF7-deficient patients from six families and five ancestries. Five were homozygous and two were compound heterozygous for IRF7 variants. Patients typically had one episode of pulmonary viral disease. Age at onset was surprisingly broad, from 6 mo to 50 yr (mean age 29 yr). The respiratory viruses implicated included SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus. Serological analyses indicated previous infections with many common viruses. Cellular analyses revealed strong antiviral immunity and expanded populations of influenza- and SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IRF7-deficient individuals are prone to viral infections of the respiratory tract but are otherwise healthy, potentially due to residual IFN-β and compensatory adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Mollie Campbell
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Qian Zhang:
| | - Marcela Moncada-Velez
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Laura E. Covill
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul Bastard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Lucy Bizien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Giorgia Bucciol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Lind Enoksson
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Şemsi Nur Karabela
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taushif Khan
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasemin Kendir-Demirkol
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andres Augusto Arias
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- The Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Per Marits
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nico Marr
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Centre de Génétique Humaine de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tayfun Ozcelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isabelle Pellier
- Université d'Angers, INSERM, CNRS, CRCINA, Pediatric Immuno-Hemato-oncology Unit, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anton Sendel
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevtap Şenoğlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr. Shahrooei, Sina Medical Complex, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C.I. Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Research Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Vandernoot
- Centre de Génétique Humaine de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Willekens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kadriye Kart Yaşar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Jean-Laurent Casanova:
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yenan T. Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Broegelmann Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Miller D, Romero R, Kacerovsky M, Musilova I, Galaz J, Garcia-Flores V, Xu Y, Pusod E, Demery-Poulos C, Gutierrez-Contreras P, Liu TN, Jung E, Theis KR, Coleman LA, Gomez-Lopez N. Defining a role for Interferon Epsilon in normal and complicated pregnancies. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09952. [PMID: 35898609 PMCID: PMC9309660 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon epsilon (IFNe) is a recently described cytokine that is constitutively expressed in the female reproductive tract. However, the role of this hormonally regulated cytokine during human pregnancy is poorly understood. Moreover, whether IFNe participates in host immune response against bacteria-driven intra-amniotic infection or cervical human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy is unknown. Herein, using a unique set of human samples derived from multiple study cohorts, we aimed to uncover the role of IFNe in normal and complicated pregnancies. We showed that IFNe is expressed in the myometrium, cervix, and chorioamniotic membranes, and may therefore represent a constitutive element of host defense mechanisms in these tissues during pregnancy. The expression of IFNe in the myometrium and cervix appeared greater in late gestation than in mid-pregnancy, but did not seem to be impacted by labor. Notably, concentrations of IFNe in amniotic fluid, but not cervical fluid, were increased in a subset of women undergoing spontaneous preterm labor with intra-amniotic infection, indicating that IFNe could participate in anti-microbial responses in the amniotic cavity. However, stimulation with Ureaplasma parvum and/or lipopolysaccharide did not enhance IFNE expression by amnion epithelial or cervical cells in vitro, implicating alternative sources of this cytokine during intra-amniotic or cervical infection, respectively. Collectively, our results represent the first characterization of IFNe expression by human reproductive and gestational tissues during normal pregnancy and suggest a role for this cytokine in intra-amniotic infection leading to preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University; East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University; Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Detroit Medical Center; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Musilova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Errile Pusod
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine Demery-Poulos
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pedro Gutierrez-Contreras
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Tzu Ning Liu
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin R. Theis
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lanetta A. Coleman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS); Bethesda, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Song Q, Zhao X, Cao C, Duan M, Shao C, Jiang S, Zhou B, Zhou Y, Dong W, Yang Y, Wang X, Song H. Research advances on interferon (IFN) response during BVDV infection. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chandrasekar V, Singh AV, Maharjan RS, Dakua SP, Balakrishnan S, Dash S, Laux P, Luch A, Singh S, Pradhan M. Perspectives on the Technological Aspects and Biomedical Applications of Virus‐Like Particles/Nanoparticles in Reproductive Biology: Insights on the Medicinal and Toxicological Outlook. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Vikram Singh
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Department of Chemical and Product Safety Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany
| | - Romi Singh Maharjan
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Department of Chemical and Product Safety Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Sagnika Dash
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Apollo Clinic Qatar 23656 Doha Qatar
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Department of Chemical and Product Safety Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Department of Chemical and Product Safety Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany
| | - Suyash Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raebareli UP 226001 India
| | - Mandakini Pradhan
- Department of Fetal Medicine Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Reabareli Road Lucknow UP 226014 India
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Taylor BD, Criscitiello MF, Hernandez T, Norwood B, Noah A, Bazer FW. Interferon epsilon and preterm birth subtypes; a new piece of the type I interferon puzzle during pregnancy? Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 87:e13526. [PMID: 35147251 PMCID: PMC9978937 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Interferon epsilon (IFNε) is a unique type I IFN that is expressed in response to sex steroids. Studies suggest that type I IFNs regulate inflammation-induced preterm birth (PTB), but no study has examined the role of IFNε in human pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY We used stored vaginal swabs between 8 and 26 weeks of gestation from the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS) biobank and measured IFNε by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 29 women with spontaneous preterm births, 34 women with medically indicated preterm births, and 134 women with term births were included. Secondary outcomes included a preterm birth with chorioamnionitis and preeclampsia with a preterm birth. Logistic regression calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for maternal age, race, body mass index, prior pregnancy complications, lower genital tract infections, chronic health conditions, and gestational age at blood draw. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS There was no significant association between IFNε and spontaneous preterm birth (ORadj 1.0, 0.8-1.3) or chorioamnionitis (ORadj 1.6, 0.7-3.5). A trend toward increased odds of medically indicated preterm birth (ORadj . 1.3, 1.0-1.8) was observed. This was likely due to elevated IFNε among women with preterm preeclampsia (ORadj . 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.2). While exploratory, our novel findings suggest that larger longitudinal studies of IFNε across human pregnancy may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie DePaoli Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555,Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, Texas,Correspondence: Brandie DePaoli Taylor, PhD, MPH, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch ; phone: 409-772-7592
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Tyne Hernandez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19143
| | - Brooke Norwood
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Akawinyene Noah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555,Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Goldstein ME, Scull MA. Modeling Innate Antiviral Immunity in Physiological Context. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167374. [PMID: 34863779 PMCID: PMC8940657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An effective innate antiviral response is critical for the mitigation of severe disease and host survival following infection. In vivo, the innate antiviral response is triggered by cells that detect the invading pathogen and then communicate through autocrine and paracrine signaling to stimulate the expression of genes that inhibit viral replication, curtail cell proliferation, or modulate the immune response. In other words, the innate antiviral response is complex and dynamic. Notably, in the laboratory, culturing viruses and assaying viral life cycles frequently utilizes cells that are derived from tissues other than those that support viral replication during natural infection, while the study of viral pathogenesis often employs animal models. In recapitulating the human antiviral response, it is important to consider that variation in the expression and function of innate immune sensors and antiviral effectors exists across species, cell types, and cell differentiation states, as well as when cells are placed in different contexts. Thus, to gain novel insight into the dynamics of the host response and how specific sensors and effectors impact infection kinetics by a particular virus, the model system must be selected carefully. In this review, we briefly introduce key signaling pathways involved in the innate antiviral response and highlight how these differ between systems. We then review the application of tissue-engineered or 3D models for studying the antiviral response, and suggest how these in vitro culture systems could be further utilized to assay physiologically-relevant host responses and reveal novel insight into virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monty E Goldstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, 3134 Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Margaret A Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, 3134 Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Manti S, Leonardi S, Rezaee F, Harford TJ, Perez MK, Piedimonte G. Effects of Vertical Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to the Offspring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853009. [PMID: 35359954 PMCID: PMC8963917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overt and subclinical maternal infections in pregnancy can have multiple and significant pathological consequences for the developing fetus, leading to acute perinatal complications and/or chronic disease throughout postnatal life. In this context, the current concept of pregnancy as a state of systemic immunosuppression seems oversimplified and outdated. Undoubtedly, in pregnancy the maternal immune system undergoes complex changes to establish and maintain tolerance to the fetus while still protecting from pathogens. In addition to downregulated maternal immunity, hormonal changes, and mechanical adaptation (e.g., restricted lung expansion) make the pregnant woman more susceptible to respiratory pathogens, such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depending on the infectious agent and timing of the infection during gestation, fetal pathology can range from mild to severe, and even fatal. Influenza is associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women than in the general population, and, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy, mothers are at increased risk of hospitalization for acute cardiopulmonary illness, while their babies show higher risk of complications such as prematurity, respiratory and neurological illness, congenital anomalies, and admission to neonatal intensive care. RSV exposure in utero is associated with selective immune deficit, remodeling of cholinergic innervation in the developing respiratory tract, and abnormal airway smooth muscle contractility, which may predispose to postnatal airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, as well as development of chronic airway dysfunction in childhood. Although there is still limited evidence supporting the occurrence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the high prevalence of prematurity among pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2 suggests this virus may alter immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface, affecting both the mother and her fetus. This review aims at summarizing the current evidence about the short- and long-term consequences of intrauterine exposure to influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 in terms of neonatal and pediatric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonology, Cleveland Clinic Children’s, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Terri J. Harford
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miriam K. Perez
- Department of General Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Children’s, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Piedimonte,
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Fernandez-Ruiz R, Niewold TB. Type I Interferons in Autoimmunity. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:793-803. [PMID: 35016780 PMCID: PMC8860872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated IFN-1 responses play crucial roles in the development of multiple forms of autoimmunity. Many patients with lupus, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, and dermatomyositis demonstrate enhanced IFN-1 signaling. IFN-1 excess is associated with disease severity and autoantibodies and could potentially predict response to newer therapies targeting IFN-1 pathways. In this review, we provide an overview of the signaling pathway and immune functions of IFN-1s in health and disease. We also review the systemic autoimmune diseases classically associated with IFN-1 upregulation and current therapeutic strategies targeting the IFN-1 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Fernandez-Ruiz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Judith & Stewart Colton Center for Autoimmunity, Department of Medicine Research, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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43
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Dowling JW, Forero A. Beyond Good and Evil: Molecular Mechanisms of Type I and III IFN Functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:247-256. [PMID: 35017214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IFNs are comprised of three families of cytokines that confer protection against pathogen infection and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The broad role IFNs play in innate and adaptive immune regulation has placed them under heavy scrutiny to position them as "friend" or "foe" across pathologies. Genetic lesions in genes involving IFN synthesis and signaling underscore the disparate outcomes of aberrant IFN signaling. Abrogation of the response leads to susceptibility to microbial infections whereas unabated IFN induction underlies a variety of inflammatory diseases and tumor immune evasion. Type I and III IFNs have overlapping roles in antiviral protection, yet the mechanisms by which they are induced and promote the expression of IFN-stimulated genes and inflammation can distinguish their biological functions. In this review, we examine the molecular factors that shape the shared and distinct roles of type I and III IFNs in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Dowling
- Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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44
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Locke MC, Fox LE, Dunlap BF, Young AR, Monte K, Lenschow DJ. Interferon Alpha, but Not Interferon Beta, Acts Early To Control Chronic Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis. J Virol 2022; 96:e0114321. [PMID: 34668781 PMCID: PMC8754211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes both debilitating acute and chronic disease. Previous work has shown that type I interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in limiting CHIKV pathogenesis and that interferon alpha (IFN-α) and interferon beta (IFN-β) control acute CHIKV infection by distinct mechanisms. However, the role of type I IFNs, especially specific subtypes, during chronic CHIKV disease is unclear. To address this gap in knowledge, we evaluated chronic CHIKV pathogenesis in mice lacking IFN-α or IFN-β. We found that IFN-α was the dominant subtype that controls chronic disease. Despite detecting a varying type I IFN response throughout the course of disease, IFN-α acts within the first few days of infection to control the levels of persistent CHIKV RNA. In addition, using a novel CHIKV-3'-Cre tdTomato reporter system that fate maps CHIKV-infected cells, we showed that IFN-α limits the number of cells that survive CHIKV at sites of dissemination, particularly dermal fibroblasts and immune cells. Though myofibers play a significant role in CHIKV disease, they were not impacted by the loss of IFN-α. Our studies highlight that IFN-α and IFN-β play divergent roles during chronic CHIKV disease through events that occur early in infection and that not all cell types are equally dependent on type I IFNs for restricting viral persistence. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging global pathogen with no effective vaccine or antiviral treatment for acute or chronic disease, and the mechanisms underlying chronic disease manifestations remain poorly defined. The significance of our research is in defining IFN-α, but not IFN-β, as an important host regulator of chronic CHIKV pathogenesis that acts within the first 48 hours of infection to limit persistent viral RNA and the number of cells that survive CHIKV infection 1 month post-infection. Loss of IFN-α had a greater impact on immune cells and dermal fibroblasts than myofibers, highlighting the need to delineate cell-specific responses to type I IFNs. Altogether, our work demonstrates that very early events of acute CHIKV infection influence chronic disease. Continued efforts to delineate early host-pathogen interactions may help stratify patients who are at risk for developing chronic CHIKV symptoms and identify therapeutics that may prevent progression to chronic disease altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa C. Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lindsey E. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bria F. Dunlap
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alissa R. Young
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristen Monte
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah J. Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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45
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Chen SN, Gan Z, Nie P. Retroposition of the Long Transcript from Multiexon IFN-β Homologs in Ancestry Vertebrate Gave Rise to the Proximal Transcription Elements of Intronless IFN-β Promoter in Humans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2512-2520. [PMID: 34625523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
IFN-β is a unique member of type I IFN in humans and contains four positive regulatory domains (PRDs), I-II-III-IV, in its promoter, which are docking sites for transcription factors IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3/7, NF-κB, IRF3/7, and activating transcription factor 2/Jun proto-oncogene, respectively. In chicken IFN-β and zebrafish IFNφ1 promoters, a conserved PRD or PRD-like sequences have been reported. In this study, a type I IFN gene, named as xl-IFN1 in the amphibian model Xenopus laevis, was found to contain similar PRD-like sites, IV-III/I-II, in its promoter, and these PRD-like sites were proved to be functionally responsive to activating transcription factor 2/Jun proto-oncogene, IRF3/IRF7, and p65, respectively. The xl-IFN1, as IFNφ1 in zebrafish, was transcribed into a long and a short transcript, with the long transcript containing all of the transcriptional elements, including PRD-like sites and TATA box in its proximal promoter. A retroposition model was then proposed to explain the transcriptional conservation of IFNφ1, xl-IFN1, and IFN-β in chicken and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China; and
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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46
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Walker FC, Sridhar PR, Baldridge MT. Differential roles of interferons in innate responses to mucosal viral infections. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1009-1023. [PMID: 34629295 PMCID: PMC8496891 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are among the first vertebrate immune pathways activated upon viral infection and are crucial for control of viral replication and dissemination, especially at mucosal surfaces as key locations for host exposure to pathogens. Inhibition of viral establishment and spread at and from these mucosal sites is paramount for preventing severe disease, while concomitantly limiting putative detrimental effects of inflammation. Here, we compare the roles of type I, II, and III IFNs in regulating three archetypal viruses - norovirus, herpes simplex virus, and severe acute respiratory virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - which infect distinct mammalian mucosal tissues. Emerging paradigms include highly specific roles for IFNs in limiting local versus systemic infection, synergistic activities, and a spectrum of protective versus detrimental effects of IFNs during the infection response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest C Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratyush R Sridhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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47
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Gordon SM. Interleukin-15 in Outcomes of Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11094. [PMID: 34681751 PMCID: PMC8541205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that classically acts to support the development, maintenance, and function of killer lymphocytes. IL-15 is abundant in the uterus prior to and during pregnancy, but it is subject to tight spatial and temporal regulation. Both mouse models and human studies suggest that homeostasis of IL-15 is essential for healthy pregnancy. Dysregulation of IL-15 is associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Herein, we review producers of IL-15 and responders to IL-15, including non-traditional responders in the maternal uterus and fetal placenta. We also review regulation of IL-15 at the maternal-fetal interface and propose mechanisms of action of IL-15 to facilitate additional study of this critical cytokine in the context of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Gordon
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Chuah JJM, Hertzog PJ, Campbell NK. Immunoregulation by type I interferons in the peritoneal cavity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:337-353. [PMID: 34612523 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0821-147r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity, a fluid-containing potential space surrounding the abdominal and pelvic organs, is home to a rich network of immune cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and provide protection against infection. However, under pathological conditions such as peritonitis, endometriosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis, the peritoneal immune system can become dysregulated, resulting in nonresolving inflammation and disease progression. An enhanced understanding of the factors that regulate peritoneal immune cells under both homeostatic conditions and in disease contexts is therefore required to identify new treatment strategies for these often life-limiting peritoneal pathologies. Type I interferons (T1IFNs) are a family of cytokines with broad immunoregulatory functions, which provide defense against viruses, bacteria, and cancer. There have been numerous reports of immunoregulation by T1IFNs within the peritoneal cavity, which can contribute to both the resolution or propagation of peritoneal disease states, depending on the specifics of the disease setting and local environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the major immune cell populations that reside in the peritoneal cavity (or infiltrate it under inflammatory conditions) and highlight their contribution to the initiation, progression, or resolution of peritoneal diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the role of T1IFNs in the regulation of peritoneal immune cells, and summarize the results of laboratory studies and clinical trials which have investigated T1IFNs in peritonitis/sepsis, endometriosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J M Chuah
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole K Campbell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Feng E, Balint E, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA. Immunoregulatory Functions of Interferons During Genital HSV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724618. [PMID: 34484233 PMCID: PMC8416247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that disproportionately impacts women worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or curative treatments, resulting in life-long infection. The mucosal environment of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is home to a complex array of local immune defenses that must be carefully coordinated to protect against genital HSV-2 infection, while preventing excessive inflammation to prevent disease symptoms. Crucial to the defense against HSV-2 infection in the FRT are three classes of highly related and integrated cytokines, type I, II, and III interferons (IFN). These three classes of cytokines control HSV-2 infection and reduce tissue damage through a combination of directly inhibiting viral replication, as well as regulating the function of resident immune cells. In this review, we will examine how interferons are induced and their critical role in how they shape the local immune response to HSV-2 infection in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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50
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Fischer H, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Cytosolic DNA sensing through cGAS and STING is inactivated by gene mutations in pangolins. Apoptosis 2021; 25:474-480. [PMID: 32533513 PMCID: PMC7291609 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The release of DNA into the cytoplasm upon damage to the nucleus or during viral infection triggers an interferon-mediated defense response, inflammation and cell death. In human cells cytoplasmic DNA is sensed by cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) and Absent In Melanoma 2 (AIM2). Here, we report the identification of a “natural knockout” model of cGAS. Comparative genomics of phylogenetically diverse mammalian species showed that cGAS and its interaction partner Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) have been inactivated by mutations in the Malayan pangolin whereas other mammals retained intact copies of these genes. The coding sequences of CGAS and STING1 are also disrupted by premature stop codons and frame-shift mutations in Chinese and tree pangolins, suggesting that expression of these genes was lost in a common ancestor of all pangolins that lived more than 20 million years ago. AIM2 is retained in a functional form in pangolins whereas it is inactivated by mutations in carnivorans, the phylogenetic sister group of pangolins. The deficiency of cGAS and STING points to the existence of alternative mechanisms of controlling cytoplasmic DNA-associated cell damage and viral infections in pangolins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Fischer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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