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Buck AM, Deveau TM, Henrich TJ, Deitchman AN. Challenges in HIV-1 Latent Reservoir and Target Cell Quantification in CAR-T Cell and Other Lentiviral Gene Modifying HIV Cure Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:1126. [PMID: 37243212 PMCID: PMC10222761 DOI: 10.3390/v15051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-modification therapies are at the forefront of HIV-1 cure strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells pose a potential approach to target infected cells during antiretroviral therapy or following analytical treatment interruption (ATI). However, there are technical challenges in the quantification of HIV-1-infected and CAR-T cells in the setting of lentiviral CAR gene delivery and also in the identification of cells expressing target antigens. First, there is a lack of validated techniques to identify and characterize cells expressing the hypervariable HIV gp120 in both ART-suppressed and viremic individuals. Second, close sequence homology between lentiviral-based CAR-T gene modification vectors and conserved regions of HIV-1 creates quantification challenges of HIV-1 and lentiviral vector levels. Consideration needs to be taken into standardizing HIV-1 DNA/RNA assays in the setting of CAR-T cell and other lentiviral vector-based therapies to avoid these confounding interactions. Lastly, with the introduction of HIV-1 resistance genes in CAR-T cells, there is a need for assays with single-cell resolution to determine the competence of the gene inserts to prevent CAR-T cells from becoming infected in vivo. As novel therapies continue to arise in the HIV-1 cure field, resolving these challenges in CAR-T-cell therapy will be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Buck
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Tyler-Marie Deveau
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Amelia N. Deitchman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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2
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Tessema B, Boldt A, König B, Maier M, Sack U. Flow-Cytometry Intracellular Detection and Quantification of HIV1 p24 Antigen and Immunocheckpoint Molecules in T Cells among HIV/AIDS Patients. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2022; 14:365-379. [PMID: 35958525 PMCID: PMC9359413 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s374369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: Belay Tessema, Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia, Tel +251-91-930-6918, Email
| | - Andreas Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Maier
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Quantitative Evaluation of Very Low Levels of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase by a Novel Highly Sensitive RT-qPCR Assay. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081130. [PMID: 36013309 PMCID: PMC9410348 DOI: 10.3390/life12081130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous experience in our laboratory, we developed a real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for the assessment of very low levels of HIV-1 RT activity. The RNA, acting as a template for reverse transcription into cDNA by HIV-1 RT, consisted of a synthetic RNA ad hoc generated by in vitro transcription and included a coding sequence for HSV-1 gD (gD-RNA-synt). Different conditions of variables involved in the RT-qPCR reaction, notably different amounts of gD-RNA-synt, different mixes of the reaction buffer, and different dNTP concentrations, were tested to optimize the assay. The results indicated that the gD-RNA-synt-based RT assay, in its optimized formulation, could detect a specific cDNA reverse transcription even in the presence of 1 × 10-9 U of HIV RT. This achievement greatly improved the sensitivity of the assay over previous versions. In summary, this constructed RT-qPCR assay may be considered a promising tool for providing accurate information on very low HIV-1 RT activity.
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Cevaal PM, Ali A, Czuba-Wojnilowicz E, Symons J, Lewin SR, Cortez-Jugo C, Caruso F. In Vivo T Cell-Targeting Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems: Considerations for Rational Design. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3736-3753. [PMID: 33600163 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells play an important role in immunity and repair and are implicated in diseases, including blood cancers, viral infections, and inflammation, making them attractive targets for the treatment and prevention of diseases. Over recent years, the advent of nanomedicine has shown an increase in studies that use nanoparticles as carriers to deliver therapeutic cargo to T cells for ex vivo and in vivo applications. Nanoparticle-based delivery has several advantages, including the ability to load and protect a variety of drugs, control drug release, improve drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and site- or cell-specific targeting. However, the delivery of nanoparticles to T cells remains a major technological challenge, which is primarily due to the nonphagocytic nature of T cells. In this review, we discuss the physiological barriers to effective T cell targeting and describe the different approaches used to deliver cargo-loaded nanoparticles to T cells for the treatment of disease such as T cell lymphoma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, engineering strategies that aim to improve nanoparticle internalization by T cells, including ligand-based targeting, will be highlighted. These nanoparticle engineering approaches are expected to inspire the development of effective nanomaterials that can target or manipulate the function of T cells for the treatment of T cell-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Czuba-Wojnilowicz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Ruhanya V, Jacobs GB, Nyandoro G, Paul RH, Joska JA, Seedat S, Glashoff RH, Engelbrecht S. Peripheral blood lymphocyte proviral DNA predicts neurocognitive impairment in clade C HIV. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:920-928. [PMID: 32737863 PMCID: PMC7717048 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is not known if proviral DNA in the periphery corresponds to cognitive status in clade C as it does in clade B and recombinant forms. A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants investigated for HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment in South Africa. HIV-1 proviral DNA was quantified using a PCR assay targeting a highly conserved HIV-1 LTR-gag region. Fifty-four (36.7%) participants were cognitively impaired and 93 (63.3%) were not impaired. Forty-three (79.6%) of the cognitively impaired participants were female and 11 (20.4%) were male. There was no significant age difference between cognitively impaired and unimpaired participants (p = 0.42). HIV-1 DNA in cognitively impaired PLWH was significantly higher than in cognitively normal individuals (p = .016). Considering impaired participants, lymphocyte HIV-1 DNA was significantly higher in males than females (p = 0.02). There was a modest positive correlation between lymphocyte HIV-1 DNA and global deficit scores (GDS) r = 0.176; p = 0.03). The two measures of viral load, lymphocyte HIV-1 DNA copies/million and plasma RNA copies/ml, were positively correlated (r = 0.39; p < .001). After adjusting for other covariates, age, sex, treatment status, and the interactions between impairment and treatment, the multivariate regression showed association between proviral load and neurocognitive impairment; omega effect size was 0.04, p value = 0.010. The burden of HIV-1 peripheral blood lymphocyte proviral DNA corresponds to neurocognitive impairment among individuals infected with clade C disease. Therefore, therapeutic strategies to reduce the HIV-1 proviral DNA reservoir in lymphocytes may improve neurocognitive outcomes in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vurayai Ruhanya
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, 00263, Zimbabwe.
| | - Graeme Brendon Jacobs
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - George Nyandoro
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, 00263, Zimbabwe
| | - Robert H Paul
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri-St. Louis, University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John A Joska
- MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Richard Helmuth Glashoff
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Business Unit, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Business Unit, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa
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6
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Rilpivirine-associated aggregation-induced emission enables cell-based nanoparticle tracking. Biomaterials 2019; 231:119669. [PMID: 31865227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the quality and duration of life for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, limitations in drug efficacy, emergence of viral mutations and the paucity of cell-tissue targeting remain. We posit that to maximize ART potency and therapeutic outcomes newer drug formulations that reach HIV cellular reservoirs need be created. In a step towards achieving this goal we harnessed the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine (RPV) and used it as a platform for drug cell and subcellular tracking. RPV nanocrystals were created with endogenous AIE properties enabling the visualization of intracellular particles in cell and tissue-based assays. The intact drug crystals were easily detected in CD4+ T cells and macrophages, the natural viral target cells, by flow cytometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We conclude that AIE can be harnessed to monitor cell biodistribution of selective antiretroviral drug nanocrystals.
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Malecki M, Saetre B. HIV Apheresis Tags (HIVAT) Aided Elimination of Viremia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2018; 6:6. [PMID: 30931130 PMCID: PMC6438618 DOI: 10.26781/2052-8426-2018-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV viremia is the essential element for progression of an initial HIV infection into AIDS and death. The currently approved management relies primarily on chemotherapy repressing the HIV replication in the infected CD4+ cells, although with severe systemic adverse effects. The problem is that it does not physically eliminate viruses, which then not only keep infecting healthy cells of these patients, but also promote infections of other people. SPECIFIC AIM An overall objective of our work is biomolecular engineering of virus apheresis tags (VAT) that eliminate viremias without adverse effects. The specific aim of this project was biomolecular engineering of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Apheresis Tags (HIVAT): CD4-Au-Fe3O4, CD4-SiO2-Fe3O4, anti-gp120-Au-Fe3O4, and anti-gp120-SiO2-Fe3O4. HEALTHY DONORS AND PATIENTS Per the Institutional Review Board's approval and in compliance with Declaration of Helsinki, healthy donors and patients were presented with Patient Bill of Rights and provided Patient Informed Consent, while all the procedures were pursued by the licensed physicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD4, gp120, gp41, gp160, anti-gp120, p24 were transgenomically expressed. Superparamagnetic core-shell particles (SPM-CSP) were synthesized. SPM-CSP were used as the nucleation centers for assembling the expressed molecules upon them to create virus apheresis tags (VAT). VAT were injected into the blood or lymph acquired from the HIV+ and HBV+ patients followed by apheresis at 0.47 - 9.4 T. VAT efficacy in eliminating viremia was determined through immunoblots, NMR and q-RT-PCR. RESULTS Treatment of blood or lymph of the HIV+ patients' with VAT followed by virus apheresis resulted in rapid elimination of the HIV viremia. Efficacy of apheresis was contingent upon the gravity of viremia versus doses and regimens of VAT. Importantly, administration of VAT also effectively improved levels of non-infected CD4+ lymphocytes. DISCUSSION / CONCLUSIONS Herein, we present the proof of concept for a new, effective treatment with virus apheresis tags (VAT), specifically Human Immunodeficiency Virus Apheresis Tags (HIVAT), of the HIV+ patients' blood and lymph, which is eliminating the HIV viremia.It can be easily adapted as treatments of viremias perpetrated by other deadly viruses, which we vigorously pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Malecki
- Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bianka Saetre
- Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Prior Puma Lentivirus Infection Modifies Early Immune Responses and Attenuates Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040210. [PMID: 29677149 PMCID: PMC5923504 DOI: 10.3390/v10040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that cats that were infected with non-pathogenic Puma lentivirus (PLV) and then infected with pathogenic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (co-infection with the host adapted/pathogenic virus) had delayed FIV proviral and RNA viral loads in blood, with viral set-points that were lower than cats infected solely with FIV. This difference was associated with global CD4+ T cell preservation, greater interferon gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA expression, and no cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in co-infected cats relative to cats with a single FIV infection. In this study, we reinforced previous observations that prior exposure to an apathogenic lentivirus infection can diminish the effects of acute infection with a second, more virulent, viral exposure. In addition, we investigated whether the viral load differences that were observed between PLV/FIV and FIV infected cats were associated with different immunocyte phenotypes and cytokines. We found that the immune landscape at the time of FIV infection influences the infection outcome. The novel findings in this study advance our knowledge about early immune correlates and documents an immune state that is associated with PLV/FIV co-infection that has positive outcomes for lentiviral diseases.
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9
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Wang Z, Simonetti FR, Siliciano RF, Laird GM. Measuring replication competent HIV-1: advances and challenges in defining the latent reservoir. Retrovirology 2018; 15:21. [PMID: 29433524 PMCID: PMC5810003 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of a small number of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses. Measuring persistent HIV-1 is challenging, as it consists of a mosaic population of defective and intact proviruses that can shift from a state of latency to active HIV-1 transcription. Due to this complexity, most of the current assays detect multiple categories of persistent HIV-1, leading to an overestimate of the true size of the latent reservoir. Here, we review the development of the viral outgrowth assay, the gold-standard quantification of replication-competent proviruses, and discuss the insights provided by full-length HIV-1 genome sequencing methods, which allowed us to unravel the composition of the proviral landscape. In this review, we provide a dissection of what defines HIV-1 persistence and we examine the unmet needs to measure the efficacy of interventions aimed at eliminating the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 879, Edward D. Miller Research Building, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 879, Edward D. Miller Research Building, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Gregory M Laird
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 879, Edward D. Miller Research Building, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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10
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Norton NJ, Fun A, Bandara M, Wills MR, Mok HP, Lever AML. Innovations in the quantitative virus outgrowth assay and its use in clinical trials. Retrovirology 2017; 14:58. [PMID: 29268753 PMCID: PMC5740843 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust measure of the size of the latent HIV reservoir is essential to quantifying the effect of interventions designed to deplete the pool of reactivatable, replication competent proviruses. In addition to the ability to measure a biologically relevant parameter, any assay designed to be used in a clinical trial needs to be reproducible and scalable. The need to quantify the number of resting CD4+ T cells capable of releasing infectious virus has led to the development of the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (VOA). The assay as originally described has a number of features that limit its scalability for use in clinical trials; however recent developments reducing the time and manpower requirements of the assay, while importantly improving reproducibility mean that it is becoming much more practical for it to enter into more widespread use. This review describes the background to VOA development and the practical issues that they present in utilising them in clinical trials. It describes the innovations that have made their usage more practical and the limitations that still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Fun
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikaila Bandara
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Mok
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Estes JD, Kityo C, Ssali F, Swainson L, Makamdop KN, Del Prete GQ, Deeks SG, Luciw P, Chipman J, Beilman G, Hoskuldsson T, Khoruts A, Anderson J, Deleage C, Jasurda J, Schmidt T, Hafertepe M, Callisto S, Pearson H, Reimann T, Schuster J, Schoephoerster J, Southern P, Perkey K, Shang L, Wietgrefe S, Fletcher CV, Lifson JD, Douek DC, McCune JM, Haase AT, Schacker TW. Defining total-body AIDS-virus burden with implications for curative strategies. Nat Med 2017; 23:1271-1276. [PMID: 28967921 PMCID: PMC5831193 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for a functional cure or the eradication of HIV infection, it is necessary to know the sizes of the reservoirs from which infection rebounds after treatment interruption. Thus, we quantified SIV and HIV tissue burdens in tissues of infected nonhuman primates and lymphoid tissue (LT) biopsies from infected humans. Before antiretroviral therapy (ART), LTs contained >98% of the SIV RNA+ and DNA+ cells. With ART, the numbers of virus (v) RNA+ cells substantially decreased but remained detectable, and their persistence was associated with relatively lower drug concentrations in LT than in peripheral blood. Prolonged ART also decreased the levels of SIV- and HIV-DNA+ cells, but the estimated size of the residual tissue burden of 108 vDNA+ cells potentially containing replication-competent proviruses, along with evidence of continuing virus production in LT despite ART, indicated two important sources for rebound following treatment interruption. The large sizes of these tissue reservoirs underscore challenges in developing 'HIV cure' strategies targeting multiple sources of virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Cissy Kityo
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Louise Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Paul Luciw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA
| | - Jeffrey Chipman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gregory Beilman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Jodi Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Jacob Jasurda
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Samuel Callisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hope Pearson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thomas Reimann
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jared Schuster
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Peter Southern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Katherine Perkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Steve Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ashley T. Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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12
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Ruhanya V, Jacobs GB, Glashoff RH, Engelbrecht S. Clinical Relevance of Total HIV DNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Compartments as a Biomarker of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND). Viruses 2017; 9:E324. [PMID: 29088095 PMCID: PMC5707531 DOI: 10.3390/v9110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is complex and multifactorial. It is hypothesized that the critical events initiating this condition occur outside the brain, particularly in the peripheral blood. Diagnoses of HIV-induced neurocognitive disorders largely rely on neuropsychometric assessments, which are not precise. Total HIV DNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), quantified by PCR, correlate with disease progression, which is a promising biomarker to predict HAND. Numerous PCR assays for HIV DNA in cell compartments are prone to variation due to the lack of standardization and, therefore, their utility in predicting HAND produced different outcomes. This review evaluates the clinical relevance of total HIV DNA in circulating mononuclear cells using different published quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocols. The rationale is to shed light on the most appropriate assays and sample types used to accurately quantify HIV DNA load, which predicts severity of neurocognitive impairment. The role of monocytes as a vehicle for trafficking HIV into the CNS makes it the most suitable sample for determining a HAND associated reservoir. Studies have also shown significant associations between monocyte HIV DNA levels with markers of neurodamage. However, qPCR assays using PBMCs are cheaper and available commercially, thus could be beneficial in clinical settings. There is need, however, to standardise DNA extraction, normalisation and limit of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vurayai Ruhanya
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale Harare 00263, Zimbabwe.
| | - Graeme B Jacobs
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Richard H Glashoff
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Business Unit, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Business Unit, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
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13
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Bolton DL, McGinnis K, Finak G, Chattopadhyay P, Gottardo R, Roederer M. Combined single-cell quantitation of host and SIV genes and proteins ex vivo reveals host-pathogen interactions in individual cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006445. [PMID: 28654687 PMCID: PMC5507340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells harboring HIV-1/SIV represent a formidable hurdle to eradicating infection, and yet their detailed phenotype remains unknown. Here we integrate two single-cell technologies, flow cytometry and highly multiplexed quantitative RT-PCR, to characterize SIV-infected CD4 T cells directly ex vivo. Within individual cells, we correlate the cellular phenotype, in terms of host protein and RNA expression, with stages of the viral life cycle defined by combinatorial expression of viral RNAs. Spliced RNA+ infected cells display multiple memory and activation phenotypes, indicating virus production by diverse CD4 T cell subsets. In most (but not all) cells, progressive infection accompanies post-transcriptional downregulation of CD4 protein, while surface MHC class I is largely retained. Interferon-stimulated genes were also commonly upregulated. Thus, we demonstrate that combined quantitation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation at the single-cell level informs in vivo mechanisms of viral replication and immune evasion. HIV-1, and its simian counterpart, SIV, infect and kill CD4 T cells, resulting in their massive depletion that ultimately leads to AIDS in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. With effective therapy, these cells are largely preserved, but a subset harbors latent virus that can persist for decades and reemerge upon therapy interruption, preventing HIV-1 cure. To prevent or eliminate productive cellular infection, there is tremendous demand to identify host factors expressed by these cells in vivo, which may serve as unique biomarkers or drug targets. Here we provide the first detailed combined transcriptomic and protein expression profile of SIV-infected cells directly ex vivo using novel single-cell technologies. Our survey of activation markers, interferon-stimulated genes, and viral restriction factors identified multiple host genes differentially expressed by SIV-infected cells and will inform future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Greg Finak
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pratip Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Gosselin A, Wiche Salinas TR, Planas D, Wacleche VS, Zhang Y, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Cohen ÉA, Shacklett B, Mehraj V, Ghali MP, Routy JP, Ancuta P. HIV persists in CCR6+CD4+ T cells from colon and blood during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2017; 31:35-48. [PMID: 27835617 PMCID: PMC5131694 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this article is to investigate the contribution of colon and blood CD4 T-cell subsets expressing the chemokine receptor CCR6 to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. DESIGN Matched sigmoid biopsies and blood samples (n = 13) as well as leukapheresis (n = 20) were collected from chronically HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. Subsets of CD4 T cells with distinct differentiation/polarization profiles were identified using surface markers as follows: memory (TM, CD45RA), central memory (TCM; CD45RACCR7), effector (TEM/TM; CD45RACCR7), Th17 (CCR6CCR4), Th1Th17 (CCR6CXCR3), Th1 (CCR6CXCR3), and Th2 (CCR6CCR4). METHODS We used polychromatic flow cytometry for cell sorting, nested real-time PCR for HIV DNA quantification, ELISA and flow cytometry for HIV p24 quantification. HIV reactivation was induced by TCR triggering in the presence/absence of all-trans retinoic acid. RESULTS Compared with blood, the frequency of CCR6 TM was higher in the colon. In both colon and blood compartments, CCR6 TM were significantly enriched in HIV DNA when compared with their CCR6 counterparts (n = 13). In blood, integrated HIV DNA levels were significantly enriched in CCR6 versus CCR6 TCM of four of five individuals and CCR6 versus CCR6 TEM of three of five individuals. Among blood TCM, Th17 and Th1Th17 contributed the most to the pool of cells harboring integrated HIV DNA despite their reduced frequency compared with Th2, which were infected the least. HIV reactivation was induced by TCR triggering and/or retinoic acid exposure at higher levels in CCR6 versus CCR6 TM, TCM, and TEM. CONCLUSION CCR6 is a marker for colon and blood CD4 T cells enriched for replication-competent HIV DNA. Novel eradication strategies should target HIV persistence in CCR6CD4 T cells from various anatomic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Delphine Planas
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Vanessa S. Wacleche
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM-Research Centre
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
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15
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Leslie GJ, Wang J, Richardson MW, Haggarty BS, Hua KL, Duong J, Secreto AJ, Jordon APO, Romano J, Kumar KE, DeClercq JJ, Gregory PD, June CH, Root MJ, Riley JL, Holmes MC, Hoxie JA. Potent and Broad Inhibition of HIV-1 by a Peptide from the gp41 Heptad Repeat-2 Domain Conjugated to the CXCR4 Amino Terminus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005983. [PMID: 27855210 PMCID: PMC5113989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 entry can be inhibited by soluble peptides from the gp41 heptad repeat-2 (HR2) domain that interfere with formation of the 6-helix bundle during fusion. Inhibition has also been seen when these peptides are conjugated to anchoring molecules and over-expressed on the cell surface. We hypothesized that potent anti-HIV activity could be achieved if a 34 amino acid peptide from HR2 (C34) were brought to the site of virus-cell interactions by conjugation to the amino termini of HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4. C34-conjugated coreceptors were expressed on the surface of T cell lines and primary CD4 T cells, retained the ability to mediate chemotaxis in response to cognate chemokines, and were highly resistant to HIV-1 utilization for entry. Notably, C34-conjugated CCR5 and CXCR4 each exhibited potent and broad inhibition of HIV-1 isolates from diverse clades irrespective of tropism (i.e., each could inhibit R5, X4 and dual-tropic isolates). This inhibition was highly specific and dependent on positioning of the peptide, as HIV-1 infection was poorly inhibited when C34 was conjugated to the amino terminus of CD4. C34-conjugated coreceptors could also inhibit HIV-1 isolates that were resistant to the soluble HR2 peptide inhibitor, enfuvirtide. When introduced into primary cells, CD4 T cells expressing C34-conjugated coreceptors exhibited physiologic responses to T cell activation while inhibiting diverse HIV-1 isolates, and cells containing C34-conjugated CXCR4 expanded during HIV-1 infection in vitro and in a humanized mouse model. Notably, the C34-conjugated peptide exerted greater HIV-1 inhibition when conjugated to CXCR4 than to CCR5. Thus, antiviral effects of HR2 peptides can be specifically directed to the site of viral entry where they provide potent and broad inhibition of HIV-1. This approach to engineer HIV-1 resistance in functional CD4 T cells may provide a novel cell-based therapeutic for controlling HIV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Leslie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, CA, United States of America
| | - Max W. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Beth S. Haggarty
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Hua
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Duong
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Secreto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrea P. O. Jordon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Josephine Romano
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kritika E. Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Carl H. June
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Root
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | - James A. Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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16
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Liang B, Jiang J, Pan P, Chen R, Zhuang D, Zhao F, Chen H, Huang J, Su Q, Cao C, Li J, Liang H, Ye L. Morphine Increases Lamivudine- and Nevirapine-Induced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Drug-Resistant Mutations In Vitro. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:285-293. [PMID: 27420739 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 drug-resistant rate among injecting drug users is higher than that in other HIV-1-positive populations, which is generally believed to be largely due to clinical nonadherence. Little is known, however, about whether heroin abuse has a direct impact on the generation of HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations. In this study, we investigated the impacts of morphine, the active metabolite of heroin, on HIV-1 infection/replication and HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations through an in vitro HIV-1-CD4+ T cell system under selective pressure from two typical antiviral drugs, Lamivudine and Nevirapine. We found that morphine treatment of MT4 cells (a CD4+ T cell line) significantly increased HIV-1 III B (a T-tropic viral strain) infection and replication in MT4 cells, and the effect of morphine on HIV-1 was mediated through an opioid receptor. More importantly, our results showed that morphine treatment not only induced more drug-resistant mutations under selective pressure from antiretroviral drugs but also shortened the mutations' generation time, compared with the control groups that were treated with antiretroviral drugs alone. Although the in vivo relevance remains to be determined, these findings provide direct in vitro evidence to support the possibility that heroin abuse itself can act as an independent factor contributing to the generation of HIV-1 drug resistance during clinical antiretroviral therapy. Therapeutic guidelines should consider this issue for heroin users with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Liang
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China .,2 Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China .,2 Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Peijiang Pan
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China .,3 Institute of Acute Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control , Guangxi Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Daomin Zhuang
- 4 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Department of AIDS Research, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Fangning Zhao
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Hui Chen
- 5 Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China .,2 Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Qijian Su
- 6 Center for AIDS Research, The Affiliated Ruikang Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Cunwei Cao
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- 4 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Department of AIDS Research, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liang
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China .,2 Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China .,2 Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
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17
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Feorino PM, Butera ST, Folks TM, Schinazi RF. Prevention of Activation of HIV-1 by Antiviral Agents in OM-10.1 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a reliable and simple system for evaluating compounds that could prevent activation of latent HIV would allow us to devise new therapeutic approaches. These compounds could eventually be used in combination with drugs that are effective against acute and chronic infections. The OM-10.1 cell line is a chronically infected clone which remains CD4+ until HIV-1 activation with tumour necrosis factor-α. A variety of compounds are known to have antiviral properties against either acutely or chronically infected cells were evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV induced expression in these cells. We also examined the effect of several compounds that interact with biochemical pathways that may interfere with or enhance the reactivation process. These included nucleoside analogues, cytokines, steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, polyoxometalates, a TAT inhibitor, various natural products (including nerve growth factor, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, taxol, and interferons), TIBO, porphyrins, and various oligomers. CD4 cellular expression and supernatant reverse transcriptase activity were quantitated as markers of induced viral expression. Among the 58 compounds evaluated, 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT), interferon γ, Ro 5–3335 (a TAT inhibitor) and desferrioxamine were modest and selective inhibitors of HIV-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Feorino
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - S. T. Butera
- The Retrovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - T. M. Folks
- The Retrovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - R. F. Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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18
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Markov process models of the dynamics of HIV reservoirs. Math Biosci 2016; 275:18-24. [PMID: 26926239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While latently infected CD4+ T cells are extremely sparse, they are a reality that prevents HIV from being cured, and their dynamics are largely unknown. We begin with a two-state Markov process that models the outcomes of regular but infrequent blood tests for latently infected cells in an HIV positive patient under drug therapy. We then model the hidden dynamics of a latently infected CD4+ T cell in an HIV positive patient and show there is a limiting distribution, which indicates in which compartments the HIV typically can be found. Our model shows that the limiting distribution of latently infected cells reveals the presence of latency in every compartment with positive probability, supported by clinical data. We also show that the hidden Markov model determines the outcome of blood tests and analyze its connection to the blood test model.
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Abstract
We analyze a Markov cellular automaton that models the spread of viruses that often progress to a chronic condition, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). We show that the complex dynamical system produces a Markov process at the later stages, whose eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 have physical significance for the long-term prognosis of the virus. Moreover we show that drug treatment leads to chronic conditions that can be modeled by Markov shifts with more optimal eigenvectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hawkins
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #3250, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3250, USA
| | - Donna Molinek
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, USA
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20
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Joseph SB, Arrildt KT, Sturdevant CB, Swanstrom R. HIV-1 target cells in the CNS. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:276-89. [PMID: 25236812 PMCID: PMC4366351 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system (CNS) is typically limited by the availability of target cells. HIV-1 variants that are transmitted and dominate the early stages of infection almost exclusively use the CCR5 coreceptor and are well adapted to entering, and thus infecting, cells expressing high CD4 densities similar to those found on CD4+ T cells. While the "immune privileged" CNS is largely devoid of CD4+ T cells, macrophage and microglia are abundant throughout the CNS. These cells likely express CD4 densities that are too low to facilitate efficient entry or allow sustained replication by most HIV-1 isolates. Examination of CNS viral populations reveals that late in disease the CNS of some individuals contains HIV-1 lineages that have evolved the ability to enter cells expressing low levels of CD4 and are well-adapted to entering macrophages. These macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) viruses are able to maintain sustained replication in the CNS for many generations, and their presence is associated with severe neurocognitive impairment. Whether conditions such as pleocytosis are necessary for macrophage-tropic viruses to emerge in the CNS is unknown, and extensive examinations of macrophage-tropic variants have not revealed a genetic signature of this phenotype. It is clear, however, that macrophage tropism is rare among HIV-1 isolates and is not transmitted, but is important due to its pathogenic effects on hosts. Prior to the evolution of macrophage-tropic variants, the viruses that are predominately infecting T cells (R5 T cell-tropic) may infect macrophages at a low level and inefficiently, but this could contribute to the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Joseph
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,
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21
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X-FISH: Analysis of cellular RNA expression patterns using flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:111-9. [PMID: 25997675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique for the detection of RNA or DNA within cells and tissues, which provides a unique link between molecular and cell biology. This technique is broadly applicable across a range of biological systems. While FISH has been previously adapted to flow-based platforms, their use remains limited because of procedural challenges and costs associated with commercial kits. Herein we present a protocol that modifies existing techniques to sensitively and specifically detect and examine RNA expression patterns in primary cells and cell lines using flow cytometry (expression-FISH; X-FISH). As relevant examples, we show how this technique can be used to monitor changes in mRNA expression following activation, how it can be combined with antibody staining to study RNA and protein in the same sample, and how it can help distinguish among subsets in a mixed cell population. X-FISH can integrate multiple probes and can be performed in conjunction with other assays, allowing for informative multiparametric analyses and increased statistical robustness. For non-classical comparative animal models this procedure provides a time saving alternative to de novo production of antibody-based markers. Finally, X-FISH provides an economical solution that is applicable to conventional as well as multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry platforms.
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23
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Napierala Mavedzenge S, Müller EE, Lewis DA, Chipato T, Morrison CS, Weiss HA. Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with increased genital HIV type 1 RNA in Zimbabwean women. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1388-98. [PMID: 25404521 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma genitalium is a common sexually transmitted infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Some studies suggest that M. genitalium may increase the risk of HIV acquisition. However, results have been inconsistent, and this association has never been examined longitudinally. METHODS Stored endocervical samples from a longitudinal cohort study of 131 Zimbabwean women in whom HIV-1 seroconversion recently occurred were tested for detection and quantity of M. genitalium using polymerase chain reaction analysis. The associations between M. genitalium and the detection and quantity of genital HIV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA, the detection and quantity of plasma HIV-1 RNA, and the CD4(+) T-cell count was analyzed using mixed-effects regression analysis. RESULTS M. genitalium was detected in 10.5% of stored specimens (44 of 420), and infection persisted for up to 300 days. M. genitalium was independently associated with detection of genital HIV-1 RNA (adjusted odds ratio, 2.67; 95% confidence interval, .99-7.20), after adjustment for plasma viral load, viral set point, CD4(+) T-cell count, herpes simplex virus type 2 detection, and gonorrhea. There was no evidence of an association between M. genitalium detection or quantity and either plasma HIV-1 RNA load or CD4(+) T-cell count. CONCLUSIONS The growing evidence for an association between M. genitalium and HIV genital shedding and the high prevalence and persistence of M. genitalium in this population suggest that further research into this association is important. Consideration of the cost-effectiveness of M. genitalium screening interventions may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Etienne E Müller
- Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
| | - David A Lewis
- Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Helen A Weiss
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Prottengeier J, Koutsilieri E, Scheller C. The effects of opioids on HIV reactivation in latently-infected T-lymphoblasts. AIDS Res Ther 2014; 11:17. [PMID: 25013451 PMCID: PMC4091651 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opioids may have effects on susceptibility to HIV-infection, viral replication and disease progression. Injecting drug users (IDU), as well as anyone receiving opioids for anesthesia and analgesia may suffer the clinical consequences of such interactions. There is conflicting data between in vitro experiments showing an enhancing effect of opioids on HIV replication and clinical data, mostly showing no such effect. For clarification we studied the effects of the opioids heroin and morphine on HIV replication in cultured CD4-positive T cells at several concentrations and we related the observed effects with the relevant reached plasma concentrations found in IDUs. Methods Latently-infected ACH-2 T lymphoblasts were incubated with different concentrations of morphine and heroine. Reactivation of HIV was assessed by intracellular staining of viral Gag p24 protein and subsequent flow cytometric quantification of p24-positive cells. The influence of the opioid antagonist naloxone and the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) on HIV reactivation was determined. Cell viability was investigated by 7-AAD staining and flow cytometric quantification. Results Morphine and heroine triggered reactivation of HIV replication in ACH-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations above 1 mM (EC50 morphine 2.82 mM; EC50 morphine 1.96 mM). Naloxone did not interfere with heroine-mediated HIV reactivation, even at high concentrations (1 mM). Opioids also triggered necrotic cell death at similar concentrations at which HIV reactivation was observed. Both opioid-mediated reactivation of HIV and opioid-triggered cell death could be inhibited by the antioxidants GSH and NAC. Conclusions Opioids reactivate HIV in vitro but at concentrations that are far above the plasma levels of analgesic regimes or drug concentrations found in IDUs. HIV reactivation was mediated by effects unrelated to opioid-receptor activation and was tightly linked to the cytotoxic activity of the substances at millimolar concentrations, suggesting that opioid-mediated reactivation of HIV was due to accompanying effects of cellular necrosis such as activation of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB.
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25
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Shen R, Richter HE, Smith PD. Interactions between HIV-1 and mucosal cells in the female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:608-17. [PMID: 24689653 PMCID: PMC4073589 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the heterosexual route is the prevalent mode of HIV-1 transmission, and the female reproductive tract accounts for approximately 40% of all HIV-1 transmissions. HIV-1 infection in the female reproductive tract involves three major events: entry through the mucosal epithelium, productive infection in subepithelial mononuclear cells, and delivery to lymph nodes to initiate systemic infection. Here, we provide a focused review of the interaction between HIV-1 and mucosal epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in female genital mucosa. Increased understanding of these interactions could illuminate new approaches for interdicting HIV-1 heterosexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Holly E. Richter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Discovery of a small molecule agonist of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110α that reactivates latent HIV-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84964. [PMID: 24489654 PMCID: PMC3906007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively suppress HIV-1 replication, but the latent viral reservoir in resting memory CD4+ T cells is impervious to cART and represents a major barrier to curing HIV-1 infection. Reactivation of latent HIV-1 represents a possible strategy for elimination of this reservoir. In this study we describe the discovery of 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo[de,g]quinolin-7-one (57704) which reactivates latent HIV-1 in several cell-line models of latency (J89GFP, U1 and ACH-2). 57704 also increased HIV-1 expression in 3 of 4 CD8+-depleted blood mononuclear cell preparations isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive cART. In contrast, vorinostat increased HIV-1 expression in only 1 of the 4 donors tested. Importantly, 57704 does not induce global T cell activation. Mechanistic studies revealed that 57704 reactivates latent HIV-1 via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. 57704 was found to be an agonist of PI3K with specificity to the p110α isoform, but not the p110β, δ or γ isoforms. Taken together, our work suggests that 57704 could serve as a scaffold for the development of more potent activators of latent HIV-1. Furthermore, it highlights the involvement of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency.
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Detection of low abundance RNA molecules in individual cells by flow cytometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57002. [PMID: 23441230 PMCID: PMC3575505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of RNA analysis technologies are available for the detection of RNA transcripts from bulk cell populations. However, the techniques for RNA detection from individual cells have been limited. Here we adapt a novel in situ signal amplification method (the RNAScope® detection platform) for the analysis of intracellular RNAs in individual cells by flow cytometry. Using novel target-specific probes that were designed to suppress background signals, we demonstrate the specific detection of HIV gag RNAs in HIV-infected cellular samples, in addition to bcr and abl mRNAs in the K562 cell line. This method was capable of distinguishing cells expressing low abundance RNA transcripts and correlated well with quantitative imaging analysis. Furthermore, multiple distinct RNA targets were simultaneously detected with a high specificity without interference. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of this method will be useful for the analysis of functionally important RNA species from individual cells, even at very low copy numbers.
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28
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Chan CN, Dietrich I, Hosie MJ, Willett BJ. Recent developments in human immunodeficiency virus-1 latency research. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:917-932. [PMID: 23364195 PMCID: PMC3709588 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 30 years after its initial discovery, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) remains incurable and the virus persists due to reservoirs of latently infected CD4(+) memory T-cells and sanctuary sites within the infected individual where drug penetration is poor. Reactivating latent viruses has been a key strategy to completely eliminate the virus from the host, but many difficulties and unanswered questions remain. In this review, the latest developments in HIV-persistence and latency research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ngai Chan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Isabelle Dietrich
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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29
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Characterisation of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected cells in pigtail macaques. Virology 2012; 428:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Hogerkorp CM, Nishimura Y, Song K, Martin MA, Roederer M. The simian immunodeficiency virus targets central cell cycle functions through transcriptional repression in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25684. [PMID: 22043290 PMCID: PMC3197176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A massive and selective loss of CD4+ memory T cells occurs during the acute phase of immunodeficiency virus infections. The mechanism of this depletion is poorly understood but constitutes a key event with implications for progression. We assessed gene expression of purified T cells in Rhesus Macaques during acute SIVmac239 infection in order to define mechanisms of pathogenesis. We observe a general transcriptional program of over 1,600 interferon-stimulated genes induced in all T cells by the infection. Furthermore, we identify 113 transcriptional changes that are specific to virally infected cells. A striking downregulation of several key cell cycle regulator genes was observed and shared promotor-region E2F binding sites in downregulated genes suggested a targeted transcriptional control of an E2F regulated cell cycle program. In addition, the upregulation of the gene for the fundamental regulator of RNA polymerase II, TAF7, demonstrates that viral interference with the cell cycle and transcriptional regulation programs may be critical components during the establishment of a pathogenic infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CH); (MR)
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaimei Song
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CH); (MR)
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31
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Takahashi M, Matsumura J, Inagaki S, Takahashi H. Induction of CD56+ T cells after prolonged activation of T cells in vitro: A possible mechanism for CD4+ T-cell depletion in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:783-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Ye L, Wang X, Li J, Liu J, Ramirez SH, Wu J, Ho W. Tetherin has negligible activity in restricting hepatitis C virus in hepatocytes. Innate Immun 2011; 18:398-405. [PMID: 21940748 DOI: 10.1177/1753425911412984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of tetherin, a recently identified antiviral factor, in restricting hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the Japanese fulminant hepatitis-1 (JFH-1) infectious cell culture system. Human hepatocytes (Huh7, Huh7.5.1) expressedlow levels of endogenous tetherin, which could be induced by IFN-α. However, tetherin contributes little to IFN-α-mediated anti-HCV JFH-1 activity. Although tetherin could inhibit Vpu-deleted HIV-1 release, it had negligible activity in restricting HCV JFH-1 release from hepatocytes, which was evidenced by unaffected levels of intracellular/extracellular HCV RNA and infectious virus. The failure of tetherin's anti-HCV activity could not be related to the counteraction of HCV, as HCV infection of hepatocytes affected neither tetherin expression nor anti-HIV function of tetherin. These observations imply that tetherin has negligible activity in the restriction of HCV JFH-1 in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ye
- Department of Pathology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19140, USA
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33
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Persistence of leukemia stem cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients in prolonged remission with imatinib treatment. Blood 2011; 118:5565-72. [PMID: 21931114 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-327437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate treatment markedly reduces the burden of leukemia cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. However, patients remain at risk for relapse on discontinuing treatment. We have previously shown that residual BCR-ABL(+) progenitors can be detected in CML patients within the first 2 years of imatinib treatment. However, reduced rates of relapse and continued decline of BCR-ABL levels with prolonged treatment, together with the ability of selected patients to maintain remission after discontinuing treatment, led us to investigate whether prolonged imatinib exposure resulted in reduction or elimination of BCR-ABL(+) stem cells. We evaluated BCR-ABL expression in CD34(+)CD38(+) (38(+)) committed progenitors and CD34(+)CD38(-) (38(-)) stem/primitive progenitor cells in samples from CML patients on imatinib treatment for at least 4 years with cytogenetic and molecular response. High levels of BCR-ABL expression were maintained over time in the 38(-) stem cell fraction. The absolute frequency of BCR-ABL(+) cells as determined by limiting dilution analysis was consistently higher in 38(-) compared with 38(+) cells. Transplantation into NOD/SCID-IL2Rγ-chain knockout mice demonstrated that BCR-ABL(+) cells had long-term in vivo repopulating capacity. These results directly demonstrate that BCR-ABL(+) stem cells persist in CML patients despite prolonged treatment with imatinib, and support ongoing efforts to target this population.
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34
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Circulating monocytes are not a major reservoir of HIV-1 in elite suppressors. J Virol 2011; 85:10399-403. [PMID: 21795348 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05409-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating HIV-1-infected monocytes have been identified in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy and may represent an important barrier to viral eradication. The nature of these cells in HIV-1-infected patients who maintain undetectable viral loads and preserved CD4(+) T cell counts without antiretroviral therapy (known as elite controllers or elite suppressors [ES]) is unknown. We describe here infrequent recovery of proviral HIV-1 DNA from circulating monocytes relative to CD4(+) T cells in ES, despite permissiveness of these cells to HIV-1 viral entry ex vivo. Thus, monocytes do not appear to be a major reservoir of HIV-1 in ES.
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35
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Precharattana M, Nokkeaw A, Triampo W, Triampo D, Lenbury Y. Stochastic cellular automata model and Monte Carlo simulations of CD4+ T cell dynamics with a proposed alternative leukapheresis treatment for HIV/AIDS. Comput Biol Med 2011; 41:546-58. [PMID: 21621202 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. To date, many drug treatment regimens have been applied to AIDS patients but none has resulted in a successful cure. This is mainly due to the fact that free HIV particles are frequently in mutation, and infected CD4(+) T cells normally reside in the lymphoid tissue where they cannot (so far) be eradicated. We present a stochastic cellular automaton (CA) model to computationally study what could be an alternative treatment, namely Leukapheresis (LCAP), to remove HIV infected leukocytes in the lymphoid tissue. We base our investigations on Monte Carlo computer simulations. Our major objective is to investigate how the number of infected CD4(+) T cells changes in response to LCAP during the short-time (weeks) and long-time (years) scales of HIV/AIDS progression in an infected individual. To achieve our goal, we analyze the time evolution of the CD4(+) T cell population in the lymphoid tissue (i.e., the lymph node) for HIV dynamics in treatment situations with various starting times and frequencies and under a no treatment condition. Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of the treatment depends mainly on the treatment starting time and the frequency of the LCAP. Other factors (e.g., the removal proportion, the treatment duration, and the state of removed cells) that likely influence disease progression are subjects for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monamorn Precharattana
- R&D Group of Biological and Environmental Physics (BIOPHYSICS), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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36
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Loftin LM, Kienzle M, Yi Y, Collman RG. R5X4 HIV-1 coreceptor use in primary target cells: implications for coreceptor entry blocking strategies. J Transl Med 2011; 9 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 21284902 PMCID: PMC3105503 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry coreceptor use by HIV-1 plays a pivotal role in viral transmission, pathogenesis and disease progression. In many HIV-1 infected individuals, there is an expansion in coreceptor use from CCR5 to include CXCR4, which is associated with accelerated disease progression. While targeting HIV-1 envelope interactions with coreceptor during viral entry is an appealing approach to combat the virus, the methods of determining coreceptor use and the changes in coreceptor use that can occur during disease progression are important factors that may complicate the use of therapies targeting this stage of HIV-1 replication. Indicator cells are typically used to determine coreceptor use by HIV-1 in vitro, but the coreceptors used on these cells can differ from those used on primary cell targets. V3 based genetic sequence algorithms are another method used to predict coreceptor use by HIV-1 strains. However, these algorithms were developed to predict coreceptor use in cell lines and not primary cells and, furthermore, are not highly accurate for some classes of viruses. This article focuses on R5X4 HIV-1, the earliest CXCR4-using variants, reviewing the pattern of coreceptor use on primary CD4+ lymphocytes and macrophages, the relationship between primary cell coreceptor use and the two principal approaches to coreceptor analysis (genetic prediction and indicator cell phenotyping), and the implications of primary cell coreceptor use by these strains for treatment with a new class of small molecule antagonists that inhibit CCR5-mediated entry. These are important questions to consider given the development of new CCR5 blocking therapies and the prognosis associated with CXCR4 use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamorris M Loftin
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 522 Johnson Pavilion, 36th & Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6060, USA
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37
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Brunetta E, Hudspeth KL, Mavilio D. Pathologic natural killer cell subset redistribution in HIV-1 infection: new insights in pathophysiology and clinical outcomes. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1119-30. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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38
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39
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Shepard BD, Badley AD. The Biology of TRAIL and the Role of TRAIL-Based Therapeutics in Infectious Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:87-101. [PMID: 21857885 DOI: 10.2174/187152109787846060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a key mediator of the innate immune response to infection. While TRAIL-mediated apoptosis plays an essential role in the clearance of virus-infected cells, its physiologic role also includes immunosurveilance for cancer cells. Therapeutics that induce TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells remain a focus of ongoing investigation in clinical trials, and much has been learned from these studies regarding the efficacy and toxicity of these interventions. These data, combined with data from numerous preclinical studies that detail the important and multifaceted role of TRAIL during infection with human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses, suggest that therapeutic exploitation of TRAIL signaling offers a novel and efficacious strategy for the management of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Shepard
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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40
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Yamamoto N, Ushijima N, Koga Y. Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF). J Med Virol 2008; 81:16-26. [PMID: 19031451 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Serum Gc protein (known as vitamin D3-binding protein) is the precursor for the principal macrophage activating factor (MAF). The MAF precursor activity of serum Gc protein of HIV-infected patients was lost or reduced because Gc protein is deglycosylated by alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (Nagalase) secreted from HIV-infected cells. Therefore, macrophages of HIV-infected patients having deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be activated, leading to immunosuppression. Since Nagalase is the intrinsic component of the envelope protein gp120, serum Nagalase activity is the sum of enzyme activities carried by both HIV virions and envelope proteins. These Nagalase carriers were already complexed with anti-HIV immunoglobulin G (IgG) but retained Nagalase activity that is required for infectivity. Stepwise treatment of purified Gc protein with immobilized beta-galactosidase and sialidase generated the most potent macrophage activating factor (termed GcMAF), which produces no side effects in humans. Macrophages activated by administration of 100 ng GcMAF develop a large amount of Fc-receptors as well as an enormous variation of receptors that recognize IgG-bound and unbound HIV virions. Since latently HIV-infected cells are unstable and constantly release HIV virions, the activated macrophages rapidly intercept the released HIV virions to prevent reinfection resulting in exhaustion of infected cells. After less than 18 weekly administrations of 100 ng GcMAF for nonanemic patients, they exhibited low serum Nagalase activities equivalent to healthy controls, indicating eradication of HIV-infection, which was also confirmed by no infectious center formation by provirus inducing agent-treated patient PBMCs. No recurrence occurred and their healthy CD + cell counts were maintained for 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Socrates Institute for Therapeutic Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19126-3305, USA.
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41
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Burkhead EG, Hawkins JM, Molinek DK. A Dynamical Study of a Cellular Automata Model of the Spread of HIV in a Lymph Node. Bull Math Biol 2008; 71:25-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-008-9351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Herbeuval JP, Shearer GM. HIV-1 immunopathogenesis: how good interferon turns bad. Clin Immunol 2007; 123:121-8. [PMID: 17112786 PMCID: PMC1930161 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the progressive loss of CD4+ T cells that results from infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Despite 25 years of AIDS research, questions remain concerning the mechanisms responsible for HIV-induced CD4+ T cell depletion. Here we briefly review the in vitro and in vivo literature concerning the protective role of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in HIV/AIDS. We then develop a laboratory- and clinically supported model of CD4+ T cell apoptosis in which either infectious or noninfectious HIV-1 induces the production of type I interferon by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). The interferon produced binds to its receptor on primary CD4+ T cells resulting in membrane expression of the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death molecule. The binding of infectious or noninfectious HIV-1 to CD4 on these T cells results in expression of the TRAIL death receptor 5 (DR5), leading to the selective death of HIV-exposed CD4+ T cells.
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43
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Janowicz DM, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Humphreys TL, Schnizlein-Bick C, Fortney KR, Zwickl B, Katz BP, Campbell JJ, Ho DD, Spinola SM. Experimental infection with Haemophilus ducreyi in persons who are infected with HIV does not cause local or augment systemic viral replication. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1443-51. [PMID: 17436224 PMCID: PMC2571042 DOI: 10.1086/513877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We infected 11 HIV-seropositive volunteers whose CD4(+) cell counts were >350 cells/ microL (7 of whom were receiving antiretrovirals) with Haemophilus ducreyi. The papule and pustule formation rates were similar to those observed in HIV-seronegative historical control subjects. No subject experienced a sustained change in CD4(+) cell count or HIV RNA level. The cellular infiltrate in biopsy samples obtained from the HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative subjects did not differ with respect to the percentage of leukocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, or T cells. The CD4(+):CD8(+) cell ratio in biopsy samples from the HIV-seropositive subjects was 1:3, the inverse of the ratio seen in the HIV-seronegative subjects (P<.0001). Although CD4(+) cells proliferated in lesions, in situ hybridization and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for HIV RNA was negative. We conclude that experimental infection in HIV-seropositive persons is clinically similar to infection in HIV-seronegative persons and does not cause local or augment systemic viral replication. Thus, prompt treatment of chancroid may abrogate increases in viral replication associated with natural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Janowicz
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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44
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Nishimura Y, Igarashi T, Buckler-White A, Buckler C, Imamichi H, Goeken RM, Lee WR, Lafont BAP, Byrum R, Lane HC, Hirsch VM, Martin MA. Loss of naïve cells accompanies memory CD4+ T-cell depletion during long-term progression to AIDS in Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Virol 2006; 81:893-902. [PMID: 17093193 PMCID: PMC1797457 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01635-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) induce a slow progressive disease, characterized by the massive loss of memory CD4+ T cells during the acute infection followed by a recovery phase in which virus replication is partially controlled. However, because the initial injury is so severe and virus production persists, the immune system eventually collapses and a symptomatic fatal disease invariably occurs. We have assessed CD4+ T-cell dynamics and disease progression in 12 SIV-infected rhesus monkeys for nearly 2 years. Three macaques exhibiting a rapid progressor phenotype experienced rapid and irreversible loss of memory, but not naïve, CD4+ T lymphocytes from peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues and died within the first 6 months of virus inoculation. In contrast, SIV-infected conventional progressor animals sustained marked but incomplete depletions of memory CD4+ T cells and continuous activation/proliferation of this T-lymphocyte subset. This was associated with a profound loss of naïve CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, which declined at rates that correlated with disease progression. These data suggest that the persistent loss of memory CD4(+)T cells, which are being eliminated by direct virus killing and activation-induced cell death, requires the continuous differentiation of naïve into memory CD4+ T cells. This unrelenting replenishment process eventually leads to the exhaustion of the naïve CD4+T-cell pool and the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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45
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Liu H, Dow EC, Arora R, Kimata JT, Bull LM, Arduino RC, Rice AP. Integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in untreated infection occurs preferentially within genes. J Virol 2006; 80:7765-8. [PMID: 16840357 PMCID: PMC1563729 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous analyses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integration sites generated in infections in vitro or in patients in whom viral replication was repressed by antiviral therapy have demonstrated a preference for integration within protein-coding genes. We analyzed integration sites in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), spleen, lymph node, and cerebral cortex from patients with untreated HIV-1 infections. The great majority of integration sites in each tissue were within genes. Statistical analyses of the frequencies of integration in genes in PBMCs and lymph tissue demonstrated a strong preference for integration within genes. Although the sample size for brain tissue was too small to demonstrate a clear statistical preference for integration in genes, four of the five integration sites identified in brain were within genes. Taken together, our data indicate that HIV-1 preferentially integrates within genes during untreated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Demma LJ, Vanderford TH, Logsdon JM, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI. Evolution of the uniquely adaptable lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host. Retrovirology 2006; 3:19. [PMID: 16549011 PMCID: PMC1431560 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of emerging pathogens to infect new species is likely related to the diversity of pathogen variants present in existing reservoirs and their degree of genomic plasticity, which determines their ability to adapt to new environments. Certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz, SIVsm) have demonstrated tremendous success in infecting new species, including humans, resulting in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics. Although SIV diversification has been studied on a population level, the essential substrates for cross-species transmission, namely SIV sequence diversity and the types and extent of viral diversification present in individual reservoir animals have not been elucidated. To characterize this intra-host SIV diversity, we performed sequence analyses of clonal viral envelope (env) V1V2 and gag p27 variants present in individual SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys over time. Results SIVsm demonstrated extensive intra-animal V1V2 length variation and amino acid diversity (le38%), and continual variation in V1V2 N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence frequency and location. Positive selection was the predominant evolutionary force. Temporal sequence shifts suggested continual selection, likely due to evolving antibody responses. In contrast, gag p27 was predominantly under purifying selection. SIVsm V1V2 sequence diversification is at least as great as that in HIV-1 infected humans, indicating that extensive viral diversification in and of itself does not inevitably lead to AIDS. Conclusion Positive diversifying selection in this natural reservoir host is the engine that has driven the evolution of the uniquely adaptable SIV/HIV envelope protein. These studies emphasize the importance of retroviral diversification within individual host reservoir animals as a critical substrate in facilitating cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- LJ Demma
- Program in Population Biology, Evolution and Ecology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D-63, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - TH Vanderford
- Program in Population Biology, Evolution and Ecology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - JM Logsdon
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Current address: University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences, Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 301 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - MB Feinberg
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Merck Vaccine Division, Merck and Company, Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - SI Staprans
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Rd., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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47
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Yamamoto N. Pathogenic significance of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity found in the envelope glycoprotein gp160 of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:262-71. [PMID: 16545013 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum vitamin D3-binding protein (Gc protein) is the precursor for the principal macrophage-activating factor (MAF). The precursor activity of serum Gc protein was lost or reduced in HIV-infected patients. These patient sera contained alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (Nagalase), which deglycosylates serum Gc protein. Deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be converted to MAF and thus loses MAF precursor activity, leading to immunosuppression. Nagalase in the blood stream of HIV-infected patients was complexed with patient immunoglobulin G, suggesting that this enzyme is immunogenic, seemingly a viral gene product. In fact, Nagalase was inducible by treatment of cultures of HIV-infected patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a provirus-inducing agent. This enzyme was immunoprecipitable with polyclonal anti-HIV but not with anticellular constitutive enzyme or with antitumor Nagalase. The kinetic parameters (km value of 1.27 mM and pH optimum of 6.1), of the patient serum Nagalase were distinct from those of constitutive enzyme (km value of 4.83 mM and pH optimum of 4.3). This glycosidase should reside on an envelope protein capable of interacting with cellular membranous O-glycans. Although cloned gp160 exhibited no Nagalase activity, treatment of gp160 with trypsin expressed Nagalase activity, suggesting that proteolytic cleavage of gp160 to generate gp120 and gp41 is required for Nagalase activity. Cloned gp120 exhibited Nagalase activity while cloned gp41 showed no Nagalase activity. Since proteolytic cleavage of protein gp160 is required for expression of both fusion capacity and Nagalase activity, Nagalase seems to be an enzymatic basis for fusion in the infectious process. Therefore, Nagalase appears to play dual roles in viral infectivity and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Virology, Socrates Institute for Therapeutic Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19126-3305, USA.
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48
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Abstract
The onset of AIDS is characterized by the collapse of the immune system after a prolonged asymptomatic period. The mechanistic basis of this disease progression has remained obscure, hindering the development of effective therapies. Here I present a mechanism that underlies the deterioration of the immune system during HIV infection. The elevated turnover of lymphocytes throughout the asymptomatic period is postulated to result in the accumulation of deleterious mutations, which impairs immunological function, replicative ability and viability of lymphocytes. This mutational meltdown is proposed to occur throughout the hierarchy of lymphocyte progenitors, resulting in the deterioration of lymphocyte regeneration and an ensuing rise in viral loads. A mathematical model is used to illustrate this mechanism of progressive immunological deterioration. Mutation accumulation may explain not only the decline in CD4+T cells, but also the functional deterioration of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and B cells, and the exhaustion of lymphocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Galvani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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49
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Shuh M, Beilke M. The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1): New insights into the clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis of adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Microsc Res Tech 2005; 68:176-96. [PMID: 16276549 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus to be identified in the early 1980s. The isolation and identification of a related virus, HTLV-2, and the distantly related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immediately followed. Of the three retroviruses, two are associated definitively with specific diseases, HIV, with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HTLV-1, with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). While an estimated 10-20 million people worldwide are infected with HTLV-I, infection is endemic in the Caribbean, parts of Africa, southwestern Japan, and Italy. Approximately 4% of HTLV-I infected individuals develop ATLL, a disease with a poor prognosis. The clinical manifestations of infection and the current biology of HTLV viruses with emphasis on HTLV-1 are discussed in detail. The implications for improvements in diagnosis, treatment, intervention, and vaccination are included, as well as a discussion of the emergence of HTLV-1 and -2 as copathogens among HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Shuh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
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50
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Herbeuval JP, Grivel JC, Boasso A, Hardy AW, Chougnet C, Dolan MJ, Yagita H, Lifson JD, Shearer GM. CD4+ T-cell death induced by infectious and noninfectious HIV-1: role of type 1 interferon-dependent, TRAIL/DR5-mediated apoptosis. Blood 2005; 106:3524-31. [PMID: 16046522 PMCID: PMC1895067 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that direct and indirect mechanisms contribute to the unresolved issue of CD4(+) T-cell depletion that results from HIV-1 infection. We recently reported that plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) are elevated in HIV-1-infected patients and that they correlate with viral load. The present study investigates the expression of TRAIL death receptor 5 (DR5) in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-1-infected patients and its role in CD4(+) T-cell death. DR5 expression was elevated and associated with the apoptotic marker annexin V. Apoptosis was reduced in CD4(+) T cells when cultured with anti-DR5 antibody. CD4(+), but not CD8(+), T cells from uninfected donors expressed TRAIL, DR5, and activated caspase-3 when cultured with infectious or noninfectious HIV-1, resulting in preferential apoptosis of CD4(+) T cells. TRAIL, caspase-3 expression, and apoptosis were type 1 interferon (IFN) dependent. Induction of apoptosis and DR5 expression required glycoprotein 120 (gp120)-CD4 interaction. Finally, we analyzed DR5 expression by CD4(+) T cells in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated patients. The decreased viral loads and increased CD4 counts of HAART-responsive patients were associated with a decrease in DR5 mRNA expression by CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We propose a novel model in which a type 1 IFN-regulated TRAIL /DR5 mechanism induces apoptosis of HIV-1-exposed CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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