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Kleberg L, Courey-Ghaouzi AD, Lautenbach MJ, Färnert A, Sundling C. Regulation of B-cell function and expression of CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 in response to different activation signals. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350736. [PMID: 38700378 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
CD11c, FcRL5, or T-bet are commonly expressed by B cells expanding during inflammation, where they can make up >30% of mature B cells. However, the association between the proteins and differentiation and function in the host response remains largely unclear. We have assessed the co-expression of CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 in an in vitro B-cell culture system to determine how stimulation via the BCR, toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and different cytokines influence CD11c, T-bet, and FcRL5 expression. We observed different expression dynamics for all markers, but a largely overlapping regulation of CD11c and FcRL5 in response to BCR and TLR9 activation, while T-bet was strongly dependent on IFN-γ signaling. Investigating plasma cell differentiation and APC functions, there was no association between marker expression and antibody secretion or T-cell help. Rather the functions were associated with TLR9-signalling and B-cell-derived IL-6 production, respectively. These results suggest that the expression of CD11c, FcRL5, and T-bet and plasma cell differentiation and improved APC functions occur in parallel and are regulated by similar activation signals, but they are not interdependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Kleberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan-Dine Courey-Ghaouzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Julius Lautenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Kwak M, Southard KM, Kim WR, Lin A, Kim NH, Gopalappa R, Lee HJ, An M, Choi SH, Jung Y, Noh K, Farlow J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK, Kang MK, Kutys ML, Seo D, Kim HH, Kim YH, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW. Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1739-1753. [PMID: 36456828 PMCID: PMC10665132 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) create spatially, chemically and mechanically discrete microdomains at cellular interfaces. Here, using a mechanogenetic platform that generates artificial AJs with controlled protein localization, clustering and mechanical loading, we find that AJs also organize proteolytic hotspots for γ-secretase with a spatially regulated substrate selectivity that is critical in the processing of Notch and other transmembrane proteins. Membrane microdomains outside of AJs exclusively organize Notch ligand-receptor engagement (LRE microdomains) to initiate receptor activation. Conversely, membrane microdomains within AJs exclusively serve to coordinate regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP microdomains). They do so by concentrating γ-secretase and primed receptors while excluding full-length Notch. AJs induce these functionally distinct microdomains by means of lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein segregation. By excluding full-length Notch from RIP microdomains, AJs prevent inappropriate enzyme-substrate interactions and suppress spurious Notch activation. Ligand-induced ectodomain shedding eliminates size-dependent segregation, releasing Notch to translocate into AJs for processing by γ-secretase. This mechanism directs radial differentiation of ventricular zone-neural progenitor cells in vivo and more broadly regulates the proteolysis of other large cell-surface receptors such as amyloid precursor protein. These findings suggest an unprecedented role of AJs in creating size-selective spatial switches that choreograph γ-secretase processing of multiple transmembrane proteins regulating development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaden M Southard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nam Hyeong Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramu Gopalappa
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minji An
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Choi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmin Jung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Noh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min K Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Kutys
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daeha Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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4
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Otano I, Azpilikueta A, Glez-Vaz J, Alvarez M, Medina-Echeverz J, Cortés-Domínguez I, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Ellmark P, Fritzell S, Hernandez-Hoyos G, Nelson MH, Ochoa MC, Bolaños E, Cuculescu D, Jaúregui P, Sanchez-Gregorio S, Etxeberria I, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Sanmamed MF, Teijeira Á, Berraondo P, Melero I. CD137 (4-1BB) costimulation of CD8 + T cells is more potent when provided in cis than in trans with respect to CD3-TCR stimulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7296. [PMID: 34911975 PMCID: PMC8674279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB; TNFSR9) is an activation-induced surface receptor that through costimulation effects provide antigen-primed T cells with augmented survival, proliferation and effector functions as well as metabolic advantages. These immunobiological mechanisms are being utilised for cancer immunotherapy with agonist CD137-binding and crosslinking-inducing agents that elicit CD137 intracellular signaling. In this study, side-by-side comparisons show that provision of CD137 costimulation in-cis with regard to the TCR-CD3-ligating cell is superior to that provided in-trans in terms of T cell activation, proliferation, survival, cytokine secretion and mitochondrial fitness in mouse and human. Cis ligation of CD137 relative to the TCR-CD3 complex results in more intense canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling and provides a more robust induction of cell cycle and DNA damage repair gene expression programs. Here we report that the superiority of cis versus trans CD137-costimulation is readily observed in vivo and is relevant for understanding the immunotherapeutic effects of CAR T cells and CD137 agonistic therapies currently undergoing clinical trials, which may provide costimulation either in cis or in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Otano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre/ Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Glez-Vaz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ivan Cortés-Domínguez
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Program of Solid Tumours, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortiz-de-Solorzano
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Program of Solid Tumours, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - María Carmen Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Doina Cuculescu
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Jaúregui
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Gregorio
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre/ Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Study of Signal Transduction Pathways by Phospho-Protein Evaluation. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33928554 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1311-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Flow cytometric evaluation of phosphorylation status of signal transduction molecules is a useful method to study T-cell signaling pathways. As mutations occurring in TCR complex molecules, common gamma chain family's cytokines, their receptors or molecules involved in these pathways can lead to severe immune system defects, the study of T-cell signal transduction can be applied to both basic and clinical/translational research areas. In the present chapter, we show two different protocols for the study of T- cell response to an antigen-like stimulus and to IL-2.
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The potential of adoptive transfer of γ9δ2 T cells to enhance blinatumomab's antitumor activity against B-cell malignancy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12398. [PMID: 34117317 PMCID: PMC8195997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blinatumomab, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) antibody targeting CD19 and CD3ε, can redirect T cells toward CD19-positive tumor cells and has been approved to treat relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R B-ALL). However, chemotherapeutic regimens can severely reduce T cells' number and cytotoxic function, leading to an inadequate response to blinatumomab treatment in patients. In addition, it was reported that a substantial portion of R/R B-ALL patients failing blinatumomab treatment had the extramedullary disease, indicating the poor ability of blinatumomab in treating extramedullary disease. In this study, we investigated whether the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded γ9δ2 T cells could act as the effector of blinatumomab to enhance blinatumomab's antitumor activity against B-cell malignancies in vivo. Repeated infusion of blinatumomab and human γ9δ2 T cells led to more prolonged survival than that of blinatumomab or human γ9δ2 T cells alone in the mice xenografted with Raji cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of γ9δ2 T cells reduced tumor mass outside the bone marrow, indicating the potential of γ9δ2 T cells to eradicate the extramedullary disease. Our results suggest that the addition of γ9δ2 T cells to the blinatumomab treatment regimens could be an effective approach to enhancing blinatumomab's therapeutic efficacy. The concept of this strategy may also be applied to other antigen-specific BiTE therapies for other malignancies.
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CD101 as an indicator molecule for pathological changes at the interface of host-microbiota interactions. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151497. [PMID: 33773220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota signal to local and distant tissues in the body. Thus, they also regulate biochemical, metabolic and immunological processes in the gut and in the pancreas. Vice versa, eating habits or the immune system of the host shape the intraluminal microbiota. Disruptions of these versatile host-microbiota interactions underlie the pathogenesis of complex immune-mediated disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or type 1 diabetes (T1D). Consequently, dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability associated with both disorders change the biology of underlying tissues, as evidenced, for example, by an altered expression of surface markers such as CD101 on immune cells located at these dynamic host-microbiota interfaces. CD101, a heavily glycosylated member of the immunoglobulin superfamiliy, is predominantly detected on myeloid cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the gut. The expression of CD101 on both myeloid cells and T lymphocytes protects from experimental enterocolitis and T1D. The improved outcome of both diseases is associated with an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and a reduced expansion of T cells. However, distinct bacteria suppress the expression of CD101 on myeloid cells, similar as does inflammation on T cells. Thus, the reduced CD101 expression in T1D and IBD patients might be a consequence of an altered composition of the intestinal microbiota, enhanced bacterial translocation and a subsequent primining of local and systemic inflammatory immune responses.
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8
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Martens AWJ, Janssen SR, Derks IAM, Adams Iii HC, Izhak L, van Kampen R, Tonino SH, Eldering E, van der Windt GJW, Kater AP. CD3xCD19 DART molecule treatment induces non-apoptotic killing and is efficient against high-risk chemotherapy and venetoclax-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000218. [PMID: 32581054 PMCID: PMC7319711 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bispecific antibodies are promising new therapeutics in B cell malignancies. Whether they lead to potent T cell activation despite described T cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and are able to effectively target high-risk or venetoclax-resistant samples, is currently unknown. METHODS CD19+ cell lines or primary (high-risk) CLL were cocultured in vitro with healthy donor (HD) or CLL-derived T cells in the presence of a CD3xCD19 dual affinity retargeting molecule (CD3xCD19 DART). Cell cytotoxicity, T cell activation, proliferation and effector molecule production were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Here, we report that a bispecific CD3xCD19 DART mediates efficient killing by HD T cells of CD19+ cell-lines and primary CLL cells, regardless of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) mutational status TP53 status or chemotherapy, ibrutinib or venetoclax sensitivity. Whereas TCR stimulation of CLL-derived T cells resulted in dysfunctional T cell activation and proliferation, treatment with CD3xCD19 DART led to a similar activation profile in CLL-derived and HD-derived T cells. Consistently, co-culture of CLL derived T cells with JeKo-1 or CLL cells in the presence of CD3xCD19 DART resulted in significant cytotoxicity by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. On stimulation of CLL cells with CD40L, CLL cells become resistant to the specific inhibitor of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein venetoclax, due to upregulation of Bcl-2 family members such as Bcl-XL. Nevertheless, CD40L stimulated CLL cells were as efficiently lysed on CD3xCD19 DART treatment as unstimulated CLL cells. Further examination of the mechanism of CD3xCD19 DART mediated killing showed that lysis was dependent on granules, but was independent of BAX/BAK or caspase activity, indicating non-apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS These data show that CD3xCD19 DART in CLL leads to robust T cell activation and lysis of high-risk venetoclax resistant CLL cells through a non-apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W J Martens
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A M Derks
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Homer C Adams Iii
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Liat Izhak
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roel van Kampen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zuyderland Medical Centre Heerlen, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerritje J W van der Windt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Amôr NG, Santos PSDS, Campanelli AP. The Tumor Microenvironment in SCC: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636544. [PMID: 33634137 PMCID: PMC7900131 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common skin cancer worldwide and, despite the relatively easy visualization of the tumor in the clinic, a sizeable number of SCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages with local invasion and distant metastatic lesions. In the last decade, immunotherapy has emerged as the fourth pillar in cancer therapy via the targeting of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies directed against these immune targets have provide survival benefit in a growing list of cancer types. Currently, there are two immunotherapy drugs available for cutaneous SCC: cemiplimab and pembrolizumab; both monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that block PD-1 thereby promoting T-cell activation and/or function. However, the success rate of these checkpoint inhibitors currently remains around 50%, which means that half of the patients with advanced SCC experience no benefit from this treatment. This review will highlight the mechanisms by which the immune checkpoint molecules regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), as well as the ongoing clinical trials that are employing single or combinatory therapeutic approaches for SCC immunotherapy. We also discuss the regulation of additional pathways that might promote superior therapeutic efficacy, and consequently provide increased survival for those patients that do not benefit from the current checkpoint inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Ghinelli Amôr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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10
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Lin W, Zhou S, Feng M, Yu Y, Su Q, Li X. Soluble CD83 Regulates Dendritic Cell-T Cell Immunological Synapse Formation by Disrupting Rab1a-Mediated F-Actin Rearrangement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:605713. [PMID: 33585445 PMCID: PMC7874230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.605713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-T cell (DC-T) contacts play an important role in T cell activation, clone generation, and development. Regulating the cytoskeletal protein rearrangement of DCs can modulate DC-T contact and affect T cell activation. However, inhibitory factors on cytoskeletal regulation in DCs remain poorly known. We showed that a soluble form of CD83 (sCD83) inhibited T cell activation by decreasing DC-T contact and synapse formation between DC and T cells. This negative effect of sCD83 on DCs was mediated by disruption of F-actin rearrangements, leading to alter expression and localization of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and immunological synapse formation between DC and T cells. Furthermore, sCD83 was found to decrease GTP-binding activity of Rab1a, which further decreased colocalization and expression of LRRK2 and F-actin rearrangements in DCs, leading to the loss of MHC-II at DC-T synapses and reduced DC-T synapse formation. Further, sCD83-treated DCs alleviated symptoms of experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice and decreased the number of T cells in the eyes and lymph nodes of these animals. Our findings demonstrate a novel signaling pathway of sCD83 on regulating DC-T contact, which may be harnessed to develop new immunosuppressive therapeutics for autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Shuping Zhou
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Feng
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghong Su
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China
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11
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Geraud A, Gougis P, Vozy A, Anquetil C, Allenbach Y, Romano E, Funck-Brentano E, Moslehi JJ, Johnson DB, Salem JE. Clinical Pharmacology and Interplay of Immune Checkpoint Agents: A Yin-Yang Balance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:85-112. [PMID: 32871087 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022820-093805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells have a central role in immune system balance. When activated, they may lead to autoimmune diseases. When too anergic, they contribute to infection spread and cancer proliferation. Immune checkpoint proteins regulate T cell function, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). These nodes of self-tolerance may be exploited pharmacologically to downregulate (CTLA-4 agonists) and activate [CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 antagonists, also called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)] the immune system.CTLA-4 agonists are used to treat rheumatologic immune disorders and graft rejection. CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 antagonists are approved for multiple cancer types and are being investigated for chronic viral infections. Notably, ICIs may be associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can be highly morbid or fatal. CTLA-4 agonism has been a promising method to reverse such life-threatening irAEs. Herein, we review the clinical pharmacology of these immune checkpoint agents with a focus on their interplay in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Geraud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CIC-1901 Paris-Est, CLIP² Galilée, UNICO-GRECO Cardio-oncology Program, and Department of Pharmacology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France; .,Department of Drug Development (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Paul Gougis
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CIC-1901 Paris-Est, CLIP² Galilée, UNICO-GRECO Cardio-oncology Program, and Department of Pharmacology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Aurore Vozy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CIC-1901 Paris-Est, CLIP² Galilée, UNICO-GRECO Cardio-oncology Program, and Department of Pharmacology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Celine Anquetil
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Department of Internal Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Yves Allenbach
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Department of Internal Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Elisa Funck-Brentano
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, AP-HP, EA 4340, Université Paris-Saclay, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Javid J Moslehi
- Department of Medicine, Cardio-Oncology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Cardio-Oncology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Joe-Elie Salem
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CIC-1901 Paris-Est, CLIP² Galilée, UNICO-GRECO Cardio-oncology Program, and Department of Pharmacology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France; .,Department of Medicine, Cardio-Oncology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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12
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Monel B, McKeon A, Lamothe-Molina P, Jani P, Boucau J, Pacheco Y, Jones RB, Le Gall S, Walker BD. HIV Controllers Exhibit Effective CD8 + T Cell Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Non-activated CD4 + T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:142-153.e4. [PMID: 30943397 PMCID: PMC6449512 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with sustained antiretroviral therapy, resting CD4+ T cells remain a persistent reservoir of HIV infection, representing a critical barrier to curing HIV. Here, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells recognize infected, non-activated CD4+ T cells in the absence of de novo protein production, as measured by immune synapse formation, degranulation, cytokine production, and killing of infected cells. Immune recognition is induced by HLA-I presentation of peptides derived from incoming viral particles, and recognition occurred either following cell-free virus infection or following cell-to-cell spread. CD8+ T cells from HIV controllers mediate more effective immune recognition than CD8+ T cells from progressors. These results indicate that non-activated HIV-infected CD4+ T cells can be targeted by CD8+ T cells directly after HIV entry, before reverse transcription, and thus before the establishment of latency, and suggest a mechanism whereby the immune response may reduce the size of the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Monel
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Annmarie McKeon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pedro Lamothe-Molina
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Priya Jani
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yovana Pacheco
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - R Brad Jones
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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13
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Khatibi AS, Roodbari NH, Majidzade-A K, Yaghmaei P, Farahmand L. In vivo tumor-suppressing and anti-angiogenic activities of a recombinant anti-CD3ε nanobody in breast cancer mice model. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:1555-1567. [PMID: 31865872 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Achievements in cancer immunotherapy require augmentation of a host's anti-tumor immune response for anti-cancer modality. Materials & methods: Different concentrations of recombinant anti-CD3 nanobody were administered at predetermined time intervals during a 24-day treatment period and then expression of angiogenic biomarkers including VEGFR2, MMP9 and CD31, as well as tumor cell proliferation marker ki67, was determined in tumor sections by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, expression of cytokines was examined in peripheral blood of mice. Results: Based on our results, administration of nanobody could reduce biomarker expression in tumor sections. Tumor growth was also delayed and survival rate was increased in response to nanobody treatment. Moreover, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was reduced. Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated that administration of nanobody could effectively suppress angiogenesis as well as tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Sharif Khatibi
- Department of Biology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Hayati Roodbari
- Department of Biology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzade-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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15
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Funes SC, Manrique de Lara A, Altamirano-Lagos MJ, Mackern-Oberti JP, Escobar-Vera J, Kalergis AM. Immune checkpoints and the regulation of tolerogenicity in dendritic cells: Implications for autoimmunity and immunotherapy. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:359-368. [PMID: 30738957 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is responsible for defending the host from a large variety of potential pathogens, while simultaneously avoiding immune reactivity towards self-components. Self-tolerance has to be tightly maintained throughout several central and peripheral processes; immune checkpoints are imperative for regulating the immunity/tolerance balance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized cells that capture antigens, and either activate or inhibit antigen-specific T cells. Therefore, they play a key role at inducing and maintaining immune tolerance. DCs that suppress the immune response have been called tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs). Given their potential as a therapy to prevent transplant rejection and autoimmune damage, several strategies are under development to generate tolDCs, in order to avoid activation and expansion of self-reactive T cells. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge relative to the main features of tolDCs, their mechanisms of action and their therapeutic use for autoimmune diseases. Based on the literature reviewed, autologous antigen-specific tolDCs might constitute a promising strategy to suppress autoreactive T cells and reduce detrimental inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta C Funes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Amaranta Manrique de Lara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - María J Altamirano-Lagos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan P Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Jorge Escobar-Vera
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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16
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Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Altaf Hossain FM, Husna A, Bari AM, Eo SK. The promise of 4-1BB (CD137) mediated immunomodulation and immunotherapy for viral diseases. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell surface receptor, 4-1BB (CD137), has been of increasing interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule over the last two decades. Ligation of 4-1BB can activate signals in CD8+ T cells and NK cells, resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion, cytolytic function and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Targeting 4-1BB, using a 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or agonistic monoclonal antibodies, has delivered a new strategy to fight against cancer, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. In this review, different aspects of 4-1BB mediated antiviral responses, the mechanistic basis of such responses and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masudur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - ATM Badruzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Asmaul Husna
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Abusaleh Mahfuzul Bari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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17
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Yu W, Wu Y. A systematic analysis of intrinsic regulators for HIV-1 R5 to X4 phenotypic switch. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-017-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Hornung Á, Monostori É, Kovács L. Systemic lupus erythematosus in the light of the regulatory effects of galectin-1 on T-cell function. Lupus 2017; 26:339-347. [PMID: 28100106 DOI: 10.1177/0961203316686846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 is an endogenous immunoregulatory lectin-type protein. Its most important effects are the inhibition of the differentiation and cytokine production of Th1 and Th17 cells, and the induction of apoptosis of activated T-cells. Galectin-1 has been identified as a key molecule in antitumor immune surveillance, and data are accumulating about the pathogenic role of its deficiency, and the beneficial effects of its administration in various autoimmune disease models. Initial animal and human studies strongly suggest deficiencies in both galectin-1 production and responsiveness in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T-cells. Since lupus features widespread abnormalities in T-cell activation, differentiation and viability, in this review the authors wished to highlight potential points in T-cell signalling processes that may be influenced by galectin-1. These points include GM-1 ganglioside-mediated lipid raft aggregation, early activation signalling steps involving p56Lck, the exchange of the CD3 ζ-ZAP-70 to the FcRγ-Syk pathway, defective mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, impaired regulatory T-cell function, the failure to suppress the activity of interleukin 17 (IL-17) producing T-cells, and decreased suppression of the PI3K-mTOR pathway by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). These findings place galectin-1 into the group of potential pathogenic molecules in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Hornung
- 1 Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,2 Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - É Monostori
- 1 Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Kovács
- 2 Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Moral MEG, Siahaan TJ. Conjugates of Cell Adhesion Peptides for Therapeutics and Diagnostics Against Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 17:3425-3443. [PMID: 29357802 PMCID: PMC5835217 DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666180118154514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Overexpressed cell-surface receptors are hallmarks of many disease states and are often used as markers for targeting diseased cells over healthy counterparts. Cell adhesion peptides, which are often derived from interacting regions of these receptor-ligand proteins, mimic surfaces of intact proteins and, thus, have been studied as targeting agents for various payloads to certain cell targets for cancers and autoimmune diseases. Because many cytotoxic agents in the free form are often harmful to healthy cells, the use of cell adhesion peptides in targeting their delivery to diseased cells has been studied to potentially reduce required effective doses and associated harmful side-effects. In this review, multiple cell adhesion peptides from extracellular matrix and ICAM proteins were used to selectively direct drug payloads, signal-inhibitor peptides, and diagnostic molecules, to diseased cells over normal counterparts. RGD constructs have been used to improve the selectivity and efficacy of diagnostic and drug-peptide conjugates against cancer cells. From this precedent, novel conjugates of antigenic and cell adhesion peptides, called Bifunctional Peptide Inhibitors (BPIs), have been designed to selectively regulate immune cells and suppress harmful inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases. Similar peptide conjugations with imaging agents have delivered promising diagnostic methods in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. BPIs have also been shown to generate immune tolerance and suppress autoimmune diseases in animal models of type-1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Collectively, these studies show the potential of cell adhesion peptides in improving the delivery of drugs and diagnostic agents to diseased cells in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E G Moral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Laboratory, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Laboratory, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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20
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Fan Z, Ley K. Leukocyte arrest: Biomechanics and molecular mechanisms of β2 integrin activation. Biorheology 2016; 52:353-77. [PMID: 26684674 DOI: 10.3233/bir-15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a group of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that play essential roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction. Integrins are important in many physiological processes and diseases. Integrins acquire affinity to their ligand by undergoing molecular conformational changes called activation. Here we review the molecular biomechanics during conformational changes of integrins, integrin functions in leukocyte biorheology (adhesive functions during rolling and arrest) and molecules involved in integrin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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21
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Fan Z, McArdle S, Marki A, Mikulski Z, Gutierrez E, Engelhardt B, Deutsch U, Ginsberg M, Groisman A, Ley K. Neutrophil recruitment limited by high-affinity bent β2 integrin binding ligand in cis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12658. [PMID: 27578049 PMCID: PMC5013657 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for innate immunity and inflammation and many neutrophil functions are β2 integrin-dependent. Integrins can extend (E(+)) and acquire a high-affinity conformation with an 'open' headpiece (H(+)). The canonical switchblade model of integrin activation proposes that the E(+) conformation precedes H(+), and the two are believed to be structurally linked. Here we show, using high-resolution quantitative dynamic footprinting (qDF) microscopy combined with a homogenous conformation-reporter binding assay in a microfluidic device, that a substantial fraction of β2 integrins on human neutrophils acquire an unexpected E(-)H(+) conformation. E(-)H(+) β2 integrins bind intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) in cis, which inhibits leukocyte adhesion in vitro and in vivo. This endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism inhibits neutrophil aggregation, accumulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sara McArdle
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alex Marki
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 1 Freiestrasse, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 1 Freiestrasse, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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22
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Wei CH, Penunuri A, Karpouzas G, Fleishman W, Datta A, French SW. Troxis necrosis, a novel mechanism for drug-induced hepatitis secondary to immunomodulatory therapy. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:341-3. [PMID: 26297838 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A case of drug-induced hepatitis mediated by troxis necrosis, a form of autoimmune hepatitis, is described. METHODS Clinical data, light and electron microscopy of an ultrasound-guided core needle liver biopsy specimen, were examined to investigate the cause of transaminitis in a 26year old male patient on Cellcept and Plaquenil for the treatment of lupus erythematosus. A systematic PUBMED review of troxis necrosis as the underlying mechanism for drug-induced hepatitis was performed. RESULTS Liver function tests (LFTs) were significant for elevated AST (305) and ALT (174); the autoimmune workup was significant for anti-ANA positivity and α-SMA negativity. On light microscopy, the liver biopsy shows focal areas of lymphocytic infiltrates surrounding and forming immunologic synapses with lobular hepatocytes, indicating lobular hepatitis of autoimmune nature. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of immunologic synapses. Upon cessation of the offending medications, the LFTs returned to baseline with no further intervention. Literature search yielded 7 previously reported cases of drug-induced hepatitis mediated by troxis necrosis. CONCLUSION Troxis necrosis is a novel mechanism for drug-induced hepatitis, including immunomodulatory medications including a monoclonal anti-TWEAK antibody and Cellcept and Plaquenil, two widely used immunosuppression/anti-rejection medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Wei
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - Andrew Penunuri
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - George Karpouzas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - Wayne Fleishman
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - Anuj Datta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
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23
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Suryadevara CM, Gedeon PC, Sanchez-Perez L, Verla T, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Choi BD, Fecci PE, Sampson JH. Are BiTEs the "missing link" in cancer therapy? Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008339. [PMID: 26155413 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatment for cancer routinely includes surgical resection and some combination of chemotherapy and radiation. These approaches are frequently accompanied by unintended and highly toxic collateral damage to healthy tissues, which are offset by only marginal prognostic improvements in patients with advanced cancers. This unfortunate balance has driven the development of novel therapies that aim to target tumors both safely and efficiently. Over the past decade, mounting evidence has supported the therapeutic utility of T-cell-centered cancer immunotherapy, which, in its various iterations, has been shown capable of eliciting highly precise and robust antitumor responses both in animal models and human trials. The identification of tumor-specific targets has further fueled a growing interest in T-cell therapies given their potential to circumvent the non-specific nature of traditional treatments. Of the several strategies geared toward achieving T-cell recognition of tumor, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a novel class of biologics that have garnered enthusiasm in recent years due to their versatility, specificity, safety, cost, and ease of production. Bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTEs) are a subclass of bsAbs that are specific for CD3 on one arm and a tumor antigen on the second. As such, BiTEs function by recruiting and activating polyclonal populations of T-cells at tumor sites, and do so without the need for co-stimulation or conventional MHC recognition. Blinatumomab, a well-characterized BiTE, has emerged as a promising recombinant bscCD19×CD3 construct that has demonstrated remarkable antitumor activity in patients with B-cell malignancies. This clinical success has resulted in the rapid extension of BiTE technology against a greater repertoire of tumor antigens and the recent US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) accelerated approval of blinatumomab for the treatment of a rare form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this review, we dissect the role of T-cell therapeutics in the new era of cancer immunotherapy, appraise the value of CAR T-cells in the context of solid tumors, and discuss why the BiTE platform may rescue several of the apparent deficits and shortcomings of competing immunotherapies to support its widespread clinical application.
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Key Words
- ACT, adoptive cell therapy
- AICD, activation induced cell death
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- BiTE, bispecific T-cell engager
- BsAb, bispecific antibody
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptors
- CHO, chinese hamster ovary
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- GBM, glioblastoma
- MAb, monoclonal antibody
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- OS, overall survival
- ScFv, single chain variable fragment
- T lymphocytes
- TAA, tumor associated antigens
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- TREG, regulatory T-cells
- TSA, tumor specific antigens
- VV, vaccinia virus
- bispecific antibodies
- immunotherapy
- malignancies
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter M Suryadevara
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Pathology; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patrick C Gedeon
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Duke University ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terence Verla
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School ; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Pathology; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Duke University ; Durham, NC, USA
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24
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Shindell O, Mica N, Ritzer M, Gordon VD. Specific adhesion of membranes simultaneously supports dual heterogeneities in lipids and proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15598-607. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane adhesion mediated by one protein species simultaneously stabilizes both ordered-phase and disordered-phase heterogeneities, distinct from the non-adhered membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Shindell
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Physics and Center for Nonlinear Dynamics
- Austin
- USA
| | - N. Mica
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Physics and Center for Nonlinear Dynamics
- Austin
- USA
| | - M. Ritzer
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Physics and Center for Nonlinear Dynamics
- Austin
- USA
| | - V. D. Gordon
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Physics and Center for Nonlinear Dynamics
- Austin
- USA
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25
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Thaker YR, Schneider H, Rudd CE. TCR and CD28 activate the transcription factor NF-κB in T-cells via distinct adaptor signaling complexes. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:113-9. [PMID: 25455592 PMCID: PMC4286576 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD28 and TCR receptors use independent pathways to regulate NF-κB activation in T-cells. CD28 mediated NF-κB activation is dependent on the YMN-FM site for GRB-2 adaptor binding. The adaptors ADAP and SKAP1 are dispensable for direct CD28 activation of NF-κB. TCR driven NF-κB activation requires adaptor ADAP expression.
The transcription factor NF-κB is needed for the induction of inflammatory responses in T-cells. Whether its activation by the antigen-receptor and CD28 is mediated by the same or different intracellular signaling pathways has been unclear. Here, using T-cells from various knock-out (Cd28−/−, adap−/−) and knock-in (i.e. Cd28 Y-170F) mice in conjunction with transfected Jurkat T-cells, we show that the TCR and CD28 use distinct pathways to activate NF-κB in T-cells. Anti-CD28 ligation alone activated NF-κB in primary and Jurkat T-cells as measured by NF-κB reporter and EMSA assays. Anti-CD28 also activated NF-κB normally in primary T-cells from adap−/− mice, while anti-CD3 stimulation required the adaptor ADAP. Over-expression of ADAP or its binding partner SKAP1 failed to enhance anti-CD28 activation of NF-κB, while ADAP greatly increased anti-CD3 induced NF-κB activity. By contrast, CD28 activation of NF-κB depended on GRB-2 binding to CD28 as seen in CD28 deficient Jurkat T-cells reconstituted with the CD28 YMN-FM mutant, and in primary T-cells from CD28 Y170F mutant knock-in mice. CD28 associated with GRB-2, and GRB-2 siRNA impaired CD28 NF-κB activation. GRB-2 binding partner and guanine nucleotide exchange factor, VAV1, greatly enhanced anti-CD28 driven activation of NF-κB. Further, unlike in the case of anti-CD28, NF-κB activation by anti-CD3 and its cooperation with ADAP was strictly dependent on LAT expression. Overall, we provide evidence that CD28 and the TCR complex regulate NF-κB via different signaling modules of GRB-2/VAV1 and LAT/ADAP pathways respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youg Raj Thaker
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
| | - Helga Schneider
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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26
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Bonifaz LC, Cervantes-Silva MP, Ontiveros-Dotor E, López-Villegas EO, Sánchez-García FJ. A Role For Mitochondria In Antigen Processing And Presentation. Immunology 2014; 144:461-471. [PMID: 25251370 PMCID: PMC4557683 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune synapse formation is critical for T lymphocyte activation, and mitochondria have a role in this process, by localizing close to the immune synapse, regulating intracellular calcium concentration, and providing locally required ATP. The interaction between antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocytes is a two-way signaling process. However, the role of mitochondria in antigen presenting cells during this process remains unknown. For APCs to be able to activate T lymphocytes, they must first engage in an antigen-uptake, -processing, and -presentation process. Here we show that HEL-loaded B lymphocytes, as a type of APCs, undergo a small but significant mitochondrial depolarization by 1-2 h following antigen exposure thus suggesting an increase in their metabolic demands. Inhibition of ATP synthase (oligomycin) or mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) (Ruthenium red) had no effect on antigen uptake. Therefore, antigen processing and antigen presentation were further analyzed. Oligomycin treatment reduced the amount of specific MHC-peptide complexes but not total MHC II on the cell membrane of B lymphocytes which correlated with a decrease in antigen presentation. However, oligomycin also reduced antigen presentation by B lymphocytes that endogenously express HEL and by B lymphocytes loaded with the HEL48-62 peptide, although to a lesser extent. ATP synthase inhibition and MCU inhibition had a clear inhibitory effect on antigen processing (DQ-OVA). Taking together these results suggest that ATP synthase and MCU are relevant for antigen processing and presentation. Finally, APCs mitochondria were found to re-organize towards the APC-T immune synapse. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico, D.F., México
| | - Mariana P Cervantes-Silva
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico, D.F., México
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F., México
| | - Elizabeth Ontiveros-Dotor
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico, D.F., México
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F., México
| | - Edgar O López-Villegas
- Central de Microscopía, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F., México
| | - F Javier Sánchez-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F., México
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27
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Codelivery of antigen and an immune cell adhesion inhibitor is necessary for efficacy of soluble antigen arrays in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14008. [PMID: 26015953 PMCID: PMC4420258 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are typified by the misrecognition of self-antigen and the clonal expansion of autoreactive T cells. Antigen-specific immunotherapies (antigen-SITs) have long been explored as a means to desensitize patients to offending self-antigen(s) with the potential to retolerize the immune response. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) are composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) cografted with disease-specific autoantigen (proteolipid protein peptide) and an ICAM-1 inhibitor peptide (LABL). SAgAs were designed as an antigen-SIT that codeliver peptides to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS. Codelivery of antigen and cell adhesion inhibitor (LABL) conjugated to HA was essential for SAgA treatment of EAE. Individual SAgA components or mixtures thereof reduced proinflammatory cytokines in cultured splenocytes from EAE mice; however, these treatments showed minimal to no in vivo therapeutic effect in EAE mice. Thus, carriers that codeliver antigen and a secondary “context” signal (e.g., LABL) in vivo may be an important design criteria to consider when designing antigen-SIT for autoimmune therapy.
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28
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French SW, Enbom ET. Piecemeal necrosis of the liver revisited a review. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:307-9. [PMID: 24704429 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Piecemeal necrosis of the liver is thought to lead to liver cell necrosis. However the process does not lead to necrosis but rather lead to gradual progressive piecemeal removal of liver cell cytoplasm by T lymphocytes which are sensitized to antigens presented on the liver cell surface to form the immunologic synapse. The cytoplasm is taken up by the T cell and digested by the lysosome in the lymphocyte. By this mechanism the liver cell gradually disappears like the Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W French
- Department of Pathology, Habor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States.
| | - E T Enbom
- Department of Pathology, Habor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
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29
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Samstag Y, John I, Wabnitz GH. Cofilin: a redox sensitive mediator of actin dynamics during T-cell activation and migration. Immunol Rev 2013; 256:30-47. [PMID: 24117811 PMCID: PMC3884758 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cofilin is an actin-binding protein that depolymerizes and/or severs actin filaments. This dual function of cofilin makes it one of the major regulators of actin dynamics important for T-cell activation and migration. The activity of cofilin is spatio-temporally regulated. Its main control mechanisms comprise a molecular toolbox of phospho-, phospholipid, and redox regulation. Phosphorylated cofilin is inactive and represents the dominant cofilin fraction in the cytoplasm of resting human T cells. A fraction of dephosphorylated cofilin is kept inactive at the plasma membrane by binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Costimulation via the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex (signal 1) together with accessory receptors (signal 2) or triggering through the chemokine SDF1α (stromal cell-derived factor 1α) induce Ras-dependent dephosphorylation of cofilin, which is important for immune synapse formation, T-cell activation, and T-cell migration. Recently, it became evident that cofilin is also highly sensitive for microenvironmental changes, particularly for alterations in the redox milieu. Cofilin is inactivated by oxidation, provoking T-cell hyporesponsiveness or necrotic-like programmed cell death. In contrast, in a reducing environment, even phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-bound cofilin becomes active, leading to actin dynamics in the vicinity of the plasma membrane. In addition to the well-established three signals for T-cell activation, this microenvironmental control of cofilin delivers a modulating signal for T-cell-dependent immune reactions. This fourth modulating signal highly impacts both initial T-cell activation and the effector phase of T-cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Samstag
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel John
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido H Wabnitz
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
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30
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A new and robust method of tethering IgG surrogate antigens on lipid bilayer membranes to facilitate the TIRFM based live cell and single molecule imaging experiments. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63735. [PMID: 23717469 PMCID: PMC3661735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of cell-cell interactions has been significantly improved in the past years with the help of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscope (TIRFM) in combination with an antigen presenting system supported by planar lipid bilayer (PLB) membranes, which are used to mimic the extensive receptor and ligand interactions within cell-cell contact interface. In TIRFM experiments, it is a challenge to uniformly present ligand molecules in monomeric format on the surface of PLB membranes. Here, we introduce a new and robust method of tethering IgG surrogate antigen ligands on the surface of Ni2+-containing PLB membranes. In this method, we use a modified D domain from staphylococcal protein A molecule that is fused with an N-terminus polyhistidine tag (H12-D-domain) to tether IgG surrogate antigens on Ni2+-containing PLB membranes. We systematically assessed the specificity and capability of H12-D-domain construct to capture IgG molecules from different species through live cell and single molecule TIRFM imaging. We find that these IgG surrogate antigens tethered by H12-D-domain show better lateral mobility and are more uniformly distributed on PLB membranes than the ones tethered by streptavidin. Neither IgM molecules, nor Fab or F(ab’)2 fragments of IgG molecules can be tethered on PLB membranes by H12-D-domain construct. These tethered IgG surrogate antigens strongly induce the formation and accumulation of signaling active antigen receptor microclusters within the immunological synapse in B or T lymphocyte cells. Thus our method provides a new and robust method to tether IgG surrogate antigens or other molecules fused with IgG Fc portion on PLB membranes for TIRFM based molecule imaging experiments.
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31
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Hassold N, Seystahl K, Kempf K, Urlaub D, Zekl M, Einsele H, Watzl C, Wischhusen J, Seggewiss-Bernhardt R. Enhancement of natural killer cell effector functions against selected lymphoma and leukemia cell lines by dasatinib. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E916-27. [PMID: 22419518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As NK cell immunotherapy is still poorly successful, combinations with drugs enhancing NK cell activity are of major interest. NK large granular lymphocyte expansions associated with improved survival have been described under monotherapy with the Bcr-Abl/Src inhibitor dasatinib, which inhibits NK cell functions in vitro. As Src kinases play a major role in inhibitory and activating signaling pathways of NK cells, both outcomes appear plausible. To clarify these contradictory observations and potentially enable the use of dasatinib as adjuvant, we analyzed how clinically relevant doses promote NK cell effector functions. Polyclonal human NK cells were studied ex vivo. Functional outcomes assessed included conjugate formation, calcium flux, receptor regulation, cytokine production, degranulation, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction and signal transduction. While dasatinib inhibits NK cell effector functions during functional assays, 24 hr pretreatment of NK cells followed by washout of dasatinib, led to dose-dependent enhancement of cytokine production, degranulation marker expression and cytotoxicity against selected lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Mechanistically, this was neither due to an altered viability of NK cells nor increased NKG2D, LFA-1 or conjugate formation with target cells. Receptor proximal signaling events were inhibited. However, a slight time dependent enhancement of Vav phosphorylation was observed under certain circumstances. The shift in Vav phosphorylation level may be one major mechanism for NK cell activity enhancement induced by dasatinib. Our findings argue for a careful timing and dosing of dasatinib application during leukemia/lymphoma treatment to enhance NK cell immunotherapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hassold
- Immune Recovery Section, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Isakov N, Altman A. PKC-theta-mediated signal delivery from the TCR/CD28 surface receptors. Front Immunol 2012; 3:273. [PMID: 22936936 PMCID: PMC3425079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ) is a key enzyme in T lymphocytes, where it plays an important role in signal transduction downstream of the activated T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the CD28 costimulatory receptor. Interest in PKCθ as a potential drug target has increased following recent findings that PKCθ is essential for harmful inflammatory responses mediated by Th2 (allergies) and Th17 (autoimmunity) cells as well as for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and allograft rejection, but is dispensable for beneficial responses such as antiviral immunity and graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) response. TCR/CD28 engagement triggers the translocation of the cytosolic PKCθ to the plasma membrane (PM), where it localizes at the center of the immunological synapse (IS), which forms at the contact site between an antigen-specific T cell and antigen-presenting cells (APC). However, the molecular basis for this unique localization, and whether it is required for its proper function have remained unresolved issues until recently. Our recent study resolved these questions by demonstrating that the unique V3 (hinge) domain of PKCθ and, more specifically, a proline-rich motif within this domain, is essential and sufficient for its localization at the IS, where it is anchored to the cytoplasmic tail of CD28 via an indirect mechanism involving Lck protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) as an intermediate. Importantly, the association of PKCθ with CD28 is essential not only for IS localization, but also for PKCθ-mediated activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the transcription factors NF-κB and NF-AT, which are essential for productive T cell activation. Hence, interference with formation of the PKCθ-Lck-CD28 complex provides a promising basis for the design of novel, clinically useful allosteric PKCθ inhibitors. An additional recent study demonstrated that TCR triggering activates the germinal center kinase (GSK)-like kinase (GLK) and induces its association with the SLP-76 adaptor at the IS, where GLK phosphorylates the activation loop of PKCθ, converting it into an active enzyme. This recent progress, coupled with the need to study the biology of PKCθ in human T cells, is likely to facilitate the development of PKCθ-based therapeutic modalities for T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, Israel
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Seah SGK, Carrington EM, Ng WC, Belz GT, Brady JL, Sutherland RM, Hancock MS, La Gruta NL, Brown LE, Turner SJ, Zhan Y, Lew AM. Unlike CD4+ T-cell help, CD28 costimulation is necessary for effective primary CD8+ T-cell influenza-specific immunity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1744-54. [PMID: 22585421 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The importance of costimulation on CD4(+) T cells has been well documented. However, primary CTLs against many infections including influenza can be generated in the absence of CD4(+) T-cell help. The role of costimulation under such "helpless" circumstances is not fully elucidated. Here, we investigated such a role for CD28 using CTLA4Ig transgenic (Tg) mice. To ensure valid comparison across the genotypes, we showed that all mice had similar naïve precursor frequencies and similar peak viral loads. In the absence of help, viral clearance was significantly reduced in CTLA4Ig Tg mice compared with WT mice. CD44(+) BrdU(+) influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells were diminished in CTLA4Ig Tg mice at days 5 and 8 postinfection. Adoptive transfer of ovalbumin-specific transgenic CD8(+) T cells (OT-I)-I cells into WT or CTLA4Ig Tg mice revealed that loss of CD28 costimulation resulted in impairment in OT-I cell division. As shown previously, neither viral clearance nor the generation of influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells was affected by the absence of CD4(+) T cells alone. In contrast, both were markedly impaired by CD28 blockade of "helpless" CD8(+) T cells. We suggest that direct CD28 costimulation of CD8(+) T cells is more critical in their priming during primary influenza infection than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley G K Seah
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
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Shirshev SV. Role of Epac proteins in mechanisms of cAMP-dependent immunoregulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:981-98. [PMID: 22082266 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791109001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents observations on the role of Epac proteins (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) in immunoregulation mechanisms. Signaling pathways that involve Epac proteins and their domain organization and functions are considered. The role of Epac1 protein expressed in the immune system cells is especially emphasized. Molecular mechanisms of the cAMP-dependent signal via Epac1 are analyzed in monocytes/macrophages, T-cells, and B-lymphocytes. The role of Epac1 is shown in the regulation of adhesion, leukocyte chemotaxis, as well as in phagocytosis and bacterial killing. The molecular cascade initiated by Epac1 is examined under conditions of antigen activation of T-cells and immature B-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shirshev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
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35
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Geczy T, Peach ML, El Kazzouli S, Sigano DM, Kang JH, Valle CJ, Selezneva J, Woo W, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Garfield SH, Lim L, Mannan P, Marquez VE, Blumberg PM. Molecular basis for failure of "atypical" C1 domain of Vav1 to bind diacylglycerol/phorbol ester. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13137-58. [PMID: 22351766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C1 domains, the recognition motif of the second messenger diacylglycerol and of the phorbol esters, are classified as typical (ligand-responsive) or atypical (not ligand-responsive). The C1 domain of Vav1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, plays a critical role in regulation of Vav activity through stabilization of the Dbl homology domain, which is responsible for exchange activity of Vav. Although the C1 domain of Vav1 is classified as atypical, it retains a binding pocket geometry homologous to that of the typical C1 domains of PKCs. This study clarifies the basis for its failure to bind ligands. Substituting Vav1-specific residues into the C1b domain of PKCδ, we identified five crucial residues (Glu(9), Glu(10), Thr(11), Thr(24), and Tyr(26)) along the rim of the binding cleft that weaken binding potency in a cumulative fashion. Reciprocally, replacing these incompatible residues in the Vav1 C1 domain with the corresponding residues from PKCδ C1b (δC1b) conferred high potency for phorbol ester binding. Computer modeling predicts that these unique residues in Vav1 increase the hydrophilicity of the rim of the binding pocket, impairing membrane association and thereby preventing formation of the ternary C1-ligand-membrane binding complex. The initial design of diacylglycerol-lactones to exploit these Vav1 unique residues showed enhanced selectivity for C1 domains incorporating these residues, suggesting a strategy for the development of ligands targeting Vav1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Geczy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Harada Y, Okada-Nakanishi Y, Ueda Y, Tsujitani S, Saito S, Fuji-Ogawa T, Iida A, Hasegawa M, Ichikawa T, Yonemitsu Y. Cytokine-based high log-scale expansion of functional human dendritic cells from cord-blood CD34-positive cells. Sci Rep 2011; 1:174. [PMID: 22355689 PMCID: PMC3240956 DOI: 10.1038/srep00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in maintaining the immune system. Though DC-based cancer immunotherapy has been suggested as a potential treatment for various kinds of malignancies, its clinical efficacies are still insufficient in many human trials. Issues that limit the clinical efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy, as well as the difficulty of the industrial production of DCs, are largely due to the limited number of autologous DCs available from each patient. We here established a possible breakthrough, a simple cytokine-based culture method to expand the log-scale order of functional human DCs. Floating cultivation of cord-blood CD34(+) cells under an optimized cytokine cocktail led these progenitor cells to stable log-scale proliferation and to DC differentiation. The expanded DCs had typical features of conventional myeloid DCs in vitro. Therefore, the concept of DC expansion should contribute significantly to the progress of DC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Harada
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School ofMedicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Chittasupho C, Shannon L, Siahaan TJ, Vines CM, Berkland C. Nanoparticles targeting dendritic cell surface molecules effectively block T cell conjugation and shift response. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1693-1702. [PMID: 21375342 PMCID: PMC4207654 DOI: 10.1021/nn102159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent professional antigen presenting cells (APC) that activate naïve T cells. Interaction of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 molecules on each cell is required for T cell conjugation to DCs, which leads to naïve CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation. Nanoparticles capable of blocking LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction were studied as inhibitors of T cell conjugation to DCs. Primary DCs were primed with ovalbumin, then treated with a peptide that binds ICAM-1 (LABL), a peptide that binds LFA-1 (cIBR), or the same peptides covalently linked to the surface of poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs). LABL-NPs and cIBR-NPs rapidly bound to DCs and inhibited T cell conjugation to DCs to a greater extent than the free peptides, unconjugated nanoparticles (NPs), anti-ICAM-1 antibodies, and anti-LFA-1 antibodies. In addition, DCs treated with NPs or with cIBR-NPs stimulated the proliferation of T cells, but DCs treated with LABL-NPs did not stimulate T cell proliferation. Nanoparticles targeting ICAM-1 or LFA-1 also altered cytokine production by DC cocultured with T cells when compared to free ligands, suggesting that these NPs may offer a unique tool for shaping T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuda Chittasupho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RhoGTPases: good therapeutic targets for cancer therapy? Cell Signal 2010; 23:969-79. [PMID: 21044680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are a family of small proteins which function as molecular switches in a variety of signaling pathways following stimulation of cell surface receptors. RhoGTPases regulate numerous cellular processes including cytoskeleton organization, gene transcription, cell proliferation, migration, growth and cell survival. Because of their central role in regulating processes that are dysregulated in cancer, it seems reasonable that defects in the RhoGTPase pathway may be involved in the development of cancer. RhoGTPase activity is regulated by a number of protein families: guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). This review discusses the participation of RhoGTPases and their regulators, especially GEFs in human cancers. In particular, we focus on the involvement of the RhoGTPase GEF, Vav1, a hematopoietic specific signal transducer which is involved in human neuroblastoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma and lung cancer. Finally, we summarize recent advances in the design and application of a number of molecules that specifically target individual RhoGTPases or their regulators or effectors, and discuss their potential for cancer therapy.
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Sun HY, Singh N. Potential role of statins for the management of immune reconstitution syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:307-10. [PMID: 20965666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has become evident that while a robust inflammatory response plays a critical role in eradicating invading microbes, dysregulated immunity can be detrimental to the host if an optimal balance between the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions is disrupted. Opportunistic infection-associated immune reconstitution syndrome is characterized by an aggressive inflammatory immune response and its management remains challenging and largely unknown. Statins, in addition to their lipid lower effects have anti-inflammatory attributes and there is precedence for the use of these agents as a therapeutic modality for autoimmune inflammatory disorders which have similar underlying pathogenesis as immune reconstitution syndrome. We hypothesize that statins may have a potential role for the management of immune reconstitution syndrome. Our proposal has biologic and translational implications for optimizing outcomes in patients with immune reconstitution syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Sun
- Infectious Diseases Section, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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40
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Hall LJ, Clare S, Dougan G. Probing local innate immune responses after mucosal immunisation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2010; 8:5. [PMID: 20836885 PMCID: PMC2945349 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Intranasal immunisation is potentially a very effective route for inducing both mucosal and systemic immunity to an infectious agent. Methods Balb/c mice were intranasally immunised with the mucosal adjuvant heat labile toxin and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein Ag85B-ESAT6 and early changes in innate immune responses within local mucosal tissues were examined using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were also evaluated. Results Intranasal immunisation induced significant changes in both number and distribution of dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils within the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and cervical lymph nodes in comparison to controls as early as 5 h post immunisation. Immunisation also resulted in a rapid and transient increase in activation marker expression first in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, and then in the cervical lymph nodes. This heightened activation status was also apparent from the pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles of these innate populations. In addition we also showed increased expression and distribution of a number of different cell adhesion molecules early after intranasal immunisation within these lymphoid tissues. These observed early changes correlated with the induction of a TH1 type immune response. Conclusions These data provide insights into the complex nature of innate immune responses induced following intranasal immunisation within the upper respiratory tract, and may help clarify the concepts and provide the tools that are needed to exploit the full potential of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Hall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.
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41
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Co-engagement of alpha(4)beta(1) integrin (VLA-4) and CD4 or CD8 is necessary to induce maximal Erk1/2 phosphorylation and cytokine production in human T cells. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:23-8. [PMID: 19815047 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.09.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alpha(4)beta(1) integrin VLA-4 (very-late activation antigen-4) and the lineage-specific CD4 and CD8 receptors have been proposed as putative co-stimulatory receptors on T cells. To assess the relative contribution of signaling through the TCR, CD28 and these accessory molecules, we activated human T cells using soluble antibodies recognizing all four of these T-cell receptor classes (CD3, CD28, CD4/CD8, and VLA-4), and we assessed the degree of activation using higher-order flow cytometry detecting intracellular Erk1/2 phosphorylation and production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma. We found that: (1) co-stimulation via CD4/CD8, in addition to CD28, is required for optimal T-cell activation; (2) VLA-4 binding consistently potentiates CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell activation; (3) augmentation of T-cell activation through VLA-4 binding is most pronounced following engagement of CD4/CD8. These results confirm that multiple signals, including VLA-4 engagement, are necessary for maximal T-cell activation beyond that induced via the TCR and CD28.
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Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Riol-Blanco L, Delgado-Martín C. What is the function of the dendritic cell side of the immunological synapse? Sci Signal 2010; 3:re2. [PMID: 20086241 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3105re2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response requires the formation of a specialized interface called the immunological synapse (IS), which is formed between a mature dendritic cell (DC) and a CD4(+) T cell in the lymph node. The IS involves organized motifs formed by cell-surface and cytoplasmic molecules at both the DC side (IS-DC) and the T cell side (IS-T) of the IS. Most studies of the functions of the IS have focused on the IS-T; however, to understand the function(s) of the entire IS, it is also necessary to gain insight into the role(s) of the IS-DC. Unlike T cells, which upon their activation leave the lymph node and return to the circulation, DCs largely become apoptotic and die in the node region. This latter observation and the known stability of the IS, which may last for hours, is consistent with the hypothesis that one of the functions of the IS-DC could be the temporal inhibition of the apoptosis of DCs, which would enable the activation of clonal T cells in the lymph nodes. Here, we discuss experimental data supporting the latter hypothesis, as well as the concept that the IS-DC is a signaling region that contributes to the functions of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Carlin LM, Makrogianneli K, Keppler M, Fruhwirth GO, Ng T. Visualisation of signalling in immune cells. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 616:97-113. [PMID: 20379871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-461-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a great number of approaches are employed in investigation of the immune system. These range from experiments in live animals and biochemical techniques to investigate whole organs or cell populations down to single cell and molecular techniques to look at dynamics in specific cell-cell interactions. It is the latter approach that this chapter focusses on. The use of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques to probe protein-protein interactions that are involved in receptor signalling to the cytoskeleton in intact cells is now well established. Various FRET biosensors are available to visualise several critical cell processes, giving information about activity and the location of key signalling molecules. As a specific set of examples in this chapter, we have generated variants of the original Rho, Rac and Cdc42 "Raichu" probes and improved their fluorophore combination to make them suitable for FLIM. These were employed in a number of assays to determine signal dynamics in T and NK cells. Specific protocols of how to use these probes and technical notes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M Carlin
- Cancer Studies Division/Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Guy's Medical School Campus, King's College London, London, UK
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Dustin ML. Insights into function of the immunological synapse from studies with supported planar bilayers. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 340:1-24. [PMID: 19960306 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03858-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity is dependent upon reliable cell-cell communication mediated by direct interactions of cell surface receptors with ligands integrated into the surface of apposing cells or bound directly to the surface as in complement deposition or antibody mediated recognition through Fc receptors. Supported lipid bilayers formed on glass surfaces offer a useful model system in which to explore some basic features of molecular interactions in immunological relevant contacts, which include signal integration and effector functions through immunological synapses and kinapses. We have exploited that lateral mobility of molecules in the supported planar bilayers and fluorescence microscopy to develop a system for measurement of two-dimensional affinities and kinetic rates in the contact area, which is of immunological interest. Affinity measurements are based on a modified Scatchard analysis. Measurements of kinetic rates are based on fluorescence photo bleaching after recovery at the level of the entire contact area. This has been coupled to a reaction-diffusion equation that allows calculation of on- and off-rates. We have found that mixtures of ligands in supported planar bilayers can effectively activate T lymphocytes and simultaneously allow monitoring of the immunological synapse. Recent studies in planar bilayers have provided additional insights into organization principles of cell-cell interfaces. Perennial problems in understanding cell-cell communication are yielding quantitative measurements based on planar bilayers in areas of ligand-driven receptor clustering and the role of the actin cytoskeleton in immune cell activation. A major goal for the field is determining quantitative rules involved in signaling complex formation by innate and adaptive receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine in the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Dustin ML. Supported bilayers at the vanguard of immune cell activation studies. J Struct Biol 2009; 168:152-60. [PMID: 19500675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological adhesion between cells is critical for development of multicellular organisms and for the function of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates. A gap in understanding of adhesion systems arises from the difficulty of collecting quantitative data on the molecular interactions underlying adhesion, which is typically studied by population statistics such as percent adhesion in the presence of empirically defined forces to separate less adherent cells. Supported lipid bilayers formed on glass surfaces offer a useful model system in which to explore some basic features of molecular interactions in adhesive contacts. We have exploited the lateral mobility of molecules in the supported planar bilayers and fluorescence microscopy to develop a system for measurement of two-dimensional affinities and kinetic rates in contact areas. Affinity measurements are based on a modified Scatchard analysis. Measurements of kinetic rates are based on fluorescence photobleaching after recovery at the level of the entire contact area. This has been coupled to a reaction-diffusion equation that allows calculation of on- and off-rates. We have found that mixtures of ligands in supported planar bilayers can effectively activate T lymphocytes and simultaneously allow monitoring of the immunological synapse. Recent studies in planar bilayers have provided additional insights into organization principles of cell-cell interfaces. Perennial problems in understanding cell-cell communication are yielding to quantitative measurements based on planar bilayers in areas of ligand driven receptor clustering and the role of the actin cytoskeleton in immune cell activation. A major goal for the field is determining quantitative rules involved in signaling complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine in the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA.
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Raemer PC, Kohl K, Watzl C. Statins inhibit NK‐cell cytotoxicity by interfering with LFA‐1‐mediated conjugate formation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1456-65. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Praveen K, Zheng Y, Rivas F, Gajewski TF. Protein kinase Ctheta focusing at the cSMAC is a consequence rather than cause of TCR signaling and is dependent on the MEK/ERK pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6022-30. [PMID: 19414753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Correlation between protein kinase Ctheta focusing within the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) of the immunological synapse and optimal TCR/costimulatory receptor ligation was interpreted to imply that PKCtheta focusing is required for productive signaling. However, this notion has been called into question and competing data suggest that the cSMAC contributes to receptor down-modulation. The observation that PKCtheta focusing at the cSMAC is promoted by CD28 coligation, and also that it occurs late after proximal tyrosine phosphorylation events have been initiated, has led us to investigate an alternative possibility that PKCtheta focusing might be a consequence rather than a cause of productive integrated signaling. Indeed, we found that inhibition of the downstream signaling molecules MEK and PI3K (but not of calcineurin, NF-kappaB, JNK, or p38 MAPK) significantly prevented the focusing of PKCtheta at the cSMAC. It recently has been suggested that the cSMAC may be associated with TCR degradation and signal termination. Using MEK inhibition as a tool, we observed that absence of detectable PKCtheta focusing had no significant effect on TCR down-modulation or duration of CD3zeta phosphorylation. Our results suggest that PKCtheta focusing at the cSMAC occurs as a consequence of productive integrated downstream signaling at least at the level of MEK. If PKCtheta focusing accurately reflects the cSMAC as a whole, then our data also argue against the cSMAC as being required for proximal TCR signal termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavannair Praveen
- Department of Pathology, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Gahmberg CG, Fagerholm SC, Nurmi SM, Chavakis T, Marchesan S, Grönholm M. Regulation of integrin activity and signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:431-44. [PMID: 19289150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to attach to each other and to the extracellular matrix is of pivotal significance for the formation of functional organs and for the distribution of cells in the body. Several molecular families of proteins are involved in adhesion, and recent work has substantially improved our understanding of their structures and functions. Also, these molecules are now being targeted in the fight against disease. However, less is known about how their activity is regulated. It is apparent that among the different classes of adhesion molecules, the integrin family of adhesion receptors is unique in the sense that they constitute a large group of widely distributed receptors, they are unusually complex and most importantly their activities are strictly regulated from the inside of the cell. The activity regulation is achieved by a complex interplay of cytoskeletal proteins, protein kinases, phosphatases, small G proteins and adaptor proteins. Obviously, we are only in the beginning of our understanding of how the integrins function, but already now fascinating details have become apparent. Here, we describe recent progress in the field, concentrating mainly on mechanistical and structural studies of integrin regulation. Due to the large number of articles dealing with integrins, we focus on what we think are the most exciting and rewarding directions of contemporary research on cell adhesion and integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Gahmberg
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00014, Finland.
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gp120 induces a stop signal and virological synapse formation in noninfected CD4+ T cells. J Virol 2008; 82:9445-57. [PMID: 18632854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00835-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected T cells form a virological synapse with noninfected CD4(+) T cells in order to efficiently transfer HIV-1 virions from cell to cell. The virological synapse is a specialized cellular junction that is similar in some respects to the immunological synapse involved in T-cell activation and effector functions mediated by the T-cell antigen receptor. The immunological synapse stops T-cell migration to allow a sustained interaction between T-cells and antigen-presenting cells. Here, we have asked whether HIV-1 envelope gp120 presented on a surface to mimic an HIV-1-infected cell also delivers a stop signal and if this is sufficient to induce a virological synapse. We demonstrate that HIV-1 gp120-presenting surfaces arrested the migration of primary activated CD4 T cells that occurs spontaneously in the presence of ICAM-1 and induced the formation of a virological synapse, which was characterized by segregated supramolecular structures with a central cluster of envelope surrounded by a ring of ICAM-1. The virological synapse was formed transiently, with the initiation of migration within 30 min. Thus, HIV-1 gp120-presenting surfaces induce a transient stop signal and supramolecular segregation in noninfected CD4(+) T cells.
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Adaptor SKAP-55 binds p21 activating exchange factor RasGRP1 and negatively regulates the p21-ERK pathway in T-cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1718. [PMID: 18320039 PMCID: PMC2249700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the adaptor SKAP-55 mediates LFA-1 adhesion on T-cells, it is not known whether the adaptor regulates other aspects of signaling. SKAP-55 could potentially act as a node to coordinate the modulation of adhesion with downstream signaling. In this regard, the GTPase p21ras and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway play central roles in T-cell function. In this study, we report that SKAP-55 has opposing effects on adhesion and the activation of the p21ras -ERK pathway in T-cells. SKAP-55 deficient primary T-cells showed a defect in LFA-1 adhesion concurrent with the hyper-activation of the ERK pathway relative to wild-type cells. RNAi knock down (KD) of SKAP-55 in T-cell lines also showed an increase in p21ras activation, while over-expression of SKAP-55 inhibited activation of ERK and its transcriptional target ELK. Three observations implicated the p21ras activating exchange factor RasGRP1 in the process. Firstly, SKAP-55 bound to RasGRP1 via its C-terminus, while secondly, the loss of binding abrogated SKAP-55 inhibition of ERK and ELK activation. Thirdly, SKAP-55−/− primary T-cells showed an increased presence of RasGRP1 in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) following TCR activation, the site where p21ras becomes activated. Our findings indicate that SKAP-55 has a dual role in regulating p21ras-ERK pathway via RasGRP1, as a possible mechanism to restrict activation during T-cell adhesion.
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