1
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Pimm ML, Haarer BK, Nobles AD, Haney LM, Marcin AG, Alcaide Eligio M, Henty-Ridilla JL. Coordination of actin plus-end dynamics by IQGAP1, formin, and capping protein. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305065. [PMID: 38787349 PMCID: PMC11117073 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell processes require precise regulation of actin polymerization that is mediated by plus-end regulatory proteins. Detailed mechanisms that explain plus-end dynamics involve regulators with opposing roles, including factors that enhance assembly, e.g., the formin mDia1, and others that stop growth (capping protein, CP). We explore IQGAP1's roles in regulating actin filament plus-ends and the consequences of perturbing its activity in cells. We confirm that IQGAP1 pauses elongation and interacts with plus ends through two residues (C756 and C781). We directly visualize the dynamic interplay between IQGAP1 and mDia1, revealing that IQGAP1 displaces the formin to influence actin assembly. Using four-color TIRF, we show that IQGAP1's displacement activity extends to formin-CP "decision complexes," promoting end-binding protein turnover at plus-ends. Loss of IQGAP1 or its plus-end activities disrupts morphology and migration, emphasizing its essential role. These results reveal a new role for IQGAP1 in promoting protein turnover on filament ends and provide new insights into how plus-end actin assembly is regulated in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Brian K. Haarer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alexander D. Nobles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Laura M. Haney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra G. Marcin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Marcela Alcaide Eligio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jessica L. Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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2
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Cisterna BA, Skruber K, Jane ML, Camesi CI, Nguyen ID, Liu TM, Warp PV, Black JB, Butler MT, Bear JE, Mor DE, Read TA, Vitriol EA. Prolonged depletion of profilin 1 or F-actin causes an adaptive response in microtubules. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309097. [PMID: 38722279 PMCID: PMC11082369 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to its well-established role in actin assembly, profilin 1 (PFN1) has been shown to bind to tubulin and alter microtubule growth. However, whether PFN1's predominant control over microtubules in cells occurs through direct regulation of tubulin or indirectly through the polymerization of actin has yet to be determined. Here, we manipulated PFN1 expression, actin filament assembly, and actomyosin contractility and showed that reducing any of these parameters for extended periods of time caused an adaptive response in the microtubule cytoskeleton, with the effect being significantly more pronounced in neuronal processes. All the observed changes to microtubules were reversible if actomyosin was restored, arguing that PFN1's regulation of microtubules occurs principally through actin. Moreover, the cytoskeletal modifications resulting from PFN1 depletion in neuronal processes affected microtubule-based transport and mimicked phenotypes that are linked to neurodegenerative disease. This demonstrates how defects in actin can cause compensatory responses in other cytoskeleton components, which in turn significantly alter cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Cisterna
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kristen Skruber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Makenzie L. Jane
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Caleb I. Camesi
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ivan D. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tatiana M. Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peyton V. Warp
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joseph B. Black
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell T. Butler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James E. Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Danielle E. Mor
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tracy-Ann Read
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eric A. Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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3
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Conboy JP, Istúriz Petitjean I, van der Net A, Koenderink GH. How cytoskeletal crosstalk makes cells move: Bridging cell-free and cell studies. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021307. [PMID: 38840976 PMCID: PMC11151447 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental process for life and is highly dependent on the dynamical and mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton. Intensive physical and biochemical crosstalk among actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments ensures their coordination to facilitate and enable migration. In this review, we discuss the different mechanical aspects that govern cell migration and provide, for each mechanical aspect, a novel perspective by juxtaposing two complementary approaches to the biophysical study of cytoskeletal crosstalk: live-cell studies (often referred to as top-down studies) and cell-free studies (often referred to as bottom-up studies). We summarize the main findings from both experimental approaches, and we provide our perspective on bridging the two perspectives to address the open questions of how cytoskeletal crosstalk governs cell migration and makes cells move.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Conboy
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Istúriz Petitjean
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van der Net
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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4
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Ma B, Xu Y, Gao H, Yang Y, Pan Y, You C. CLIP170 inhibits the metastasis and EMT of papillary thyroid cancer through the TGF-β pathway. Med Oncol 2024; 41:137. [PMID: 38705933 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Metastasis poses a significant challenge in combating tumors. Even in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which typically exhibits a favorable prognosis, high recurrence rates are attributed to metastasis. Cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP170) functions as a classical microtubule plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) and has shown close association with cell migration. Nevertheless, the specific impact of CLIP170 on PTC cells remains to be elucidated. Our analysis of the GEO and TCGA databases unveiled an association between CLIP170 and the progression of PTC. To explore the impact of CLIP170 on PTC cells, we conducted various assays. We evaluated its effects through CCK-8, wound healing assay, and transwell assay after knocking down CLIP170. Additionally, the influence of CLIP170 on the cellular actin structure was examined via immunofluorescence; we further investigated the molecular expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways through Western blotting and RT-qPCR. These findings were substantiated through an in vivo nude mouse model of lung metastasis. We observed a decreased expression of CLIP170 in PTC in contrast to normal thyroid tissue. Functionally, the knockdown of CLIP170 (CLIP170KD) notably enhanced the metastatic potential and EMT of PTC cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CLIP170KD triggered the activation of the TGF-β pathway, subsequently promoting tumor cell migration, invasion, and EMT. Remarkably, the TGF-β inhibitor LY2157299 effectively countered TGF-β activity and significantly reversed tumor metastasis and EMT induced by CLIP170 knockdown. In summary, these findings collectively propose CLIP170 as a promising therapeutic target to mitigate metastatic tendencies in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyuan Ma
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yaxin Xu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yinggui Yang
- Department of Laboratory, Gansu Third People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yunyan Pan
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Chongge You
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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5
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Pimm ML, Haarer BK, Nobles AD, Haney LM, Marcin AG, Marcela Alcaide Eligio, Henty-Ridilla JL. Coordination of actin plus-end dynamics by IQGAP1, formin, and capping protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.04.539490. [PMID: 37205555 PMCID: PMC10187324 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell processes require precise regulation of actin polymerization that is mediated by plus-end regulatory proteins. Detailed mechanisms that explain plus-end dynamics involve regulators with opposing roles, including factors that enhance assembly, e.g., the formin mDia1, and others that stop growth (Capping Protein, CPz). We explore IQGAP1's roles regulating actin filament plus-ends and the consequences of perturbing its activity in cells. We confirm that IQGAP1 pauses elongation and interacts with plus ends through two residues (C756 and C781). We directly visualize the dynamic interplay between IQGAP1 and mDia1, revealing that IQGAP1 displaces the formin to influence actin assembly. Using four-color TIRF we show that IQGAP1's displacement activity extends to formin-CPz 'decision complexes', promoting end-binding protein turnover at plus-ends. Loss of IQGAP1 or its plus-end activities disrupts morphology and migration, emphasizing its essential role. These results reveal a new role for IQGAP1 in promoting protein turnover on filament ends and provide new insights into how plus-end actin assembly is regulated in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Brian K Haarer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Alexander D Nobles
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Laura M Haney
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Alexandra G Marcin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Marcela Alcaide Eligio
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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6
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Tong CS, Su M, Sun H, Chua XL, Xiong D, Guo S, Raj R, Ong NWP, Lee AG, Miao Y, Wu M. Collective dynamics of actin and microtubule and its crosstalk mediated by FHDC1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1261117. [PMID: 38567385 PMCID: PMC10985548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1261117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The coordination between actin and microtubule network is crucial, yet this remains a challenging problem to dissect and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. In this study, we used travelling waves in the cell cortex to characterize the collective dynamics of cytoskeletal networks. Our findings show that Cdc42 and F-BAR-dependent actin waves in mast cells are mainly driven by formin-mediated actin polymerization, with the microtubule-binding formin FH2 domain-containing protein 1 (FHDC1) as an early regulator. Knocking down FHDC1 inhibits actin wave formation, and this inhibition require FHDC1's interaction with both microtubule and actin. The phase of microtubule depolymerization coincides with the nucleation of actin waves and microtubule stabilization inhibit actin waves, leading us to propose that microtubule shrinking and the concurrent release of FHDC1 locally regulate actin nucleation. Lastly, we show that FHDC1 is crucial for multiple cellular processes such as cell division and migration. Our data provided molecular insights into the nucleation mechanisms of actin waves and uncover an antagonistic interplay between microtubule and actin polymerization in their collective dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee San Tong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maohan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiang Le Chua
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ravin Raj
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Wen Pei Ong
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ann Gie Lee
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Xue Y, Xue C, Song W. Emerging roles of deubiquitinating enzymes in actin cytoskeleton and tumor metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00923-z. [PMID: 38324230 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Actin dynamics and actin-based cell migration and invasion are important factors in cancer metastasis. Metastasis is characterized by actin polymerization and depolymerization, which are precisely regulated by molecular changes involving a plethora of actin regulators, including actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and signalling pathways, that enable cancer cell dissemination from the primary tumour. Research on deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) has revealed their vital roles in actin dynamics and actin-based migration and invasion during cancer metastasis. CONCLUSION Here, we review how DUBs drive tumour metastasis by participating in actin rearrangement and actin-based migration and invasion. We summarize the well-characterized and essential actin cytoskeleton signalling molecules related to DUBs, including Rho GTPases, Src kinases, and ABPs such as cofilin and cortactin. Other DUBs that modulate actin-based migration signalling pathways are also discussed. Finally, we discuss and address therapeutic opportunities and ongoing challenges related to DUBs with respect to actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, PR China.
| | - Cong Xue
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, PR China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, PR China.
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8
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Haque F, Subramanian R. Cytoskeleton crosstalk: Casting stable actin bundles with dynamic microtubule molds. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R72-R74. [PMID: 38262365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Actin-microtubule crosstalk diversifies cytoskeletal networks. A new study provides insight into how the microtubule polymerase CKAP5 mediates actin-microtubule crosstalk. CKAP5 directs the assembly of stable actin bundles on dynamic microtubules; in turn, the actin bundles align growing microtubules along their length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Haque
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Li L, Zhang N, Beati SAH, De Las Heras Chanes J, di Pietro F, Bellaiche Y, Müller HAJ, Großhans J. Kinesin-1 patterns Par-1 and Rho signaling at the cortex of syncytial embryos of Drosophila. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202206013. [PMID: 37955925 PMCID: PMC10641515 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cortex of syncytial Drosophila embryos is patterned into cap and intercap regions by centrosomes, specific sets of proteins that are restricted to their respective regions by unknown mechanisms. Here, we found that Kinesin-1 is required for the restriction of plus- and minus-ends of centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubules to the cap region, marked by EB1 and Patronin/Shot, respectively. Kinesin-1 also directly or indirectly restricts proteins and Rho signaling to the intercap, including the RhoGEF Pebble, Dia, Myosin II, Capping protein-α, and the polarity protein Par-1. Furthermore, we found that Par-1 is required for cap restriction of Patronin/Shot, and vice versa Patronin, for Par-1 enrichment at the intercap. In summary, our data support a model that Kinesin-1 would mediate the restriction of centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubules to a region close to the centrosomes and exclude Rho signaling and Par-1. In addition, mutual antagonistic interactions would refine and maintain the boundary between cap and intercap and thus generate a distinct cortical pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Seyed Amir Hamze Beati
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jose De Las Heras Chanes
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology , Paris, France
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology , Paris, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaiche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology , Paris, France
| | - Hans-Arno J Müller
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Au NPB, Wu T, Chen X, Gao F, Li YTY, Tam WY, Yu KN, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Wang X, Ma CHE. Genome-wide study reveals novel roles for formin-2 in axon regeneration as a microtubule dynamics regulator and therapeutic target for nerve repair. Neuron 2023; 111:3970-3987.e8. [PMID: 38086376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves regenerate successfully; however, clinical outcome after injury is poor. We demonstrated that low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) promoted axon regeneration and function recovery after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Genome-wide CpG methylation profiling identified LDIR-induced hypermethylation of the Fmn2 promoter, exhibiting injury-induced Fmn2 downregulation in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Constitutive knockout or neuronal Fmn2 knockdown accelerated nerve repair and function recovery. Mechanistically, increased microtubule dynamics at growth cones was observed in time-lapse imaging of Fmn2-deficient DRG neurons. Increased HDAC5 phosphorylation and rapid tubulin deacetylation were found in regenerating axons of neuronal Fmn2-knockdown mice after injury. Growth-promoting effect of neuronal Fmn2 knockdown was eliminated by pharmaceutical blockade of HDAC5 or neuronal Hdac5 knockdown, suggesting that Fmn2deletion promotes axon regeneration via microtubule post-translational modification. In silico screening of FDA-approved drugs identified metaxalone, administered either immediately or 24-h post-injury, accelerating function recovery. This work uncovers a novel axon regeneration function of Fmn2 and a small-molecule strategy for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tan Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Wing Yip Tam
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwan Ngok Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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Pan MH, Xu R, Zheng Z, Xiong J, Dong H, Wei Q, Ma B. The formins inhibitor SMIFH2 inhibits the cytoskeleton dynamics and mitochondrial function during goat oocyte maturation. Theriogenology 2023; 211:40-48. [PMID: 37562190 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in facilitating the successful completion of the meiotic maturation of oocytes. Its influence extends to the process of oocyte nuclear maturation and the proper functioning of various organelles during cytoplasmic maturation. The formin family of proteins plays a crucial role in the molecular regulation of cytoskeletal assembly and organization; however, its role in goat oocytes are not fully understood. Our study examined the inhibition of formins activity, which revealed its crucial role in the maturation of goat oocytes. We observed that the inhibition of formins resulted in meiotic defects in goat oocytes, as evidenced by the hindered extrusion of polar bodies and the expansion of cumulus cells. Additionally, the oocytes exhibited altered actin dynamics and compromised spindle/chromosome structure upon formins inhibition. The results of the transcriptomic analysis highlighted a noteworthy alteration in the mRNA levels of genes implicated in mitochondrial functions and oxidative phosphorylation in formins inhibited oocytes. Validation experiments provided evidence that the meiotic defects observed in these oocytes were due to the excessive early apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our findings demonstrate that the involvement of formins in sustaining the cytoskeletal dynamics and mitochondrial function is crucial for the successful meiotic maturation of goat oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiying Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Nithianantham S, Iwanski MK, Gaska I, Pandey H, Bodrug T, Inagaki S, Major J, Brouhard GJ, Gheber L, Rosenfeld SS, Forth S, Hendricks AG, Al-Bassam J. The kinesin-5 tail and bipolar minifilament domains are the origin of its microtubule crosslinking and sliding activity. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar111. [PMID: 37610838 PMCID: PMC10559304 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 crosslinks and slides apart microtubules to assemble, elongate, and maintain the mitotic spindle. Kinesin-5 is a tetramer, where two N-terminal motor domains are positioned at each end of the motor, and the coiled-coil stalk domains are organized into a tetrameric bundle through the bipolar assembly (BASS) domain. To dissect the function of the individual structural elements of the motor, we constructed a minimal kinesin-5 tetramer (mini-tetramer). We determined the x-ray structure of the extended, 34-nm BASS domain. Guided by these structural studies, we generated active bipolar kinesin-5 mini-tetramer motors from Drosophila melanogastor and human orthologues which are half the length of native kinesin-5. We then used these kinesin-5 mini-tetramers to examine the role of two unique structural adaptations of kinesin-5: 1) the length and flexibility of the tetramer, and 2) the C-terminal tails which interact with the motor domains to coordinate their ATPase activity. The C-terminal domain causes frequent pausing and clustering of kinesin-5. By comparing microtubule crosslinking and sliding by mini-tetramer and full-length kinesin-5, we find that both the length and flexibility of kinesin-5 and the C-terminal tails govern its ability to crosslink microtubules. Once crosslinked, stiffer mini-tetramers slide antiparallel microtubules more efficiently than full-length motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nithianantham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Malina K. Iwanski
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Tatyana Bodrug
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Jennifer Major
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Gary J. Brouhard
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Larissa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, The Ben Gurion University, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Scott Forth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Adam G. Hendricks
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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13
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Wang X, Liu J, Azoitei A, Eiseler T, Meessen S, Jiang W, Zheng X, Makori AW, Eckstein M, Hartmann A, Stilgenbauer S, Elati M, Hohwieler M, Kleger A, John A, Zengerling F, Wezel F, Bolenz C, Günes C. Loss of ORP3 induces aneuploidy and promotes bladder cancer cell invasion through deregulated microtubule and actin dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:299. [PMID: 37740130 PMCID: PMC10516806 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that loss of ORP3 leads to aneuploidy induction and promotes tumor formation. However, the specific mechanisms by which ORP3 contributes to ploidy-control and cancer initiation and progression is still unknown. Here, we report that ORP3 is highly expressed in ureter and bladder epithelium while its expression is downregulated in invasive bladder cancer cell lines and during tumor progression, both in human and in mouse bladder cancer. Moreover, we observed an increase in the incidence of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)-induced invasive bladder carcinoma in the tissue-specific Orp3 knockout mice. Experimental data demonstrate that ORP3 protein interacts with γ-tubulin at the centrosomes and with components of actin cytoskeleton. Altering the expression of ORP3 induces aneuploidy and genomic instability in telomerase-immortalized urothelial cells with a stable karyotype and influences the migration and invasive capacity of bladder cancer cell lines. These findings demonstrate a crucial role of ORP3 in ploidy-control and indicate that ORP3 is a bona fide tumor suppressor protein. Of note, the presented data indicate that ORP3 affects both cell invasion and migration as well as genome stability through interactions with cytoskeletal components, providing a molecular link between aneuploidy and cell invasion and migration, two crucial characteristics of metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Junnan Liu
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabine Meessen
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wencheng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Arika W Makori
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Mohamed Elati
- CANTHER, ONCOLille Institute, University of Lille, CNRS UMR 1277, Inserm U9020, 59045, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Meike Hohwieler
- Institute of Mol. Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Institute of Mol. Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel John
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Friedemann Zengerling
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix Wezel
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Bolenz
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Hospital, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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14
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Cisterna BA, Skruber K, Jane ML, Camesi CI, Nguyen ID, Warp PV, Black JB, Butler MT, Bear JE, Tracy-Ann R, Vitriol EA. Cytoskeletal adaptation following long-term dysregulation of actomyosin in neuronal processes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.25.554891. [PMID: 37662186 PMCID: PMC10473725 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin are cytoskeletal polymer networks found within the cell. While each has unique functions, all the cytoskeletal elements must work together for cellular mechanics to be fully operative. This is achieved through crosstalk mechanisms whereby the different networks influence each other through signaling pathways and direct interactions. Because crosstalk can be complex, it is possible for perturbations in one cytoskeletal element to affect the others in ways that are difficult to predict. Here we investigated how long-term changes to the actin cytoskeleton affect microtubules and intermediate filaments. Reducing F-actin or actomyosin contractility increased acetylated microtubules and intermediate filament expression, with the effect being significantly more pronounced in neuronal processes. Changes to microtubules were completely reversible if F-actin and myosin activity is restored. Moreover, the altered microtubules in neuronal processes resulting from F-actin depletion caused significant changes to microtubule-based transport, mimicking phenotypes that are linked to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, defects in actin dynamics cause a compensatory response in other cytoskeleton components which profoundly alters cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Cisterna
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kristen Skruber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Makenzie L. Jane
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Caleb I. Camesi
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ivan D. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peyton V. Warp
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joseph B. Black
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell T. Butler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James E. Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Read Tracy-Ann
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eric A. Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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15
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Kim J, Mooren OL, Onken MD, Cooper JA. Septin and actin contributions to endothelial cell-cell junctions and monolayer integrity. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:228-241. [PMID: 36205643 PMCID: PMC10079785 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Septins in endothelial cells (ECs) have important roles supporting the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Cell-cell junctions in EC monolayers are highly dynamic, with continuous retractions and protrusions. Depletion of septins in ECs leads to disruption of cell-cell junctions, which are composed of VE-cadherin and other junctional proteins. In EC monolayers, septins are concentrated at the plasma membrane at sites of cell-cell contact, in curved- and scallop-shaped patterns. These membrane-associated septin accumulations are located in regions of positive membrane curvature, and those regions are often associated with and immediately adjacent to actin-rich protrusions with negative membrane curvature. EC septins associate directly with plasma membrane lipids, based on findings with site-specific mutations of septins in ECs, which is consistent with biochemical and cell biological studies in other systems. Loss of septins leads to disruption of the EC monolayer, and gaps form between cells. The number and breadth of cell-cell contacts and junctions decreases, and the number and frequency of retractions, ruffles, and protrusions at cell edges also decreases. In addition, loss of septins leads to decreased amounts of F-actin at the cortical membrane, along with increased amounts of F-actin in stress fibers of the cytoplasm. Endothelial monolayer disruption from loss of septins is also associated with decreased transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased levels of transendothelial migration (TEM) by immune and cancer cells, owing to the gaps in the monolayer. A current working model is that assembly of septin filaments at regions of positive membrane curvature contributes to a mechanical footing or base for actin-based protrusive forces generated at adjoining regions of the membrane. Specific molecular interactions between the septin and actin components of the cytoskeleton may also be important contributors. Regulators of actin assembly may promote and support the assembly of septin filaments at the membrane, as part of a molecular feedback loop between the assembly of septin and actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Olivia L Mooren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael D Onken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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16
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Jin L, Mi T, Wu X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Wang J, Li M, Ren C, Guo P, He D. BI-D1870 Induces Mitotic Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Neuroblastoma by Regulating the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 Signal Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072023. [PMID: 37046682 PMCID: PMC10093276 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common extracranial solid malignant tumors in children. The 5-year survival rate of high-risk or refractory NB is less than 50%. Therefore, developing new effective therapeutics for NB remains an urgent challenge. Materials and Methods: Based on the NB dataset TARGET-NBL in the TCGA database, the prognosis-related genes were analyzed using univariate cox regression (p < 0.01). The protein network interaction of prognostic genes was analyzed using STRING to obtain 150 hub genes with HR > 1 and 150 hub genes with HR < 1. The Connectivity Map database was used to predict a therapeutic drug: BI-D1870, a ribosomal S6 kinase inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of BI-D1870 on NB was investigated through in vivo and in vitro experiments, and its inhibitory mechanism was explored. Results: Both the in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that BI-D1870 could inhibit tumor proliferation and induce tumor apoptosis. Furthermore, we proved that BI-D1870 caused G2/M phase arrest and mitosis damage in cells. RNA-seq of cells showed that BI-D1870 may inhibit the growth of NB by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Western blot and immunofluorescence testing showed that BI-D1870 inhibited the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signal pathway to regulate the phosphorylation of RPS6 and 4E BP1 proteins, inhibit protein translation, and inhibit microtubule formation, thus preventing mitotic proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Conclusions: This study provides strong support that BI-D1870 may be a potential adjuvant therapy for NB.
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17
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Colin A, Kotila T, Guérin C, Orhant-Prioux M, Vianay B, Mogilner A, Lappalainen P, Théry M, Blanchoin L. Recycling of the actin monomer pool limits the lifetime of network turnover. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112717. [PMID: 36912152 PMCID: PMC10152149 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular organization is largely mediated by actin turnover. Cellular actin networks continuously assemble and disassemble, while maintaining their overall appearance. This behavior, called "dynamic steady state," allows cells to sense and adapt to their environment. However, how structural stability can be maintained during the constant turnover of a limited actin monomer pool is poorly understood. To answer this question, we developed an experimental system where polystyrene beads are propelled by an actin comet in a microwell containing a limited amount of components. We used the speed and the size of the actin comet tails to evaluate the system's monomer consumption and its lifetime. We established the relative contribution of actin assembly, disassembly, and recycling for a bead movement over tens of hours. Recycling mediated by cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is the key step in allowing the reuse of monomers for multiple assembly cycles. ATP supply and protein aging are also factors that limit the lifetime of actin turnover. This work reveals the balancing mechanism for long-term network assembly with a limited amount of building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Colin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Tommi Kotila
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Guérin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Orhant-Prioux
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
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18
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Rodgers NC, Lawrence EJ, Sawant AV, Efimova N, Gonzalez-Vasquez G, Hickman TT, Kaverina I, Zanic M. CLASP2 facilitates dynamic actin filament organization along the microtubule lattice. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br3. [PMID: 36598814 PMCID: PMC10011731 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-05-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination between the microtubule and actin networks is essential for cell motility, neuronal growth cone guidance, and wound healing. Members of the CLASP (cytoplasmic linker-associated protein) family of proteins have been implicated in the cytoskeletal cross-talk between microtubules and actin networks; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of CLASP in cytoskeletal coordination are unclear. Here, we investigate CLASP2α's cross-linking function with microtubules and F-actin. Our results demonstrate that CLASP2α cross-links F-actin to the microtubule lattice in vitro. We find that the cross-linking ability is retained by L-TOG2-S, a minimal construct containing the TOG2 domain and serine-arginine-rich region of CLASP2α. Furthermore, CLASP2α promotes the accumulation of multiple actin filaments along the microtubule, supporting up to 11 F-actin landing events on a single microtubule lattice region. CLASP2α also facilitates the dynamic organization of polymerizing actin filaments templated by the microtubule network, with F-actin forming bridges between individual microtubules. Finally, we find that depletion of CLASPs in vascular smooth muscle cells results in disorganized actin fibers and reduced coalignment of actin fibers with microtubules, suggesting that CLASP and microtubules contribute to higher-order actin structures. Taken together, our results indicate that CLASP2α can directly cross-link F-actin to microtubules and that this microtubule-CLASP-actin interaction may influence overall cytoskeletal organization in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Rodgers
- Chemical and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - E. J. Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - A. V. Sawant
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - N. Efimova
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - G. Gonzalez-Vasquez
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - T. T. Hickman
- Quantitative and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - I. Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - M. Zanic
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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19
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Tsukita K, Kitamata M, Kashihara H, Yano T, Fujiwara I, Day TF, Katsuno T, Kim J, Takenaga F, Tanaka H, Park S, Miyata M, Watanabe H, Kondoh G, Takahashi R, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Phase separation of an actin nucleator by junctional microtubules regulates epithelial function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6358. [PMID: 36791197 PMCID: PMC9931218 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is involved in various dynamic biological phenomena. In epithelial cells, dynamic regulation of junctional actin filaments tethered to the apical junctional complex (AJC) is critical for maintaining internal homeostasis against external perturbations; however, the role of LLPS in this process remains unknown. Here, after identifying a multifunctional actin nucleator, cordon bleu (Cobl), as an AJC-enriched microtubule-associated protein, we conducted comprehensive in vitro and in vivo analyses. We found that apical microtubules promoted LLPS of Cobl at the AJC, and Cobl actin assembly activity increased upon LLPS. Thus, microtubules spatiotemporally regulated junctional actin assembly for epithelial morphogenesis and paracellular barriers. Collectively, these findings established that LLPS of the actin nucleator Cobl mediated dynamic microtubule-actin cross-talk in junctions, which fine-tuned the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Manabu Kitamata
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroka Kashihara
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Departments of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Timothy F. Day
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jaewon Kim
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Fumiko Takenaga
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Sungsu Park
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Bourke AM, Schwarz A, Schuman EM. De-centralizing the Central Dogma: mRNA translation in space and time. Mol Cell 2023; 83:452-468. [PMID: 36669490 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As our understanding of the cell interior has grown, we have come to appreciate that most cellular operations are localized, that is, they occur at discrete and identifiable locations or domains. These cellular domains contain enzymes, machines, and other components necessary to carry out and regulate these localized operations. Here, we review these features of one such operation: the localization and translation of mRNAs within subcellular compartments observed across cell types and organisms. We describe the conceptual advantages and the "ingredients" and mechanisms of local translation. We focus on the nature and features of localized mRNAs, how they travel and get localized, and how this process is regulated. We also evaluate our current understanding of protein synthesis machines (ribosomes) and their cadre of regulatory elements, that is, the translation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Bourke
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max von Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andre Schwarz
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max von Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max von Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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21
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Wu C, Zhang D, Chen J. Microtubules are essential for angiogenic sprout elongation in zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:126-129. [PMID: 36064182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Da Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingying Chen
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chongqing), Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China.
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22
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Septins mediate a microtubule-actin crosstalk that enables actin growth on microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202803119. [PMID: 36475946 PMCID: PMC9897426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202803119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular morphogenesis and processes such as cell division and migration require the coordination of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. Microtubule-actin crosstalk is poorly understood and largely regarded as the capture and regulation of microtubules by actin. Septins are filamentous guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins, which comprise the fourth component of the cytoskeleton along microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments. Here, we report that septins mediate microtubule-actin crosstalk by coupling actin polymerization to microtubule lattices. Superresolution and platinum replica electron microscopy (PREM) show that septins localize to overlapping microtubules and actin filaments in the growth cones of neurons and non-neuronal cells. We demonstrate that recombinant septin complexes directly crosslink microtubules and actin filaments into hybrid bundles. In vitro reconstitution assays reveal that microtubule-bound septins capture and align stable actin filaments with microtubules. Strikingly, septins enable the capture and polymerization of growing actin filaments on microtubule lattices. In neuronal growth cones, septins are required for the maintenance of the peripheral actin network that fans out from microtubules. These findings show that septins directly mediate microtubule interactions with actin filaments, and reveal a mechanism of microtubule-templated actin growth with broader significance for the self-organization of the cytoskeleton and cellular morphogenesis.
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23
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Tension of plus-end tracking protein Clip170 confers directionality and aggressiveness during breast cancer migration. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:856. [PMID: 36209218 PMCID: PMC9547975 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) plus-end binding protein Clip170 is associated closely with breast cancer invasion and migration. In this study, Clip170 tension observed by a newly designed cpstFRET tension probe was suggested to be positive related to breast cancer aggressiveness, which could be regulated by α-tubulin detyrosination-induced MT disassembly. Clip170 phosphorylation induced by Ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK) could also increase its tension and promote the conversion of a discrete comet-like Clip-170 distribution into a spotty pattern during cancer metastasis. Heightened Clip170 tension was correlated with the formation of cortactin-associated filopodia and lamellipodia, and then promoted invasion and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, Clip170 tension enhanced at the leading edge in directional migration, accompanying with IQGAP1 subcellular distribution variation. Our work indicates that the malignancy and directionality during breast cancer migration depend on the magnitude and polarization of Clip170 tension, and we suggest Clip170 tension as a new potential drug target for breast cancer therapy.
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24
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Lorenz C, Köster S. Multiscale architecture: Mechanics of composite cytoskeletal networks. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:031304. [PMID: 38505277 PMCID: PMC10903411 DOI: 10.1063/5.0099405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Different types of biological cells respond differently to mechanical stresses, and these responses are mainly governed by the cytoskeleton. The main components of this biopolymer network are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, whose mechanical and dynamic properties are highly distinct, thus opening up a large mechanical parameter space. Aside from experiments on whole, living cells, "bottom-up" approaches, utilizing purified, reconstituted protein systems, tremendously help to shed light on the complex mechanics of cytoskeletal networks. Such experiments are relevant in at least three aspects: (i) from a fundamental point of view, cytoskeletal networks provide a perfect model system for polymer physics; (ii) in materials science and "synthetic cell" approaches, one goal is to fully understand properties of cellular materials and reconstitute them in synthetic systems; (iii) many diseases are associated with cell mechanics, so a thorough understanding of the underlying phenomena may help solving pressing biomedical questions. In this review, we discuss the work on networks consisting of one, two, or all three types of filaments, entangled or cross-linked, and consider active elements such as molecular motors and dynamically growing filaments. Interestingly, tuning the interactions among the different filament types results in emergent network properties. We discuss current experimental challenges, such as the comparability of different studies, and recent methodological advances concerning the quantification of attractive forces between filaments and their influence on network mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lorenz
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Köster
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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25
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Pimm ML, Liu X, Tuli F, Heritz J, Lojko A, Henty-Ridilla JL. Visualizing molecules of functional human profilin. eLife 2022; 11:e76485. [PMID: 35666129 PMCID: PMC9249392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin-1 (PFN1) is a cytoskeletal protein that regulates the dynamics of actin and microtubule assembly. Thus, PFN1 is essential for the normal division, motility, and morphology of cells. Unfortunately, conventional fusion and direct labeling strategies compromise different facets of PFN1 function. As a consequence, the only methods used to determine known PFN1 functions have been indirect and often deduced in cell-free biochemical assays. We engineered and characterized two genetically encoded versions of tagged PFN1 that behave identical to each other and the tag-free protein. In biochemical assays purified proteins bind to phosphoinositide lipids, catalyze nucleotide exchange on actin monomers, stimulate formin-mediated actin filament assembly, and bound tubulin dimers (kD = 1.89 µM) to impact microtubule dynamics. In PFN1-deficient mammalian cells, Halo-PFN1 or mApple-PFN1 (mAp-PEN1) restored morphological and cytoskeletal functions. Titrations of self-labeling Halo-ligands were used to visualize molecules of PFN1. This approach combined with specific function-disrupting point-mutants (Y6D and R88E) revealed PFN1 bound to microtubules in live cells. Cells expressing the ALS-associated G118V disease variant did not associate with actin filaments or microtubules. Thus, these tagged PFN1s are reliable tools for studying the dynamic interactions of PFN1 with actin or microtubules in vitro as well as in important cell processes or disease-states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Xinbei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Farzana Tuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Jennifer Heritz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Ashley Lojko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseUnited States
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26
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Powers RM, Daza R, Koehler AE, Courchet J, Calabrese B, Hevner RF, Halpain S. Growth cone macropinocytosis of neurotrophin receptor and neuritogenesis are regulated by neuron navigator 1. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar64. [PMID: 35352947 PMCID: PMC9561856 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigator 1 (Nav1) is a cytoskeleton-associated protein expressed during brain development that is necessary for proper neuritogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that Nav1 is present in elongating axon tracts during mouse brain embryogenesis. We found that depletion of Nav1 in cultured neurons disrupts growth cone morphology and neurotrophin-stimulated neuritogenesis. In addition to regulating both F-actin and microtubule properties, Nav1 promotes actin-rich membrane ruffles in the growth cone and promotes macropinocytosis at those membrane ruffles, including internalization of the TrkB receptor for the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). Growth cone macropinocytosis is important for downstream signaling, neurite targeting, and membrane recycling, implicating Nav1 in one or more of these processes. Depletion of Nav1 also induces transient membrane blebbing via disruption of signaling in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway, supporting the novel role of Nav1 in dynamic actin-based membrane regulation at the cell periphery. These data demonstrate that Nav1 works at the interface of microtubules, actin, and plasma membrane to organize the cell periphery and promote uptake of growth and guidance cues to facilitate neural morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Powers
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ray Daza
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Alanna E. Koehler
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Julien Courchet
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69008 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Barbara Calabrese
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037,*Address correspondence to: Shelley Halpain ()
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27
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Wu YFO, Miller RA, Alberico EO, Huang YAP, Bryant AT, Nelson NT, Jonasson EM, Goodson HV. The CLIP-170 N-terminal domain binds directly to both F-actin and microtubules in a mutually exclusive manner. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101820. [PMID: 35283190 PMCID: PMC9062740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cooperation between the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons is important for cellular processes such as cell migration and muscle cell development. However, a full understanding of how this cooperation occurs has yet to be sufficiently developed. The MT plus-end tracking protein CLIP-170 has been implicated in this actin-MT coordination by associating with the actin-binding signaling protein IQGAP1 and by promoting actin polymerization through binding with formins. Thus far, the interactions of CLIP-170 with actin were assumed to be indirect. Here, we demonstrate using high-speed cosedimentation assays that CLIP-170 can bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) directly. We found that the affinity of this binding is relatively weak but strong enough to be significant in the actin-rich cortex, where actin concentrations can be extremely high. Using CLIP-170 fragments and mutants, we show that the direct CLIP-170-F-actin interaction is independent of the FEED domain, the region that mediates formin-dependent actin polymerization, and that the CLIP-170 F-actin-binding region overlaps with the MT-binding region. Consistent with these observations, in vitro competition assays indicate that CLIP-170-F-actin and CLIP-170-MT interactions are mutually exclusive. Taken together, these observations lead us to speculate that direct CLIP-170-F-actin interactions may function to reduce the stability of MTs in actin-rich regions of the cell, as previously proposed for MT end-binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Fu O Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Rachel A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Emily O Alberico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Yaobing A P Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Annamarie T Bryant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Nora T Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Erin M Jonasson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Holly V Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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28
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Molecular Dissection of DAAM Function during Axon Growth in Drosophila Embryonic Neurons. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091487. [PMID: 35563792 PMCID: PMC9102401 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth is mediated by coordinated changes of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Ample evidence suggests that members of the formin protein family are involved in the coordination of these cytoskeletal rearrangements, but the molecular mechanisms of the formin-dependent actin–microtubule crosstalk remains largely elusive. Of the six Drosophila formins, DAAM was shown to play a pivotal role during axonal growth in all stages of nervous system development, while FRL was implicated in axonal development in the adult brain. Here, we aimed to investigate the potentially redundant function of these two formins, and we attempted to clarify which molecular activities are important for axonal growth. We used a combination of genetic analyses, cellular assays and biochemical approaches to demonstrate that the actin-processing activity of DAAM is indispensable for axonal growth in every developmental condition. In addition, we identified a novel MT-binding motif within the FH2 domain of DAAM, which is required for proper growth and guidance of the mushroom body axons, while being dispensable during embryonic axon development. Together, these data suggest that DAAM is the predominant formin during axonal growth in Drosophila, and highlight the contribution of multiple formin-mediated mechanisms in cytoskeleton coordination during axonal growth.
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29
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Cross-linkers at growing microtubule ends generate forces that drive actin transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112799119. [PMID: 35271394 PMCID: PMC8931237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112799119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex cellular processes such as cell migration require coordinated remodeling of both the actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton. The two networks for instance exert forces on each other via active motor proteins. Here we show that, surprisingly, coupling via passive cross-linkers can also result in force generation. We specifically study the transport of actin filaments by growing microtubule ends. We show by cell-free reconstitution experiments, computer simulations, and theoretical modeling that this transport is driven by the affinity of the cross-linker for the chemically distinct microtubule tip region. Our work predicts that growing microtubules could potentially rapidly relocate newly nucleated actin filaments to the leading edge of the cell and thus boost migration. The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons form active networks in the cell that can contract and remodel, resulting in vital cellular processes such as cell division and motility. Motor proteins play an important role in generating the forces required for these processes, but more recently the concept of passive cross-linkers being able to generate forces has emerged. So far, these passive cross-linkers have been studied in the context of separate actin and microtubule systems. Here, we show that cross-linkers also allow actin and microtubules to exert forces on each other. More specifically, we study single actin filaments that are cross-linked to growing microtubule ends, using in vitro reconstitution, computer simulations, and a minimal theoretical model. We show that microtubules can transport actin filaments over large (micrometer-range) distances and find that this transport results from two antagonistic forces arising from the binding of cross-linkers to the overlap between the actin and microtubule filaments. The cross-linkers attempt to maximize the overlap between the actin and the tip of the growing microtubules, creating an affinity-driven forward condensation force, and simultaneously create a competing friction force along the microtubule lattice. We predict and verify experimentally how the average transport time depends on the actin filament length and the microtubule growth velocity, confirming the competition between a forward condensation force and a backward friction force. In addition, we theoretically predict and experimentally verify that the condensation force is of the order of 0.1 pN. Thus, our results reveal an active mechanism for local actin remodeling by growing microtubules that relies on passive cross-linkers.
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30
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Liu X, Pimm ML, Haarer B, Brawner AT, Henty-Ridilla JL. Biochemical characterization of actin assembly mechanisms with ALS-associated profilin variants. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151212. [PMID: 35248815 PMCID: PMC10163920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight separate mutations in the actin-binding protein profilin-1 have been identified as a rare cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Profilin is essential for many neuronal cell processes through its regulation of lipids, nuclear signals, and cytoskeletal dynamics, including actin filament assembly. Direct interactions between profilin and actin monomers inhibit actin filament polymerization. In contrast, profilin can also stimulate polymerization by simultaneously binding actin monomers and proline-rich tracts found in other proteins. Whether the ALS-associated mutations in profilin compromise these actin assembly functions is unclear. We performed a quantitative biochemical comparison of the direct and formin mediated impact for the eight ALS-associated profilin variants on actin assembly using classic protein-binding and single-filament microscopy assays. We determined that the binding constant of each profilin for actin monomers generally correlates with the actin nucleation strength associated with each ALS-related profilin. In the presence of formin, the A20T, R136W, Q139L, and C71G variants failed to activate the elongation phase of actin assembly. This diverse range of formin-activities is not fully explained through profilin-poly-L-proline (PLP) interactions, as all ALS-associated variants bind a formin-derived PLP peptide with similar affinities. However, chemical denaturation experiments suggest that the folding stability of these profilins impact some of these effects on actin assembly. Thus, changes in profilin protein stability and alterations in actin filament polymerization may both contribute to the profilin-mediated actin disruptions in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Morgan L Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Brian Haarer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Andrew T Brawner
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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31
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Sanyal C, Pietsch N, Ramirez Rios S, Peris L, Carrier L, Moutin MJ. The detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle of tubulin and its role and dysfunction in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 137:46-62. [PMID: 34924330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the variety of post-translational modifications to which microtubules are subjected, the detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle is specific to tubulin. It is conserved by evolution and characterized by the enzymatic removal and re-addition of a gene-encoded tyrosine residue at the C-terminus of α-tubulin. Detyrosinated tubulin can be further converted to Δ2-tubulin by the removal of an additional C-terminal glutamate residue. Detyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin are carried by stable microtubules whereas tyrosinated microtubules are present on dynamic polymers. The cycle regulates trafficking of many cargo transporting molecular motors and is linked to the microtubule dynamics via regulation of microtubule interactions with specific cellular effectors such as kinesin-13. Here, we give an historical overview of the general features discovered for the cycle. We highlight the recent progress toward structure and functioning of the enzymes that keep the levels of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin in cells, the long-known tubulin tyrosine ligase and the recently discovered vasohibin-SVBP complexes. We further describe how the cycle controls microtubule functions in healthy neurons and cardiomyocytes and how deregulations of the cycle are involved in dysfunctions of these highly differentiated cells, leading to neurodegeneration and heart failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadni Sanyal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Niels Pietsch
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sacnicte Ramirez Rios
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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32
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Wu YFO, Bryant AT, Nelson NT, Madey AG, Fernandes GF, Goodson HV. Overexpression of the microtubule-binding protein CLIP-170 induces a +TIP network superstructure consistent with a biomolecular condensate. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260401. [PMID: 34890409 PMCID: PMC8664194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics is critical for cellular processes including cell division and intracellular transport. Plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) dynamically track growing MTs and play a key role in MT regulation. +TIPs participate in a complex web of intra- and inter- molecular interactions known as the +TIP network. Hypotheses addressing the purpose of +TIP:+TIP interactions include relieving +TIP autoinhibition and localizing MT regulators to growing MT ends. In addition, we have proposed that the web of +TIP:+TIP interactions has a physical purpose: creating a dynamic scaffold that constrains the structural fluctuations of the fragile MT tip and thus acts as a polymerization chaperone. Here we examine the possibility that this proposed scaffold is a biomolecular condensate (i.e., liquid droplet). Many animal +TIP network proteins are multivalent and have intrinsically disordered regions, features commonly found in biomolecular condensates. Moreover, previous studies have shown that overexpression of the +TIP CLIP-170 induces large “patch” structures containing CLIP-170 and other +TIPs; we hypothesized that these structures might be biomolecular condensates. To test this hypothesis, we used video microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). Our data show that the CLIP-170-induced patches have hallmarks indicative of a biomolecular condensate, one that contains +TIP proteins and excludes other known condensate markers. Moreover, bioinformatic studies demonstrate that the presence of intrinsically disordered regions is conserved in key +TIPs, implying that these regions are functionally significant. Together, these results indicate that the CLIP-170 induced patches in cells are phase-separated liquid condensates and raise the possibility that the endogenous +TIP network might form a liquid droplet at MT ends or other +TIP locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Fu O. Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Annamarie T. Bryant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Nora T. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Madey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Gail F. Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Holly V. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Herrera E. With the Permission of Microtubules: An Updated Overview on Microtubule Function During Axon Pathfinding. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:759404. [PMID: 34924953 PMCID: PMC8675249 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.759404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the establishment of neural circuitry axons often need to cover long distances to reach remote targets. The stereotyped navigation of these axons defines the connectivity between brain regions and cellular subtypes. This chemotrophic guidance process mostly relies on the spatio-temporal expression patterns of extracellular proteins and the selective expression of their receptors in projection neurons. Axon guidance is stimulated by guidance proteins and implemented by neuronal traction forces at the growth cones, which engage local cytoskeleton regulators and cell adhesion proteins. Different layers of guidance signaling regulation, such as the cleavage and processing of receptors, the expression of co-receptors and a wide variety of intracellular cascades downstream of receptors activation, have been progressively unveiled. Also, in the last decades, the regulation of microtubule (MT) assembly, stability and interactions with the submembranous actin network in the growth cone have emerged as crucial effector mechanisms in axon pathfinding. In this review, we will delve into the intracellular signaling cascades downstream of guidance receptors that converge on the MT cytoskeleton of the growing axon. In particular, we will focus on the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) network responsible of MT dynamics in the axon and growth cone. Complementarily, we will discuss new evidences that connect defects in MT scaffold proteins, MAPs or MT-based motors and axon misrouting during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
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34
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Hoeprich GJ, Sinclair AN, Shekhar S, Goode BL. Single-molecule imaging of IQGAP1 regulating actin filament dynamics. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar2. [PMID: 34731043 PMCID: PMC8886817 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IQGAP is a conserved family of actin-binding proteins with essential roles in cell motility, cytokinesis, and cell adhesion, yet there remains a limited understanding of how IQGAP proteins directly influence actin filament dynamics. To close this gap, we used single-molecule and single-filament total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to observe IQGAP regulating actin dynamics in real time. To our knowledge, this is the first study to do so. Our results demonstrate that full-length human IQGAP1 forms dimers that stably bind to actin filament sides and transiently cap barbed ends. These interactions organize filaments into thin bundles, suppress barbed end growth, and inhibit filament disassembly. Surprisingly, each activity depends on distinct combinations of IQGAP1 domains and/or dimerization, suggesting that different mechanisms underlie each functional effect on actin. These observations have important implications for how IQGAP functions as an actin regulator in vivo and how it may be regulated in different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Hoeprich
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Amy N Sinclair
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.,Present address: Departments of Physics and Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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35
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Chia S, Leung T, Tan I. Cyclical phosphorylation of LRAP35a and CLASP2 by GSK3β and CK1δ regulates EB1-dependent MT dynamics in cell migration. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109687. [PMID: 34525355 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cell cytoskeletal reorganization for efficient directional movement requires tight coordination of actomyosin and microtubule networks. In this study, we show that LRAP35a potentiates microtubule stabilization by promoting CLASP2/EB1 interaction besides its complex formation with MRCK/MYO18A for retrograde actin flow. The alternate regulation of these two networks by LRAP35a is tightly regulated by a series of phosphorylation events that dictated its specificity. Sequential phosphorylation of LRAP35a by Protein Kinase A (PKA) and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK3β) initiates the association of LRAP35a with CLASP2, while subsequent binding and further phosphorylation by Casein Kinase 1δ (CK1δ) induce their dissociation, which facilitates LRAP35a/MRCK association in driving lamellar actomyosin flow. Importantly, microtubule dynamics is directly moderated by CK1δ activity on CLASP2 to regulate GSK3β phosphorylation of the SxIP motifs that blocks EB1 binding, an event countered by LRAP35a interaction and its competition for CK1δ activity. Overall this study reveals an essential role for LRAP35a in coordinating lamellar contractility and microtubule polarization in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore.
| | - Thomas Leung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Ivan Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A(∗)STAR, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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36
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Post-translational modifications and stabilization of microtubules regulate transport of viral factors during infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1735-1748. [PMID: 34436545 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitute a source of diversity for microtubule (MT) functions, in addition to the different isotypes of α and β-tubulin acting as building blocks of MTs. Also, MT-associated proteins (MAPs) confer different characteristics to MTs. The combination of all these factors regulates the stability of these structures that act as rails to transport organelles within the cell, facilitating the association of motor complexes. All these functions are involved in crucial cellular processes in most cell types, ranging from spindle formation in mitosis to the defense against incoming cellular threats during phagocytosis mediated by immune cells. The regulation of MT dynamics through tubulin PTMs has evolved to depend on many different factors that act in a complex orchestrated manner. These tightly regulated processes are particularly relevant during the induction of effective immune responses against pathogens. Viruses have proved not only to hijack MTs and MAPs in order to favor an efficient infection, but also to induce certain PTMs that improve their cellular spread and lead to secondary consequences of viral processes. In this review, we offer a perspective on relevant MT-related elements exploited by viruses.
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37
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Abstract
Actin filaments and microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that participate in many vital cell functions including division, morphogenesis, phagocytosis, and motility. Despite the persistent dogma that actin filament and microtubule networks are distinct in localization, structure, and function, a growing body of evidence shows that these elements are choreographed through intricate mechanisms sensitive to either polymer. Many proteins and cellular signals that mediate actin–microtubule interactions have already been identified. However, the impact of these regulators is typically assessed with actin filament or microtubule polymers alone, independent of the other system. Further, unconventional modes and regulators coordinating actin–microtubule interactions are still being discovered. Here we examine several methods of actin–microtubule crosstalk with an emphasis on the molecular links between both polymer systems and their higher-order interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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38
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Regulation of microtubule dynamics, mechanics and function through the growing tip. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:777-795. [PMID: 34408299 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics and their control are essential for the normal function and division of all eukaryotic cells. This plethora of functions is, in large part, supported by dynamic microtubule tips, which can bind to various intracellular targets, generate mechanical forces and couple with actin microfilaments. Here, we review progress in the understanding of microtubule assembly and dynamics, focusing on new information about the structure of microtubule tips. First, we discuss evidence for the widely accepted GTP cap model of microtubule dynamics. Next, we address microtubule dynamic instability in the context of structural information about assembly intermediates at microtubule tips. Three currently discussed models of microtubule assembly and dynamics are reviewed. These are considered in the context of established facts and recent data, which suggest that some long-held views must be re-evaluated. Finally, we review structural observations about the tips of microtubules in cells and describe their implications for understanding the mechanisms of microtubule regulation by associated proteins, by mechanical forces and by microtubule-targeting drugs, prominently including cancer chemotherapeutics.
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39
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Unraveling Axon Guidance during Axotomy and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158344. [PMID: 34361110 PMCID: PMC8347220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development and regeneration axons extend a cytoskeletal-rich structure known as the growth cone, which detects and integrates signals to reach its final destination. The guidance cues “signals” bind their receptors, activating signaling cascades that result in the regulation of the growth cone cytoskeleton, defining growth cone advance, pausing, turning, or collapse. Even though much is known about guidance cues and their isolated mechanisms during nervous system development, there is still a gap in the understanding of the crosstalk between them, and about what happens after nervous system injuries. After neuronal injuries in mammals, only axons in the peripheral nervous system are able to regenerate, while the ones from the central nervous system fail to do so. Therefore, untangling the guidance cues mechanisms, as well as their behavior and characterization after axotomy and regeneration, are of special interest for understanding and treating neuronal injuries. In this review, we present findings on growth cone guidance and canonical guidance cues mechanisms, followed by a description and comparison of growth cone pathfinding mechanisms after axotomy, in regenerative and non-regenerative animal models.
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40
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Kundu T, Dutta P, Nagar D, Maiti S, Ghose A. Coupling of dynamic microtubules to F-actin by Fmn2 regulates chemotaxis of neuronal growth cones. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs252916. [PMID: 34313311 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic co-regulation of the actin and microtubule subsystems enables the highly precise and adaptive remodelling of the cytoskeleton necessary for critical cellular processes, such as axonal pathfinding. The modes and mediators of this interpolymer crosstalk, however, are inadequately understood. We identify Fmn2, a non-diaphanous-related formin associated with cognitive disabilities, as a novel regulator of cooperative actin-microtubule remodelling in growth cones of both chick and zebrafish neurons. We show that Fmn2 stabilizes microtubules in the growth cones of cultured spinal neurons and in vivo. Super-resolution imaging revealed that Fmn2 facilitates guidance of exploratory microtubules along actin bundles into the chemosensory filopodia. Using live imaging, biochemistry and single-molecule assays, we show that a C-terminal domain in Fmn2 is necessary for the dynamic association between microtubules and actin filaments. In the absence of the cross-bridging function of Fmn2, filopodial capture of microtubules is compromised, resulting in destabilized filopodial protrusions and deficits in growth cone chemotaxis. Our results uncover a critical function for Fmn2 in actin-microtubule crosstalk in neurons and demonstrate that the modulation of microtubule dynamics via associations with F-actin is central to directional motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Kundu
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Priyanka Dutta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Dhriti Nagar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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41
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Bouvrais H, Chesneau L, Le Cunff Y, Fairbrass D, Soler N, Pastezeur S, Pécot T, Kervrann C, Pécréaux J. The coordination of spindle-positioning forces during the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50770. [PMID: 33900015 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, astral microtubules generate forces essential to position the mitotic spindle, by pushing against and pulling from the cortex. Measuring microtubule dynamics there, we revealed the presence of two populations, corresponding to pulling and pushing events. It offers a unique opportunity to study, under physiological conditions, the variations of both spindle-positioning forces along space and time. We propose a threefold control of pulling force, by polarity, spindle position and mitotic progression. We showed that the sole anteroposterior asymmetry in dynein on-rate, encoding pulling force imbalance, is sufficient to cause posterior spindle displacement. The positional regulation, reflecting the number of microtubule contacts in the posterior-most region, reinforces this imbalance only in late anaphase. Furthermore, we exhibited the first direct proof that dynein processivity increases along mitosis. It reflects the temporal control of pulling forces, which strengthens at anaphase onset following mitotic progression and independently from chromatid separation. In contrast, the pushing force remains constant and symmetric and contributes to maintaining the spindle at the cell centre during metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Le Cunff
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Nina Soler
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thierry Pécot
- INRIA, Centre Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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42
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Rey-Suarez I, Rogers N, Kerr S, Shroff H, Upadhyaya A. Actomyosin dynamics modulate microtubule deformation and growth during T-cell activation. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1641-1653. [PMID: 33826369 PMCID: PMC8684730 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of T-cells leads to the formation of immune synapses (ISs) with antigen-presenting cells. This requires T-cell polarization and coordination between the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons. The interactions between these two cytoskeletal components during T-cell activation are not well understood. Here, we elucidate the interactions between microtubules and actin at the IS with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. We show that microtubule growth dynamics in the peripheral actin-rich region is distinct from that in the central actin-free region. We further demonstrate that these differences arise from differential involvement of Arp2/3- and formin-nucleated actin structures. Formin inhibition results in a moderate decrease in microtubule growth rates, which is amplified in the presence of integrin engagement. In contrast, Arp2/3 inhibition leads to an increase in microtubule growth rates. We find that microtubule filaments are more deformed and exhibit greater shape fluctuations in the periphery of the IS than at the center. Using small molecule inhibitors, we show that actin dynamics and actomyosin contractility play key roles in defining microtubule deformations and shape fluctuations. Our results indicate a mechanical coupling between the actomyosin and microtubule systems during T-cell activation, whereby different actin structures influence microtubule dynamics in distinct ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Nate Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sarah Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Hari Shroff
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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43
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Efimova N, Yang C, Chia JX, Li N, Lengner CJ, Neufeld KL, Svitkina TM. Branched actin networks are assembled on microtubules by adenomatous polyposis coli for targeted membrane protrusion. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151902. [PMID: 32597939 PMCID: PMC7480092 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is driven by pushing and pulling activities of the actin cytoskeleton, but migration directionality is largely controlled by microtubules. This function of microtubules is especially critical for neuron navigation. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that branched actin filament networks, the main pushing machinery in cells, grow directly from microtubule tips toward the leading edge in growth cones of hippocampal neurons. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a protein with both tumor suppressor and cytoskeletal functions, concentrates at the microtubule-branched network interface, whereas APC knockdown nearly eliminates branched actin in growth cones and prevents growth cone recovery after repellent-induced collapse. Conversely, encounters of dynamic APC-positive microtubule tips with the cell edge induce local actin-rich protrusions. Together, we reveal a novel mechanism of cell navigation involving APC-dependent assembly of branched actin networks on microtubule tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Efimova
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan X Chia
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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44
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Bonhomme M, Falco A, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, van Haren J, Jeanneteau F, Galjart N, Debant A, Boudeau J. The +TIP Navigator-1 is an actin-microtubule crosslinker that regulates axonal growth cone motility. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151835. [PMID: 32497170 PMCID: PMC7480110 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are central players in the coordination between the MT and actin cytoskeletons in growth cones (GCs) during axon guidance. The +TIP Navigator-1 (NAV1) is expressed in the developing nervous system, yet its neuronal functions remain poorly elucidated. Here, we report that NAV1 controls the dynamics and motility of the axonal GCs of cortical neurons in an EB1-dependent manner and is required for axon turning toward a gradient of netrin-1. NAV1 accumulates in F-actin-rich domains of GCs and binds actin filaments in vitro. NAV1 can also bind MTs independently of EB1 in vitro and crosslinks nonpolymerizing MT plus ends to actin filaments in axonal GCs, preventing MT depolymerization in F-actin-rich areas. Together, our findings pinpoint NAV1 as a key player in the actin-MT crosstalk that promotes MT persistence at the GC periphery and regulates GC steering. Additionally, we present data assigning to NAV1 an important role in the radial migration of cortical projection neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Bonhomme
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Falco
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Fagotto-Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey van Haren
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Freddy Jeanneteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Niels Galjart
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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45
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Henrie H, Bakhos-Douaihy D, Cantaloube I, Pilon A, Talantikite M, Stoppin-Mellet V, Baillet A, Poüs C, Benoit B. Stress-induced phosphorylation of CLIP-170 by JNK promotes microtubule rescue. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151834. [PMID: 32491151 PMCID: PMC7337496 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) controls microtubule dynamics by enhancing both microtubule growth and rescues. Here, we show that upon cell stress, JNK directly phosphorylates the microtubule rescue factor CLIP-170 in its microtubule-binding domain to increase its rescue-promoting activity. Phosphomimetic versions of CLIP-170 enhance its ability to promote rescue events in vitro and in cells. Furthermore, while phosphomimetic mutations do not alter CLIP-170’s capability to form comets at growing microtubule ends, both phosphomimetic mutations and JNK activation increase the occurrence of CLIP-170 remnants on the microtubule lattice at the rear of comets. As the CLIP-170 remnants, which are potential sites of microtubule rescue, display a shorter lifetime when CLIP-170 is phosphorylated, we propose that instead of acting at the time of rescue occurrence, CLIP-170 would rather contribute in preparing the microtubule lattice for future rescues at these predetermined sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Henrie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dalal Bakhos-Douaihy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Isabelle Cantaloube
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Antoine Pilon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Département de Biochimie, Hormonologie et Suivi Thérapeutique, Département Médico-Universitaire BioGeM, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Maya Talantikite
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Virginie Stoppin-Mellet
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anita Baillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Biochimie-Hormonologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Béatrice Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1193, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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46
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Lv Z, de-Carvalho J, Telley IA, Großhans J. Cytoskeletal mechanics and dynamics in the Drosophila syncytial embryo. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/4/jcs246496. [PMID: 33597155 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell and tissue functions rely on the genetic programmes and cascades of biochemical signals. It has become evident during the past decade that the physical properties of soft material that govern the mechanics of cells and tissues play an important role in cellular function and morphology. The biophysical properties of cells and tissues are determined by the cytoskeleton, consisting of dynamic networks of F-actin and microtubules, molecular motors, crosslinkers and other associated proteins, among other factors such as cell-cell interactions. The Drosophila syncytial embryo represents a simple pseudo-tissue, with its nuclei orderly embedded in a structured cytoskeletal matrix at the embryonic cortex with no physical separation by cellular membranes. Here, we review the stereotypic dynamics and regulation of the cytoskeleton in Drosophila syncytial embryos and how cytoskeletal dynamics underlies biophysical properties and the emergence of collective features. We highlight the specific features and processes of syncytial embryos and discuss the applicability of biophysical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Lv
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jorge de-Carvalho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ivo A Telley
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Phenotypic Plasticity of Cancer Cells Based on Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Adhesive Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041821. [PMID: 33673054 PMCID: PMC7918886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that, instead of a binary switch, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer results in a flexible array of phenotypes, each one uniquely suited to a stage in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The phenotypic plasticity of epithelium-derived cancer cells gives them an edge in surviving and thriving in alien environments. This review describes in detail the actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin-based adherens junction rearrangements that cancer cells need to implement in order to achieve the advantageous epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype and plasticity of migratory phenotypes that can arise from partial EMT.
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Du P, Wang J, He Y, Zhang S, Hu B, Xue X, Miao L, Ren H. AtFH14 crosslinks actin filaments and microtubules in different manners. Biol Cell 2021; 113:235-249. [PMID: 33386758 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION In many cellular processes including cell division, the synergistic dynamics of actin filaments and microtubules play vital roles. However, the regulatory mechanisms of these synergistic dynamics are not fully understood. Proteins such as formins are involved in actin filament-microtubule interactions and Arabidopsis thaliana formin 14 (AtFH14) may function as a crosslinker between actin filaments and microtubules in cell division, but the molecular mechanism underlying such crosslinking remains unclear. RESULTS Without microtubules, formin homology (FH) 1/FH2 of AtFH14 nucleated actin polymerisation from actin monomers and capped the barbed end of actin filaments. However, in the presence of microtubules, quantitative analysis showed that the binding affinity of AtFH14 FH1FH2 to microtubules was higher than that to actin filaments. Moreover, microtubule-bound AtFH14 FH1FH2 neither nucleated actin polymerisation nor inhibited barbed end elongation. In contrast, tubulin did not affect AtFH14 FH1FH2 to nucleate actin polymerisation and inhibit barbed end elongation. Nevertheless, microtubule-bound AtFH14 FH1FH2 bound actin filaments and the bound actin filaments slid and elongated along the microtubules or elongated away from the microtubules, which induced bundling or crosslinking of actin filaments and microtubules. Pharmacological analyses indicated that AtFH14 FH1FH2 promoted crosslinking of actin filaments and microtubules in vivo. Additionally, co-sedimentation and fluorescent dye-labelling experiments of AtFH14 FH2-truncated proteins in vitro revealed the essential motifs of bundling actin filaments or microtubules, which were 63-92 aa and 42-62 aa in the AtFH14 FH2 N-terminal, respectively, and 42-62 aa was the essential motif to crosslink actin filaments and microtubules. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our results aid in explaining how AtFH14 functions as a crosslinker between actin filaments and microtubules to regulate their dynamics via different manners during cell division. They also facilitate further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between actin filaments and microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingzhou Du
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Yunqiu He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Bailing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Xiuhua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Long Miao
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Pinto-Costa R, Sousa MM. Microtubules, actin and cytolinkers: how to connect cytoskeletons in the neuronal growth cone. Neurosci Lett 2021; 747:135693. [PMID: 33529653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytolinkers ensure the integration of the different cytoskeleton components in the neuronal growth cone during development and in the course of axon regeneration. In neurons, an integrated skeleton guarantees appropriate function, and connectivity of high order circuits. Over the past years, several cytoskeleton regulatory proteins with actin-microtubule crosslinking activity have been identified. In neurons, the importance of spectrins, formins and other cytolinkers capable of coupling actin and microtubules has been extensively highlighted during axon outgrowth and guidance. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on cytolinkers specifically expressed in the neuronal growth cone of developing and regenerating axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinto-Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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In Vitro Reconstitution of Dynamic Co-organization of Microtubules and Actin Filaments in Emulsion Droplets. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 31879898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0219-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In vitro (or cell-free) reconstitution is a powerful tool to study the physical basis of cytoskeletal organization in eukaryotic cells. Cytoskeletal reconstitution studies have mostly been done for individual cytoskeleton systems in unconfined 3D or quasi-2D geometries, which lack complexity relative to a cellular environment. To increase the level of complexity, we present a method to study co-organization of two cytoskeletal components, namely microtubules and actin filaments, confined in cell-sized water-in-oil emulsion droplets. We show that centrosome-nucleated dynamic microtubules can be made to interact with actin filaments through a tip-tracking complex consisting of microtubule end-binding proteins and an actin-microtubule cytolinker. In addition to the protocols themselves, we discuss the optimization steps required in order to build these more complex in vitro model systems of cytoskeletal interactions.
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