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Prokop P. Urban environment decreases pollinator availability, fertility, and prolongs anthesis in the field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis Linnaeus, 1753). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2325225. [PMID: 38448395 PMCID: PMC10936644 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2325225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization alters the natural environment, with broad negative impacts on living organisms. Urbanization can also disrupt plant-pollinator networks by reducing the abundance and diversity of invertebrates. Firstly, I investigated whether the field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) is an obligatory entomophilous plant because previous reports were ambiguous. Secondly, I investigated how the obligatory entomophilous plant, field bindweed, responds to urbanization by comparing the flowering duration (anthesis) and the reproductive success of field bindweeds in urban and rural populations. Unlike cross-pollinated flowers and controls, flowers experimentally prevented from pollination and self-pollinated flowers did not produce seeds, suggesting that the field bindweed is self-incompatible and obligatory entomophilous. The abundance of urban pollinators was 5-6 times lower than the abundance of rural pollinators, and flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) were significantly more negatively influenced by the urban environment than hymenopterans (Hymenoptera). Urban plants showed significantly longer anthesis duration and lower reproductive success than rural plants. Illuminance and low pollinator abundance were negatively associated with the duration of the anthesis, but relative humidity did not affect the anthesis. Prolonged duration of the anthesis may be an adaptation to pollinator scarcity because more prolonged flowering increases the likelihood of pollination. Future research should unravel whether the longer anthesis of urban flowers is determined by behavioral plasticity or by the evolutionary selection of plants with a genetically determined longer anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Liu D, Fei YH, Peng Y, Zhu S, Lu J, Luo Y, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Wang S, Tang YT, Qiu R, Chao Y. Genotype of pioneer plant Miscanthus is not a key factor in the structure of rhizosphere bacterial community in heavy metal polluted sites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135242. [PMID: 39032184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Miscanthus is a common pioneer plant with abundant genetic variation in abandoned mines in southern China. However, the extent to which genetic differentiation among species modulates rhizosphere bacterial communities remains unclear. Miscanthus samples were collected from 26 typical abandoned heavy-metal mines with different soil types in southern China, tested using 14 pairs of simple sequence repeats (SSR) primers, and classified into two genotypes based on Nei's genetic distance. The structure and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities were examined using 16 S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that among the factors affecting the rhizosphere bacterial community structure of Miscanthus samples, the role of genotype was not significant, and geographical conditions were the most important factors, followed by pH and total organic carbon (TOC). The process of rhizospheric community assembly varied among different genotypes; however, the recruited species and their abundances were similar. Collectively, we provided an approach based on genetic differentiation to quantify the relative contribution of genotypes to the rhizosphere bacterial community, demonstrating that genotypes contribute less than soil conditions. Our findings provide new insights into the role of host genetics in the ecological processes of plant rhizosphere bacterial communities in abandoned mines and provide theoretical support for microbe-assisted phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying-Heng Fei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shichen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziwu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ye-Tao Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanqing Chao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Hargreaves AL, Ensing J, Rahn O, Oliveira FMP, Burkiewicz J, Lafond J, Haeussler S, Byerley-Best MB, Lazda K, Slinn HL, Martin E, Carlson ML, Sformo TL, Dawson-Glass E, Chiuffo MC, Vargas-Rodriguez YL, García-Jiménez CI, Gomes IJMT, Klemet-N'Guessan S, Paolucci L, Joly S, Mehltreter K, Muñoz J, Buono C, Brodie JF, Rodriguez-Campbell A, Veen T, Freeman BG, Lee-Yaw JA, Muñoz JC, Paquette A, Butler J, Suaréz E. Latitudinal gradients in seed predation persist in urbanized environments. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02504-7. [PMID: 39237759 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization is creating a new global biome, in which cities and suburbs around the world often resemble each other more than the local natural areas they replaced. But while urbanization can profoundly affect ecology at local scales, we know little about whether it disrupts large-scale ecological patterns. Here we test whether urbanization disrupts a macroecological pattern central to ecological and evolutionary theory: the increase in seed predation intensity from high to low latitudes. Across 14,000 km of latitude spanning the Americas, we compared predation intensity on two species of standardized experimental seeds in urbanized and natural areas. In natural areas, predation on both seed species increased fivefold from high latitudes to the tropics, one of the strongest latitudinal gradients in species interactions documented so far. Surprisingly, latitudinal gradients in predation were equally strong in urbanized areas despite significant habitat modification. Nevertheless, urbanization did affect seed predation. Compared with natural areas, urbanization reduced overall predation and vertebrate predation, did not affect predation by invertebrates in general, and increased predation by ants. Our results show that macroecological patterns in predation intensity can persist in urbanized environments, even as urbanization alters the relative importance of predators and potentially the evolutionary trajectory of urban populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Ensing
- Department of Biology, Okanagan College, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Olivia Rahn
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fernanda M P Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológica, Universidade de Pernambuco; Campus Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Jérôme Burkiewicz
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joëlle Lafond
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sybille Haeussler
- University of Northern British Columbia, Smithers, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Brooke Byerley-Best
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth Botanic Garden, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kira Lazda
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heather L Slinn
- Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Vive Crop Protection, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Martin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew L Carlson
- Alaska Center for Conservation Science, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Todd L Sformo
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - Mariana C Chiuffo
- INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | | | - Inácio J M T Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Paolucci
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simon Joly
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Klaus Mehltreter
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jenny Muñoz
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carmela Buono
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Biological Science and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Thor Veen
- Quest University Canada, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie A Lee-Yaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Esteban Suaréz
- Instituto Biósfera and Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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4
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Kuo WH, Zhong L, Wright SJ, Goad DM, Olsen KM. Beyond cyanogenesis: Temperature gradients drive environmental adaptation in North American white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17484. [PMID: 39072878 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Species that repeatedly evolve phenotypic clines across environmental gradients have been highlighted as ideal systems for characterizing the genomic basis of local environmental adaptation. However, few studies have assessed the importance of observed phenotypic clines for local adaptation: conspicuous traits that vary clinally may not necessarily be the most critical in determining local fitness. The present study was designed to fill this gap, using a plant species characterized by repeatedly evolved adaptive phenotypic clines. White clover is naturally polymorphic for its chemical defence cyanogenesis (HCN release with tissue damage); climate-associated cyanogenesis clines have evolved throughout its native and introduced range worldwide. We performed landscape genomic analyses on 415 wild genotypes from 43 locations spanning much of the North American species range to assess the relative importance of cyanogenesis loci vs. other genomic factors in local climatic adaptation. We find clear evidence of local adaptation, with temperature-related climatic variables best describing genome-wide differentiation between sampling locations. The same climatic variables are also strongly correlated with cyanogenesis frequencies and gene copy number variations (CNVs) at cyanogenesis loci. However, landscape genomic analyses indicate no significant contribution of cyanogenesis loci to local adaptation. Instead, several genomic regions containing promising candidate genes for plant response to seasonal cues are identified - some of which are shared with previously identified QTLs for locally adaptive fitness traits in North American white clover. Our findings suggest that local adaptation in white clover is likely determined primarily by genes controlling the timing of growth and flowering in response to local seasonal cues. More generally, this work suggests that caution is warranted when considering the importance of conspicuous phenotypic clines as primary determinants of local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsi Kuo
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Limei Zhong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sara J Wright
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Goad
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Zheng F, Gao J, Tang M, Zhou T, Zhu D, Yang X, Chen B. Urbanization reduces the stability of soil microbial community by reshaping the diversity and network complexity. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143177. [PMID: 39182733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization considerably alters soil environment, biodiversity, and stability of terrestrial ecosystems. Soil microbial community, a key component of global biodiversity, plays a pivotal role in ecosystem stability and is highly vulnerable to urbanization. However, effects of urbanization on the diversity, stability, and network structure of soil microbial community remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the diversity and stability of soil microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, across three regions with different levels of urbanization-urban, suburb, and ecoregion-using high-throughput sequencing techniques. Our results revealed that urbanization led to a notable decrease in the alpha diversity of soil microbial community, causing a significant reduction in soil stability, as assessed by the average variation degree (AVD). The loss of stability was linked to the diminished alpha diversity of the soil fungal and protistan communities, along with weakened interactions among bacteria, fungi, and protists. Notably, the majority of keystone species identified through network analysis were classified as bacteria (Proteobacteria) and displayed a strong positive correlation with the environmental factors influencing AVD. This highlights that the variability of bacteria and the immutability of fungi and protists are important to sustain soil microbial stability. Furthermore, structural equation models indicated that protistan diversity primarily drove soil microbial stability across all regions studied. In the suburban and ecoregion areas, soil microbial stability was directly influenced by the soil properties, bacterial diversity, and keystone species, as well as indirectly affected by heavy metals. These results underscore how urbanization can reduce the stability of soil microbial community via declined diversity and network complexity, whereas the establishment of ecoregions maybe contribute to preserve the diversity and stability of soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jingwei Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Mingyang Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaoru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Bing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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6
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Kuo WH, Wright SJ, Small LL, Olsen KM. De novo genome assembly of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) reveals the role of copy number variation in rapid environmental adaptation. BMC Biol 2024; 22:165. [PMID: 39113037 PMCID: PMC11305067 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White clover (Trifolium repens) is a globally important perennial forage legume. This species also serves as an eco-evolutionary model system for studying within-species chemical defense variation; it features a well-studied polymorphism for cyanogenesis (HCN release following tissue damage), with higher frequencies of cyanogenic plants favored in warmer locations worldwide. Using a newly generated haplotype-resolved genome and two other long-read assemblies, we tested the hypothesis that copy number variants (CNVs) at cyanogenesis genes play a role in the ability of white clover to rapidly adapt to local environments. We also examined questions on subgenome evolution in this recently evolved allotetraploid species and on chromosomal rearrangements in the broader IRLC legume clade. RESULTS Integration of PacBio HiFi, Omni-C, Illumina, and linkage map data yielded a completely de novo genome assembly for white clover (created without a priori sequence assignment to subgenomes). We find that white clover has undergone extensive transposon diversification since its origin but otherwise shows highly conserved genome organization and composition with its diploid progenitors. Unlike some other clover species, its chromosomal structure is conserved with other IRLC legumes. We further find extensive evidence of CNVs at the major cyanogenesis loci; these contribute to quantitative variation in the cyanogenic phenotype and to local adaptation across wild North American populations. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a case study documenting the role of CNVs in local adaptation in a plant species, and it highlights the value of pan-genome data for identifying contributions of structural variants to adaptation in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsi Kuo
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sara J Wright
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Present address: Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Linda L Small
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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7
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Fujita T, Tsuda N, Koide D, Fukano Y, Inoue T. The flower does not open in the city: evolution of plant reproductive traits of Portulaca oleracea in urban populations. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024:mcae105. [PMID: 39084677 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The impact of urbanization on plant evolution, particularly the evolution of reproductive traits, remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the consequences of urbanization on the reproductive traits of Portulaca oleracea in the Kantō region of Japan. Portulaca oleracea has a unique cleistogamous reproductive system, which consists of genetically determined chasmogamous (open, CH) and cleistogamous (closed, CL) plants. METHODS We collected seeds of P. oleracea from ten populations in rural areas and ten populations in urban areas. In a common garden experiment, we recorded the type of flowers (CH or CL), reproductive phenology and seed production. KEY RESULTS All individuals produced either CH or CL flowers, allowing us to classify them as either CH or CL plants. We observed a significant difference in the prevalence of CH and CL plants between rural and urban populations: the number of CH plants was generally low and was particularly low among urban individuals. Compared to CH plants, CL plants showed earlier phenology and produced heavier seeds, which is consistent with stress avoidance in response to heat and drought stress conditions in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that urbanization may drive an evolutionary change in the cleistogamous reproductive system of P. oleracea. CL plants with earlier phenology and larger seeds might be better adapted to urban environments, where they are subjected to harsh heat and drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujita
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoe Tsuda
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dai Koide
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Fukano
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Inoue
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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8
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De Meester L, Vázquez-Domínguez E, Kassen R, Forest F, Bellon MR, Koskella B, Scherson RA, Colli L, Hendry AP, Crandall KA, Faith DP, Starger CJ, Geeta R, Araki H, Dulloo EM, Souffreau C, Schroer S, Johnson MTJ. A link between evolution and society fostering the UN sustainable development goals. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13728. [PMID: 38884021 PMCID: PMC11178947 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the multitude of challenges Earth is facing, sustainability science is of key importance to our continued existence. Evolution is the fundamental biological process underlying the origin of all biodiversity. This phylogenetic diversity fosters the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change, and provides numerous resources to society, and options for the future. Genetic diversity within species is also key to the ability of populations to evolve and adapt to environmental change. Yet, the value of evolutionary processes and the consequences of their impairment have not generally been considered in sustainability research. We argue that biological evolution is important for sustainability and that the concepts, theory, data, and methodological approaches used in evolutionary biology can, in crucial ways, contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss how evolutionary principles are relevant to understanding, maintaining, and improving Nature Contributions to People (NCP) and how they contribute to the SDGs. We highlight specific applications of evolution, evolutionary theory, and evolutionary biology's diverse toolbox, grouped into four major routes through which evolution and evolutionary insights can impact sustainability. We argue that information on both within-species evolutionary potential and among-species phylogenetic diversity is necessary to predict population, community, and ecosystem responses to global change and to make informed decisions on sustainable production, health, and well-being. We provide examples of how evolutionary insights and the tools developed by evolutionary biology can not only inspire and enhance progress on the trajectory to sustainability, but also highlight some obstacles that hitherto seem to have impeded an efficient uptake of evolutionary insights in sustainability research and actions to sustain SDGs. We call for enhanced collaboration between sustainability science and evolutionary biology to understand how integrating these disciplines can help achieve the sustainable future envisioned by the UN SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc De Meester
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Biology Freie University Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Rees Kassen
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Mauricio R Bellon
- Comisión Nacional Para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) México City Mexico
- Swette Center for Sustainable Food Systems Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Rosa A Scherson
- Laboratorio Evolución y Sistemática, Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Licia Colli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Della Nutrizione e Degli Alimenti, BioDNA Centro di Ricerca Sulla Biodiversità e Sul DNA Antico, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza Italy
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum & Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics George Washington University Washington DC USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | | | - Craig J Starger
- School of Global Environmental Sustainability Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - R Geeta
- Department of Botany University of Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Hitoshi Araki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Ehsan M Dulloo
- Effective Genetic Resources Conservation and Use Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT Rome Italy
| | - Caroline Souffreau
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sibylle Schroer
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin Germany
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology & Centre for Urban Environments University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
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9
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Savage AM, Willmott MJ, Moreno‐García P, Jagiello Z, Li D, Malesis A, Miles LS, Román‐Palacios C, Salazar‐Valenzuela D, Verrelli BC, Winchell KM, Alberti M, Bonilla‐Bedoya S, Carlen E, Falvey C, Johnson L, Martin E, Kuzyo H, Marzluff J, Munshi‐South J, Phifer‐Rixey M, Stadnicki I, Szulkin M, Zhou Y, Gotanda KM. Online toolkits for collaborative and inclusive global research in urban evolutionary ecology. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11633. [PMID: 38919647 PMCID: PMC11197044 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban evolutionary ecology is inherently interdisciplinary. Moreover, it is a field with global significance. However, bringing researchers and resources together across fields and countries is challenging. Therefore, an online collaborative research hub, where common methods and best practices are shared among scientists from diverse geographic, ethnic, and career backgrounds would make research focused on urban evolutionary ecology more inclusive. Here, we describe a freely available online research hub for toolkits that facilitate global research in urban evolutionary ecology. We provide rationales and descriptions of toolkits for: (1) decolonizing urban evolutionary ecology; (2) identifying and fostering international collaborative partnerships; (3) common methods and freely-available datasets for trait mapping across cities; (4) common methods and freely-available datasets for cross-city evolutionary ecology experiments; and (5) best practices and freely available resources for public outreach and communication of research findings in urban evolutionary ecology. We outline how the toolkits can be accessed, archived, and modified over time in order to sustain long-term global research that will advance our understanding of urban evolutionary ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Savage
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers University – CamdenCamdenNew JerseyUSA
| | - Meredith J. Willmott
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers University – CamdenCamdenNew JerseyUSA
| | - Pablo Moreno‐García
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Computation & TechnologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Zuzanna Jagiello
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Computation & TechnologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Anna Malesis
- Department of Urban Design and PlanningUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Lindsay S. Miles
- Virginia Polytechnic and State UniversityEntomology DepartmentBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | | | - David Salazar‐Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático & Facultad de Ciencias de Medio AmbienteUniversidad IndoaméricaQuitoEcuador
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- Center for Biological Data ScienceVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Marina Alberti
- Department of Urban Design and PlanningUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Elizabeth Carlen
- Department of BiologyWashington University of St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Cleo Falvey
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers University – CamdenCamdenNew JerseyUSA
| | - Lauren Johnson
- Department of BiologyWashington University of St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ella Martin
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Hanna Kuzyo
- Frankfurt Zoological SocietyFrankfurtGermany
| | - John Marzluff
- Department of Urban Design and PlanningUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jason Munshi‐South
- Louis Calder Center & Department of Biological SciencesFordham UniversityArmonkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Ignacy Stadnicki
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Marta Szulkin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Yuyu Zhou
- Department of Geological and Atmospheric SciencesIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Department of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
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10
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Miles LS, Waterman H, Ayoub NA, Garb JE, Haney RA, Rosenberg MS, Krabbenhoft TJ, Verrelli BC. Insight into the adaptive role of arachnid genome-wide duplication through chromosome-level genome assembly of the Western black widow spider. J Hered 2024; 115:241-252. [PMID: 38567866 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although spiders are one of the most diverse groups of arthropods, the genetic architecture of their evolutionary adaptations is largely unknown. Specifically, ancient genome-wide duplication occurring during arachnid evolution ~450 mya resulted in a vast assembly of gene families, yet the extent to which selection has shaped this variation is understudied. To aid in comparative genome sequence analyses, we provide a chromosome-level genome of the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus)-a focus due to its silk properties, venom applications, and as a model for urban adaptation. We used long-read and Hi-C sequencing data, combined with transcriptomes, to assemble 14 chromosomes in a 1.46 Gb genome, with 38,393 genes annotated, and a BUSCO score of 95.3%. Our analyses identified high repetitive gene content and heterozygosity, consistent with other spider genomes, which has led to challenges in genome characterization. Our comparative evolutionary analyses of eight genomes available for species within the Araneoidea group (orb weavers and their descendants) identified 1,827 single-copy orthologs. Of these, 155 exhibit significant positive selection primarily associated with developmental genes, and with traits linked to sensory perception. These results support the hypothesis that several traits unique to spiders emerged from the adaptive evolution of ohnologs-or retained ancestrally duplicated genes-from ancient genome-wide duplication. These comparative spider genome analyses can serve as a model to understand how positive selection continually shapes ancestral duplications in generating novel traits today within and between diverse taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Miles
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hannah Waterman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research and Education in Energy, Environment, and Water Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nadia A Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States
| | - Jessica E Garb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Robert A Haney
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
| | - Michael S Rosenberg
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Trevor J Krabbenhoft
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research and Education in Energy, Environment, and Water Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Brian C Verrelli
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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11
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Pottier P, Noble DWA, Seebacher F, Wu NC, Burke S, Lagisz M, Schwanz LE, Drobniak SM, Nakagawa S. New horizons for comparative studies and meta-analyses. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:435-445. [PMID: 38216408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Comparative analyses and meta-analyses are key tools to elucidate broad biological principles, yet the two approaches often appear different in purpose. We propose an integrated approach that can generate deeper insights into ecoevolutionary processes. Marrying comparative and meta-analytic approaches will allow for (i) a more accurate investigation of drivers of biological variation, (ii) a greater ability to account for sources of non-independence in experimental data, (iii) more effective control of publication bias, and (iv) improved transparency and reproducibility. Stronger integration of meta-analytic and comparative studies can also broaden the scope from species-centric investigations to community-level responses and function-valued traits (e.g., reaction norms). We illuminate commonalities, differences, and the transformative potential of combining these methodologies for advancing ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Pottier
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Burke
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0495, Japan
| | - Lisa E Schwanz
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0495, Japan
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12
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Freedman MG, Long RW, Ramírez SR, Strauss SY. Evidence for Reductions in Physical and Chemical Plant Defense Traits in Island Flora. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1026. [PMID: 38611555 PMCID: PMC11013342 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Reduced defense against large herbivores has been suggested to be part of the "island syndrome" in plants. However, empirical evidence for this pattern is mixed. In this paper, we present two studies that compare putative physical and chemical defense traits from plants on the California Channel Islands and nearby mainland based on sampling of both field and common garden plants. In the first study, we focus on five pairs of woody shrubs from three island and three mainland locations and find evidence for increased leaf area, decreased marginal leaf spines, and decreased concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides in island plants. We observed similar increases in leaf area and decreases in defense traits when comparing island and mainland genotypes grown together in botanic gardens, suggesting that trait differences are not solely driven by abiotic differences between island and mainland sites. In the second study, we conducted a common garden experiment with a perennial herb-Stachys bullata (Lamiaceae)-collected from two island and four mainland locations. Compared to their mainland relatives, island genotypes show highly reduced glandular trichomes and a nearly 100-fold reduction in mono- and sesquiterpene compounds from leaf surfaces. Island genotypes also had significantly higher specific leaf area, somewhat lower rates of gas exchange, and greater aboveground biomass than mainland genotypes across two years of study, potentially reflecting a broader shift in growth habit. Together, our results provide evidence for reduced expression of putative defense traits in island plants, though these results may reflect adaptation to both biotic (i.e., the historical absence of large herbivores) and climatic conditions on islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah G. Freedman
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Randall W. Long
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - Santiago R. Ramírez
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Caizergues AE, Santangelo JS, Ness RW, Angeoletto F, Anstett DN, Anstett J, Baena-Diaz F, Carlen EJ, Chaves JA, Comerford MS, Dyson K, Falahati-Anbaran M, Fellowes MDE, Hodgins KA, Hood GR, Iñiguez-Armijos C, Kooyers NJ, Lázaro-Lobo A, Moles AT, Munshi-South J, Paule J, Porth IM, Santiago-Rosario LY, Whitney KS, Tack AJM, Johnson MTJ. Does urbanisation lead to parallel demographic shifts across the world in a cosmopolitan plant? Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17311. [PMID: 38468155 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Urbanisation is occurring globally, leading to dramatic environmental changes that are altering the ecology and evolution of species. In particular, the expansion of human infrastructure and the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats in cities is predicted to increase genetic drift and reduce gene flow by reducing the size and connectivity of populations. Alternatively, the 'urban facilitation model' suggests that some species will have greater gene flow into and within cities leading to higher diversity and lower differentiation in urban populations. These alternative hypotheses have not been contrasted across multiple cities. Here, we used the genomic data from the GLobal Urban Evolution project (GLUE), to study the effects of urbanisation on non-adaptive evolutionary processes of white clover (Trifolium repens) at a global scale. We found that white clover populations presented high genetic diversity and no evidence of reduced Ne linked to urbanisation. On the contrary, we found that urban populations were less likely to experience a recent decrease in effective population size than rural ones. In addition, we found little genetic structure among populations both globally and between urban and rural populations, which showed extensive gene flow between habitats. Interestingly, white clover displayed overall higher gene flow within urban areas than within rural habitats. Our study provides the largest comprehensive test of the demographic effects of urbanisation. Our results contrast with the common perception that heavily altered and fragmented urban environments will reduce the effective population size and genetic diversity of populations and contribute to their isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude E Caizergues
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Santangelo
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rob W Ness
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabio Angeoletto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão e Tecnologia Ambiental da Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brasil
| | - Daniel N Anstett
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Entomology, Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia Anstett
- Genomic Sciences and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth J Carlen
- Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jaime A Chaves
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador, Quito
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mattheau S Comerford
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glen Ray Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Carlos Iñiguez-Armijos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos (EcoSs-Lab), Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | | | - Adrián Lázaro-Lobo
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), CSIC-University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias, Mieres, Spain
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW-University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Munshi-South
- Department of Biology and Louis Calder Center, Fordham University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Juraj Paule
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilga M Porth
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis Y Santiago-Rosario
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kaitlin Stack Whitney
- Science, Technology & Society Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ayko J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Taichi N, Nakahama N, Ohmido N, Ushimaru A. Habitat diversification associated with urban development has a little effect on genetic structure in the annual native plant Commelina communis in an East Asian megacity. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10975. [PMID: 38384819 PMCID: PMC10880129 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban development greatly alters the natural and semi-natural habitats of native plants. Urbanisation results in a range of diverse habitats including remnant agricultural lands, urban parks, and roadside habitats. This habitat diversity often promotes trait divergence within urban areas. However, the mechanisms by which diverse urban habitats influence the population genetic structure of individual plant species remain poorly understood. We investigated the effects of urbanisation on genetic diversity and structure within 24 Commelina communis populations across diverse habitat types (rural agricultural land, urban agricultural land, urban park land, and urban roadsides) within the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe megacity in Japan. We conducted multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping to compare genetic diversity among populations in different habitats. We also examined the correlation between Nei's genetic distance and geographic and environmental distances and performed principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to evaluate genetic differentiation among urban habitats. There were no significant differences in genetic diversity indices between urban and rural populations and among urban habitat types. Although we detected no isolation-by-distance structure in population pairs of the same habitat type and in those of different habitats, the difference in surrounding landscape facilitated genetic differentiation not only between urban and rural habitats but also between different urban habitats. PCoA revealed no clear genetic differentiation among rural and urban habitat populations. Our findings indicate that the establishment of diverse habitat types through urbanisation has no and little impact on genetic diversity and structure, respectively, in C. communis, likely due to its high selfing rate and ability to adapt to urban conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakata Taichi
- Graduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Naoyuki Nakahama
- Institute of Natural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HyogoSandaJapan
- Museum of Nature and Human ActivitiesHyogoJapan
| | - Nobuko Ohmido
- Graduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
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15
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Ålund M, Cenzer M, Bierne N, Boughman JW, Cerca J, Comerford MS, Culicchi A, Langerhans B, McFarlane SE, Möst MH, North H, Qvarnström A, Ravinet M, Svanbäck R, Taylor SA. Anthropogenic Change and the Process of Speciation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041455. [PMID: 37788888 PMCID: PMC10691492 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts on the environment alter speciation processes by affecting both geographical contexts and selection patterns on a worldwide scale. Here we review evidence of these effects. We find that human activities often generate spatial isolation between populations and thereby promote genetic divergence but also frequently cause sudden secondary contact and hybridization between diverging lineages. Human-caused environmental changes produce new ecological niches, altering selection in diverse ways that can drive diversification; but changes also often remove niches and cause extirpations. Human impacts that alter selection regimes are widespread and strong in magnitude, ranging from local changes in biotic and abiotic conditions to direct harvesting to global climate change. Altered selection, and evolutionary responses to it, impacts early-stage divergence of lineages, but does not necessarily lead toward speciation and persistence of separate species. Altogether, humans both promote and hinder speciation, although new species would form very slowly relative to anthropogenic hybridization, which can be nearly instantaneous. Speculating about the future of speciation, we highlight two key conclusions: (1) Humans will have a large influence on extinction and "despeciation" dynamics in the short term and on early-stage lineage divergence, and thus potentially speciation in the longer term, and (2) long-term monitoring combined with easily dated anthropogenic changes will improve our understanding of the processes of speciation. We can use this knowledge to preserve and restore ecosystems in ways that promote (re-)diversification, increasing future opportunities of speciation and enhancing biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Ålund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Meredith Cenzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - José Cerca
- CEES - Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | | | - Alessandro Culicchi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - S Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Markus H Möst
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Henry North
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Mark Ravinet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Scott A Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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16
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Hu S, Jin C, Liao R, Huang L, Zhou L, Long Y, Luo M, Jim CY, Hu W, Lin D, Chen S, Liu C, Jiang Y, Yang Y. Herbaceous ornamental plants with conspicuous aesthetic traits contribute to plant invasion risk in subtropical urban parks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119059. [PMID: 37769469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Global ornamental horticulture is a major pathway for plant invasions, while urban parks are key areas for introducing non-native ornamental plants. To react appropriately to the challenges (e.g., biological invasion issues) and opportunities (e.g., urban ecosystem services) of herbaceous ornamentals in urban parks, we conducted a comprehensive invasive risk assessment in 363 urban parks in Chongqing, a subtropical city in China. The results found more than 1/3 of the 119 non-native species recorded in urban parks had a high invasion risk, and more than five species had potential invasion risk in 96.29% of the study area, indicating herbaceous ornamentals in urban parks are potentially a pool of invasive species that deserves attention. Moreover, humans have chosen herbaceous ornamentals with more aesthetic characteristics in urban parks, where exotic species were more prominent than native species in floral traits, such as more conspicuous flowers and longer flowering periods. The findings can inform urban plant management, provide an integrated approach to assessing herbaceous ornamentals' invasion risk, and offer insights into understanding the filtering effects of human aesthetic preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Cheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Ruiyan Liao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Yuxiao Long
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Min Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - C Y Jim
- Department of Social Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Wenhao Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Dunmei Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Shengbin Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Changjing Liu
- College of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yanxue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Yongchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Building and Built Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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17
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Breitbart ST, Agrawal AA, Wagner HH, Johnson MTJ. Urbanization and a green corridor do not impact genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20437. [PMID: 37993590 PMCID: PMC10665382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is altering landscapes globally at an unprecedented rate. While ecological differences between urban and rural environments often promote phenotypic divergence among populations, it is unclear to what degree these trait differences arise from genetic divergence as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, little is known about how specific landscape elements, such as green corridors, impact genetic divergence in urban environments. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) urbanization, and (2) proximity to an urban green corridor influence genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) populations for phenotypic traits. Using seeds from 52 populations along three urban-to-rural subtransects in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, one of which followed a green corridor, we grew ~ 1000 plants in a common garden setup and measured > 20 ecologically-important traits associated with plant defense/damage, reproduction, and growth over four years. We found significant heritable variation for nine traits within common milkweed populations and weak phenotypic divergence among populations. However, neither urbanization nor an urban green corridor influenced genetic divergence in individual traits or multivariate phenotype. These findings contrast with the expanding literature demonstrating that urbanization promotes rapid evolutionary change and offer preliminary insights into the eco-evolutionary role of green corridors in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie T Breitbart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E145 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Helene H Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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18
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Chen SC, Hu ZA, Dai C. Unveiling human impacts on pollinators and pollination in the urbanization era. Integr Zool 2023; 18:1108-1110. [PMID: 37658733 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Chong Chen
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-An Hu
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Dai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, School of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Babik W, Dudek K, Marszałek M, Palomar G, Antunes B, Sniegula S. The genomic response to urbanization in the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1805-1818. [PMID: 38029064 PMCID: PMC10681423 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex and rapid environmental changes brought about by urbanization pose significant challenges to organisms. The multifaceted effects of urbanization often make it difficult to define and pinpoint the very nature of adaptive urban phenotypes. In such situations, scanning genomes for regions differentiated between urban and non-urban populations may be an attractive approach. Here, we investigated the genomic signatures of adaptation to urbanization in the damselfly Ischnura elegans sampled from 31 rural and urban localities in three geographic regions: southern and northern Poland, and southern Sweden. Genome-wide variation was assessed using more than 370,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped by ddRADseq. Associations between SNPs and the level of urbanization were tested using two genetic environment association methods: Latent Factors Mixed Models and BayPass. While we found numerous candidate SNPs and a highly significant overlap between candidates identified by the two methods within the geographic regions, there was a distinctive lack of repeatability between the geographic regions both at the level of individual SNPs and of genomic regions. However, we found "synapse organization" at the top of the functional categories enriched among the genes located in the proximity of the candidate urbanization SNPs. Interestingly, the overall significance of "synapse organization" was built up by the accretion of different genes associated with candidate SNPs in different geographic regions. This finding is consistent with the highly polygenic nature of adaptation, where the response may be achieved through a subtle adjustment of allele frequencies in different genes that contribute to adaptive phenotypes. Taken together, our results point to a polygenic adaptive response in the nervous system, specifically implicating genes involved in synapse organization, which mirrors the findings from several genomic and behavioral studies of adaptation to urbanization in other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Babik
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - K. Dudek
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - M. Marszałek
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - G. Palomar
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological SciencesComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - B. Antunes
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - S. Sniegula
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
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20
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Fukano Y, Yamori W, Misu H, Sato MP, Shirasawa K, Tachiki Y, Uchida K. From green to red: Urban heat stress drives leaf color evolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq3542. [PMID: 37862418 PMCID: PMC10588939 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of impervious surface and resulting higher temperatures in urban areas, known as urban heat islands, comprises prominent characteristics in global cities. However, it is not known whether and how urban plants adapt to such heat stress. This study focused on Oxalis corniculata, which has intraspecific polymorphism in leaf color (green and red) and examined whether the leaf color variation is associated with urban heat stress. Field observations revealed that green-leaved plants were dominant in green habitats, and red-leaved individuals were dominant in urban habitats, at local (<500 meters), landscape (<50 kilometers), and global scales. Growth and photosynthesis experiments demonstrated that red-leaved individuals performed better under heat stress, while green-leaved individuals performed better under nonstressful conditions. Genome-wide SNP analysis suggests that the red leaf may have evolved multiple times from the ancestral green leaf. Overall, the results suggest that the red leaves of O. corniculata observed in cities worldwide are evidence of plant adaptive evolution due to urban heat islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fukano
- Graduate School of Horticulture Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayata Misu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko P. Sato
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenta Shirasawa
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuya Tachiki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Uchida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Salmón P, López-Idiáquez D, Capilla-Lasheras P, Pérez-Tris J, Isaksson C, Watson H. Urbanisation impacts plumage colouration in a songbird across Europe: Evidence from a correlational, experimental and meta-analytical approach. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1924-1936. [PMID: 37574652 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation is accelerating across the globe, transforming landscapes, presenting organisms with novel challenges, shaping phenotypes and impacting fitness. Urban individuals are claimed to have duller carotenoid-based colouration, compared to their non-urban counterparts, the so-called 'urban dullness' phenomenon. However, at the intraspecific level, this generalisation is surprisingly inconsistent and often based on comparisons of single urban/non-urban populations or studies from a limited geographical area. Here, we combine correlational, experimental and meta-analytical data on a common songbird, the great tit Parus major, to investigate carotenoid-based plumage colouration in urban and forest populations across Europe. We find that, as predicted, urban individuals are paler than forest individuals, although there are large population-specific differences in the magnitude of the urban-forest contrast in colouration. Using one focal region (Malmö, Sweden), we reveal population-specific processes behind plumage colouration differences, which are unlikely to be the result of genetic or early-life conditions, but instead a consequence of environmental factors acting after fledging. Finally, our meta-analysis indicates that the urban dullness phenomenon is well established in the literature, for great tits, with consistent changes in carotenoid-based plumage traits, particularly carotenoid chroma, in response to anthropogenic disturbances. Overall, our results provide evidence for uniformity in the 'urban dullness' phenomenon but also highlight that the magnitude of the effect on colouration depends on local urban characteristics. Future long-term replicated studies, covering a wider range of species and feeding guilds, will be essential to further our understanding of the eco-evolutionary implications of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Salmón
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David López-Idiáquez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pablo Capilla-Lasheras
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Javier Pérez-Tris
- Evolution and Conservation Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Hannah Watson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Kuo WH, Small LL, Olsen KM. Variable expression of cyanide detoxification and tolerance genes in cyanogenic and acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16233. [PMID: 37661820 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE β-Cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) and alternative oxidase (AOX) play important roles in the ability of plants to detoxify and tolerate hydrogen cyanide (HCN). These functions are critical for all plants because HCN is produced at low levels during basic metabolic processes, and especially for cyanogenic species, which release high levels of HCN following tissue damage. However, expression of β-CAS and Aox genes has not been examined in cyanogenic species, nor compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes within a species. METHODS We used a natural polymorphism for cyanogenesis in white clover to examine β-CAS and Aox gene expression in relation to cyanogenesis-associated HCN exposure. We identified all β-CAS and Aox gene copies present in the genome, including members of the Aox1, Aox2a, and Aox2d subfamilies previously reported in legumes. Expression levels were compared between cyanogenic and acyanogenic genotypes and between damaged and undamaged leaf tissue. RESULTS β-CAS and Aox2a expression was differentially elevated in cyanogenic genotypes, and tissue damage was not required to induce this increased expression. Aox2d, in contrast, appeared to be upregulated as a generalized wounding response. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a heightened constitutive role for HCN detoxification (via elevated β-CAS expression) and HCN-toxicity mitigation (via elevated Aox2a expression) in plants that are capable of cyanogenesis. As such, freezing-induced cyanide autotoxicity is unlikely to be the primary selective factor in the evolution of climate-associated cyanogenesis clines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsi Kuo
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Linda L Small
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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23
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Liang H, He YD, Theodorou P, Yang CF. The effects of urbanization on pollinators and pollination: A meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1629-1642. [PMID: 37345567 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is increasing worldwide, with major impacts on biodiversity, species interactions and ecosystem functioning. Pollination is an ecosystem function vital for terrestrial ecosystems and food security; however, the processes underlying the patterns of pollinator diversity and the ecosystem services they provide in cities have seldom been quantified. Here, we perform a comprehensive meta-analysis of 133 studies examining the effects of urbanization on pollinators and pollination. Our results confirm the widespread negative impacts of urbanization on pollinator richness and abundance, with Lepidoptera being the most affected group. Furthermore, pollinator responses were found to be trait-specific, with below-ground nesting and solitary Hymenoptera, and spring flyers more severely affected by urbanization. Meanwhile, cities promote non-native pollinators, which may exacerbate conservation risks to native species. Surprisingly, despite the negative effects of urbanization on pollinator diversity, pollination service measured as seed set is enhanced in non-tropical cities likely due to abundant generalists and managed pollinators therein. We emphasize that the richness of local flowering plants could mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization on pollinator diversity. Overall, the results demonstrate the varying magnitudes of multiple moderators on urban pollinators and pollination services and could help guide conservation actions for biodiversity and ecosystem function for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- Core Botanical Gardens/Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Deng He
- Core Botanical Gardens/Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chun-Feng Yang
- Core Botanical Gardens/Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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24
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Santangelo JS, Battlay P, Hendrickson BT, Kuo WH, Olsen KM, Kooyers NJ, Johnson MTJ, Hodgins KA, Ness RW. Haplotype-Resolved, Chromosome-Level Assembly of White Clover (Trifolium repens L., Fabaceae). Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad146. [PMID: 37542471 PMCID: PMC10433932 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
White clover (Trifolium repens L.; Fabaceae) is an important forage and cover crop in agricultural pastures around the world and is increasingly used in evolutionary ecology and genetics to understand the genetic basis of adaptation. Historically, improvements in white clover breeding practices and assessments of genetic variation in nature have been hampered by a lack of high-quality genomic resources for this species, owing in part to its high heterozygosity and allotetraploid hybrid origin. Here, we use PacBio HiFi and chromosome conformation capture (Omni-C) technologies to generate a chromosome-level, haplotype-resolved genome assembly for white clover totaling 998 Mbp (scaffold N50 = 59.3 Mbp) and 1 Gbp (scaffold N50 = 58.6 Mbp) for haplotypes 1 and 2, respectively, with each haplotype arranged into 16 chromosomes (8 per subgenome). We additionally provide a functionally annotated haploid mapping assembly (968 Mbp, scaffold N50 = 59.9 Mbp), which drastically improves on the existing reference assembly in both contiguity and assembly accuracy. We annotated 78,174 protein-coding genes, resulting in protein BUSCO completeness scores of 99.6% and 99.3% against the embryophyta_odb10 and fabales_odb10 lineage datasets, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Santangelo
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Battlay
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Wen-Hsi Kuo
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenneth M Olsen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kooyers
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rob W Ness
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Palacio FX, Ordano M. Urbanization shapes phenotypic selection of fruit traits in a seed-dispersal mutualism. Evolution 2023; 77:1769-1779. [PMID: 37128948 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is currently one of the trademarks of the Anthropocene, accelerating evolutionary processes and reshaping ecological interactions over short time scales. Species interactions represent a fundamental pillar of diversity that is being altered globally by anthropogenic change. Urban environments, despite their potential impact, have seldom been studied in relation to how they shape natural selection of phenotypic traits in multispecies interactions. Using a seed-dispersal mutualism as a study system, we estimated the regime and magnitude of phenotypic selection exerted by frugivores on fruit and seed traits across three plant populations with different degrees of urbanization (urban, semiurban, and rural). Urbanization weakened phenotypic selection via an indirect positive impact on fruit production and fitness and, to a lesser extent, through a direct positive effect on species visitation rates. Our results show that urban ecosystems may affect multifarious selection of traits in the short term and highlight the role of humans in shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics of multispecies interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo X Palacio
- Sección Ornitología, División Zoología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariano Ordano
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Yerba Buena, Argentina
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26
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Michaud R, Hagey TJ, De León LF, Revell LJ, Avilés-Rodríguez KJ. Geometric Morphometric Assessment of Toe Shape in Forest and Urban Lizards Following Hurricane Disturbances. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad025. [PMID: 37521144 PMCID: PMC10384016 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that hurricanes can influence the evolution of organisms, with phenotypic traits involved in adhesion, such as the toepads of arboreal lizards, being particularly susceptible to natural selection imposed by hurricanes. To investigate this idea, we quantified trait variation before and after Hurricanes Irma and Maria (2017) in forest and urban populations of the Puerto Rican lizard Anolis cristatellus. We found that the hurricanes affected toe morphology differently between forest and urban sites. In particular, toepads of the forefeet were longer and narrower in forest, but wider in urban populations, compared to pre-hurricane measures. Toepads of the hind feet were larger in area following the hurricanes. Fore and rear toes increased in length following the hurricane. There were no changes in the number of lamellae scales or lamellae spacing, but lamellae 6-11 of the forefeet shifted proximally following the hurricane. We also measured clinging performance and toe shape. We found that toepad area and toe lengths were stronger predictors of adhesive forces than toepad shape. Our results highlight an interaction between urbanization and hurricanes, demonstrating the importance to consider how urban species will respond to extreme weather events. Additionally, our different results for fore and rear feet highlight the importance of evaluating both of these traits when measuring the morphological response to hurricanes in arboreal lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michaud
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - T J Hagey
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Mississippi University for Women, 1100 College Street, Columbus, MS 39701, USA
| | - L F De León
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - L J Revell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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27
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Eisenhauer N, Angst G, Asato AEB, Beugnon R, Bönisch E, Cesarz S, Dietrich P, Jurburg SD, Madaj AM, Reuben RC, Ristok C, Sünnemann M, Yi H, Guerra CA, Hines J. The heterogeneity-diversity-system performance nexus. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad109. [PMID: 37575691 PMCID: PMC10423029 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever-growing human population and nutritional demands, supply chain disruptions, and advancing climate change have led to the realization that changes in diversity and system performance are intimately linked. Moreover, diversity and system performance depend on heterogeneity. Mitigating changes in system performance and promoting sustainable living conditions requires transformative decisions. Here, we introduce the heterogeneity-diversity-system performance (HDP) nexus as the conceptual basis upon which to formulate transformative decisions. We suggest that managing the heterogeneity of systems will best allow diversity to provide multiple benefits to people. Based on ecological theory, we pose that the HDP nexus is broadly applicable across systems, disciplines, and sectors, and should thus be considered in future decision making as a way to have a more sustainable global future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Gerrit Angst
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana E B Asato
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Stephanstraße 3, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Elisabeth Bönisch
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Peter Dietrich
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Stephanie D Jurburg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Madaj
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Rine C Reuben
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Christian Ristok
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Marie Sünnemann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Huimin Yi
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
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28
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Costan CA, Godsoe W, Bufford JL, Hulme PE. Comparing the Above and Below-Ground Chemical Defences of Three Rumex Species Between Their Native and Introduced Provenances. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:276-286. [PMID: 37121960 PMCID: PMC10495513 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Compared to their native range, non-native plants often experience reduced levels of herbivory in the introduced range. This may result in reduced pressure to produce chemical defences that act against herbivores. We measured the most abundant secondary metabolites found in Rumex spp., namely oxalates, phenols and tannins. To test this hypothesis, we compared native (UK) and introduced (NZ) provenances of three different Rumex species (R. obtusifolius, R. crispus and R. conglomeratus, Polygonaceae) to assess whether any significant differences existed in their levels of chemical defences in either leaves and roots. All three species have previously been shown to support a lower diversity of insect herbivores and experience less herbivory in the introduced range. We further examined leaf herbivory on plants from both provenances when grown together in a common garden experiment in New Zealand to test whether any differences in damage might be consistent with variation in the quantity of chemical defences. We found that two Rumex species (R. obtusifolius and R. crispus) showed no evidence for a reduction in chemical defences, while a third (R. conglomeratus) showed only limited evidence. The common garden experiment revealed that the leaves analysed had low levels of herbivory (~ 0.5%) with no differences in damage between provenances for any of the three study species. Roots tended to have a higher concentration of tannins than shoots, but again showed no difference between the provenances. As such, the findings of this study provide no evidence for lower plant investments in chemical defences, suggesting that other factors explain the success of Rumex spp. in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian-Andrei Costan
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury 7647 New Zealand
- Foundation for Arable Research, Templeton, Canterbury 7678 New Zealand
| | - William Godsoe
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury 7647 New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L. Bufford
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury 7647 New Zealand
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury 7647 New Zealand
| | - Philip E. Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury 7647 New Zealand
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29
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Schroeder H, Grab H, Poveda K. Phenotypic clines in herbivore resistance and reproductive traits in wild plants along an agricultural gradient. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286050. [PMID: 37256895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of natural landscapes to agriculture is a leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. While many studies examine how landscape modification affects species diversity, a trait-based approach can provide new insights into species responses to environmental change. Wild plants persisting in heavily modified landscapes provide a unique opportunity to examine species' responses to land use change. Trait expression within a community plays an important role in structuring species interactions, highlighting the potential implications of landscape mediated trait changes on ecosystem functioning. Here we test the effect of increasing agricultural landscape modification on defensive and reproductive traits in three commonly occurring Brassicaceae species to evaluate plant responses to landscape change. We collected seeds from populations at spatially separated sites with variation in surrounding agricultural land cover and grew them in a greenhouse common garden, measuring defensive traits through an herbivore no-choice bioassay as well as reproductive traits such as flower size and seed set. In two of the three species, plants originating from agriculturally dominant landscapes expressed a consistent reduction in flower size and herbivore leaf consumption. One species also showed reduced fitness associated with increasingly agricultural landscapes. These findings demonstrate that wild plants are responding to landscape modification, suggesting that the conversion of natural landscapes to agriculture has consequences for wild plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Schroeder
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Grab
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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30
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Lin Z, Zhu Z, Zhuang M, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Gao F, Niu Q, Ji T. Effects of local domestication warrant attention in honey bee population genetics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7917. [PMID: 37134176 PMCID: PMC10156114 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees, Apis mellifera, have for millennia been managed and exploited by humans and introduced into most suitable regions worldwide. However, given the lack of records for many introduction events, treating A. mellifera populations as native would predictably bias genetic studies regarding origin and evolution. Here, we used the Dongbei bee, a well-documented population, introduced beyond the natural distribution range approximately 100 years ago, to elucidate the effects of local domestication on animal population genetic analyses. Strong domestication pressure was detected in this population, and the genetic divergence between Dongbei bee and its ancestral subspecies was found to have occurred at the lineage level. Results of phylogenetic and time divergence analyses could consequently be misinterpreted. Proposing new subspecies or lineages and performing analyses of origin should thus strive to eliminate anthropogenic effects. We highlight the need for definitions of landrace and breed in honey bee sciences and make preliminary suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheguang Lin
- Apicultural Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhongxu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingliang Zhuang
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin 132108, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin 132108, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Apicultural Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fuchao Gao
- Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mudanjiang 157043, China
| | - Qingsheng Niu
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin 132108, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Apicultural Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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31
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Winchell KM, Losos JB, Verrelli BC. Urban evolutionary ecology brings exaptation back into focus. Trends Ecol Evol 2023:S0169-5347(23)00060-5. [PMID: 37024381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of pre-existing phenotypic variation to evolution in novel environments has long been appreciated. Nevertheless, evolutionary ecologists have struggled with communicating these aspects of the adaptive process. In 1982, Gould and Vrba proposed terminology to distinguish character states shaped via natural selection for the roles they currently serve ('adaptations') from those shaped under preceding selective regimes ('exaptations'), with the intention of replacing the inaccurate 'preadaptation'. Forty years later, we revisit Gould and Vrba's ideas which, while often controversial, continue to be widely debated and highly cited. We use the recent emergence of urban evolutionary ecology as a timely opportunity to reintroduce the ideas of Gould and Vrba as an integrated framework to understand contemporary evolution in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Winchell
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Brian C Verrelli
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Emad Fadoul H, Albano LJ, Bergman ME, Phillips MA, Johnson MTJ. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of the Hydrogen Cyanide Antiherbivore Defense in Trifolium repens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1213. [PMID: 36986901 PMCID: PMC10056272 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of plant defenses against herbivores requires identifying the benefits and costs of defense. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the benefits and costs of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) defense against herbivory on white clover (Trifolium repens) are temperature dependent. We first tested how temperature affected HCN production in vitro, and then examined how temperature influenced the efficacy of HCN defense of T. repens against a generalist slug (Deroceras reticulatum) herbivore using no-choice and choice feeding trial assays. To understand how temperature affected the costs of defense, plants were exposed to freezing, and HCN production, photosynthetic activity, and ATP concentration were quantified. HCN production increased linearly from 5 °C to 50 °C, and cyanogenic plants experienced reduced herbivory compared to acyanogenic plants only at warmer temperatures when fed upon by young slugs. Freezing temperatures induced cyanogenesis in T. repens and decreased chlorophyll fluorescence. Cyanogenic plants experienced lower ATP levels than acyanogenic plants due to freezing. Our study provides evidence that the benefits of HCN defense against herbivores are temperature dependent, and freezing may inhibit ATP production in cyanogenic plants, but the physiological performance of all plants recovered quickly following short-term freezing. These results contribute to understanding how varying environments alter the benefits and costs of defense in a model system for the study of plant chemical defenses against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Emad Fadoul
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lucas J. Albano
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Bergman
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Michael A. Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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33
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Qu J, Bonte D, Vandegehuchte ML. Hydrogen cyanide, a key plant defense, as a potential driver of root-associated nematode communities along urbanization gradients. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPlant chemical defenses can influence the distribution, community composition, and abundance of soil biota. Urbanization plays a key role in shaping soil biotic communities either directly through changes in soil properties or indirectly via changes in plant characteristics such as defense traits. The effects of urbanization and plant defenses on the abundance and structure of aboveground plant-associated communities have been studied, yet their effects on belowground root-associated communities are poorly understood.MethodsHere we sampled white clover (Trifolium repens L.) leaves and roots along urban–rural gradients in the cities of Antwerp and Ghent, Belgium. We measured production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in leaves, a known defense trait against herbivores, and abundances of different feeding guilds of nematodes associated with the roots.ResultsWe found that HCN production decreased with increasing levels of urbanization in both cities. Urbanization was significantly correlated with shifts in root-associated nematode community structure in Antwerp but not in Ghent. Responses of nematode feeding guilds and trophic groups to urbanization were highly dependent on the clovers’ HCN production, especially in Ghent. Changes in nematode channel ratio in Antwerp indicated that urban root-associated nematode communities of white clover were more strongly dominated by fungivorous nematodes.DiscussionOur results demonstrate that urbanization is driving changes in a plant phenotypic trait and in the community structure of root-associated nematodes, as well as that both changes interact. Plant defense mechanisms could thus help elucidate the effects of urbanization on root-associated biota communities. As strong differences existed between the two studied cities, the particular properties of cities should be taken into account to better understand the direction and strength of phenotypic trait changes driven by urbanization.
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Dauphin B, Rellstab C, Wüest RO, Karger DN, Holderegger R, Gugerli F, Manel S. Re-thinking the environment in landscape genomics. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:261-274. [PMID: 36402651 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the extrinsic selective pressures shaping genomic variation is critical for a better understanding of adaptation and for forecasting evolutionary responses of natural populations to changing environmental conditions. With increasing availability of geo-referenced environmental data, landscape genomics provides unprecedented insights into how genomic variation and underlying gene functions affect traits potentially under selection. Yet, the robustness of genotype-environment associations used in landscape genomics remains tempered due to various limitations, including the characteristics of environmental data used, sampling designs employed, and statistical frameworks applied. Here, we argue that using complementary or new environmental data sources and well-informed sampling designs may help improve the detection of selective pressures underlying patterns of local adaptation in various organisms and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dauphin
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | | | - Rafael O Wüest
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Dirk N Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Holderegger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH, Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Gugerli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Manel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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35
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Touchard F, Simon A, Bierne N, Viard F. Urban rendezvous along the seashore: Ports as Darwinian field labs for studying marine evolution in the Anthropocene. Evol Appl 2023; 16:560-579. [PMID: 36793678 PMCID: PMC9923491 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have built ports on all the coasts of the world, allowing people to travel, exploit the sea, and develop trade. The proliferation of these artificial habitats and the associated maritime traffic is not predicted to fade in the coming decades. Ports share common characteristics: Species find themselves in novel singular environments, with particular abiotic properties-e.g., pollutants, shading, protection from wave action-within novel communities in a melting pot of invasive and native taxa. Here, we discuss how this drives evolution, including setting up of new connectivity hubs and gateways, adaptive responses to exposure to new chemicals or new biotic communities, and hybridization between lineages that would have never come into contact naturally. There are still important knowledge gaps, however, such as the lack of experimental tests to distinguish adaptation from acclimation processes, the lack of studies to understand the putative threats of port lineages to natural populations or to better understand the outcomes and fitness effects of anthropogenic hybridization. We thus call for further research examining "biological portuarization," defined as the repeated evolution of marine species in port ecosystems under human-altered selective pressures. Furthermore, we argue that ports act as giant mesocosms often isolated from the open sea by seawalls and locks and so provide replicated life-size evolutionary experiments essential to support predictive evolutionary sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Simon
- ISEM, EPHE, IRDUniversité MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Center of Population Biology and Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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36
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Rivkin LR, de Andrade AC. Increased herbivory but not cyanogenesis is associated with urbanization in a tropical wildflower. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ruth Rivkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Toronto Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments University of Toronto Mississauga Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Antonio C. de Andrade
- Universidade Federal da Paraiba Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente Rio Tinto PB Brazil
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37
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Napier JD, Heckman RW, Juenger TE. Gene-by-environment interactions in plants: Molecular mechanisms, environmental drivers, and adaptive plasticity. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:109-124. [PMID: 36342220 PMCID: PMC9806611 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants demonstrate a broad range of responses to environmental shifts. One of the most remarkable responses is plasticity, which is the ability of a single plant genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli. As with all traits, the ability of plasticity to evolve depends on the presence of underlying genetic diversity within a population. A common approach for evaluating the role of genetic variation in driving differences in plasticity has been to study genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E). G × E occurs when genotypes produce different phenotypic trait values in response to different environments. In this review, we highlight progress and promising methods for identifying the key environmental and genetic drivers of G × E. Specifically, methodological advances in using algorithmic and multivariate approaches to understand key environmental drivers combined with new genomic innovations can greatly increase our understanding about molecular responses to environmental stimuli. These developing approaches can be applied to proliferating common garden networks that capture broad natural environmental gradients to unravel the underlying mechanisms of G × E. An increased understanding of G × E can be used to enhance the resilience and productivity of agronomic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Napier
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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38
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Capilla‐Lasheras P, Thompson MJ, Sánchez‐Tójar A, Haddou Y, Branston CJ, Réale D, Charmantier A, Dominoni DM. A global meta-analysis reveals higher variation in breeding phenology in urban birds than in their non-urban neighbours. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2552-2570. [PMID: 36136999 PMCID: PMC9826320 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cities pose a major ecological challenge for wildlife worldwide. Phenotypic variation, which can result from underlying genetic variation or plasticity, is an important metric to understand eco-evolutionary responses to environmental change. Recent work suggests that urban populations might have higher levels of phenotypic variation than non-urban counterparts. This prediction, however, has never been tested across species nor over a broad geographical range. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of the avian literature to compare urban versus non-urban means and variation in phenology (i.e. lay date) and reproductive effort (i.e. clutch size, number of fledglings). First, we show that urban populations reproduce earlier and have smaller broods than non-urban conspecifics. Second, we show that urban populations have higher phenotypic variation in laying date than non-urban populations. This result arises from differences between populations within breeding seasons, conceivably due to higher landscape heterogeneity in urban habitats. These findings reveal a novel effect of urbanisation on animal life histories with potential implications for species adaptation to urban environments (which will require further investigation). The higher variation in phenology in birds subjected to urban disturbance could result from plastic responses to a heterogeneous environment, or from higher genetic variation in phenology, possibly linked to higher evolutionary potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Capilla‐Lasheras
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Megan J. Thompson
- Département des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontrealCanada,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveUniversité de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Yacob Haddou
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Claire J. Branston
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontrealCanada
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveUniversité de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Davide M. Dominoni
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Winchell KM, Aviles‐Rodriguez KJ, Carlen EJ, Miles LS, Charmantier A, De León LF, Gotanda KM, Rivkin LR, Szulkin M, Verrelli BC. Moving past the challenges and misconceptions in urban adaptation research. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9552. [PMID: 36425909 PMCID: PMC9679025 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the field of urban evolutionary ecology has recently expanded, much progress has been made in identifying adaptations that arise as a result of selective pressures within these unique environments. However, as studies within urban environments have rapidly increased, researchers have recognized that there are challenges and opportunities in characterizing urban adaptation. Some of these challenges are a consequence of increased direct and indirect human influence, which compounds long-recognized issues with research on adaptive evolution more generally. In this perspective, we discuss several common research challenges to urban adaptation related to (1) methodological approaches, (2) trait-environment relationships and the natural history of organisms, (3) agents and targets of selection, and (4) habitat heterogeneity. Ignoring these challenges may lead to misconceptions and further impede our ability to draw conclusions regarding evolutionary and ecological processes in urban environments. Our goal is to first shed light on the conceptual challenges of conducting urban adaptation research to help avoid the propagation of these misconceptions. We further summarize potential strategies to move forward productively to construct a more comprehensive picture of urban adaptation, and discuss how urban environments also offer unique opportunities and applications for adaptation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Winchell
- Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kevin J. Aviles‐Rodriguez
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiologyFordham UniversityBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Carlen
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of BiologyFordham UniversityBronxNew YorkUSA
- Living Earth CollaborativeWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Lindsay S. Miles
- Center for Biological Data ScienceVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveUniversité de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Luis F. De León
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Department of BiologyUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuebecCanada
- Department of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySt. Catharine'sOntarioCanada
| | - L. Ruth Rivkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Urban EnvironmentsUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaOntarioCanada
| | - Marta Szulkin
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- Center for Biological Data ScienceVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
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40
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Owens ACS, Van den Broeck M, De Cock R, Lewis SM. Behavioral responses of bioluminescent fireflies to artificial light at night. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.946640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescent insects have been the subject of scientific interest and popular wonder for millennia. But in the 21st century, the fireflies, click beetles, and cave glow-worms that brighten our nights are threatened by an unprecedented competitor: anthropogenic light pollution. Artificial lights can obscure the light-based signals on which these and other bioluminescent organisms rely to court mates, deter predators, and attract prey. In the following review we summarize a recent influx of research into the behavioral consequences of artificial light at night for firefly beetles (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), which we organize into four distinct courtship signaling systems. We conclude by highlighting several opportunities for further research to advance this emerging field and by offering a set of up-to-date lighting recommendations that can help land managers and other stakeholders balance public safety and ecological sustainability.
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41
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Biedrzycka A, Fijarczyk A, Kloch A, Porth IM. Editorial: Genomic basis of adaptations to new environments in expansive and invasive species. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.974649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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42
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Miles LS, Murray‐Stoker D, Nhan VJ, Johnson MTJ. Effects of urbanization on specialist insect communities of milkweed are mediated by spatial and temporal variation. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. Miles
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - David Murray‐Stoker
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vanessa J. Nhan
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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43
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Verrelli BC, Alberti M, Des Roches S, Harris NC, Hendry AP, Johnson MTJ, Savage AM, Charmantier A, Gotanda KM, Govaert L, Miles LS, Rivkin LR, Winchell KM, Brans KI, Correa C, Diamond SE, Fitzhugh B, Grimm NB, Hughes S, Marzluff JM, Munshi-South J, Rojas C, Santangelo JS, Schell CJ, Schweitzer JA, Szulkin M, Urban MC, Zhou Y, Ziter C. A global horizon scan for urban evolutionary ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:1006-1019. [PMID: 35995606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Research on the evolutionary ecology of urban areas reveals how human-induced evolutionary changes affect biodiversity and essential ecosystem services. In a rapidly urbanizing world imposing many selective pressures, a time-sensitive goal is to identify the emergent issues and research priorities that affect the ecology and evolution of species within cities. Here, we report the results of a horizon scan of research questions in urban evolutionary ecology submitted by 100 interdisciplinary scholars. We identified 30 top questions organized into six themes that highlight priorities for future research. These research questions will require methodological advances and interdisciplinary collaborations, with continued revision as the field of urban evolutionary ecology expands with the rapid growth of cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Verrelli
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Marina Alberti
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Simone Des Roches
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nyeema C Harris
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Amy M Savage
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | | | - Kiyoko M Gotanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay S Miles
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - L Ruth Rivkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kristin M Winchell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kristien I Brans
- Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristian Correa
- Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Centro de Humedales Río Cruces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Sarah E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ben Fitzhugh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy B Grimm
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sara Hughes
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John M Marzluff
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jason Munshi-South
- Louis Calder Center & Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Armonk, NY 10504, USA
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales, Centro de Desarrollo Sustentable CEDEUS, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, El Comendador 1916, Providencia, 7500000, Santiago, Chile
| | - James S Santangelo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Christopher J Schell
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37917, USA
| | - Marta Szulkin
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mark C Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuyu Zhou
- Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Carly Ziter
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
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Smit JAH, Cronin AD, van der Wiel I, Oteman B, Ellers J, Halfwerk W. Interactive and independent effects of light and noise pollution on sexual signaling in frogs. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.934661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization drastically changes environmental conditions, including the introduction of sensory pollutants, such as artificial light at night (ALAN) and anthropogenic noise. To settle in urban habitats, animals need to cope with this new sensory environment. On a short timescale, animals might cope with sensory pollutants via behavioral adjustments, such as changes in sexual signaling, which can have important fitness consequences. While ALAN and anthropogenic noise generally co-occur in urban habitats and are known to be able to interact to modify behavioral responses, few studies have addressed their combined impact. Our aim was, therefore, to assess the effects of ALAN, anthropogenic noise, and their interaction on sexual signaling in túngara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus). We observed the calling behavior of frogs in urban and forest areas, and subsequently recorded these frogs in a laboratory set-up while independently manipulating light and noise levels. Frogs in urban areas called with a higher call rate and complexity, which was correlated with local sensory conditions. Furthermore, our lab experiment revealed that ALAN can directly alter sexual signaling independently as well as in combination with anthropogenic noise. Exposure to ALAN alone increased call amplitude, whereas a combination of ALAN and anthropogenic noise interacted to lead to a higher call complexity and amplitude. Overall, the response patterns consistently showed that exposure to ALAN and anthropogenic noise led to more conspicuous sexual signals than expected based on the additive effects of single pollutants. Our results support the notion that urban and forest population differences in sexual signaling can be partially explained by exposure to ALAN and anthropogenic noise. Furthermore, by demonstrating interactive effects between light and noise pollution, our study highlights the importance of examining the effects of multisensory pollution, instead of single pollutants, when trying to understand phenotypic divergence in urbanized vs. natural areas.
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Theodorou P. The effects of urbanisation on ecological interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 52:100922. [PMID: 35490874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cities are expanding worldwide and urbanisation is considered a global threat to biodiversity. Urban ecology has provided important insights on how urban environmental changes might affect individuals, populations, and species; however, we know little about how the ecological impacts of urbanisation alter species interactions. Species interactions are the backbone of ecological communities and play a crucial role in population and community dynamics and in the generation, maintenance and structure of biodiversity. Here, I review urban ecological studies to identify key mechanistic pathways through which urban environmental processes could alter antagonistic and mutualistic interactions among species. More specifically, I focus on insect predation, parasitoidism and herbivory, competition, insect host-pathogen interactions, and pollination. I furthermore identify important knowledge gaps that require additional research attention and I suggest future research directions that may help to shed light on the mechanisms that affect species interactions and structure insect communities and will thus aid conservation management in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Will Brazilian City Dwellers Actively Engage in Urban Conservation? A Case Study with the Charismatic Neotropical Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). BIRDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/birds3020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) is a charismatic and easily recognized species. While they are classified as being of “least concern” in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, their populations are declining. In Brazil, the accelerated destruction of one of its key habitats, the Cerrado biome, is a principal cause of their decreasing abundance. As with other species affected by loss of the Cerrado, active conservation measures are required. While usually rare in urban ecosystems, Ara ararauna occurs and breeds in small numbers in the city of Rondonópolis, a medium-sized city located in Mato Grosso, Central-West Region of Brazil. Blue-and-yellow macaw pairs nest in the tops of dead palm trees, but as the macaws are nest-site limited and suitable dead trees are scarce in urban areas, the installation of artificial nest sites in domestic backyards could help that urban population to thrive. To investigate whether local people would be willing to engage with conservation efforts and in particular to support macaw conservation, we surveyed the attitudes of Rondonópolis residents to measure: (1) citizens’ preferences among the bird species that occur in the city; (2) the average area of their yards, and (3) the willingness of residents to: (a) plant fruit trees to attract macaws to their yards and (b) to install artificial nests in their yards. Larger and more colorful birds (Ara ararauna, the Red-and-green macaw Ara chloropterus and Toco Toucan Ramphastos toco) were the bird species most valued across all socio-economic groups, suggesting that the charismatic species would be more likely to be supported by urbanites. Overall, people had good biodiversity knowledge, with respondents being able to identify half of our sample of local bird species, on average, and almost half had seen a nest site. The great majority were willing to plant fruit trees (78%) and provide nest sites (70%) for macaws. This willingness to engage was not affected by socioeconomic differences. These data indicate that a municipal macaw conservation program could be successful in Rondonópolis, and we argue that macaws could be a flagship species which would benefit wider efforts to engage Brazilian urbanites in active engagement with nature.
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