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Pan H, Ji Q, Zhao M, Zheng Z, Lu X, Feng Y, Gan L, Ye J, Wan J, Ye D. IL-12p40 deletion reduces M1 macrophage polarization and alleviates cardiac remodeling via regulating Th17 cells differentiation, but not γδT 17 cells, in TAC mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 974:176602. [PMID: 38677538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interleukin (IL) -12 p40 subunit is the common subunit of IL-12 and IL-23. It affects the immune inflammatory response, which may be closely related to cardiac remodeling. In this study, the regulatory effect of IL-12p40 knockout (KO) on cardiac remodeling was investigated, and the underlying mechanism was explored. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to establish a model of cardiac remodeling. First, IL-12p40 was deleted to observe its effects on cardiac remodeling and cardiac inflammation, and the results showed that IL-12p40 deletion reduced both T helper 17 (Th17) and γδT17 cell differentiation, decreased proinflammatory macrophage differentiation, alleviated cardiac remodeling, and relieved cardiac dysfunction in TAC mice. Next, we explored whether IL-17 regulated TAC-induced cardiac remodeling, and the results showed that IL-17 neutralization alleviated proinflammatory macrophage differentiation and cardiac remodeling in IL-12p40 knockout mice and WT mice. Neutralization with cluster of differentiation 4 receptor (CD4) and γδ T-cell receptor (γδTCR) antibodies inhibited pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and improved cardiac remodeling, and CD4 neutralizing antibody (NAb) had more significant effects. Finally, adoptive transfer of Th17 cells aggravated proinflammatory macrophage differentiation and cardiac remodeling in TAC-treated CD4 KO mice, while neutralization with the IL-12p40 antibody alleviated these pathological changes. CONCLUSION Mainly Th17 cells but not γδT17 cells secrete IL-17, which mediates IL-12p40, promotes the polarization of proinflammatory macrophages, and exacerbates cardiac remodeling in TAC mice. IL-12p40 may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530000, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zihui Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yongqi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Liren Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Atehortua L, Sean Davidson W, Chougnet CA. Interactions Between HDL and CD4+ T Cells: A Novel Understanding of HDL Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1191-1201. [PMID: 38660807 PMCID: PMC11111342 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.320851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Several studies in animal models and human cohorts have recently suggested that HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) not only modulate innate immune responses but also adaptative immune responses, particularly CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are central effectors and regulators of the adaptive immune system, and any alterations in their homeostasis contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, autoimmunity, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on how HDLs and their components affect CD4+ T-cell homeostasis by modulating cholesterol efflux, immune synapsis, proliferation, differentiation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. While the effects of apoB-containing lipoproteins on T cells have been relatively well established, this review focuses specifically on new connections between HDL and CD4+ T cells. We present a model where HDL may modulate T cells through both direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Atehortua
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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Wang C, Liu S, Yang Y, Kamronbek R, Ni S, Cheng Y, Zhou C, Yan H, Li L, Liu H, Wang Y, Qin Y, Yin C, Zhang M. Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-17 are associated with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 2024; 47:e24188. [PMID: 38146141 PMCID: PMC10823557 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to examine the correlation between serum cytokine levels and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD), a leading cause of mortality globally, which is known to have a strong association with inflammatory factors. The study further sought to determine the predictors of CAD to distinguish patients with coronary artery lesions from those suspected of having CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, 487 patients who underwent coronary angiography as a result of suspected CAD but without acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were recruited. The serum levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ were measured using a multiplexed particle-based flow cytometric assay technique. The results of the study revealed that the levels of IL-4, IL-12p70, IL-17, IFN-α, and IFN-γ in the CAD group were significantly lower compared to those in the non-CAD group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that two serum cytokines (IL-4 and IL-17), one protective factor (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]), and three risk factors (sex, smoking, and diabetes) were independently predictive of CAD. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combined use of these predictors in a multivariate model demonstrated good predictive performance for CAD, as evidenced by an area under the curve value of 0.826. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicated that serum IL-4 and IL-17 levels serve as independent predictors of CAD. The risk prediction model established in the research, which integrates these serum cytokines (IL-4 and IL-17) with relevant clinical risk factors (gender, smoking, and diabetes) and the protective factor HDL-C, holds the potential to differentiate patients with CAD from those suspected of having CAD but without AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sheng Liu
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yunxiao Yang
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Raimov Kamronbek
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Siyao Ni
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yunjiu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Can Zhou
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huiyuan Yan
- Department of CardiologyHangjinqi People's HospitalInner MongoliaChina
| | - Li Li
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction‐Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel DiseaseCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction‐Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel DiseaseCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chengqian Yin
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Fan H, Zhao J, Mao S, Wang Y, Wang M, Song X, Liu G, Wang C, Wang X, Liang B. Circulating Th17/Treg as a promising biomarker for patients with rheumatoid arthritis in indicating comorbidity with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol 2023; 46:1519-1529. [PMID: 37667491 PMCID: PMC10716320 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune and inflammatory responses have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This study aims to explore the change of peripheral lymphocytes, especially the absolute and relative changes in peripheral T cells in RA patients with and without ASCVD. HYPOTHESIS The changes in the lymphocyte subsets were assessed to provide a novel insight in diagnosing and preventing ASCVD in patients with RA. METHODS A propensity score matching system (1:1) was conducted to perform a matched case-control study with 169 pairs RA-ASCVD and RA participants. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between peripheral lymphocytes and RA-ASCVD. RESULT Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that Th17 cell absolute, Th17 cell Ratio, Th17/Treg were associated with a significantly higher risk of ASCVD after model adjustment. Then we focused on Th17/Treg, multivariate logistic analyses in tri-sectional Th17/Treg groups showed that the odds of ASCVD is gradually increasing with Th17/Treg rank's rising after model adjustment. Finally, the restricted cubic spline of Th17/Treg and odds ratio of RA-ASCVD was conducted. Interestingly, we found a critical point of Th17/Treg (critical point = 0.2399). Th17/Treg shows a protective role in the odds of ASCVD when Th17/Treg < 0.2399. With smaller Th17/Treg, the protective efficiency is more obvious when Th17/Treg < 0.2399. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that increasing absolute and percentage of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RA was associated with the development of ASCVD. And Th17/Treg may be a promising biomarker for patients with RA in indicating comorbidity with ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Fan
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Jianqi Zhao
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Shaobin Mao
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Yongle Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Xiaosu Song
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Gaizhen Liu
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of RheumatologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of RheumatologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxiChina
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Yazman S, Depboylu BC, Saruhan E, Cenikli U, Harmandar B, Arslan K, İlhan G, İştar H. New Biomarkers (Endocan, Interleukin-17, and Thrombospondin-4) for the Diagnosis, Assessment of Severity, and Follow-Up of Peripheral Arterial Disease. Angiology 2023; 74:631-639. [PMID: 37010303 DOI: 10.1177/00033197231166492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the use of endocan, interleukin-17 (IL-17), and thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) blood levels as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Patients with PAD (Rutherford categories I, II, and III) who were admitted between March 2020 and March 2022 for cardiovascular surgery or outpatient clinic follow-up were included. The patients (n = 60) were divided into 2 groups: medical treatment (n = 30) and surgical treatment (n = 30). In addition, a control group (n = 30) was created for comparison. Endocan, IL-17, and TSP-4 blood levels were measured at the time of diagnosis and at the first month after treatment. Endocan and IL-17 values were found to be significantly higher in both groups that underwent medical (259.7 ± 46 pg/mL, 63.7 ± 16.6 pg/mL) and surgical (290.3 ± 84.5 pg/mL, 66.4 ± 19.6 pg/mL) treatment than the control group (187.4 ± 34.5 pg/mL, 56.5 ± 7.2 pg/mL P < .001). Tsp-4 value was found to be significantly higher only in the surgical treatment group (15 ± 4.3 ng/mL) than the control group (12.9 ± 1.4 ng/mL P < .05). The decreases in endocan, IL-17, and TSP-4 levels at the first month of treatment in both groups were also significant (P < .001). A combination of classical and these new biomarkers could be included in PAD screening, early diagnosis, severity determination, and follow-up protocols in order to provide effective assessment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yazman
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Burak Can Depboylu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ercan Saruhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Utku Cenikli
- Department of Neurology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Buğra Harmandar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Kadir Arslan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Gökhan İlhan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Hande İştar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
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Chi CC, Wu YW, Chao TH, Chen CC, Chen YJ, Cheng HM, Chiu HY, Chiu YW, Chung WH, Hsieh TY, Huang PH, Huang YH, Lin SH, Lin TH, Ueng KC, Wang CC, Wang YC, Wu NL, Jia-Yin Hou C, Tsai TF. 2022 Taiwanese Dermatological Association (TDA), Taiwanese Association for Psoriasis and Skin Immunology (TAPSI), and Taiwan Society of cardiology (TSOC) joint consensus recommendations for the management of psoriatic disease with attention to cardiovascular comorbidities. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:442-457. [PMID: 36347733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder with skin and joint manifestations. Due to the persistent inflammatory state exhibited by patients with psoriasis, multiple systemic comorbidities occur more frequently in patients with psoriasis than in the general population, and the risk of cardiovascular (CV) diseases is significantly increased. As the pathophysiology of psoriatic disease is becoming better understood, the sharing of underlying pathogenic mechanisms between psoriatic and CV diseases is becoming increasingly apparent. Consequently, careful attention to CV comorbidities that already exist or may potentially develop is needed in the management of patients with psoriasis, particularly in the screening and primary prevention of CV disease and in treatment selection due to potential drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Furthermore, as the use of effective biologic therapy and more aggressive oral systemic treatment for psoriatic disease is increasing, consideration of the potential positive and negative effects of oral and biologic treatment on CV disease is warranted. To improve outcomes and quality of care for patients with psoriasis, the Taiwanese Dermatological Association, the Taiwanese Association for Psoriasis and Skin Immunology, and the Taiwan Society of Cardiology established a Task Force of 20 clinicians from the fields of dermatology, cardiology, and rheumatology to jointly develop consensus expert recommendations for the management of patients with psoriatic disease with attention to CV comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Chi
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsing Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Min Cheng
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chiu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yi Hsieh
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hung Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kwo-Chang Ueng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Charles Jia-Yin Hou
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Cimmino G, Muscoli S, De Rosa S, Cesaro A, Perrone MA, Selvaggio S, Selvaggio G, Aimo A, Pedrinelli R, Mercuro G, Romeo F, Perrone Filardi P, Indolfi C, Coronelli M. Evolving concepts in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: from endothelial dysfunction to thrombus formation through multiple shades of inflammation. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2023; 24:e156-e167. [PMID: 37186566 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the anatomo-pathological substrate of most cardio, cerebro and vascular diseases such as acute and chronic coronary syndromes, stroke and peripheral artery diseases. The pathophysiology of atherosclerotic plaque and its complications are under continuous investigation. In the last 2 decades our understanding on the formation, progression and complication of the atherosclerotic lesion has greatly improved and the role of immunity and inflammation is now well documented and accepted. The conventional risk factors modulate endothelial function determining the switch to a proatherosclerotic phenotype. From this point, lipid accumulation with an imbalance from cholesterol influx and efflux, foam cells formation, T-cell activation, cytokines release and matrix-degrading enzymes production occur. Lesions with high inflammatory rate become vulnerable and prone to rupture. Once complicated, the intraplaque thrombogenic material, such as the tissue factor, is exposed to the flowing blood, thus inducing coagulation cascade activation, platelets aggregation and finally intravascular thrombus formation that leads to clinical manifestations of this disease. Nonconventional risk factors, such as gut microbiome, are emerging novel markers of atherosclerosis. Several data indicate that gut microbiota may play a causative role in formation, progression and complication of atherosclerotic lesions. The gut dysbiosis-related inflammation and gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been proposed as the main working hypothesis in contributing to disease formation and progression. The current evidence suggest that the conventional and nonconventional risk factors may modulate the degree of inflammation of the atherosclerotic lesion, thus influencing its final fate. Based on this hypothesis, targeting inflammation seems to be a promising approach to further improve our management of atherosclerotic-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
| | | | - Salvatore De Rosa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro
| | - Arturo Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Marco A Perrone
- Department of Cardiology and CardioLab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome
| | | | | | - Alberto Aimo
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
| | - Roberto Pedrinelli
- Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Giuseppe Mercuro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi, Cagliari
| | | | - Pasquale Perrone Filardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro
| | - Maurizio Coronelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Guo X, Ma L. Inflammation in coronary artery disease-clinical implications of novel HDL-cholesterol-related inflammatory parameters as predictors. Coron Artery Dis 2023; 34:66-77. [PMID: 36317383 PMCID: PMC9742007 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammation and atherosclerotic plaques are the primary pathological mechanisms of CAD. Upon stimulation by deposited lipids and damaged endothelium, innate and adaptive immune cells are activated and recruited to initiate plaque development. Therefore, inflammatory cells and mediators are used to identify inflammatory risk in CAD patients. HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory roles in atherosclerosis by interfering with plasma membrane lipid rafts of immune cells. Based on this, novel inflammatory parameters such as monocyte to HDL-C ratio are explored to improve the risk estimation of CAD prognosis. Moreover, with the advance in treatment strategies targeting the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, identifying CAD patients with increased inflammatory risk by novel inflammatory parameters is of great importance in guiding CAD management. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current information regarding inflammatory activation and HDL-C in atherosclerosis with a particular focus on the clinical implication of the novel HDL-C-related inflammatory parameters in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuantong Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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9
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Abstract
The prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has improved due to better treatment and care, but cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains an important clinical problem, since the risk of CVD in SLE is much higher than among controls. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of CVD in the general population, and in SLE, increased atherosclerosis, especially the prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques, has been demonstrated. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory condition, where immunity plays an important role. Interestingly, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, defective clearance of dead cells, and inflammation, with a pro-inflammatory T-cell profile are characteristics of both atherosclerosis and SLE. In addition to atherosclerosis as an underlying cause of CVD in SLE, there are also other non-mutually exclusive mechanisms, and the most important of these are antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) leading to the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with both arterial and venous thrombosis. aPL can cause direct pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic effects on endothelial and other cells and also interfere with the coagulation, for example, by inhibiting annexin A5 from its antithrombotic and protective effects. Antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) and other small lipid-related epitopes, sometimes called natural antibodies, are negatively associated with CVD and atherosclerosis in SLE. Taken together, a combination of traditional risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, and nontraditional ones, especially aPL, inflammation, and low anti-PC are implicated in the increased risk of CVD in SLE. Close monitoring of both traditional risk factors and nontraditional ones, including treatment of disease manifestations, not lest renal disease in SLE, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Frostegård
- Section of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Głuchowska A, Cysewski D, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Podszywałow-Bartnicka P, Sunderland P, Kozłowska E, Śliwińska MA, Dąbrowski M, Sikora E, Mosieniak G. Unbiased proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles secreted by senescent human vascular smooth muscle cells reveals their ability to modulate immune cell functions. GeroScience 2022; 44:2863-2884. [PMID: 35900662 PMCID: PMC9768090 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a common age-related disease, is characterized by intense immunological activity. Atherosclerotic plaque is composed of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), lipids and immune cells infiltrating from the blood. During progression of the disease, VSMCs undergo senescence within the plaque and secrete SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) factors that can actively modulate plaque microenvironment. We demonstrated that senescent VSMCs secrete increased number of extracellular vesicles (senEVs). Based on unbiased proteomic analysis of VMSC-derived EVs and of the soluble fraction of SASP (sSASP), more than 900 proteins were identified in each of SASP compartments. Comparison of the composition of VMSC-derived EVs with the SASP atlas revealed several proteins, including Serpin Family F Member 1 (SERPINF1) and Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), as commonly upregulated components of EVs secreted by senescent VSMCs and fibroblasts. Among soluble SASP factors, only Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) was universally increased in the secretome of senescent VSMCs, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. Bioinformatics analysis of EV proteins distinguished functionally organized protein networks involved in immune cell function regulation. Accordingly, EVs released by senescent VSMCs induced secretion of IL-17, INFγ, and IL-10 by T cells and of TNFα produced by monocytes. Moreover senEVs influenced differentiation of monocytes favoring mix M1/M2 polarization with proinflammatory characteristics. Altogether, our studies provide a complex, unbiased analysis of VSMC SASP and prove that EVs derived from senescent VSMCs influence the cytokine milieu by modulating immune cell activity. Our results strengthen the role of senescent cells as an important inducer of inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Głuchowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Cysewski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Sunderland
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata A Śliwińska
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3 St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Lanna C, Lambiase S, Gaeta Shumak R, Borselli C, Cosio T, Dattola A, Bianchi L, Campione E. Why targeted therapeutics have provided benefit in psoriasis: looking at IL-17 biology. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1209-1224. [PMID: 36189480 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2130758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is an inflammatory, chronic and immune-mediated disease that can affect the skin and joints. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have a dominant role in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous disease in which the IL-23/IL-17 axis plays a crucial role. The IL-17 family is involved in numerous processes such as immune defense, intestinal disorders and diseases of the central nervous system. In psoriasis, in particular, many cytokines belonging to the IL-17 family are involved in the inflammatory cascade underlying the disease. AREAS COVERED The knowledge of the mechanisms and pathways behind psoriasis is crucial for the development of new target therapies. We focused on IL-17 biology in order to understand why biological drugs against this cytokine are an effective treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis. Clinical trials results of ixekizumab, brodalumab, secukinumab and bimekizumab have been presented. EXPERT OPINION Il-17 inhibitors are a very fast and effective treatment against psoriasis; however, fungal infections can occur during their use, due to IL-17 biological functions. Therefore, it should be mandatory to choose the right patients to treat with these monoclonal antibodies in order to have a tailored target therapy for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lanna
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Lambiase
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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12
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Chen Z, Xu J, Zha B, Li J, Li Y, Ouyang H. A construction and comprehensive analysis of the immune-related core ceRNA network and infiltrating immune cells in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:951537. [PMID: 36186432 PMCID: PMC9521039 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.951537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a peripheral artery disorder that increases with age and often leads to an elevated risk of cardiovascular events. The purposes of this study were to explore the underlying competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)-related mechanism of PAOD and identify the corresponding immune cell infiltration patterns.Methods: An available gene expression profile (GSE57691 datasets) was downloaded from the GEO database. Differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and lncRNAs were screened between 9 PAOD and 10 control samples. Then, the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed on the basis of the interactions generated from the miRcode, TargetScan, miRDB, and miRTarBase databases. The functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction analyses of mRNAs in the ceRNA network were performed. Immune-related core mRNAs were screened out through the Venn method. The compositional patterns of the 22 types of immune cell fraction in PAOD were estimated through the CIBERSORT algorithm. The final ceRNA network and immune infiltration were validated using clinical tissue samples. Finally, the correlation between immune cells and mRNAs in the final ceRNA network was analyzed.Results: Totally, 67 DE_lncRNAs and 1197 DE_mRNAs were identified, of which 130 DE_mRNAs (91 downregulated and 39 upregulated) were lncRNA-related. The gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that those down- and upregulated genes were involved in dephosphorylation and regulation of translation, respectively. The final immune-related core ceRNA network included one lncRNA (LINC00221), two miRNAs (miR-17-5p and miR-20b-5p), and one mRNA (CREB1). Meanwhile, we found that monocytes and M1 macrophages were the main immune cell subpopulations in PAOD. After verification, these predictions were consistent with experimental results. Moreover, CREB1 was positively correlated with naive B cells (R = 0.55, p = 0.035) and monocytes (R = 0.52, p = 0.049) and negatively correlated with M1 macrophages (R = −0.72, p = 0.004), resting mast cells (R = −0.66, p = 0.009), memory B cells (R = −0.55, p = 0.035), and plasma cells (R = −0.52, p = 0.047).Conclusion: In general, we proposed that the immune-related core ceRNA network (LINC00221, miR-17-5p, miR-20b-5p, and CREB1) and infiltrating immune cells (monocytes and M1 macrophages) could help further explore the molecular mechanisms of PAOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chen
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of General Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Binshan Zha
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Ouyang, ; Yongxiang Li,
| | - Huan Ouyang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Ouyang, ; Yongxiang Li,
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TREM-1 Modulates Dendritic Cells Maturation and Dendritic Cell-Mediated T-Cell Activation Induced by ox-LDL. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3951686. [PMID: 35637975 PMCID: PMC9148251 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3951686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) plays a crucial role in inflammatory diseases; recently, it was identified as a major upstream proatherogenic receptor, but its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we explore the role of TREM-1 on dendritic cells maturation and inflammatory responses induced by ox-LDL and its possible mechanism. Human dendritic cells were differentiated from blood monocytes and treated with ox-LDL. Naive autologous T cells were cocultured with pretreated DCs or treated directly. The expression of TREM-1 and inflammatory factors were evaluated by real-time PCR, western blot, and ELISA methods. And the expression of immune factors to evaluate the DCs maturation and T-cell activation were determined by the FACS. Our study showed that ox-LDL induced TREM-1 expression, DC maturation, and T-cell activation. T cells exposed to ox-LDL-treated DCs produced interferon-γ and interleukin-17 (IL-17). Blocking TREM-1 suppressed the DC maturation, showing lower expression of CD1a, CD40, CD86, CD83, and HLA-DR, and limited their production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), meanwhile increased transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and IL-10 production. Ox-LDL induced miR-155, miR-27, Let-7c, and miR-185 expression; however, TREM-1 inhibiting decreased miRNA-155 expression. Furthermore, silencing miRNA-155 restores SOCS1 repression induced by ox-LDL. Experiments with T cells derived from carotid atherosclerotic plaques or healthy individuals showed similar results. Our results uncover a new link between ox-LDL and TREM-1 and may provide insight into this interaction in the context of atherosclerosis.
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14
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Bachmann JC, Baumgart SJ, Uryga AK, Bosteen MH, Borghetti G, Nyberg M, Herum KM. Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: The Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD. Cells 2022; 11:1657. [PMID: 35626694 PMCID: PMC9139546 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and atherosclerosis-driven coronary artery disease (CAD) will have ongoing fibrotic remodeling both in the myocardium and in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the functional consequences of fibrosis differ for each location. Thus, cardiac fibrosis leads to myocardial stiffening, thereby compromising cardiac function, while fibrotic remodeling stabilizes the atherosclerotic plaque, thereby reducing the risk of plaque rupture. Although there are currently no drugs targeting cardiac fibrosis, it is a field under intense investigation, and future drugs must take these considerations into account. To explore similarities and differences of fibrotic remodeling at these two locations of the heart, we review the signaling pathways that are activated in the main extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells, namely human cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although these signaling pathways are highly overlapping and context-dependent, effects on ECM remodeling mainly act through two core signaling cascades: TGF-β and Angiotensin II. We complete this by summarizing the knowledge gained from clinical trials targeting these two central fibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate M. Herum
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark; (J.C.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.K.U.); (M.H.B.); (G.B.); (M.N.)
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15
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Cimmino G, di Serafino L, Cirillo P. Pathophysiology and mechanisms of Acute Coronary Syndromes: athero-thrombosis, immune-inflammation and beyond. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 20:351-362. [PMID: 35510629 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2074836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and its acute complications, such as the Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS), is continuously under investigation. Immunity and inflammation seem to play a pivotal role in promoting formation and grow of atherosclerotic plaques. At the same time, plaque rupture followed by both platelets' activation and coagulation cascade induction lead to intracoronary thrombus formation. Although these phenomena might be considered responsible of about 90% of ACS, in up to 5-10% of acute syndromes a non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) might be documented. This paper gives an overview on athero-thrombosis and immuno-inflammation processes involved in ACS pathophysiology also emphasizing the pathological mechanisms potentially involved in MINOCA. AREAS COVERED The relationship between immuno-inflammation and atherothrombosis is continuously updated by recent findings. At the same time, pathophysiology of MINOCA still remains a partially unexplored field, stimulating the research of potential links between these two aspects of ACS pathophysiology. EXPERT OPINION Pathophysyiology of ACS has been extensively investigated; however, several grey areas still remain. MINOCA represents one of these areas. At the same time, many aspects of immune-inflammation processes are still unknown. Thus, research should be continued to shed a brighter light on both these sides of "ACS" moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi di Serafino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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16
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Plochg BFJ, Englert H, Rangaswamy C, Konrath S, Malle M, Lampalzer S, Beisel C, Wollin S, Frye M, Aberle J, Kluwe J, Renné T, Mailer RK. Liver damage promotes pro-inflammatory T-cell responses against apolipoprotein B-100. J Intern Med 2022; 291:648-664. [PMID: 34914849 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver-derived apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB100) is an autoantigen that is recognized by atherogenic CD4+ T cells in cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is a major mortality risk for patients with chronic inflammatory liver diseases. However, the impact of liver damage for ApoB100-specific T-cell responses is unknown. METHODS We identified ApoB100-specific T cells in blood from healthy controls, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, and CVD patients by activation-induced marker expression and analyzed their differentiation pattern in correlation to the lipid profile and liver damage parameters in a cross-sectional study. To assess the induction of extrahepatic ApoB100-specific T cells upon transient liver damage in vivo, we performed hydrodynamic tail vein injections with diphtheria toxin A (DTA)-encoding plasmid in human ApoB100-transgenic mice. RESULTS Utilizing immunodominant ApoB100-derived peptides, we found increased ApoB100-specific T-cell populations in NAFLD and CVD patients compared to healthy controls. In a peptide-specific manner, ApoB100 reactivity in healthy controls was accompanied by expression of the regulatory T (Treg)-cell transcription factor FOXP3. In contrast, FOXP3 expression decreased, whereas expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17A increased in ApoB100-specific T cells from NAFLD and CVD patients. Dyslipidemia and liver damage parameters in blood correlated with reduced FOXP3 expression and elevated IL-17A production in ApoB100-specific T-cell populations, respectively. Moreover, DTA-mediated transient liver damage in human ApoB100-transgenic mice accumulated IL-17a-expressing ApoB100-specific T cells in the periphery. CONCLUSION Our results show that liver damage promotes pro-inflammatory ApoB100-specific T-cell populations, thereby providing a cellular mechanism for the increased CVD risk in liver disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian F J Plochg
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Englert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chandini Rangaswamy
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Konrath
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Malle
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Lampalzer
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Beisel
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salma Wollin
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Section Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Obesity Centre Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Maike Frye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Aberle
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Section Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Obesity Centre Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reiner K Mailer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to varying degrees of blood flow obstruction and a common pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory factors run through the whole process of atherosclerotic lesions. Macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils play important roles in the process of atherosclerotic inflammation. Considering the evolutionary characteristics, atherosclerosis can be divided into different stages as early atherosclerotic plaque, plaque formation stage, and plaque rupture stage. In this paper, the changes in inflammatory cells at different stages of lesions and their related mechanisms are discussed, which can provide new insights from a clinical to bench perspective for atherosclerosis me chanism.
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18
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Chen F, Li J, She J, Chen T, Yuan Z. Exosomal microRNA-16-5p from macrophage exacerbates atherosclerosis via modulating mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:251-265. [PMID: 34389841 PMCID: PMC10111155 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the root cause of many cardiovascular diseases. Extensive research in preclinical models and emerging evidence in humans have established the crucial roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in driving atherosclerosis-associated chronic inflammation in arterial blood vessels. New techniques have highlighted the enormous heterogeneity of leukocyte subsets in the arterial wall that have pro-inflammatory or regulatory roles in atherogenesis. Understanding the homing and activation pathways of these immune cells, their disease-associated dynamics and their regulation by microbial and metabolic factors will be crucial for the development of clinical interventions for atherosclerosis, including potentially vaccination-based therapeutic strategies. Here, we review key molecular mechanisms of immune cell activation implicated in modulating atherogenesis and provide an update on the contributions of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in atherosclerosis.
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20
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Wang J, He L, Li W, Lv S. A Role of IL-17 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Complicated With Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828933. [PMID: 35211020 PMCID: PMC8861488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is mainly caused by joint inflammation. RA significantly increases the probability of cardiovascular disease. Although the progress of RA has been well controlled recently, the mortality of patients with RA complicated with cardiovascular disease is 1.5–3 times higher than that of patients with RA alone. The number of people with atherosclerosis in patients with RA is much higher than that in the general population, and atherosclerotic lesions develop more rapidly in patients with RA, which has become one of the primary factors resulting in the death of patients with RA. The rapid development of atherosclerosis in RA is induced by inflammation-related factors. Recent studies have reported that the expression of IL-17 is significantly upregulated in patients with RA and atherosclerosis. Simultaneously, there is evidence that IL-17 can regulate the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells through various ways and promote the secretion of several cytokines leading to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Presently, there is no clear prevention or treatment plan for atherosclerosis in patients with RA. Therefore, this paper explores the mechanism of IL-17 in RA complicated with atherosclerosis and shows the reasons for the high incidence of atherosclerosis in patients with RA. It is hoped that the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis in patients with RA can be diagnosed or prevented in time in the early stage of lesions, and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications in patients with RA can be enhanced to reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Linxi He
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangbin Lv
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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21
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Kumawat AK, Zegeye MM, Paramel GV, Baumgartner R, Gisterå A, Amegavie O, Hellberg S, Jin H, Caravaca AS, Söderström LÅ, Gudmundsdotter L, Frejd FY, Ljungberg LU, Olofsson PS, Ketelhuth DFJ, Sirsjö A. Inhibition of IL17A Using an Affibody Molecule Attenuates Inflammation in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:831039. [PMID: 35282365 PMCID: PMC8907570 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.831039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines released by immune and non-immune cells plays a decisive role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Interleukin (IL)-17A has been shown to accelerate atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the effect on pro-inflammatory mediators and atherosclerosis development of an Affibody molecule that targets IL17A. Affibody molecule neutralizing IL17A, or sham were administered in vitro to human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) and murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and in vivo to atherosclerosis-prone, hyperlipidaemic ApoE−/− mice. Levels of mediators of inflammation and development of atherosclerosis were compared between treatments. Exposure of human smooth muscle cells and murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in vitro to αIL-17A Affibody molecule markedly reduced IL6 and CXCL1 release in supernatants compared with sham exposure. Treatment of ApoE−/− mice with αIL-17A Affibody molecule significantly reduced plasma protein levels of CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3, HGF, PDGFB, MAP2K6, QDPR, and splenocyte mRNA levels of Ccxl1, Il6, and Ccl20 compared with sham exposure. There was no significant difference in atherosclerosis burden between the groups. In conclusion, administration of αIL17A Affibody molecule reduced levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and attenuated inflammation in ApoE−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kumawat
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ashok Kumar Kumawat
| | - Mulugeta M. Zegeye
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Geena Varghese Paramel
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Obed Amegavie
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Sanna Hellberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Jin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - April S. Caravaca
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Å. Söderström
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Liza U. Ljungberg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Peder S. Olofsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F. J. Ketelhuth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Allan Sirsjö
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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Vuong JT, Stein-Merlob AF, Nayeri A, Sallam T, Neilan TG, Yang EH. Immune Checkpoint Therapies and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:577-593. [PMID: 35144750 PMCID: PMC8983019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced malignancies in recent years. Numerous reports have detailed the myriad of possible adverse inflammatory effects of immune checkpoint therapies, including within the cardiovascular system. However, these reports have been largely limited to myocarditis. The critical role of inflammation and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis has been well characterized in preclinical studies, and several emerging clinical studies indicate a potential role of immune checkpoint targeting therapies in the development and exacerbation of atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of T-cell immunity in atherogenesis and describe the molecular effects and clinical associations of both approved and investigational immune checkpoint therapy on atherosclerosis. We also highlight the role of cholesterol metabolism in oncogenesis and discuss the implications of these associations on future treatment and monitoring of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the oncologic population receiving immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Vuong
- Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley F Stein-Merlob
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arash Nayeri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomas G Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric H Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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23
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Lee TL, Tsai TF. Non-immune functions of inflammatory cytokines targeted by anti-psoriatic biologics: a review. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:157-168. [PMID: 34981130 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease characterized by skin thickening with silvery white desquamation due to dysregulated inflammatory pathways and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Biologic agents targeting these inflammatory cytokines have brought about significant improvement in clearing psoriatic lesions in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Moreover, biologics exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on comorbidities in psoriasis, which include increased risk of cardiovascular events, metabolic syndrome, among other conditions. However, non-immune functions of cytokines targeted by biologics, and, hence, the potential risks and benefits of biologics for psoriasis to different organs/systems and comorbidities, have not been well elucidated. RESULTS This review summarizes current understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis-related comorbidities and emerging discoveries of roles of cytokines targeted in psoriasis treatment, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins 12, 23, and 17, aiming to complete the safety profile of each biologics and provide therapeutic implications on psoriasis-related comorbidities, and on diseases involving other organs or systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Lee
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan S. Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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24
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Lin G, Zhang L, Yan Z, Jiang W, Wu B, Li D, Xiong X. Identification of heterogeneous subsets of aortic interleukin-17A-expressing CD4 + T cells in atherosclerotic mice. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221117933. [PMID: 35932160 PMCID: PMC9364180 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221117933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the inflammatory response of
atherosclerosis. However, their heterogeneity in the atherosclerotic aorta remains
elusive. This study was designed to identify aortic Th17 subsets. Methods: The surface
markers and transcription factors of aortic interleukin-17A (IL-17A)-expressing T cells
were determined by flow cytometry in an ApoE-deficient mouse atherosclerotic model. Viable
aortic IL-17A-expressing T cell subsets were isolated by flow cytometry on the basis of
surface markers, followed by characterizing their transcription factors by either flow
cytometry or real-time RT-PCR. The effect of aortic IL-17A-expressing T cell subsets on
aortic endothelial cells was determined in vitro. Results: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor
3 (CXCR3), interleukin-17 receptor E (IL-17RE), CD200, and C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4
(CCR4) marked three subsets of aortic IL-17A-expressing T cells:
CXCR3+IL-17RElowCD200+CCR4- T cells
expressing T-box protein expressed in T cells (T-bet) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ),
CXCR3+IL-17RElowCD200+CCR4+ T cells
expressing T-bet but fewer IFN-γ, and
CXCR3−IL-17REhighCD200+CCR4+ T cells
expressing very low T-bet and no IFN-γ. Based on these markers, viable aortic Th17 cells,
Th17.1 cells, and transitional Th17.1 cells were identified. Both Th17.1 cells and
transitional Th17.1 cells were more proliferative than Th17 cells. Compared with Th17
cells, Th17.1 cells plus transitional Th17.1 cells induced higher expression of C-X-C
motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif
chemokine 5 (CXCL5), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in
aortic endothelial cells. Conclusion: IL-17A-expressing CD4+ T cells were
heterogeneous in atherosclerotic aortas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Lin
- The Department of Cardiology at Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Department of Cardiology at Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- The Department of Cardiology at Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- The Department of Cardiology at Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- The Department of Cardiology at Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- The Department of Cardiology at Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Xiong
- The Department of Cardiology at Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
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25
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Ding T, Li B, Su R, Su R, Wang Y, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. Elevated Th17 cells are associated with cardiovascular complications in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:3481-3490. [PMID: 34894210 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) carry an increased burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but features denoting the development of CVD in AS are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the percentage and absolute number of lymphocytes and CD4+T cells in AS patients complicated with CVD (AS-CVD) and determine whether circulating Th17 cells are associated with the development of CVD in AS. METHOD A total of 117 AS patients (46 had CVD and 71 had no CVD) were enrolled in this retrospective study. The percentage and absolute number of lymphocytes and CD4+T cells were determined by Flow cytometry. Associations between CVD and clinical markers were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS The ratio of Th17/Treg cells (0.30 vs 0.19, p = 0.014) and the absolute number of Th17 cells (7.27 cells/μL vs 4.34 cells/μL, p < 0.001) was significantly elevated in AS-CVD group compared with AS-no-CVD group. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that elevated Th17 cells (OR = 1.20, p = 0.016) were associated with CVD complications in AS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed a contribution of Th17 cell for distinguishing AS patients with CVD, with the areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.729 (95%CI: 0.632-0.825, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence for the association between Th17 cells and increased cardiovascular risk in AS. Th17 cells may contribute to accelerated atherogenesis and increased cardiovascular burden in AS and be valuable for early assessment and management of AS-CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Baochen Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ronghui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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26
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Cai J, Cui L, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Shi Y. Cardiometabolic Comorbidities in Patients With Psoriasis: Focusing on Risk, Biological Therapy, and Pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:774808. [PMID: 34803716 PMCID: PMC8600112 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.774808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by erythematous scaly plaques, accompanied by systemic damage that leads to the development of multiple comorbidities. In particular, the association between psoriasis and cardiometabolic comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome, has been verified in a considerable number of clinical trials. Moreover, the increased risk of cardiometabolic comorbidities positively correlates with psoriasis severity. Biologic therapy targeting inflammatory pathways or cytokines substantially improves the life quality of psoriasis patients and may affect cardiometabolic comorbidities by reducing their incidences. In this review, we focus on exploring the association between cardiometabolic comorbidities and psoriasis, and emphasize the benefits and precautions of biologic therapy in the management of psoriasis with cardiometabolic comorbidities. The pathogenic mechanisms of cardiometabolic comorbidities in psoriasis patients involve common genetic factors, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and shared inflammatory pathways such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-23/Th-17 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangluyi Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Cui
- Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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27
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Aghamajidi A, Gorgani M, Shahba F, Shafaghat Z, Mojtabavi N. The potential targets in immunotherapy of atherosclerosis. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 42:199-216. [PMID: 34779341 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1988591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death, which has the highest mortality rate worldwide. Although a diverse range of inflammatory diseases can affect the cardiovascular system, however, heart failure and stroke occur due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic autoinflammatory disease of small to large vessels in which different immune mediators are involved in lipid plaque formation and inflammatory vascular remodeling process. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis may lead to uncovering immunomodulatory therapies. Despite present diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the lack of immunotherapy in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is perceptible. In this review, we will discuss the promising immunological-based therapeutics and novel preventive approaches for atherosclerosis. This study could provide new insights into a better perception of targeted therapeutic pathways and biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Aghamajidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Gorgani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shahba
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shafaghat
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Gao J, Shi L, Gu J, Zhang D, Wang W, Zhu X, Liu J. Difference of immune cell infiltration between stable and unstable carotid artery atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10973-10979. [PMID: 34729909 PMCID: PMC8642673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque instability contributes to ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction. This study is to compare the abundance and difference of immune cell subtypes within unstable atherosclerotic tissues. CIBERSORT was used to speculate the proportions of 22 immune cell types based on a microarray of atherosclerotic carotid artery samples. R software was utilized to illustrate the bar plot, heat map and vioplot. The immune cell landscape in atherosclerosis was diverse, dominated by M2 macrophages, M0 macrophages, resting CD4 memory T cells and CD8 T cells. There was a significant difference in resting CD4 memory T cells (p = 0.032), T cells follicular helper (p = 0.033), M0 (p = 0.047) and M2 macrophages (p = 0.012) between stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Compared with stable atherosclerotic plaques, unstable atherosclerotic plaques had a higher percentage of M2 macrophages. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that the percentage of naïve CD4 T cells was strongly correlated with that of gamma delta T cells (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), while memory B cells were correlated with plasma cells (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). In summary, our study explored the abundance and difference of specific immune cell subgroups at unstable plaques, which would aid new immunotherapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Licheng Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuanfeng Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Arnardottir H, Thul S, Pawelzik SC, Karadimou G, Artiach G, Gallina AL, Mysdotter V, Carracedo M, Tarnawski L, Caravaca AS, Baumgartner R, Ketelhuth DF, Olofsson PS, Paulsson-Berne G, Hansson GK, Bäck M. The resolvin D1 receptor GPR32 transduces inflammation-resolution and atheroprotection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142883. [PMID: 34699386 DOI: 10.1172/jci142883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and results from an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving signaling. The human GPR32 receptor, together with the ALX/FPR2 receptor, transduces biological actions of several pro-resolving mediators that stimulate resolution of inflammation. However, since no murine homologs of the human GPR32 exist, comprehensive in vivo studies are lacking. Using human atherosclerotic lesions from carotid endarterectomies and creating a transgenic mouse model expressing human GPR32 on a Fpr2×apolipoprotein E double KO background (hGPR32myc×Fpr2-/-×Apoe-/-), we investigated the role of GPR32 in atherosclerosis and self-limiting acute inflammation. GPR32 mRNA was reduced in human atherosclerotic lesions and correlated with the immune cell markers ARG1, NOS2 and FOXP3. Atherosclerotic lesions, necrotic core and aortic inflammation were reduced in hGPR32mycTg×Fpr2-/-×Apoe-/- transgenic mice as compared to Fpr2-/-×Apoe-/- non-transgenic littermates. In a zymosan induced peritonitis model, the hGPR32mycTg×Fpr2-/-×Apoe-/- transgenic mice had reduced inflammation at 4h and enhanced pro-resolving macrophage responses at 24h compared to non-transgenic littermates. The GPR32 agonist aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) regulated leukocyte responses, including enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and intracellular signaling in hGPR32mycTg×Fpr2-/-×Apoe-/- transgenic mice but not in the Fpr2-/-×Apoe-/- non-transgenic littermates. Altogether these results provide the first evidence that GPR32 regulates resolution of inflammation and is atheroprotective in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Thul
- Department of Medicone, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Gonzalo Artiach
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Miguel Carracedo
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - April S Caravaca
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Peder S Olofsson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Lutgens E, Joffre J, van Os B, Ait-Oufella H. Targeting cytokines and immune checkpoints in atherosclerosis with monoclonal antibodies. Atherosclerosis 2021; 335:98-109. [PMID: 34593238 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, treatments using monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting cytokines have been developed to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, both associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The cardiovascular impact of these therapies allows us to validate the clinical relevance of the knowledge acquired from experimental studies about the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis. Several clinical studies have confirmed the protective effects of anti-TNFα and anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies against athero-thrombotic cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Yet, caution is needed since anti-TNFα treatment can aggravate chronic heart failure. More recently, the CANTOS study showed for the first time that an anti-inflammatory treatment using anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody in coronary artery disease patients significantly reduced cardiovascular events. The effects of IL-23/IL-17 axis blockade on cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis or arthritis remain controversial. Several monoclonal antibodies targeting costimulatory molecules have also been developed, a direct way to confirm their involvement in atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Blocking the CD28-CD80/86 axis with Abatacept has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk. In contrast, the treatment of cancer patients with antibodies blocking immune checkpoint inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4, PD1, or PDL1, could worsen the risk of atherothrombotic events. In the future, cardiologists will be increasingly solicited to assess the cardiovascular risk of patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases or cancer and participate in choosing the most appropriate treatment. At the same time, immunomodulatory approaches directly targeting cardiovascular diseases will be developed as a complement to the usual treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Pettenkoferstraße 8a & 9, 80336, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstraße 8a & 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jeremie Joffre
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bram van Os
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.
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31
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Li X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Jiang S, Meng Y, Song X, Zhao L, Zou L, Li M, Yu T. Targeting non-coding RNAs in unstable atherosclerotic plaques: Mechanism, regulation, possibilities, and limitations. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3413-3427. [PMID: 34512156 PMCID: PMC8416736 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by arteriosclerosis are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the late stages of atherosclerosis, the atherosclerotic plaque gradually expands in the blood vessels, resulting in vascular stenosis. When the unstable plaque ruptures and falls off, it blocks the vessel causing vascular thrombosis, leading to strokes, myocardial infarctions, and a series of other serious diseases that endanger people's lives. Therefore, regulating plaque stability is the main means used to address the high mortality associated with CVDs. The progression of the atherosclerotic plaque is a complex integration of vascular cell apoptosis, lipid metabolism disorders, inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular smooth muscle cell migration, and neovascular infiltration. More recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a significant role in regulating the pathophysiological process of atherosclerotic plaque formation by affecting the biological functions of the vasculature and its associated cells. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review the regulatory mechanisms involved in the susceptibility of atherosclerotic plaque rupture, discuss the limitations of current approaches to treat plaque instability, and highlight the potential clinical value of ncRNAs as novel diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies to improve plaque stability and reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Li
- Institute for translational medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Institute for translational medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shaoyan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 5 Zhiquan Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Song
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lu Zou
- Institute for translational medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Institute for translational medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- Institute for translational medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, 266021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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32
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Impact of Interleukin-17 Inhibitor Therapy on Arterial Intima-media Thickness among Severe Psoriatic Patients. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090919. [PMID: 34575068 PMCID: PMC8471871 DOI: 10.3390/life11090919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular diseases based on the shared immunopathogenic pathway. Authors determined the effect of interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitor therapy on arterial intima-media thickness (IMT) among severe psoriatic patients. METHODS Thirty-one severe psoriatic patients were enrolled. Twenty received secukinumab and 11 received ixekizumab. Before treatment initiation and after 6 months, the carotid-brachial-femoral IMT, the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), the Dermatology Life Quality of Index (DLQI) and the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ VAS) were evaluated. RESULTS After 6 months, significant ameliorations were observed in PASI (p < 0.001) from 18 to 0, in DLQI (p < 0.001) from 17 to 0, in EQ VAS (p < 0.001) from 60 to 90, in right carotid IMT (p < 0.001) from 1.1 mm to 0.8 mm, in left carotid IMT (p < 0.001) from 1.1 mm to 0.7 mm, in right brachial IMT (p < 0.001) from 0.75 mm to 0.6 mm, in left brachial IMT (p < 0.001) from 0.8 mm to 0.5 mm, in right femoral IMT (p < 0.001) from 0.9 mm to 0.7 mm and in left femoral IMT (p < 0.001) from 0.8 mm to 0.7 mm. CONCLUSIONS By reducing the inflammation of the vascular wall, anti-IL-17 therapy may have a beneficial long-term effect on cardiovascular complications of systemic inflammation.
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Cardiovascular Safety of Biologics Targeting Interleukin (IL)-12 and/or IL-23: What Does the Evidence Say? Am J Clin Dermatol 2021; 22:587-601. [PMID: 34292509 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-021-00612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence regarding the association between psoriasis and the elevated risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Many patients with psoriasis may also be concerned that their treatments may be associated with a further increase in the risk of CV disease. In this article, we summarize the data regarding the biological role of interleukin (IL)-12/23 in atherogenesis. We performed a literature search for currently known CV safety data from trials and observational studies of treatments targeting IL-12/23 in psoriasis, i.e. the p40 inhibitors ustekinumab and briakinumab, and the p19 inhibitors guselkumab, risankizumab, and tildrakizumab. On balance, extensive evidence supports the CV safety of ustekinumab, with over 14 years of follow-up data in multiple cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). One self-controlled study concluded ustekinumab may precipitate short-term raised CV risk, but the study had limitations hindering interpretation. The safety evidence from RCTs on the p19 inhibitors are reassuring thus far, but these studies may not detect rare CV events in real-world patients. We concluded that the overall evidence does not show that ustekinumab is associated with an increase in the risk of CV disease in patients with psoriasis, but further data are awaited to assess the CV safety of p19 inhibitors for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Muhammad K, Ayoub MA, Iratni R. Vascular Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: Is Immune System Protective or Bystander? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2141-2150. [PMID: 33461451 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210118121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Chronic atherosclerosis induced vascular inflammation and perturbation of lipid metabolism is believed to be a major cause of CVD. Interplay of innate and adaptive Immune system has been interwined with various risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in CVD. A large body of evidence indicates a correlation between immunity and atherosclerosis. Retention of plasma lipoproteins in arterial subendothelial wall triggers the T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and monocyte-derived macrophages to form atherosclerotic plaques. In the present review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of CVD in relation to atherosclerosis with a particular focus on pro-atherogenic role of immune cells. Recent findings have also suggested anti-atherogenic roles of different B cell subsets. Therapeutic approaches to target atherosclerosis risk factors have reduced the mortality, but a need exists for the novel therapies to treat arterial vascular inflammation. These insights into the immune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can lead to new targeted therapeutics to abate cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed A Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Shinge SAU, Zhang D, Achu Muluh T, Nie Y, Yu F. Mechanosensitive Piezo1 Channel Evoked-Mechanical Signals in Atherosclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3621-3636. [PMID: 34349540 PMCID: PMC8328000 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s319789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, more and more works have focused and used extensive resources on atherosclerosis research, which is one of the major causes of death globally. Alongside traditional risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, mechanical forces, including shear stress, pressure and stretches exerted on endothelial cells by flow, is proved to be crucial in atherosclerosis development. Studies have recognized the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel as a special sensor and transducer of various mechanical forces into biochemical signals, and recent studies report its role in atherosclerosis through different mechanical forces in pressure, stretching and turbulent shear stress. Based on our expertise in this field and considering the recent advancement of atherosclerosis research, we will be focusing on the function of Piezo1 and its involvement in various cellular mechanisms and consequent involvement in the development of atherosclerosis in this review. Also, we will discuss various functions of Piezo1 involvement in atherosclerosis and come up with new mechanistic insight for future research. Based on the recent findings, we suggest Piezo1 as a valid candidate for novel therapeutic innovations, in which deep exploration and translating its findings into the clinic will be a new therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiu A Umar Shinge
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daifang Zhang
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tobias Achu Muluh
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Nie
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxu Yu
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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Ray S, Adelnia H, Ta HT. Collagen and the effect of poly-l-lactic acid based materials on its synthesis. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5714-5731. [PMID: 34296717 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is an important protein in various biological functions such as providing elasticity and waterproofing to the skin, structural stability to the cells in connective tissues (e.g. tendons, and bone) and stabilisation of atherosclerotic plaques. Collagen as a peptide with a peculiar triple helical structure is majorly composed of glycine and proline amino acids and is synthesised by fibroblasts via intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Collagen plays an important role in wound healing, bone repair and plaque build-up during atherosclerosis. Various factors such as interleukins, insulin-like growth factor-I, nicotine, and glucose have been shown to influence collagen synthesis. This paper provides an overview of collagen structure, synthesis mechanisms, and the parameters that stimulate those mechanisms. Poly-l-lactic acid as a well-known biocompatible and biodegradable polymer has proved to stimulate collagen synthesis in various physical forms. As such, in this review special emphasis is laid on the effects of poly-l-lactic acid as well as its mechanism of action on collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Ray
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia.
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Singh H, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Discerning the promising binding sites of S100/calgranulins and their therapeutic potential in atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:1045-1057. [PMID: 34056993 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1937122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which the members of S100 family proteins (calgranulins) bind with their receptors, particularly receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and play a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of disease. Thus, these proteins could be considered as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of atherosclerotic inflammation. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the pathology of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 in the development of atherosclerosis and reveals key structural features of these proteins which are potentially critical in their pathological effects. This article focuses on the translational significance of antagonizing these proteins by using small molecules in patent literature, clinical and preclinical studies and also discusses future approaches that could be employed to block these proteins in the treatment of atherosclerosis. EXPERT OPINION Based on the critical role of S100/calgranulins in the regulation of atherosclerosis, these proteins are potential targets to develop better therapeutic options in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, further research is still needed to clarify their exact molecular mechanism by analyzing their detailed structural features that can expedite future research to develop novel therapeutics against these proteins to treat atherosclerotic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harbinder Singh
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Szwed P, Gąsecka A, Zawadka M, Eyileten C, Postuła M, Mazurek T, Szarpak Ł, Filipiak KJ. Infections as Novel Risk Factors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Implications. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2539. [PMID: 34201137 PMCID: PMC8229654 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are the major cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the continuous progress in ASCVD therapy, the residual risk persists beyond the management of traditional risk factors. Several infections including Helicobacter pylori infection, periodontal disease, and viral infections are associated with the increased risk of ASCVD, both directly by damage to the heart muscle and vasculature, and indirectly by triggering a systemic proinflammatory state. Hence, beyond the optimal management of the traditional ASCVD risk factors, infections should be considered as an important non-classical risk factor to enable early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Here, we summarized the currently available evidence regarding the role of inflammation in ASCVD and the association between the particular infections and pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, periodontal disease, pneumonia, Cytomegalovirus, Human immunodeficiency virus, Herpes simplex virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) on the development and progression of ASCVD. We also speculated about the potential therapeutic implications of the anti-inflammatory and anti-infective drugs on ASCVD outcomes, including drugs routinely administered in patients with ASCVD (statins, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers) and novel strategies aiming at residual risk reduction (colchicine, anti-cytokine drugs, and methotrexate). Considering the emerging association between infections and ASCVD, it is crucial to determine the possible advantages of infection prevention and treatment in patients with ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szwed
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Mateusz Zawadka
- 2nd Department of Anaestesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Marek Postuła
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 03-411 Warsaw, Poland;
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Center, 02-034 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
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Ji E, Lee S. Antibody-Based Therapeutics for Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115770. [PMID: 34071276 PMCID: PMC8199089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing due to the aging of societies. Atherosclerosis, a type of chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in arteries, is considered to be the main cause of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease or stroke. In addition, the inflammatory response caused by atherosclerosis confers a significant effect on chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatic arthritis. Here, we review the mechanism of action of the main causes of atherosclerosis such as plasma LDL level and inflammation; furthermore, we review the recent findings on the preclinical and clinical effects of antibodies that reduce the LDL level and those that neutralize the cytokines involved in inflammation. The apolipoprotein B autoantibody and anti-PCSK9 antibody reduced the level of LDL and plaques in animal studies, but failed to significantly reduce carotid inflammation plaques in clinical trials. The monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 (alirocumab, evolocumab), which are used as a treatment for hyperlipidemia, lowered cholesterol levels and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Antibodies that neutralize inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-12/23) have shown promising but contradictory results and thus warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Ji
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Sahmin Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence:
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40
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Poizeau F, Nowak E, Kerbrat S, Le Nautout B, Droitcourt C, Drici MD, Sbidian E, Guillot B, Bachelez H, Ait-Oufella H, Happe A, Oger E, Dupuy A. Association Between Early Severe Cardiovascular Events and the Initiation of Treatment With the Anti-Interleukin 12/23p40 Antibody Ustekinumab. JAMA Dermatol 2021; 156:1208-1215. [PMID: 32902568 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Importance Ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin 12/23p40 (IL-12/23p40), is effective in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn disease. In 2011, a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials reported a potential risk of severe cardiovascular events (SCEs) within the first few months after the initiation of anti-IL-12/23p40 antibodies. Objective To assess whether the initiation of ustekinumab treatment is associated with increased risk of SCEs. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-time-control study used data from the French national health insurance database, covering 66 million individuals, on all patients exposed to ustekinumab between April 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, classified according to their cardiovascular risk level (high- and low-risk strata). The risk period was the 6 months before the SCE, defined as acute coronary syndrome or stroke, and the reference period was the 6 months before the risk period. Statistical analysis was performed from September 20, 2017, to July 6, 2018. Exposure The initiation of ustekinumab treatment was screened during the risk and reference periods. Main Outcomes and Measures Odds ratios for the risk of SCE after the initiation of ustekinumab treatment were calculated. Results Of the 9290 patients exposed to ustekinumab (4847 men [52%]; mean [SD] age, 43 [14] years), 179 experienced SCEs (65 cases of acute coronary syndrome, 68 cases of unstable angina, and 46 cases of stroke). Among patients with a high cardiovascular risk, a statisically significant association between initiaton of ustekinumab treatment and SCE occurrence was identified (odds ratio, 4.17; 95% CI, 1.19-14.59). Conversely, no statistically significant association was found among patients with a low cardiovascular risk (odds ratio, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.03-3.13). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that the initiation of ustekinumab treatment may trigger SCEs among patients at high cardiovascular risk. In line with the current mechanistic models for atherosclerotic disease, the period after the initiation of anti-IL-12/23p40 may be associated with atherosclerotic plaque destabilization via the inhibition of helper T cell subtype 17. Although the study interpretation is limited by its observational design, these results suggest that caution may be needed in the prescription of ustekinumab to patients at high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Poizeau
- EA 7449 REPERES (Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France.,Department of Dermatology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Nowak
- PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France.,University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest University, Brest, France.,INSERM CIC 1412, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Sandrine Kerbrat
- EA 7449 REPERES (Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France
| | - Béranger Le Nautout
- EA 7449 REPERES (Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Droitcourt
- EA 7449 REPERES (Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France.,Department of Dermatology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Emilie Sbidian
- Department of Dermatology, Henri Mondor Hospital, APHP, Créteil, France.,EA EpiDermE 7379, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - Bernard Guillot
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Bachelez
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, Saint-Louis Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Intensive Care, Saint-Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - André Happe
- EA 7449 REPERES (Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Oger
- EA 7449 REPERES (Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France
| | - Alain Dupuy
- EA 7449 REPERES (Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,PEPS Research Consortium (Pharmacoepidemiology for Health Product Safety), Rennes, France.,Department of Dermatology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
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Liberale L, Ministrini S, Carbone F, Camici GG, Montecucco F. Cytokines as therapeutic targets for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:23. [PMID: 33770265 PMCID: PMC7997823 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite major advances in prevention and treatment, cardiac and cerebral atherothrombotic complications still account for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this context, inflammation is involved in the chronic process leading atherosclerotic plaque formation and its complications, as well as in the maladaptive response to acute ischemic events. For this reason, modulation of inflammation is nowadays seen as a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract the burden of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease. Being produced and recognized by both inflammatory and vascular cells, the complex network of cytokines holds key functions in the crosstalk of these two systems and orchestrates the progression of atherothrombosis. By binding to membrane receptors, these soluble mediators trigger specific intracellular signaling pathways eventually leading to the activation of transcription factors and a deep modulation of cell function. Both stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines have been described and progressively reported as markers of disease or interesting therapeutic targets in the cardiovascular field. Nevertheless, cytokine inhibition is burdened by harmful side effects that will most likely prevent its chronic use in favor of acute administrations in well-selected subjects at high risk. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the modulatory role of cytokines on atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Then, we discuss evidence from clinical trials specifically targeting cytokines and the potential implication of these advances into daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ministrini
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Ait-Oufella H, Lavillegrand JR, Tedgui A. Regulatory T Cell-Enhancing Therapies to Treat Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040723. [PMID: 33805071 PMCID: PMC8064079 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have provided strong evidence that chronic inflammation triggered by the sub-endothelial accumulation of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in arteries is essential in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent clinical trials highlighting the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapies in coronary patients have confirmed that this is also true in humans Monocytes/macrophages are central cells in the atherosclerotic process, but adaptive immunity, through B and T lymphocytes, as well as dendritic cells, also modulates the progression of the disease. Analysis of the role of different T cell subpopulations in murine models of atherosclerosis identified effector Th1 cells as proatherogenic, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to protect against atherosclerosis. For these reasons, better understanding of how Tregs influence the atherosclerotic process is believed to provide novel Treg-targeted therapies to combat atherosclerosis. This review article summarizes current knowledge about the role of Tregs in atherosclerosis and discusses ways to enhance their function as novel immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center—PARCC, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 970, 75012 Paris, France; (J.-R.L.); (A.T.)
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-5398-8006; Fax: +33-1-5398-8052
| | - Jean-Rémi Lavillegrand
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center—PARCC, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 970, 75012 Paris, France; (J.-R.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center—PARCC, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 970, 75012 Paris, France; (J.-R.L.); (A.T.)
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Marchini T, Hansen S, Wolf D. ApoB-Specific CD4 + T Cells in Mouse and Human Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:446. [PMID: 33669769 PMCID: PMC7922692 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the arterial wall that leads to the formation of vessel-occluding plaques within the subintimal space of middle-sized and larger arteries. While traditionally understood as a myeloid-driven lipid-storage disease, growing evidence suggests that the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ignites an autoimmune response with CD4+ T-helper (TH) cells that recognize self-peptides from Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), the core protein of LDL-C. These autoreactive CD4+ T cells home to the atherosclerotic plaque, clonally expand, instruct other cells in the plaque, and induce clinical plaque instability. Recent developments in detecting antigen-specific cells at the single cell level have demonstrated that ApoB-reactive CD4+ T cells exist in humans and mice. Their phenotypes and functions deviate from classical immunological concepts of distinct and terminally differentiated TH immunity. Instead, ApoB-specific CD4+ T cells have a highly plastic phenotype, can acquire several, partially opposing and mixed transcriptional programs simultaneously, and transit from one TH subset into another over time. In this review, we highlight adaptive immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis with a focus on CD4+ T cells, introduce novel technologies to detect ApoB-specific CD4+ T cells at the single cell level, and discuss the potential impact of ApoB-driven autoimmunity in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Marchini
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.); (S.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Junín 954, C1113 AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sophie Hansen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.); (S.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.); (S.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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44
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Zhou ZX, Ren Z, Yan BJ, Qu SL, Tang ZH, Wei DH, Liu LS, Fu MG, Jiang ZS. The Role of Ubiquitin E3 Ligase in Atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:152-168. [PMID: 32141415 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200306124418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in both developed and developing countries. Many pathophysiological factors, including abnormal cholesterol metabolism, vascular inflammatory response, endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of atherosclerosis are not fully understood. Ubiquitination is a multistep post-translational protein modification that participates in many important cellular processes. Emerging evidence suggests that ubiquitination plays important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in many ways, including regulation of vascular inflammation, endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell function, lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic plaque stability. This review summarizes important contributions of various E3 ligases to the development of atherosclerosis. Targeting ubiquitin E3 ligases may provide a novel strategy for the prevention of the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Bin-Jie Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Dang-Heng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Min-Gui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
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Kurilenko N, Fatkhullina AR, Mazitova A, Koltsova EK. Act Locally, Act Globally-Microbiota, Barriers, and Cytokines in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020348. [PMID: 33562334 PMCID: PMC7915371 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the formation and progressive growth of atherosclerotic plaques in the wall of arteries. Atherosclerosis is a major predisposing factor for stroke and heart attack. Various immune-mediated mechanisms are implicated in the disease initiation and progression. Cytokines are key mediators of the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune cells as well as non-hematopoietic cells in the aortic wall and are emerging players in the regulation of atherosclerosis. Progression of atherosclerosis is always associated with increased local and systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The role of cytokines within atherosclerotic plaque has been extensively investigated; however, the cell-specific role of cytokine signaling, particularly the role of cytokines in the regulation of barrier tissues tightly associated with microbiota in the context of cardiovascular diseases has only recently come to light. Here, we summarize the knowledge about the function of cytokines at mucosal barriers and the interplay between cytokines, barriers, and microbiota and discuss their known and potential implications for atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurilenko
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (N.K.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Aleksandra Mazitova
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (N.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Ekaterina K. Koltsova
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (N.K.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang S, Shao Z, Tang X, Wang K, Zhao J, Dong Z. Reciprocal Antagonism between MicroRNA-138 and SIRT1 and Its Implications for the Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:1-16. [PMID: 33535226 DOI: 10.1159/000511786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs and sirtuins are important epigenetic regulators of gene expression and both contribute significantly to postnatal vascular development. However, the crosstalk between miRNAs and sirtuins in the modulation of angiogenesis has rarely been discussed. Here, we investigated the interactions between miR-138 and sirtuins in the process of angiogenesis. We found that overexpression of miR-138 markedly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and tube-forming capacities of the endothelial cells. And, miR-138 inhibitor-treated endothelial cells showed a reversed phenotype. Furthermore, miR-138 plays a negative role in vascular development in vivo. Western blot and qPCR assays demonstrated that SIRT1 was silenced by miR-138, and a luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-138 bound to the 3'-UTR of SIRT1. The re-expression of SIRT1 alleviated miR-138-mediated suppression of angiogenesis. Furthermore, silencing SIRT1 could boost the level of miR-138. And, upon miR-138 inhibitor treatment, SIRT1 silencing no longer reduced the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells significantly. These results demonstrated that the circuitry involving miR-138 and SIRT1 may participate in vascular homeostasis and also offered the possibility of identifying a new approach in the treatment of angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaijie Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,
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Winkels H, Wolf D. Heterogeneity of T Cells in Atherosclerosis Defined by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Cytometry by Time of Flight. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:549-563. [PMID: 33267666 PMCID: PMC7837690 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.312137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration and accumulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory leukocytes within the intimal layer of the arterial wall is a hallmark of developing and progressing atherosclerosis. While traditionally perceived as macrophage- and foam cell-dominated disease, it is now established that atherosclerosis is a partial autoimmune disease that involves the recognition of peptides from ApoB (apolipoprotein B), the core protein of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol particles, by CD4+ T-helper cells and autoantibodies against LDL and ApoB. Autoimmunity in the atherosclerotic plaque has long been understood as a pathogenic T-helper type-1 driven response with proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Recent developments in high-parametric cell immunophenotyping by mass cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing, and in tools exploring antigen-specificity have established the existence of several unforeseen layers of T-cell diversity with mixed TH1 and T regulatory cells transcriptional programs and unpredicted fates. These findings suggest that pathogenic ApoB-reactive T cells evolve from atheroprotective and immunosuppressive CD4+ T regulatory cells that lose their protective properties over time. Here, we discuss T-cell heterogeneity in atherosclerosis with a focus on plasticity, antigen-specificity, exhaustion, maturation, tissue residency, and its potential use in clinical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Winkels
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany. Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany. Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Li M, Qi L, Li Y, Zhang S, Lin L, Zhou L, Han W, Qu X, Cai J, Ye M, Shi K. Association of Pericardiac Adipose Tissue With Coronary Artery Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:724859. [PMID: 34552562 PMCID: PMC8451419 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Coronary artery disease (CAD) poses a worldwide health threat. Compelling evidence shows that pericardial adipose tissue (PAT), a brown-like adipose adjacent to the external surface of the pericardium, is associated with CAD. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of PAT in CAD are elusive. This study aims to characterize human PAT and explore its association with CAD. METHODS We acquired samples of PAT from 31 elective cardiac surgery patients (17 CAD patients and 14 controls). The transcriptome characteristics were assessed in 5 CAD patients and 4 controls via RNA-sequencing. Cluster profile R package, String database, Cytoscape were applied to analyze the potential pathways and PPI-network key to DEGS, whereas the hubgenes were predicted via Metascape, Cytohubba, and MCODE. We use Cibersort, ENCORI, and DGIDB to predict immunoinfiltration, mRNA-miRNA target gene network, and search potential drugs targeting key DEGs. The predictable hubgenes and infiltrating inflammatory cells were validated in 22 patients (12 CAD samples and 10 control samples) through RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS A total of 147 different genes (104 up-regulated genes and 43 down-regulated genes) were identified in CAD patients. These different genes were associated with immunity and inflammatory dysfunction. Cibersort analysis showed monocytes and macrophages were the most common subsets in immune cells, whereas immunohistochemical results revealed there were more macrophages and higher proportion of M1 subtype cells in PAT of CAD patients. The PPI network and module analysis uncovered several crucial genes, defined as candidate genes, including Jun, ATF3, CXCR4, FOSB, CCl4, which were validated through RT-qPCR. The miRNA-mRNA network implicated hsa-miR-185-5p as diagnostic targets and drug-gene network showed colchicine, fenofibrate as potential therapeutic drugs, respectively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that PAT is mainly associated with the occurrence of CAD following the dysfunction of immune and inflammatory processes. The identified hubgenes, predicted drugs and miRNAs are promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Computed Tomography, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanglei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlin Han
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinkai Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kailei Shi, ; Maoqing Ye, ; Junfeng Cai, ; Xinkai Qu,
| | - Junfeng Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kailei Shi, ; Maoqing Ye, ; Junfeng Cai, ; Xinkai Qu,
| | - Maoqing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kailei Shi, ; Maoqing Ye, ; Junfeng Cai, ; Xinkai Qu,
| | - Kailei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kailei Shi, ; Maoqing Ye, ; Junfeng Cai, ; Xinkai Qu,
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Truong R, Thankam FG, Agrawal DK. Immunological mechanisms underlying sterile inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: potential sites for intervention. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 17:37-50. [PMID: 33280442 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1860757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Innate and adaptive immunity play a critical role in the underlying pathological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential target sites of sterile inflammation open opportunities to develop novel therapeutics. In response to oxidized LDL in the intimal layer, T cell subsets are recruited and activated at the site of atheroma to upregulate pro-atherogenic cytokines which exacerbate plaque formation instability.Areas covered: A systematic search of PubMed and the Web of Science was performed between January 2001- September 2020 and relevant articles in sterile inflammation and atherosclerosis were critically reviewed. The original information was collected on the interconnection between danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as the mediators of sterile inflammation and the receptor complex of CD36-TLR4-TLR6 that primes and activates inflammasomes in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Mediators of sterile inflammation are identified to target therapeutic strategies in the management of atherosclerosis.Expert opinion: Sterile inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome is perpetuated by the activation of IL-1β and IL-18 and induction of pyroptosis resulting in the release of additional inflammatory cytokines and DAMPs. Challenges with current inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome lie in the specificity, stability, and efficacy in targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome constituents without ameliorating upstream or downstream responses necessary for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Truong
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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Th17/Treg Imbalance and Atherosclerosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8821029. [PMID: 33193911 PMCID: PMC7648711 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8821029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is nowadays recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of large arteries. In recent years, cellular and molecular biology studies on atherosclerosis confirmed that the occurrence and development are related to inflammation and autoimmunity. A variety of immune cells, cytokines, and transcription factors are involved in this process. Current studies found that T helper cell 17, regulatory T cells, and their cytokines play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque rupture. Here, we provide a review of the up-to-date applications of T helper cell 17, regulatory T cells, cytokines, and their balance in the prognosis and therapy of atherosclerosis.
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