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Exogenous Melatonin Improves Seed Germination of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158436. [PMID: 35955571 PMCID: PMC9368970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) can effectively reduce oxidative damage induced by abiotic stresses such as salt in plants. However, the effects of MT on physiological responses and molecular regulation during wheat germination remains largely elusive. In this study, the response of wheat seeds to MT under salt stress during germination was investigated at physiological and transcriptome levels. Our results revealed that application of MT significantly reduced the negative influence of salt stress on wheat seed germination. The oxidative load was reduced by inducing high activities of antioxidant enzymes. In parallel, the content of gibberellin A3 (GA3) and jasmonic acid (JA) increased in MT-treated seedling. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that MT alters oxidoreductase activity and phytohormone-dependent signal transduction pathways under salt stress. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that MT participates in enhanced energy metabolism and protected seeds via maintained cell morphology under salt stress during wheat seed germination. Our findings provide a conceptual basis of the MT-mediated regulatory mechanism in plant adaptation to salt stress, and identify the potential candidate genes for salt-tolerant wheat molecular breeding.
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Reproductive Stage Drought Tolerance in Wheat: Importance of Stomatal Conductance and Plant Growth Regulators. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111742. [PMID: 34828346 PMCID: PMC8623834 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress requires plants to adjust their water balance to maintain tissue water levels. Isohydric plants (‘water-savers’) typically achieve this through stomatal closure, while anisohydric plants (‘water-wasters’) use osmotic adjustment and maintain stomatal conductance. Isohydry or anisohydry allows plant species to adapt to different environments. In this paper we show that both mechanisms occur in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat lines with reproductive drought-tolerance delay stomatal closure and are temporarily anisohydric, before closing stomata and become isohydric at higher threshold levels of drought stress. Drought-sensitive wheat is isohydric from the start of the drought treatment. The capacity of the drought-tolerant line to maintain stomatal conductance correlates with repression of ABA synthesis in spikes and flag leaves. Gene expression profiling revealed major differences in the drought response in spikes and flag leaves of both wheat lines. While the isohydric drought-sensitive line enters a passive growth mode (arrest of photosynthesis, protein translation), the tolerant line mounts a stronger stress defence response (ROS protection, LEA proteins, cuticle synthesis). The drought response of the tolerant line is characterised by a strong response in the spike, displaying enrichment of genes involved in auxin, cytokinin and ethylene metabolism/signalling. While isohydry may offer advantages for longer term drought stress, anisohydry may be more beneficial when drought stress occurs during the critical stages of wheat spike development, ultimately improving grain yield.
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Zhan J, Diao Y, Yin G, Sajjad M, Wei X, Lu Z, Wang Y. Integration of mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Cotton Response to Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767984. [PMID: 34956267 PMCID: PMC8695560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To identify the regulatory network of known and novel microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets responding to salt stress, a combined analysis of mRNA libraries, small RNA libraries, and degradome libraries were performed. In this study, we used unique molecular identifiers (UMIs), which are more sensitive, accurate, and reproducible than traditional methods of sequencing, to quantify the number of molecules and correct for amplification bias. We identified a total of 312 cotton miRNAs using seedlings at 0, 1, 3, and 6 h after NaCl treatment, including 80 known ghr-miRNAs and 232 novel miRNAs and found 155 miRNAs that displayed significant differential expression under salt stress. Among them, fifty-nine differentially expressed miRNAs were simultaneously induced in two or three tissues, while 66, 11, and 19 were specifically expressed in the roots, leaves, and stems, respectively. It is indicated there were different populations of miRNAs against salt stress in roots, leaves and stems. 399 candidate targets of salt-induced miRNAs showed significant differential expression before and after salt treatment, and 72 targets of 25 miRNAs were verified by degradome sequencing data. Furthermore, the regulatory relationship of miRNA-target gene was validated experimentally via 5'RLM-RACE, proving our data reliability. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis found that salt-responsive miRNA targets among the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched, and mainly involved in response to the stimulus process and the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, the expression levels of newly identified miRNA mir1 and known miRNAs miR390 and miR393 gradually decreased when subjected to continuous salt stress, while overexpression of these miRNAs both increased sensitivity to salt stress. Those newly identified miRNAs and mRNA pairs were conducive to genetic engineering and better understanding the mechanisms responding to salt stress in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yangyang Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Guo Yin
- Handan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Handan, China
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhengying Lu
- Handan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Handan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengying Lu,
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Ye Wang,
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Mwando E, Angessa TT, Han Y, Li C. Salinity tolerance in barley during germination- homologs and potential genes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:93-121. [PMID: 32115909 PMCID: PMC7076347 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salinity affects more than 6% of the world's total land area, causing massive losses in crop yield. Salinity inhibits plant growth and development through osmotic and ionic stresses; however, some plants exhibit adaptations through osmotic regulation, exclusion, and translocation of accumulated Na+ or Cl-. Currently, there are no practical, economically viable methods for managing salinity, so the best practice is to grow crops with improved tolerance. Germination is the stage in a plant's life cycle most adversely affected by salinity. Barley, the fourth most important cereal crop in the world, has outstanding salinity tolerance, relative to other cereal crops. Here, we review the genetics of salinity tolerance in barley during germination by summarizing reported quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and functional genes. The homologs of candidate genes for salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis, soybean, maize, wheat, and rice have been blasted and mapped on the barley reference genome. The genetic diversity of three reported functional gene families for salt tolerance during barley germination, namely dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) protein, somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase and aquaporin genes, is discussed. While all three gene families show great diversity in most plant species, the DREB gene family is more diverse in barley than in wheat and rice. Further to this review, a convenient method for screening for salinity tolerance at germination is needed, and the mechanisms of action of the genes involved in salt tolerance need to be identified, validated, and transferred to commercial cultivars for field production in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Mwando
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Tefera Tolera Angessa
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Yong Han
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
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Li J, Zhang X, Lu Y, Feng D, Gu A, Wang S, Wu F, Su X, Chen X, Li X, Liu M, Fan S, Feng D, Luo S, Xuan S, Wang Y, Shen S, Zhao J. Characterization of Non-heading Mutation in Heading Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30809236 PMCID: PMC6379458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Heading is a key agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage. A non-heading mutant with flat growth of heading leaves (fg-1) was isolated from an EMS-induced mutant population of the heading Chinese cabbage inbred line A03. In fg-1 mutant plants, the heading leaves are flat similar to rosette leaves. The epidermal cells on the adaxial surface of these leaves are significantly smaller, while those on the abaxial surface are much larger than in A03 plants. The segregation of the heading phenotype in the F2 and BC1 population suggests that the mutant trait is controlled by a pair of recessive alleles. Phytohormone analysis at the early heading stage showed significant decreases in IAA, ABA, JA and SA, with increases in methyl IAA and trans-Zeatin levels, suggesting they may coordinate leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity, development and morphology in fg-1. RNA-sequencing analysis at the early heading stage showed a decrease in expression levels of several auxin transport (BrAUX1, BrLAXs, and BrPINs) and responsive genes. Transcript levels of important ABA responsive genes, including BrABF3, were up-regulated in mid-leaf sections suggesting that both auxin and ABA signaling pathways play important roles in regulating leaf heading. In addition, a significant reduction in BrIAMT1 transcripts in fg-1 might contribute to leaf epinastic growth. The expression profiles of 19 genes with known roles in leaf polarity were significantly different in fg-1 leaves compared to wild type, suggesting that these genes might also regulate leaf heading in Chinese cabbage. In conclusion, leaf heading in Chinese cabbage is controlled through a complex network of hormone signaling and abaxial-adaxial patterning pathways. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular basis of head formation in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dongxiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Aixia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiangjie Su
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuangxi Fan
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Daling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Cheng Q, Bai S, Ge G, Li P, Liu L, Zhang C, Jia Y. Study on differentially expressed genes related to defoliation traits in two alfalfa varieties based on RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:807. [PMID: 30404602 PMCID: PMC6223052 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a widely cultivated, essential commercial forage crop. The protein content in its leaves is the critical factor in determining the quality of alfalfa. Thus far, the understanding of the molecular mechanism of alfalfa defoliation traits remains unclear. The transcriptome database created by RNA-Seq is used to identify critical genes related to defoliation traits. Results In this study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the Zhungeer variety (with easy leaf abscission) and WL319HQ variety (without easy leaf abscission). Among the identified 66,734 unigenes, 706 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated, and 392 unigenes downregulated in the Zhungeer vs WL319HQ leaf. KEGG pathway annotations showed that 8,414 unigenes were annotated to 87 pathways and contained 281 DEGs. Six DEGs belonging to the “Carotenoid biosynthesis”, “Plant hormone signal transduction” and “Circadian rhythm-plant” pathways involved in defoliation traits were identified and validated by RT-qPCR analyses. Conclusions This study used RNA-Seq to discover genes associated with defoliation traits between two alfalfa varieties. Our transcriptome data dramatically enriches alfalfa functional genomic studies. In addition, these data provide theoretical guidance for field production practice and genetic breeding, as well as references for future study of defoliation traits in alfalfa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5180-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Cheng
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Shiqie Bai
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Ping Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Liying Liu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Science, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Yushan Jia
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China.
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Ma T, Yoo MJ, Zhang T, Liu L, Koh J, Song WY, Harmon AC, Sha W, Chen S. Characterization of thiol-based redox modifications of Brassica napusSNF1-related protein kinase 2.6-2C. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:628-645. [PMID: 29632815 PMCID: PMC5881534 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose nonfermenting 1‐related protein kinase 2.6 (SnRK2.6), also known as Open Stomata 1 (OST1) in Arabidopsis thaliana, plays a pivotal role in abscisic acid (ABA)‐mediated stomatal closure. Four SnRK2.6 paralogs were identified in the Brassica napus genome in our previous work. Here we studied one of the paralogs, BnSnRK2.6‐2C, which was transcriptionally induced by ABA in guard cells. Recombinant BnSnRK2.6‐2C exhibited autophosphorylation activity and its phosphorylation sites were mapped. The autophosphorylation activity was inhibited by S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and by oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the inhibition was reversed by reductants. Using monobromobimane (mBBr) labeling, we demonstrated a dose‐dependent modification of BnSnRK2.6‐2C by GSNO. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis revealed previously uncharacterized thiol‐based modifications including glutathionylation and sulfonic acid formation. Of the six cysteine residues in BnSnRK2.6‐2C, C159 was found to have different types of thiol modifications, suggesting its high redox sensitivity and versatility. In addition, mBBr labeling on tyrosine residues was identified. Collectively, these data provide detailed biochemical characterization of redox‐induced modifications and changes of the BnSnRK2.6‐2C activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Ma
- College of Life Sciences Northeast Forestry University Harbin China.,Department of Biology Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA.,College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry Qiqihar University Heilongjiang China
| | - Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Biology Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Biology Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jin Koh
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Wen-Yuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA.,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Alice C Harmon
- Department of Biology Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA.,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Wei Sha
- College of Life Sciences Northeast Forestry University Harbin China.,College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry Qiqihar University Heilongjiang China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology Genetics Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA.,Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research University of Florida Gainesville FL USA.,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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Lamaoui M, Jemo M, Datla R, Bekkaoui F. Heat and Drought Stresses in Crops and Approaches for Their Mitigation. Front Chem 2018; 6:26. [PMID: 29520357 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00026/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that reduce crop productivity and weaken global food security, especially given the current and growing impacts of climate change and increases in the occurrence and severity of both stress factors. Plants have developed dynamic responses at the morphological, physiological and biochemical levels allowing them to escape and/or adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, even the mildest heat and drought stress negatively affects crop yield. Further, several independent studies have shown that increased temperature and drought can reduce crop yields by as much as 50%. Response to stress is complex and involves several factors including signaling, transcription factors, hormones, and secondary metabolites. The reproductive phase of development, leading to the grain production is shown to be more sensitive to heat stress in several crops. Advances coming from biotechnology including progress in genomics and information technology may mitigate the detrimental effects of heat and drought through the use of agronomic management practices and the development of crop varieties with increased productivity under stress. This review presents recent progress in key areas relevant to plant drought and heat tolerance. Furthermore, an overview and implications of physiological, biochemical and genetic aspects in the context of heat and drought are presented. Potential strategies to improve crop productivity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Lamaoui
- AgroBioSciences Division, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguérir, Morocco
| | - Martin Jemo
- AgroBioSciences Division, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguérir, Morocco
- Office Chérifien des Phosphates-Africa, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Faouzi Bekkaoui
- AgroBioSciences Division, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguérir, Morocco
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9
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Lamaoui M, Jemo M, Datla R, Bekkaoui F. Heat and Drought Stresses in Crops and Approaches for Their Mitigation. Front Chem 2018; 6:26. [PMID: 29520357 PMCID: PMC5827537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that reduce crop productivity and weaken global food security, especially given the current and growing impacts of climate change and increases in the occurrence and severity of both stress factors. Plants have developed dynamic responses at the morphological, physiological and biochemical levels allowing them to escape and/or adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, even the mildest heat and drought stress negatively affects crop yield. Further, several independent studies have shown that increased temperature and drought can reduce crop yields by as much as 50%. Response to stress is complex and involves several factors including signaling, transcription factors, hormones, and secondary metabolites. The reproductive phase of development, leading to the grain production is shown to be more sensitive to heat stress in several crops. Advances coming from biotechnology including progress in genomics and information technology may mitigate the detrimental effects of heat and drought through the use of agronomic management practices and the development of crop varieties with increased productivity under stress. This review presents recent progress in key areas relevant to plant drought and heat tolerance. Furthermore, an overview and implications of physiological, biochemical and genetic aspects in the context of heat and drought are presented. Potential strategies to improve crop productivity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Lamaoui
- AgroBioSciences Division, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguérir, Morocco
| | - Martin Jemo
- AgroBioSciences Division, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguérir, Morocco
- Office Chérifien des Phosphates-Africa, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Faouzi Bekkaoui
- AgroBioSciences Division, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguérir, Morocco
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10
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Kaur J, Roy Choudhury S, Vijayakumar A, Hovis L, Rhodes Z, Polzin R, Blumenthal D, Pandey S. Arabidopsis Type III Gγ Protein AGG3 Is a Positive Regulator of Yield and Stress Responses in the Model Monocot Setaria viridis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:109. [PMID: 29479357 PMCID: PMC5811934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are key regulators of a multitude of growth and development pathways in eukaryotes. Along with the conserved G-protein components found in all organisms, plants have certain novel variants with unique architecture, which may be involved in the regulation of plant-specific traits. The higher plant-specific type III (or Class C) Gγ protein, which possesses a large C terminal extension, represented by AGG3 in Arabidopsis, is one such variant of canonical Gγ proteins. The type III Gγ proteins are involved in regulation of many agronomically important traits in plants, including seed yield, organ size regulation, abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent signaling and stress responses, and nitrogen use efficiency. However, the extant data, especially in the monocots, present a relatively complex and sometimes contradictory picture of the regulatory role of these proteins. It remains unclear if the positive traits observed in certain naturally occurring populations are due to the presence of specific allelic variants of the proteins or due to the altered expression of the gene itself. To address these possibilities, we have overexpressed the Arabidopsis AGG3 gene in the model monocot Setaria viridis and systematically evaluated its role in conferring agriculturally relevant phenotypes. Our data show that AtAGG3 is indeed functional in Setaria and suggest that a subset of the traits affected by the type III Gγ proteins are indeed positively correlated with the gene expression level, while others might have more complex, allele specific regulation.
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Goldental-Cohen S, Burstein C, Biton I, Ben Sasson S, Sadeh A, Many Y, Doron-Faigenboim A, Zemach H, Mugira Y, Schneider D, Birger R, Meir S, Philosoph-Hadas S, Irihomovitch V, Lavee S, Avidan B, Ben-Ari G. Ethephon induced oxidative stress in the olive leaf abscission zone enables development of a selective abscission compound. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:87. [PMID: 28511694 PMCID: PMC5434568 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Table olives (Olea europaea L.), despite their widespread production, are still harvested manually. The low efficiency of manual harvesting and the rising costs of labor have reduced the profitability of this crop. A selective abscission treatment, inducing abscission of fruits but not leaves, is crucial for the adoption of mechanical harvesting of table olives. In the present work we studied the anatomical and molecular differences between the three abscission zones (AZs) of olive fruits and leaves. RESULTS The fruit abscission zone 3 (FAZ3), located between the fruit and the pedicel, was found to be the active AZ in mature fruits and is sensitive to ethephon, whereas FAZ2, between the pedicel and the rachis, is the flower active AZ as well as functioning as the most ethephon induced fruit AZ. We found anatomical differences between the leaf AZ (LAZ) and the two FAZs. Unlike the FAZs, the LAZ is characterized by small cells with less pectin compared to neighboring cells. In an attempt to differentiate between the fruit and leaf AZs, we examined the effect of treating olive-bearing trees with ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, with or without antioxidants, on the detachment force (DF) of fruits and leaves 5 days after the treatment. Ethephon treatment enhanced pectinase activity and reduced DF in all the three olive AZs. A transcriptomic analysis of the three olive AZs after ethephon treatment revealed induction of several genes encoding for hormones (ethylene, auxin and ABA), as well as for several cell wall degrading enzymes. However, up-regulation of cellulase genes was found only in the LAZ. Many genes involved in oxidative stress were induced by the ethephon treatment in the LAZ alone. In addition, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated abscission in response to ethephon only in leaves. Thus, adding antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or butyric acid to the ethephon inhibited leaf abscission but enhanced fruit abscission. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that treating olive-bearing trees with a combination of ethephon and antioxidants reduces the detachment force (DF) of fruit without weakening that of the leaves. Hence, this selective abscission treatment may be used in turn to promote mechanized harvest of olives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Goldental-Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - C. Burstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - I. Biton
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - S. Ben Sasson
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - A. Sadeh
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Y. Many
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - A. Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - H. Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Y. Mugira
- The Agricultural Extension Service of Israel, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - D. Schneider
- Migal – Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - R. Birger
- Agriculture Valley Center, P.O. Box 73, 23100 Migdal Haemeq, Israel
| | - S. Meir
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - S. Philosoph-Hadas
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - V. Irihomovitch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - S. Lavee
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - B. Avidan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - G. Ben-Ari
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Bu Y, Sun B, Zhou A, Zhang X, Takano T, Liu S. Overexpression of AtOxR gene improves abiotic stresses tolerance and vitamin C content in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:69. [PMID: 27717369 PMCID: PMC5055693 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abiotic stresses are serious threats to plant growth, productivity and result in crop loss worldwide, reducing average yields of most major crops. Although abiotic stresses might elicit different plant responses, most induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells leads to oxidative damage. L-ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) is known as an antioxidant and H2O2-scavenger that defends plants against abiotic stresses. In addition, vitamin C is also an important component of human nutrition that has to be obtained from different foods. Therefore, increasing the vitamin C content is important for improving abiotic stresses tolerance and nutrition quality in crops production. Results Here, we show that the expression of AtOxR gene is response to multiple abiotic stresses (salt, osmotic, metal ion, and H2O2 treatment) in both the leaves and roots of Arabidopsis. AtOxR protein was localized to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in yeast and Arabidopsis cells by co-localization analysis with ER specific dye. AtOxR-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants enhance the tolerance to abiotic stresses. Overexpression of AtOxR gene resulted in AsA accumulation and decreased H2O2 content in transgenic plants. Conclusions In this study, our results show that AtOxR responds to multiple abiotic stresses. Overexpressing AtOxR improves tolerance to abiotic stresses and increase vitamin C content in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtOxR will be useful for the improvement of important crop plants through moleculer breeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0299-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Rd 232 Hesong, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Testuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center(ASNESC), The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Shenkui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Deng P, Wang L, Cui L, Feng K, Liu F, Du X, Tong W, Nie X, Ji W, Weining S. Global Identification of MicroRNAs and Their Targets in Barley under Salinity Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137990. [PMID: 26372557 PMCID: PMC4570814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a major limiting factor for agricultural production worldwide. A better understanding of the mechanisms of salinity stress response will aid efforts to improve plant salt tolerance. In this study, a combination of small RNA and mRNA degradome sequencing was used to identify salinity responsive-miRNAs and their targets in barley. A total of 152 miRNAs belonging to 126 families were identified, of which 44 were found to be salinity responsive with 30 up-regulated and 25 down-regulated respectively. The majority of the salinity-responsive miRNAs were up-regulated at the 8h time point, while down-regulated at the 3h and 27h time points. The targets of these miRNAs were further detected by degradome sequencing coupled with bioinformatics prediction. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to validate the identified miRNA and their targets. Our study systematically investigated the expression profile of miRNA and their targets in barley during salinity stress phase, which can contribute to understanding how miRNAs respond to salinity stress in barley and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Licao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kewei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianghong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (XD)
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Song Weining
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (XD)
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Raghuram B, Sheikh AH, Rustagi Y, Sinha AK. MicroRNA biogenesis factor DRB1 is a phosphorylation target of mitogen activated protein kinase MPK3 in both rice and Arabidopsis. FEBS J 2014; 282:521-36. [PMID: 25417716 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) biogenesis requires AtDRB1 (double-stranded RNA binding protein)/HYL1 (Hyponastic Leaves1) protein for processing and maturation of miRNA precursors. The AtDRB1/HYL1 protein associates with AtDCL1 (Dicer-Like1) and accurately processes primary-miRNAs (pri-mRNAs) first to precursor-miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) and finally to mature miRNAs. The dephosphorylation of AtDRB1/HYL1 protein is very important for the precise processing of miRNA precursors. The monocot model crop plant Oryza sativa encodes four orthologues of AtDRB1/HYL1 protein, the only one encoded by Arabidopsis thaliana. The present study focuses on the functionality of the O. sativa DRBs as the orthologues of AtDRB1/HYL1 by using RNA binding assays and in planta protein-protein interaction analysis. Further, mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK3 is established as the kinase phosphorylating DRB1 protein in both the model plants, O. sativa and Arabidopsis. MicroRNA microarray analysis in atmpk3 and atmpk6 mutants indicate the importance of AtMPK3 in maintaining the level of miRNAs in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badmi Raghuram
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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15
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Si J, Zhou T, Bo W, Xu F, Wu R. Genome-wide analysis of salt-responsive and novel microRNAs in Populus euphratica by deep sequencing. BMC Genet 2014. [PMID: 25079824 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2156‐15‐s1‐s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populus euphratica is a representative model woody plant species for studying resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salt. Salt stress is one of the most common environmental factors that affect plant growth and development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that have important regulatory functions in plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress. RESULTS To investigate the miRNAs involved in the salt-stress response, we constructed four small cDNA libraries from P. euphratica plantlets treated with or without salt (300 mM NaCl, 3 days) in either the root or leaf. Using high-throughput sequencing to identify miRNAs, we found 164 conserved miRNAs belonging to 44 families. Of these, 136 novel miRNAs were from the leaf, and 128 novel miRNAs were from the root. In response to salt stress, 95 miRNAs belonging to 46 conserved miRNAs families changed significantly, with 56 miRNAs upregulated and 39 miRNAs downregulated in the leaf. A comparison of the leaf and root tissues revealed 155 miRNAs belonging to 63 families with significantly altered expression, including 84 upregulated and 71 downregulated miRNAs. Furthermore, 479 target genes in the root and 541 targets of novel miRNAs in the leaf were predicted, and functional information was annotated using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel visual field for understanding the regulatory roles of miRNAs in response to salt stress in Populus.
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16
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Sheth BP, Thaker VS. Plant systems biology: insights, advances and challenges. PLANTA 2014; 240:33-54. [PMID: 24671625 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants dwelling at the base of biological food chain are of fundamental significance in providing solutions to some of the most daunting ecological and environmental problems faced by our planet. The reductionist views of molecular biology provide only a partial understanding to the phenotypic knowledge of plants. Systems biology offers a comprehensive view of plant systems, by employing a holistic approach integrating the molecular data at various hierarchical levels. In this review, we discuss the basics of systems biology including the various 'omics' approaches and their integration, the modeling aspects and the tools needed for the plant systems research. A particular emphasis is given to the recent analytical advances, updated published examples of plant systems biology studies and the future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavisha P Sheth
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Advanced Studies in Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 360005, Gujarat, India,
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17
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Si J, Zhou T, Bo W, Xu F, Wu R. Genome-wide analysis of salt-responsive and novel microRNAs in Populus euphratica by deep sequencing. BMC Genet 2014; 15 Suppl 1:S6. [PMID: 25079824 PMCID: PMC4118626 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-s1-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Populus euphratica is a representative model woody plant species for studying resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salt. Salt stress is one of the most common environmental factors that affect plant growth and development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that have important regulatory functions in plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress. Results To investigate the miRNAs involved in the salt-stress response, we constructed four small cDNA libraries from P. euphratica plantlets treated with or without salt (300 mM NaCl, 3 days) in either the root or leaf. Using high-throughput sequencing to identify miRNAs, we found 164 conserved miRNAs belonging to 44 families. Of these, 136 novel miRNAs were from the leaf, and 128 novel miRNAs were from the root. In response to salt stress, 95 miRNAs belonging to 46 conserved miRNAs families changed significantly, with 56 miRNAs upregulated and 39 miRNAs downregulated in the leaf. A comparison of the leaf and root tissues revealed 155 miRNAs belonging to 63 families with significantly altered expression, including 84 upregulated and 71 downregulated miRNAs. Furthermore, 479 target genes in the root and 541 targets of novel miRNAs in the leaf were predicted, and functional information was annotated using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Conclusions This study provides a novel visual field for understanding the regulatory roles of miRNAs in response to salt stress in Populus.
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18
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Ying L, Chen H, Cai W. BnNAC485 is involved in abiotic stress responses and flowering time in Brassica napus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 79:77-87. [PMID: 24690671 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
NAC domain proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant growth and development. In this present study, we isolated BnNAC485 from Brassica napus L. (cv. HuYou15) and found that it showed high homology (84% at the amino acid level) with a NAC protein called AtRD26/ANAC072. BnNAC485 was specifically expressed in cotyledons and leaves of young seedlings, and expression was induced by abiotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. The BnNAC485 protein localized to the nucleus. Over-expression of BnNAC485 enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress compared with wild-type plants in both B. napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, under exogenous ABA stress, BnNAC485 over-expression lines showed hypersensitivity to this treatment compared with wild-type B. napus and A. thaliana plants. Moreover, exogenous ABA treatment enhanced stomatal closing in B. napus plants over-expressing BnNAC485. Real-time RT-PCR assays showed that some abiotic- or ABA-responsive genes were up-regulated in A. thaliana plants over-expressing BnNAC485. Additionally, the transgenic lines flowered earlier than the wild-type B. napus and A. thaliana plants and the expression patterns of certain circadian clock genes were found to have changed. These results suggest that BnNAC485 acts in response to abiotic stress in plants via an ABA-mediated pathway and this gene can also alter plant flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ying
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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He Y, Hao Q, Li W, Yan C, Yan N, Yin P. Identification and characterization of ABA receptors in Oryza sativa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95246. [PMID: 24743650 PMCID: PMC3990689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential phytohormone that regulates plant stress responses. ABA receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPYLs) have been extensively investigated by structural, biochemical, and in vivo studies. In contrast, relatively little is known about the ABA signal transduction cascade in rice. Besides, the diversities of AtPYLs manifest that the information accumulated in Arabidopsis cannot be simply adapted to rice. Thus, studies on rice ABA receptors are compulsory. By taking a bioinformatic approach, we identified twelve ABA receptor orthologs in Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar-group) (OsPYLs), named OsPYL1–12. We have successfully expressed and purified OsPYL1–3, 6 and 10–12 to homogeneity, tested the inhibitory effects on PP2C in Oryza sativa (OsPP2C), and measured their oligomerization states. OsPYL1–3 mainly exhibit as dimers and require ABA to inhibit PP2C’s activity. On the contrary, OsPYL6 retains in the monomer-dimer equilibrium state and OsPYL10–11 largely exist as monomers, and they all display an ABA-independent phosphatase inhibition manner. Interestingly, although OsPYL12 seems to be a dimer, it abrogates the phosphatase activity of PP2Cs in the absence of ABA. Toward a further understanding of OsPYLs on the ABA binding and PP2C inhibition, we determined the crystal structure of ABA-OsPYL2-OsPP2C06 complex. The bioinformatic, biochemical and structural analysis of ABA receptors in rice provide important foundations for designing rational ABA-analogues and breeding the stress-resistant rice for commercial agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Beijing, China; Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Beijing, China; Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Beijing, China; Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nieng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Beijing, China; Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Wuhan, China; College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Molecular basis for the selective and ABA-independent inhibition of PP2CA by PYL13. Cell Res 2013; 23:1369-79. [PMID: 24165892 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PYR1/PYL/RCAR family proteins (PYLs) are well-characterized abscisic acid (ABA) receptors. Among the 14 PYL members in Arabidopsis thaliana, PYL13 is ABA irresponsive and its function has remained elusive. Here, we show that PYL13 selectively inhibits the phosphatase activity of PP2CA independent of ABA. The crystal structure of PYL13-PP2CA complex, which was determined at 2.4 Å resolution, elucidates the molecular basis for the specific recognition between PP2CA and PYL13. In addition to the canonical interactions between PYLs and PP2Cs, an extra interface is identified involving an element in the vicinity of a previously uncharacterized CCCH zinc-finger (ZF) motif in PP2CA. Sequence blast identified another 56 ZF-containing PP2Cs, all of which are from plants. The structure also reveals the molecular determinants for the ABA irresponsiveness of PYL13. Finally, biochemical analysis suggests that PYL13 may hetero-oligomerize with PYL10. These two PYLs antagonize each other in their respective ABA-independent inhibitions of PP2Cs. The biochemical and structural studies provide important insights into the function of PYL13 in the stress response of plant and set up a foundation for future biotechnological applications of PYL13.
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Guo X, Hou X, Fang J, Wei P, Xu B, Chen M, Feng Y, Chu C. The rice GERMINATION DEFECTIVE 1, encoding a B3 domain transcriptional repressor, regulates seed germination and seedling development by integrating GA and carbohydrate metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:403-16. [PMID: 23581288 PMCID: PMC3813988 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that seed development is regulated by a network of transcription factors in Arabidopsis including LEC1 (LEAFY COTYLEDON1), L1L (LEC1-like) and the B3 domain factors LEC2, FUS3 (FUSCA3) and ABI3 (ABA-INSENSITIVE3); however, molecular and genetic regulation of seed development in cereals is poorly understood. To understand seed development and seed germination in cereals, a large-scale screen was performed using our T-DNA mutant population, and a mutant germination-defective1 (gd1) was identified. In addition to the severe germination defect, the gd1 mutant also shows a dwarf phenotype and abnormal flower development. Molecular and biochemical analyses revealed that GD1 encodes a B3 domain-containing transcription factor with repression activity. Consistent with the dwarf phenotype of gd1, expression of the gibberelic acid (GA) inactivation gene OsGA2ox3 is increased dramatically, accompanied by reduced expression of GA biosynthetic genes including OsGA20ox1, OsGA20ox2 and OsGA3ox2 in gd1, resulting in a decreased endogenous GA₄ level. Exogenous application of GA not only induced GD1 expression, but also partially rescued the dwarf phenotype of gd1. Furthermore, GD1 binds to the promoter of OsLFL1, a LEC2/FUS3-like gene of rice, via an RY element, leading to significant up-regulation of OsLFL1 and a large subset of seed maturation genes in the gd1 mutant. Plants over-expressing OsLFL1 partly mimic the gd1 mutant. In addition, expression of GD1 was induced under sugar treatment, and the contents of starch and soluble sugar are altered in the gd1 mutant. These data indicate that GD1 participates directly or indirectly in regulating GA and carbohydrate homeostasis, and further regulates rice seed germination and seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaomei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
- For correspondence (e-mail or )
| | - Piwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingluan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
- For correspondence (e-mail or )
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22
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Mathews S, Reinhold D. Biosolid-borne tetracyclines and sulfonamides in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4327-4338. [PMID: 23591931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tetracyclines and sulfonamides used in human and animal medicine are released to terrestrial ecosystems from wastewater treatment plants or by direct manure application. The interactions between plants and these antibiotics are numerous and complex, including uptake and accumulation, phytometabolism, toxicity responses, and degradation in the rhizosphere. Uptake and accumulation of antibiotics have been studied in plants such as wheat, maize, potato, vegetables, and ornamentals. Once accumulated in plant tissue, organic contaminants can be metabolized through a sequential process of transformation, conjugation through glycosylation and glutathione pathways, and ultimately sequestration into plant tissue. While studies have yet to fully elucidate the phytometabolism of tetracyclines and sulfonamides, an in-depth review of plant and mammalian studies suggest multiple potential transformation and conjugation pathways for tetracyclines and sulfonamides. The presence of contaminants in the vicinity or within the plants can elicit stress responses and defense mechanisms that can help tolerate the negative effects of contaminants. Antibiotics can change microbial communities and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere, potentially inducing microbial antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, the interaction of microbes and root exudates on pharmaceuticals in the rhizosphere can result in degradation of the parent molecule to less toxic compounds. To fully characterize the environmental impacts of increased antibiotic use in human medicine and animal production, further research is essential to understand the effects of different antibiotics on plant physiology and productivity, uptake, translocation, and phytometabolism of antibiotics, and the role of antibiotics in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Mathews
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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23
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Suttle JC, Lulai EC, Huckle LL, Neubauer JD. Wounding of potato tubers induces increases in ABA biosynthesis and catabolism and alters expression of ABA metabolic genes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:560-6. [PMID: 23290537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of physical wounding on ABA biosynthesis and catabolism and expression of genes encoding key ABA metabolic enzymes were determined in potato tubers. An increase in ABA and ABA metabolite content was observed 48h after wounding and remained elevated through 96h. Wounding induced dramatic increases in the expression of the ABA metabolic genes encoding zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), and ABA-8'-hydroxylase. Although the patterns of wound-induced expression of individual genes varied, increased gene expression was observed within 3h of wounding and remained elevated through 96h. An apparent correlation between expression of the gene encoding ZEP and the increase in ABA content suggested that the wound-induced increase in ABA biosynthesis was regulated by both substrate availability and increased NCED activity. Suppression of wound-induced jasmonic acid accumulation by rinsing the wounded tissue with water did not inhibit the subsequent increase in ABA content. Exogenous ethylene completely suppressed the wound-induced increase in ABA content and dramatically reduced wound-induced up-regulation of ABA metabolic genes. This study is the first to identify the molecular bases for increased ABA accumulation following physical trauma in potato tubers and highlights the complex physiological interactions between various wound-induced hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Suttle
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd. N, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA.
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24
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Ren Y, Chen L, Zhang Y, Kang X, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Identification and characterization of salt-responsive microRNAs in Populus tomentosa by high-throughput sequencing. Biochimie 2012; 95:743-50. [PMID: 23142627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salt is one of the main environmental factors limiting plant growth and a better understanding of mechanisms of salt stress would aid efforts to bolster plant salt tolerance. MicroRNAs are well known for their important regulatory roles in response to abiotic stress in plants. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was employed to identify miRNAs in Populus tomentosa plantlets treated or not with salt (200 mM for 10 h). We found 141 conserved miRNAs belonging to 31 families, 29 non-conserved but previously-known miRNAs belonging to 26 families, and 17 novel miRNAs. Under salt stress, 19 miRNAs belonging to seven conserved miRNA families were significantly downregulated, and two miRNAs belonging to two conserved miRNA families were upregulated. Of seven non-conserved miRNAs with significantly altered expression, five were downregulated and two were upregulated. Furthermore, eight miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR and their dynamic differential expressions were analyzed. In addition, 269 target genes of identified miRNAs were predicted and categorized by function. These results provide new insights into salt-responsive miRNAs in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Ren Y, Chen L, Zhang Y, Kang X, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Identification of novel and conserved Populus tomentosa microRNA as components of a response to water stress. Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:327-39. [PMID: 22415631 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that play important downregulation roles in plants growth, development, and stress responses. To better identify Populus tomentosa miRNAs and understand the functions of miRNAs in response to water stress (drought and flooding), 152 conserved miRNAs belonging to 36 miRNA families, 8 known but non-conserved miRNAs and 64 candidate novel miRNAs belonging to 54 miRNA families were identified and analyzed from three small RNA (sRNA) libraries (drought treatment, flooding treatment, and control) by high-throughput sequencing combined with qRT-PCR. Significant changes in the expression of 17 conserved miRNA families and nine novel miRNAs were observed in response to drought stress, and in seven conserved miRNA families and five novel miRNAs in response to flooding stress. Both miRNA and miRNA*s were involved in the regulation of plant stress responses. The annotation of the potential targets of miRNAs with differential expression indicate that many types of genes encoding transcription factors, enzymes, and signal transduction components are implicated in the abiotic stress response..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Xia Z, Liu Q, Wu J, Ding J. ZmRFP1, the putative ortholog of SDIR1, encodes a RING-H2 E3 ubiquitin ligase and responds to drought stress in an ABA-dependent manner in maize. Gene 2012; 495:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Xie T, Ren R, Zhang YY, Pang Y, Yan C, Gong X, He Y, Li W, Miao D, Hao Q, Deng H, Wang Z, Wu JW, Yan N. Molecular mechanism for inhibition of a critical component in the Arabidopsis thaliana abscisic acid signal transduction pathways, SnRK2.6, by protein phosphatase ABI1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:794-802. [PMID: 22090030 PMCID: PMC3249133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclass III SnRK2s (SnRK2.6/2.3/2.2) are the key positive regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. The kinases, activated by ABA or osmotic stress, phosphorylate stress-related transcription factors and ion channels, which ultimately leads to the protection of plants from dehydration or high salinity. In the absence of stressors, SnRK2s are subject to negative regulation by group A protein phosphatase type 2Cs (PP2C), whereas the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here we report the crystal structure of the kinase domain of SnRK2.6 at 2.6-Å resolution. Structure-guided biochemical analyses identified two distinct interfaces between SnRK2.6 and ABI1, a member of group A PP2Cs. Structural modeling suggested that the two interfaces lock SnRK2.6 and ABI1 in an orientation such that the activation loop of SnRK2.6 is posited to the catalytic site of ABI1 for dephosphorylation. These studies revealed the molecular basis for PP2Cs-mediated inhibition of SnRK2s and provided important insights into the downstream signal transduction of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruobing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuxuan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinqi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Di Miao
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology; School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
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28
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Robert-Seilaniantz A, MacLean D, Jikumaru Y, Hill L, Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, Jones JDG. The microRNA miR393 re-directs secondary metabolite biosynthesis away from camalexin and towards glucosinolates. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:218-31. [PMID: 21457368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
flg22 treatment increases levels of miR393, a microRNA that targets auxin receptors. Over-expression of miR393 renders plants more resistant to biotroph pathogens and more susceptible to necrotroph pathogens. In contrast, over-expression of AFB1, an auxin receptor whose mRNA is partially resistant to miR393 degradation, renders the plant more susceptible to biotroph pathogens. Here we investigate the mechanism by which auxin signalling and miR393 influence plant defence. We show that auxin signalling represses SA levels and signalling. We also show that miR393 represses auxin signalling, preventing it from antagonizing SA signalling. In addition, over-expression of miR393 increases glucosinolate levels and decreases the levels of camalexin. Further studies on pathogen interactions in auxin signalling mutants revealed that ARF1 and ARF9 negatively regulate glucosinolate accumulation, and that ARF9 positively regulates camalexin accumulation. We propose that the action of miR393 on auxin signalling triggers two complementary responses. First, it prevents suppression of SA levels by auxin. Second, it stabilizes ARF1 and ARF9 in inactive complexes. As a result, the plant is able to mount a full SA response and to re-direct metabolic flow toward the most effective anti-microbial compounds for biotroph resistance. We propose that miR393 levels can fine-tune plant defences and prioritize resources.
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29
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The Molecular Basis of ABA-Independent Inhibition of PP2Cs by a Subclass of PYL Proteins. Mol Cell 2011; 42:662-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Jin YM, Jung J, Jeon H, Won SY, Feng Y, Kang JS, Lee SY, Cheong JJ, Koiwa H, Kim M. AtCPL5, a novel Ser-2-specific RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatase, positively regulates ABA and drought responses in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:57-74. [PMID: 21231936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatases regulate stress-responsive gene expression and plant development via the dephosphorylation of serine (Ser) residues of the CTD. Some of these phosphatases (CTD phosphatase-like 1 (CPL1) to CPL3) negatively regulate ABA and stress responses. Here, we isolated AtCPL5, a cDNA encoding a protein containing two CTD phosphatase domains (CPDs). To characterize AtCPL5, we analyzed the gene expression patterns and subcellular protein localization, investigated various phenotypes of AtCPL5-overexpressors and knockout mutants involved in ABA and drought responses, performed microarray and RNA hybridization analyses using AtCPL5-overexpressors, and assessed the CTD phosphatase activities of the purified AtCPL5 and each CPD of the protein. Transcripts of the nucleus-localized AtCPL5 were induced by ABA and drought. AtCPL5-overexpressors exhibited ABA-hypersensitive phenotypes (increased inhibition of seed germination, seedling growth, and stomatal aperture), lower transpiration rates upon dehydration, and enhanced drought tolerance, while the knockout mutants showed weak ABA hyposensitivity. AtCPL5 overexpression changed the expression of numerous genes, including those involved in ABA-mediated responses. In contrast to Ser-5-specific phosphatase activity of the negative stress response regulators, purified AtCPL5 and each CPD of the protein specifically dephosphorylated Ser-2 in RNAPII CTD. We conclude that AtCPL5 is a unique CPL family protein that positively regulates ABA-mediated development and drought responses in Arabidopsis.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/drug effects
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Droughts
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genes, Plant
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphoserine/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Stomata/drug effects
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA Polymerase II/chemistry
- RNA Polymerase II/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Subcellular Fractions/drug effects
- Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Won
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
- Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Feng
- Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Science, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA
| | - Jae-Sook Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Joo Cheong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Science, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA
| | - Minkyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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31
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Zou JJ, Wei FJ, Wang C, Wu JJ, Ratnasekera D, Liu WX, Wu WH. Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK10 functions in abscisic acid- and Ca2+-mediated stomatal regulation in response to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1232-43. [PMID: 20805328 PMCID: PMC2971602 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.157545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) may function as calcium sensors and play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development and in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes 34 CDPKs, and most of them have not been functionally characterized. Here, we report the functional characterization of CPK10 in Arabidopsis response to drought stress. The cpk10 mutant, a T-DNA insertion mutant for the Arabidopsis CPK10 gene, showed a much more sensitive phenotype to drought stress compared with wild-type plants, while the CPK10 overexpression lines displayed enhanced tolerance to drought stress. Induction of stomatal closure and inhibition of stomatal opening by abscisic acid (ABA) and Ca(2+) were impaired in the cpk10 mutants. Using yeast two-hybrid methods, a heat shock protein, HSP1, was identified as a CPK10-interacting protein. The interaction between CPK10 and HSP1 was further confirmed by pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The HSP1 knockout mutant (hsp1) plants showed a similar sensitive phenotype under drought stress as the cpk10 mutant plants and were similarly less sensitive to ABA and Ca(2+) in regulation of stomatal movements. Electrophysiological experiments showed that ABA and Ca(2+) inhibition of the inward K(+) currents in stomatal guard cells were impaired in the cpk10 and hsp1 mutants. All presented data demonstrate that CPK10, possibly by interacting with HSP1, plays important roles in ABA- and Ca(2+)-mediated regulation of stomatal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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32
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Hao Q, Yin P, Yan C, Yuan X, Li W, Zhang Z, Liu L, Wang J, Yan N. Functional mechanism of the abscisic acid agonist pyrabactin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28946-52. [PMID: 20554531 PMCID: PMC2937921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrabactin is a synthetic abscisic acid (ABA) agonist that selectively inhibits seed germination. The use of pyrabactin was pivotal in the identification of the PYR1/PYL/RCAR family (PYL) of proteins as the ABA receptor. Although they both act through PYL proteins, pyrabactin and ABA share no apparent chemical or structural similarity. It remains unclear how pyrabactin functions as an ABA agonist. Here, we report the crystal structure of pyrabactin in complex with PYL1 at 2.4 A resolution. Structural and biochemical analyses revealed that recognition of pyrabactin by the pocket residues precedes the closure of switch loop CL2. Structural comparison between pyrabactin- and ABA-bound PYL1 reveals a general principle in the arrangements of function groups of the two distinct ligands. The study provides a framework for the development of novel ABA agonists that may have applicable potentials in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hao
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine
| | - Ping Yin
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine
| | - Chuangye Yan
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Xiaoqiu Yuan
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine
| | - Wenqi Li
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Nieng Yan
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine
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33
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Wang X, Kuang T, He Y. Conservation between higher plants and the moss Physcomitrella patens in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid: a proteomics analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:192. [PMID: 20799958 PMCID: PMC2956542 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is ubiquitous among land plants where it plays an important role in plant growth and development. In seeds, ABA induces embryogenesis and seed maturation as well as seed dormancy and germination. In vegetative tissues, ABA is a necessary mediator in the triggering of many of the physiological and molecular adaptive responses of the plant to adverse environmental conditions, such as desiccation, salt and cold. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the influence of abscisic acid (ABA) on Physcomitrella patens at the level of the proteome using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sixty-five protein spots showed changes in response to ABA treatment. Among them, thirteen protein spots were down-regulated; fifty-two protein spots were up-regulated including four protein spots which were newly induced. These proteins were involved in various functions, including material and energy metabolism, defense, protein destination and storage, transcription, signal transduction, cell growth/division, transport, and cytoskeleton. Specifically, most of the up-regulated proteins functioned as molecular chaperones, transcriptional regulators, and defense proteins. Detailed analysis of these up-regulated proteins showed that ABA could trigger stress and defense responses and protect plants from oxidative damage. Otherwise, three protein kinases involved in signal pathways were up-regulated suggesting that P. patens is sensitive to exogenous ABA. The down-regulated of the Rubisco small subunit, photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex proteins and photosystem assembly protein ycf3 indicated that photosynthesis of P. patens was inhibited by ABA treatment. CONCLUSION Proteome analysis techniques have been applied as a direct, effective, and reliable tool in differential protein expressions. Sixty-five protein spots showed differences in accumulation levels as a result of treatment with ABA. Detailed analysis these protein functions showed that physiological and molecular responses to the plant hormone ABA appear to be conserved among higher plant species and bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing 102206, China
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, US
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yikun He
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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34
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A new mechanism in plant engineering: The potential roles of microRNAs in molecular breeding for crop improvement. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:301-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Chandler JW. Auxin as compère in plant hormone crosstalk. PLANTA 2009; 231:1-12. [PMID: 19888599 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of many hormone perceptions and signalling pathways has been recently well established, together with an awareness that plant hormone responses are the product of networks of interactions involving multiple hormones. As growth is quantitative, so are hormone responses, which underlie a systems approach to development and response. Auxin is arguably one of the best characterised hormones in plant development, and despite many excellent reviews on auxin perception, polar transport, and signal transduction, too little attention has been given to auxin crosstalk. This review, therefore, gives a précis of recent developments in hormone crosstalk involving auxin. For decades, the literature has described the involvement of multiple hormones in particular processes, although the mechanistic bases underlying points of crosstalk have been harder to pinpoint. Crosstalk falls into different categories, such as direct, indirect, or co-regulation. One conclusion for auxin crosstalk is that crosstalk operates extensively via the metabolism of other hormones, however, microarray approaches are increasingly identifying co-regulated genes and nodes of crosstalk at shared signalling components. Auxin crosstalk is often local, and is spatially and temporally regulated to provide adaptive value to environmental conditions and fine-tuning of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Chandler
- Department of Developmental Biology, Cologne University, Gyrhofstrasse 17, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Wilmowicz E, Kesy J, Kopcewicz J. Ethylene and ABA interactions in the regulation of flower induction in Pharbitis nil. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1917-28. [PMID: 18565620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are included in the essential elements that control the induction of flowering. Ethylene is thought to be a strong inhibitor of flowering in short day plants (SDPs), whereas the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in the regulation of flowering of plants is not well understood. The dual role of ABA in the photoperiodic flower induction of the SDP Pharbitis nil and the interaction between ABA and ethylene were examined in the present experiments. Application of ABA on the cotyledons during the inductive 16-h-long night inhibited flowering. However, ABA application on the cotyledons or the shoot apices during the subinductive 12-h-long night resulted in slight stimulation of flowering. Application of ABA also resulted in enhanced ethylene production. Whereas nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) - an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor - applied on the cotyledons of 5-d-old seedlings during the inductive night inhibited both the formation of axillary and of terminal flower buds, application of 2-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) - inhibitors of ethylene action - reversed the inhibitory effect of ABA on flowering. ABA levels in the cotyledons of seedlings exposed to a 16-h-long inductive night markedly increased. Such an effect was not observed when the inductive night was interrupted with a 15-min-long red light pulse or when seedlings were treated at the same time with gaseous ethylene during the dark period. Lower levels of ABA were observed in seedlings treated with NDGA during the inductive night. These results may suggest that ABA plays an important role in the photoperiodic induction of flowering in P. nil seedlings, and that the inhibitory effect of ethylene on P. nil flowering inhibition may depend on its influence on the ABA level. A reversal of the inhibitory effect of ethylene on flower induction through a simultaneous treatment of induced seedlings with both ethylene and ABA strongly supports this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Liu HH, Tian X, Li YJ, Wu CA, Zheng CC. Microarray-based analysis of stress-regulated microRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 14:836-43. [PMID: 18356539 PMCID: PMC2327369 DOI: 10.1261/rna.895308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High-salinity, drought, and low temperature are three common environmental stress factors that seriously influence plant growth and development worldwide. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a class of gene expression regulators that have also been linked to stress responses. However, the relationship between miRNA expression and stress responses is just beginning to be explored. Here, we identified 14 stress-inducible miRNAs using microarray data in which the effects of three abiotic stresses were surveyed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Among them, 10 high-salinity-, four drought-, and 10 cold-regulated miRNAs were detected, respectively. miR168, miR171, and miR396 responded to all of the stresses. Expression profiling by RT-PCR analysis showed great cross-talk among the high-salinity, drought, and cold stress signaling pathways. The existence of stress-related elements in miRNA promoter regions provided further evidence supporting our results. These findings extend the current view about miRNA as ubiquitous regulators under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
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Strader LC, Monroe-Augustus M, Bartel B. The IBR5 phosphatase promotes Arabidopsis auxin responses through a novel mechanism distinct from TIR1-mediated repressor degradation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:41. [PMID: 18423007 PMCID: PMC2374786 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Arabidopsis, INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID RESPONSE5 (IBR5), a putative dual-specificity protein phosphatase, is a positive regulator of auxin response. Mutations in IBR5 result in decreased plant height, defective vascular development, increased leaf serration, fewer lateral roots, and resistance to the phytohormones auxin and abscisic acid. However, the pathways through which IBR5 influences auxin responses are not fully understood. RESULTS We analyzed double mutants of ibr5 with other mutants that dampen auxin responses and found that combining ibr5 with an auxin receptor mutant, tir1, enhanced auxin resistance relative to either parent. Like other auxin-response mutants, auxin-responsive reporter accumulation was reduced in ibr5. Unlike other auxin-resistant mutants, the Aux/IAA repressor reporter protein AXR3NT-GUS was not stabilized in ibr5. Similarly, the Aux/IAA repressor IAA28 was less abundant in ibr5 than in wild type. ibr5 defects were not fully rescued by overexpression of a mutant form of IBR5 lacking the catalytic cysteine residue. CONCLUSION Our genetic and molecular evidence suggests that IBR5 is a phosphatase that promotes auxin responses, including auxin-inducible transcription, differently than the TIR1 auxin receptor and without destabilizing Aux/IAA repressor proteins. Our data are consistent with the possibility that auxin-responsive transcription can be modulated downstream of TIR1-mediated repressor degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | | | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Pandey GK. Emergence of a novel calcium signaling pathway in plants: CBL-CIPK signaling network. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 14:51-68. [PMID: 23572873 PMCID: PMC3550666 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-008-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the environment, plants are exposed to plethora of adverse stimuli such as abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stresses including dehydration, salinity and low temperature poses a major threat for crop productivity. Plant responds to these stresses by activating a number of signaling pathways which enable them to defend or adjust against these stresses. To understand the mechanisms by which plants perceive environmental signals and transmit these signals to cellular machinery to activate adaptive responses is of fundamental importance to biology. Calcium plays a pivotal role in plant responses to a number of stimuli including pathogens, abiotic stresses, and hormones. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium functions are poorly understood. It is hypothesized that calcium serves as second messenger and, in many cases, requires intracellular protein sensors to transduce the signal further downstream in the pathways. Recently a novel calcium signaling pathway which consist of calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) calcium sensor and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) network as a newly emerging signaling system mediating a complex array of environmental stimuli. This review focuses on the overview of functional aspects of CBL and CIPK in plants. In addition, an attempt has also been made to categorize the functions of this CBL-CIPK pair in major signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110 021 India
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40
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Kuhn JM, Hugouvieux V, Schroeder JI. mRNA cap binding proteins: effects on abscisic acid signal transduction, mRNA processing, and microarray analyses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 326:139-50. [PMID: 18630751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-76776-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) intricately regulates a multitude of processes during plant growth and development. Recent studies have established a connection between genes participating in various steps of cellular RNA metabolism and the ABA signal transduction machinery. In this chapter we focus on the plant nuclear mRNA cap binding proteins, CBP20 and CBP80. We summarize and report recent findings on their effects on cellular signal transduction networks and mRNA processing events. ABA hypersensitive 1 (abh1) harbors a gene disruption in the Arabidopsis CBP80 gene. Loss-of-function mutation of ABH1 can also result in an early flowering phenotype in the Arabidopsis accession C24. abh1 revealed noncoding cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs) at the CONSTANS locus in wild-type plants with elevated cis-NAT expression in the mutant. abh1 also revealed an influence on the splicing of the MADS box transcription factor Flowering Locus C pre-mRNA, which may result in the regulation of flowering time. Furthermore, new experiments analyzing complementation of cpb20 with site-directed cpb20 mutants provide evidence that the CAP binding activity of CBP20 is essential for the observed cbp-associated phenotypes. In conclusion, mutants in genes participating in RNA processing provide excellent tools to uncover novel molecular mechanisms for the regulation of RNA metabolism and of signal transduction networks in wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kuhn
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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41
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Garcia-Mata C, Lamattina L. Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits light-induced stomatal opening through calcium- and nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathways. Nitric Oxide 2007; 17:143-51. [PMID: 17889574 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling component of ABA-induced stomatal closure. However, only fragmentary data are available about NO effect on the inhibition of stomatal opening. Here, we present results supporting that, in Vicia faba guard cells, there is a critical Ca2+-dependent NO increase required for the ABA-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening. Light-induced stomatal opening was inhibited by exogenous NO in V. faba epidermal strips. Furthermore, ABA-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening was blocked by the specific NO scavenger cPTIO, supporting the involvement of endogenous NO in this process. Since the raise in Ca2+ concentration is a pre-requisite in ABA-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening, it was interesting to establish how does Ca2+, NO and ABA interact in the inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. The permeable Ca2+ specific buffer BAPTA-AM blocked both ABA- and Ca2+- but not NO-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening. The NO synthase (NOS) specific inhibitor L-NAME prevented Ca2+-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening, indicating that a NOS-like activity was required for Ca2+ signaling. Furthermore, experiments using the NO specific fluorescent probe DAF-2DA indicated that Ca2+ induces an increase of endogenous NO. These results indicate that, in addition to the roles in ABA-triggered stomatal closure, both NO and Ca2+ are active components of signaling events acting in ABA inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. Results also support that Ca2+ induces the NO production through the activation of a NOS-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, B7602AYJ Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Gómez-Porras JL, Riaño-Pachón DM, Dreyer I, Mayer JE, Mueller-Roeber B. Genome-wide analysis of ABA-responsive elements ABRE and CE3 reveals divergent patterns in Arabidopsis and rice. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:260. [PMID: 17672917 PMCID: PMC2000901 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In plants, complex regulatory mechanisms are at the core of physiological and developmental processes. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in the regulation of various such processes, including stomatal closure, seed and bud dormancy, and physiological responses to cold, drought and salinity stress. The underlying tissue or plant-wide control circuits often include combinatorial gene regulatory mechanisms and networks that we are only beginning to unravel with the help of new molecular tools. The increasing availability of genomic sequences and gene expression data enables us to dissect ABA regulatory mechanisms at the individual gene expression level. In this paper we used an in-silico-based approach directed towards genome-wide prediction and identification of specific features of ABA-responsive elements. In particular we analysed the genome-wide occurrence and positional arrangements of two well-described ABA-responsive cis-regulatory elements (CREs), ABRE and CE3, in thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa). Results Our results show that Arabidopsis and rice use the ABA-responsive elements ABRE and CE3 distinctively. Earlier reports for various monocots have identified CE3 as a coupling element (CE) associated with ABRE. Surprisingly, we found that while ABRE is equally abundant in both species, CE3 is practically absent in Arabidopsis. ABRE-ABRE pairs are common in both genomes, suggesting that these can form functional ABA-responsive complexes (ABRCs) in Arabidopsis and rice. Furthermore, we detected distinct combinations, orientation patterns and DNA strand preferences of ABRE and CE3 motifs in rice gene promoters. Conclusion Our computational analyses revealed distinct recruitment patterns of ABA-responsive CREs in upstream sequences of Arabidopsis and rice. The apparent absence of CE3s in Arabidopsis suggests that another CE pairs with ABRE to establish a functional ABRC capable of interacting with transcription factors. Further studies will be needed to test whether the observed differences are extrapolatable to monocots and dicots in general, and to understand how they contribute to the fine-tuning of the hormonal response. The outcome of our investigation can now be used to direct future experimentation designed to further dissect the ABA-dependent regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Gómez-Porras
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 20, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Cooperative Research Group of the Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University of Bielefeld, Institute of Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Biology, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33501 Germany
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 20, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Cooperative Research Group of the Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 20, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Cooperative Research Group of the Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jorge E Mayer
- Center for Applied Biosciences, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 8, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Haus 20, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Cooperative Research Group of the Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Huang MD, Wu WL. Overexpression of TMAC2, a novel negative regulator of abscisic acid and salinity responses, has pleiotropic effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 63:557-69. [PMID: 17195036 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many aspects of plant development and growth. To explore the molecular mechanism of ABA, we identified the novel ABA-regulated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana by searching for genes possessing two or more ABREs (ABA-responsive elements). One of these genes, two or more ABREs-containing gene 2 (TMAC2) is highly induced by ABA and NaC1. Database searches revealed that TMAC2 encodes a protein with no domains of known function. Expression of TMAC2-GFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts indicated that TMAC2 is targeted to the nucleus. Although the gene has a basal level of expression in various Arabidopsis organs/tissues except for adult leaves, a high expression level was detected in roots. Constitutive overexpression of TMAC2 in plants resulted in the insensitivity to ABA and NaCl, suggesting that TMAC2 plays a negative role in ABA and salt stress responses. Furthermore, TMAC2-overexpressing plants exhibited the short roots, late flowering and starch-excess phenotypes. RT-PCR analysis showed that decreased expression of two floral- and one starch degradation-related genes, SOC1/AGL20 and SEP3/AGL9, and SEX1, respectively, may lead to altered phenotypes of TMAC2-overexpressing plants. Taken together, our data reveal that TMAC2 acts in the nucleus and is an important negative regulator of ABA and salt stress responses, and could play a critical role in controlling root elongation, floral initiation and starch degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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44
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Hanano S, Domagalska MA, Nagy F, Davis SJ. Multiple phytohormones influence distinct parameters of the plant circadian clock. Genes Cells 2006; 11:1381-92. [PMID: 17121545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2006.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Circadian systems coordinate endogenous events with external signals. In mammals, hormone-clock feedbacks are a well-known integration system. Here, we investigated phytohormone effects on plant-circadian rhythms via the promoter:luciferase system. We report that many hormones control specific features of the plant-circadian system, and do so in distinct ways. In particular, cytokinins delay circadian phase, auxins regulate circadian amplitude and clock precision, and brassinosteroid and abscisic acid modulate circadian periodicity. We confirmed the pharmacology in hormone synthesis and perception mutants, as rhythmic expression is predictably altered in an array of hormone-related mutants. We genetically dissected one mechanism that integrates hormone signals into the clock, and showed that the hormone-activated ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 4 and the photoreceptor phytochrome B are elements in the input of the cytokinin signal to circadian phase. Furthermore, molecular-expression targets of this signal were found. Collectively, we found that plants have multiple input/output feedbacks, implying that many hormones can function on the circadian system to adjust the clock to external signals to properly maintain the clock system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Hanano
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
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45
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Cao S, Jiang L, Song S, Jing R, Xu G. AtGRP7 is involved in the regulation of abscisic acid and stress responses in Arabidopsis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2006; 11:526-35. [PMID: 17001447 PMCID: PMC6275784 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis AtGRP7 gene, encoding a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, has been shown to be involved in the regulation of a circadian-regulated negative feedback loop. However, little is known about the role of AtGRP7 in mediating abscisic acid (ABA) and stress responses. Here, we show that AtGRP7 plays a role in both. AtGRP7 was repressed by ABA, high salt and mannitol. Disruption of AtGRP7 by T-DNA insertion led to hypersensitive responses to ABA in both seed germination and root growth assays. The atgrp7-1 mutant was also hypersensitive to osmotic stress conditions, such as high salt and high concentrations of mannitol. In addition, the atgrp7-1 mutant plants accumulated significantly higher transcript levels of two ABA-and stress-inducible genes, RD29A and RAB18, compared with the wild-type plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AtGRP7 is involved in the regulation of ABA and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Cao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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46
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Chai MF, Wei PC, Chen QJ, An R, Chen J, Yang S, Wang XC. NADK3, a novel cytoplasmic source of NADPH, is required under conditions of oxidative stress and modulates abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 47:665-74. [PMID: 16856986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, excess reactive oxygen species are toxic molecules induced under environmental stresses, including pathogen invasions and abiotic stresses. Many anti-oxidant defense systems have been reported to require NADPH as an important reducing energy equivalent. However, the sources of NADPH and the molecular mechanisms of maintaining cytoplasmic redox balance are unclear. Here, we report the biological function of a putative cytoplasmic NADH kinase (NADK3) in several abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis. We found that cytoplasmic NADPH is provided mostly by the product of the NADK3 gene in Arabidopsis. Expression of he NADK3 gene is responsive to abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stress conditions, including methyl violgen (MV), high salinity and osmotic shock. An NADK3 null mutant showed hypersensitivity to oxidative stress in both seed germination and seedling growth. Seed germination of the mutant plants also showed increased sensitivity to ABA, salt and mannitol. Furthermore, stress-related target genes were identified as upregulated in the mutant by mannitol and MV. Our study indicates that this cytoplasmic NADH kinase, a key source of the cellular reductant NADPH, is required for various abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Feng Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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47
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Christmann A, Moes D, Himmelbach A, Yang Y, Tang Y, Grill E. Integration of abscisic acid signalling into plant responses. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:314-25. [PMID: 16807823 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role as an endogenous messenger in the regulation of plant's water status. ABA is generated as a signal during a plant's life cycle to control seed germination and further developmental processes and in response to abiotic stress imposed by salt, cold, drought, and wounding. The action of ABA can target specifically guard cells for induction of stomatal closure but may also signal systemically for adjustment towards severe water shortage. At the molecular level, the responses are primarily mediated by regulation of ion channels and by changes in gene expression. In the last years, the molecular complexity of ABA signal transduction surfaced more and more. Many proteins and a plethora of "secondary" messengers that regulate or modulate ABA-responses have been identified by analysis of mutants including gene knock-out plants and by applying RNA interference technology together with protein interaction analysis. The complexity possibly reflects intensive cross-talk with other signal pathways and the role of ABA to be part of and to integrate several responses. Despite the missing unifying concept, it is becoming clear that ABA action enforces a sophisticated regulation at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christmann
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
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48
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Pandey S, Chen JG, Jones AM, Assmann SM. G-protein complex mutants are hypersensitive to abscisic acid regulation of germination and postgermination development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:243-56. [PMID: 16581874 PMCID: PMC1459317 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.079038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays regulatory roles in a host of physiological processes throughout plant growth and development. Seed germination, early seedling development, stomatal guard cell functions, and acclimation to adverse environmental conditions are key processes regulated by ABA. Recent evidence suggests that signaling processes in both seeds and guard cells involve heterotrimeric G proteins. To assess new roles for the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Galpha subunit (GPA1), the Gbeta subunit (AGB1), and the candidate G-protein-coupled receptor (GCR1) in ABA signaling during germination and early seedling development, we utilized knockout mutants lacking one or more of these components. Our data show that GPA1, AGB1, and GCR1 each negatively regulates ABA signaling in seed germination and early seedling development. Plants lacking AGB1 have greater ABA hypersensitivity than plants lacking GPA1, suggesting that AGB1 is the predominant regulator of ABA signaling and that GPA1 affects the efficacy of AGB1 execution. GCR1 acts upstream of GPA1 and AGB1 for ABA signaling pathways during germination and early seedling development: gcr1 gpa1 double mutants exhibit a gpa1 phenotype and agb1 gcr1 and agb1 gcr1 gpa1 mutants exhibit an agb1 phenotype. Contrary to the scenario in guard cells, where GCR1 and GPA1 have opposite effects on ABA signaling during stomatal opening, GCR1 acts in concert with GPA1 and AGB1 in ABA signaling during germination and early seedling development. Thus, cell- and tissue-specific functional interaction in response to a given signal such as ABA may determine the distinct pathways regulated by the individual members of the G-protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Pandey
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5301, USA
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49
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Sridha S, Wu K. Identification of AtHD2C as a novel regulator of abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:124-33. [PMID: 16553900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
HD2 proteins are plant-specific histone deacetylases. Little is known about the function of HD2 proteins in plants. In this paper, we report that an Arabidopsis HD2 protein, AtHD2C, is involved in abscisic acid and abiotic stress responses. Analysis of Arabidopsis plants containing the AtHD2C:beta-glucuronidase fusion gene revealed that AtHD2C was constitutive expressed in plants. Furthermore, expression of AtHD2C was repressed by abscisic acid. Over-expression of 35S:AtHD2C-GFP in transgenic Arabidopsis plants conferred an abscisic acid-insensitive phenotype. In addition, 35S:AtHD2C-GFP transgenic plants displayed reduced transpiration and enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses when compared with wild-type plants. The expression of several abscisic acid-responsive genes was affected in the 35S:AtHD2C-GFP plants. Our study provides evidence indicating that AtHD2C can modulate abscisic acid and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunandini Sridha
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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50
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Bohnert HJ, Gong Q, Li P, Ma S. Unraveling abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms--getting genomics going. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:180-8. [PMID: 16458043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis, a set-value for metabolism under optimal conditions, is rarely achieved by plants because of the cost exerted by external stress factors: climatic, biotic, and nutrient imbalances. Among these, stresses caused by abiotic conditions, such as temperature extremes (freezing, cold and heat), water availability (drought and ion excess) and ion toxicity (salinity and heavy metals), have been difficult to dissect because defense responses to abiotic factors require regulatory changes to the activation of multiple genes and pathways. Genomics technologies that have emerged during the past decade have been useful in addressing, in an integrated fashion, the multigenicity of the plant abiotic stress response through genome sequences; cell-, organ-, tissue- and stress-specific transcript collections; transcript, protein and metabolite profiles and their dynamic changes; protein interactions; and mutant screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Bohnert
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Crop Sciences, and Institute for Genome Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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