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Fik-Jaskółka M, Mittova V, Motsonelidze C, Vakhania M, Vicidomini C, Roviello GN. Antimicrobial Metabolites of Caucasian Medicinal Plants as Alternatives to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:487. [PMID: 38927153 PMCID: PMC11200912 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the potential of antimicrobial metabolites derived from Caucasian medicinal plants as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. With the rise of antibiotic resistance posing a global health threat, there is a pressing need to investigate alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Caucasian medicinal plants have traditionally been used for their therapeutic properties, and recent research has highlighted their potential as sources of antimicrobial compounds. Representatives of 15 families of Caucasian medicinal plant extracts (24 species) have been explored for their efficacy against these pathogens. The effect of these plants on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi is discussed in this paper. By harnessing the bioactive metabolites present in these plants, this study aims to contribute to the development of new antimicrobial treatments that can effectively combat bacterial infections while minimizing the risk of resistance emergence. Herein we discuss the following classes of bioactive compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activity: phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds of Allium species. The review discusses the pharmacological properties of selected Caucasian medicinal plants, the extraction and characterization of these antimicrobial metabolites, the mechanisms of action of antibacterial and antifungal plant compounds, and their potential applications in clinical settings. Additionally, challenges and future directions in the research of antimicrobial metabolites from Caucasian medicinal plants are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fik-Jaskółka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Valentina Mittova
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | | | - Malkhaz Vakhania
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | - Caterina Vicidomini
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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2
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Huang J, Huang T, Li J. Regulation Mechanism and Potential Value of Active Substances in Spices in Alcohol-Liver-Intestine Axis Health. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3728. [PMID: 38612538 PMCID: PMC11011869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake will aggravate the health risk between the liver and intestine and affect the multi-directional information exchange of metabolites between host cells and microbial communities. Because of the side effects of clinical drugs, people tend to explore the intervention value of natural drugs on diseases. As a flavor substance, spices have been proven to have medicinal value, but they are still rare in treating hepatointestinal diseases caused by alcohol. This paper summarized the metabolic transformation of alcohol in the liver and intestine and summarized the potential value of various perfume active substances in improving liver and intestine diseases caused by alcohol. It is also found that bioactive substances in spices can exert antioxidant activity in the liver and intestine environment and reduce the oxidative stress caused by diseases. These substances can interfere with fatty acid synthesis, promote sugar and lipid metabolism, and reduce liver injury caused by steatosis. They can effectively regulate the balance of intestinal flora, promote the production of SCFAs, and restore the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
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3
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Schier C, Gruhlke MCH, Reucher G, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Combating Black Fungus: Using Allicin as a Potent Antifungal Agent against Mucorales. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17519. [PMID: 38139348 PMCID: PMC10743604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal (IF) diseases are a leading global cause of mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further exacerbated this scenario, intensifying comorbid IF infections such as mucormycoses of the nasopharynx. In the work reported here, it is shown that zygomycetes, significant contributors to mycoses, are sensitive to the natural product allicin. Inhibition of Mucorales fungi by allicin in solution and by allicin vapor was demonstrated. Mathematical modeling showed that the efficacy of allicin vapor is comparable to direct contact with the commercially available antifungal agent amphotericin B (ampB). Furthermore, the study revealed a synergistic interaction between allicin and the non-volatile ampB. The toxicity of allicin solution to human cell lines was evaluated and it was found that the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of allicin was 25-72 times higher in the cell lines as compared to the fungal spores. Fungal allicin sensitivity depends on the spore concentration, as demonstrated in a drop test. This study shows the potential of allicin, a sulfur-containing defense compound from garlic, to combat zygomycete fungi. The findings underscore allicin's promise for applications in infections of the nasopharynx via inhalation, suggesting a novel therapeutic avenue against challenging fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schier
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.S.); (A.J.S.)
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Martin C. H. Gruhlke
- GENAWIF e.V.—Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstraße 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Microbiology—iAMB, Aachener Biology and Biotechnology—ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Reucher
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Alan J. Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.S.); (A.J.S.)
- GENAWIF e.V.—Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstraße 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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4
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Revtovich S, Lyfenko A, Tkachev Y, Kulikova V, Koval V, Puchkov V, Anufrieva N, Solyev P, Morozova E. Anticandidal Activity of In Situ Methionine γ-Lyase-Based Thiosulfinate Generation System vs. Synthetic Thiosulfinates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1695. [PMID: 38139821 PMCID: PMC10748059 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species are a common cause of human mucosal infections, as well as bloodstream infections and deep mycoses. The emergence of resistance of Candida spp. to antifungal drugs used in practice requires the search for new antimycotics. The present study unravels the antifungal potential of the synthetic dialk(en)ylthiosulfinates in comparison with an enzymatic in situ methionine γ-lyase-based thiosulfinate generation system (TGS). The kinetics of the TGS reaction, namely, the methionine γ-lyase-catalyzed β-elimination of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides, was investigated via 1H NMR spectroscopy for the first time, revealing fast conversion rates and the efficient production of anticandidal dialk(en)ylthiosulfinates. The anticandidal potential of this system vs. synthetic thiosulfinates was investigated through an in vitro assay. TGS proved to be more effective (MIC range 0.36-1.1 μg/mL) than individual substances (MIC range 0.69-3.31 μg/mL). The tested preparations had an additive effect with the commercial antimycotics fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine demonstrating a fractional inhibitory coefficient index in the range of 0.5-2 μg/mL. TGS can be regarded as an attractive candidate for the targeted delivery of antimycotic thiosulfinates and for further implementation onto medically implanted devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavel Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.R.); (A.L.); (Y.T.); (V.K.); (V.K.); (V.P.); (N.A.)
| | - Elena Morozova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.R.); (A.L.); (Y.T.); (V.K.); (V.K.); (V.P.); (N.A.)
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5
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Abbe C, Mitchell CM. Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2023; 5:1100029. [PMID: 37325243 PMCID: PMC10264601 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of vaginitis worldwide and is associated with serious reproductive health outcomes, including increased risk of preterm birth, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The current and only FDA-approved treatment regimens for BV are antibiotics, such as metronidazole and clindamycin. Antibiotics provide a short-term cure for bacterial vaginosis; however, fail to provide a consistent long-term cure for many women. Fifty to eighty percent of women experience a BV recurrence within a year of completing antibiotic treatment. This may be because after antibiotic treatment, beneficial strains of Lactobacillus, such as L. crispatus, do not recolonize the vagina. In the absence of an effective long-term cure, patients, providers, and researchers are exploring different approaches to treatment and prevention, resulting in a rapid evolution of perspectives on BV pathogenesis and approaches to management. Current areas of investigation for BV management include probiotics, vaginal microbiome transplantation, pH modulation, and biofilm disruption. Behavioral modifications that may help include smoking cessation, condom use and hormonal contraception. Additional strategies considered by many people include dietary modification, non-medical vaginally applied products, choice of lubricant, and treatments from medical practices outside of allopathic medicine. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up to date outline of the landscape of ongoing and potential treatment and prevention strategies for BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Abbe
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Caroline M. Mitchell
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Vyletelová V, Nováková M, Pašková Ľ. Alterations of HDL's to piHDL's Proteome in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, and HDL-Targeted Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1278. [PMID: 36297390 PMCID: PMC9611871 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, steatohepatitis, periodontitis, chronic kidney disease, and others are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which persists even after accounting for traditional cardiac risk factors. The common factor linking these diseases to accelerated atherosclerosis is chronic systemic low-grade inflammation triggering changes in lipoprotein structure and metabolism. HDL, an independent marker of cardiovascular risk, is a lipoprotein particle with numerous important anti-atherogenic properties. Besides the essential role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antithrombotic properties. Inflammation and inflammation-associated pathologies can cause modifications in HDL's proteome and lipidome, transforming HDL from atheroprotective into a pro-atherosclerotic lipoprotein. Therefore, a simple increase in HDL concentration in patients with inflammatory diseases has not led to the desired anti-atherogenic outcome. In this review, the functions of individual protein components of HDL, rendering them either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory are described in detail. Alterations of HDL proteome (such as replacing atheroprotective proteins by pro-inflammatory proteins, or posttranslational modifications) in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and their impact on cardiovascular health are discussed. Finally, molecular, and clinical aspects of HDL-targeted therapies, including those used in therapeutical practice, drugs in clinical trials, and experimental drugs are comprehensively summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ľudmila Pašková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Liang J, Huang X, Ma G. Antimicrobial activities and mechanisms of extract and components of herbs in East Asia. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29197-29213. [PMID: 36320733 PMCID: PMC9554739 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial drugs face increasing challenges due to drug resistance and adverse reactions, which has created a pressing need for the discovery and development of novel antibacterial drugs. Herbs have played an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases. This review aims to summarize, analyze and evaluate the antibacterial activities and mechanisms of components from popular herbs in East Asia. In this review, we have searched and summarized the scientific papers published during the past twenty-year period from electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. These herbs and their components, including alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, terpenes, organic acids, coumarins and lignans, display potential antimicrobial effects. Herbal medicine formulas (HMFs) usually show stronger antibacterial activity than single herbs. Herbs and HMFs bring forth antibacterial activities by damaging cell membranes and walls, inhibiting nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and increasing intracellular osmotic pressure. These herbs and their components can be developed as potential and promising novel antibacterial herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai 201203China+86-21-5198-0025
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai 201203China+86-21-5198-0025
| | - Guo Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai 201203China+86-21-5198-0025
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8
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In Vitro Toxicity Studies of Bioactive Organosulfur Compounds from Allium spp. with Potential Application in the Agri-Food Industry: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172620. [PMID: 36076806 PMCID: PMC9455835 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds (OSCs) are secondary metabolites produced by different Allium species which present important biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, antispasmodic, etc. In recent years, their use has been promoted in the agri-food industry as a substitute for synthetic preservatives, increasing potential accumulative exposure to consumers. Before their application in the food industry, it is necessary to pass a safety assessment as specified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This work reviews the scientific literature on OSCs regarding their in vitro toxicity evaluation following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Four electronic research databases were searched (Web of Science, Scopus, Science Database and PubMed) and a total of 43 works were selected according to predeterminate inclusion and exclusion criteria. Different data items and the risk of bias for each study were included. Currently, there are very few in vitro studies focused on investigating the potential toxicity of OSCs. Most research studies aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of OSCs to elucidate their antiproliferative effects focusing on their therapeutic aspects using cancer cell lines as the main experimental model. The results showed that diallyl disulfide (DADS) is the compound most studied, followed by diallyl trisulfide (DATS), diallyl sulfide (DAS), Allicin and Ajoene. Only 4 studies have been performed specifically to explore the safety of OSCs for agri-food applications, and genotoxicity studies are limited. More toxicity studies of OSCs are necessary to ensure consumers safety and should mainly be focused on the evaluation of genotoxicity and long-term toxicity effects.
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Zhou YB, Xiao YY, Chao JJ, Ma L. In vitro Activity of Allicin Alone and in Combination With Antifungal Drugs Against Microsporum canis Isolated From Patients With Tinea Capitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:783086. [PMID: 34901093 PMCID: PMC8660966 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.783086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The checkerboard broth method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A3 document was used in this study to evaluate the in vitro activity of allicin alone and in combination with the antifungal drugs (griseofulvin, fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine) against Microsporum canis isolated from patients with tinea capitis. When allicin was used alone, only weak anti-M. canis effects were found. The MIC50, MIC90 and geometric mean (GM) of terbinafine were the lowest among the compounds tested. Synergism was observed for the combinations of allicin with itraconazole and terbinafine. Only indifference was observed for the combinations of allicin with griseofulvin and fluconazole. Our study illustrated the synergism of allicin in combination with itraconazole and terbinafine, which could be a reference for the treatment of tinea capitis due to M. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Bin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jing Chao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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Panyod S, Wu WK, Lu KH, Liu CT, Chu YL, Ho CT, Hsiao WLW, Lai YS, Chen WC, Lin YE, Lin SH, Wu MS, Sheen LY. Allicin Modifies the Composition and Function of the Gut Microbiota in Alcoholic Hepatic Steatosis Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3088-3098. [PMID: 32050766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Alcohol intake induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and alters its function. This study investigated the antibiotic effect of allicin in mice with hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were administered an ethanol diet supplemented with allicin (5 and 20 mg/(kg bw day)) for 4 weeks. Allicin modified the gut microbiota composition. Cecal microbiota exhibited a positive correlation with alcohol and hepatic triacylglycerol, but were suppressed with allicin. Ethanol diet with 5 mg of allicin induced a lower intestinal permeability compared to the ethanol diet alone. Allicin mediated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-CD14-toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced hepatic inflammation pathway by reducing LPS, CD14, TLR4, and pro-inflammatory cytokines-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. However, hepatic inflammation primarily resulted from alcohol toxicity rather than LPS production in the gut. The prediction of functional profiles from metagenomic 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) data revealed different functional profiles in each group. The predicted aldehyde dehydrogenase tended to increase in alcoholic mice administered allicin. The predicted LPS-related pathway and LPS biosynthesis protein results exhibited a similar trend as plasma LPS levels. Thus, alcohol and allicin intake shapes the gut microbiota and its functional profile and improves the CD14-TLR4 pathway to alleviate inflammation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10800, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Product and Process Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wen-Luan Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yi-Syuan Lai
- Department of Hospitality Management, Yu Da University of Science and Technology, Miaoli 36143, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Hang Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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11
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Said MM, Watson C, Grando D. Garlic alters the expression of putative virulence factor genes SIR2 and ECE1 in vulvovaginal C. albicans isolates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3615. [PMID: 32107396 PMCID: PMC7046767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis causes sufferers much discomfort. Phytotherapy with garlic has been reported to be a possible alternative form of treatment; however, it is unknown why patients report varying success with this strategy. Fresh garlic extract has been shown to down-regulate the putative virulence gene, SIR2 in C. albicans. Our study aimed to see if previous observations were reproducible for the gene responsible for Candidalysin (ECE1). Two clinical strains from patients with reported variable efficacy of using garlic for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis were compared through biofilm assays and antimicrobial susceptibility. Real-time PCR was used to assess changes in gene expression when exposed to garlic. Treatment with fresh garlic extract and pure allicin (an active compound produced in cut garlic) resulted in a decrease in SIR2 expression in all strains. In contrast, ECE1 expression was up-regulated in a reference strain and an isolate from a patient unresponsive to garlic therapy, while in an isolate from a patient responsive to garlic therapy, down-regulation of ECE1 occurred. Future studies that investigate the effectiveness of phytotherapies should take into account possible varying responses of individual strains and that gene expression may be amplified in the presence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Said
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.,School of Science, Al Zintan University, Al Zintan, Libya
| | - Cathy Watson
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, 3rd Floor, 780 Elizabeth St, Carlton, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of General Practice, Monash University, 1/270 Ferntree Gully Rd, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Danilla Grando
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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Kumar A, Khan F, Saikia D. Exploration of Medicinal Plants as Sources of Novel Anticandidal Drugs. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2579-2592. [PMID: 31654513 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191025155856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infections associated with skin and mucosal surfaces, mainly in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. During the last decade, there have been an increasing numbers of cases of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, coupled with an increase in the number of incidences of drug resistance and toxicity to anti fungal agents. Hence, there is a dire need for safe, potent and affordable new antifungal drugs for the efficient management of candidal infections with minimum or no side effects. INTRODUCTION Candidiasis represents a critical problem to human health and a serious concern worldwide. Due to the development of drug resistance, there is a need for new antifungal agents. Therefore, we reviewed the different medicinal plants as sources of novel anticandidal drugs. METHODS The comprehensive and detailed literature on medicinal plants was carried out using different databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct and all the relevant information from the articles were analyzed and included. RESULTS Relevant Publications up to the end of November 2018, reporting anticandidal activity of medicinal plants has been included in the present review. In the present study, we have reviewed in the light of SAR and mechanisms of action of those plants whose extracts or phytomolecules are active against candida strains. CONCLUSION This article reviewed natural anticandidal drugs of plant origin and also summarized the potent antifungal bioactivity against fungal strains. Besides, mechanism of action of these potent active plant molecules was also explored for a comparative study. We concluded that the studied active plant molecules exhibit potential antifungal activity against resistant fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, P.O.- CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow -226015 (U.P.), India
| | - Feroz Khan
- Metabolic & Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, P.O.- CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow -226015 (U.P.), India
| | - Dharmendra Saikia
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, P.O.- CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow -226015 (U.P.), India
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13
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Fromtling RA, Bulmer GS. In Vitro Effect of Aqueous Extract of Garlic (Allium Sativum) on the Growth and Viability ofCryptococcus Neoformans. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1978.12020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Fromtling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190
| | - Glenn S. Bulmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190
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de Falco B, Bonanomi G, Lanzotti V. Dithiosulfinates and Sulfoxides with Antifungal Activity from Bulbs of Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioassay guided phytochemical analysis of the bulbs of Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera, typical of Voghiera, Ferrara (Italy), allowed the isolation of six new sulfur compounds with dithiosulfinates and sulfoxides functionalities. Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was carried out by spectroscopic analyses, including NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry. Compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity towards two fungal species, the air-borne pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the beneficial fungus Trichoderma harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Falco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
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15
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Alizadeh Behbahani B, Imani Fooladi AA. Evaluation of phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities Allium essential oil against the growth of some microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2017; 114:299-303. [PMID: 29196170 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this experimental study, the Allium essential oil (AHEO) was extracted through the hydrodistillation method. AHEO components were identified through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and its antioxidant properties and total phenolic content were examined through the methods of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ß-carotene/linoleic acid inhibition and Folin-Ciocalteu, respectively. The antimicrobial effect of AHEO was evaluated on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Candida albicans through the methods of well diffusion, disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration. Phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavone and glycosides) were evaluated. 5-chloroorcylaldehyde with a percentage of 45.6% was the major compound of AHEO. Increasing concentration of AHEO had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on inhibition zone diameter. The MICs of the AHEO varied from 0.25 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml. The MBCs/MFCs of the AHEO varied from 0.25 mg/ml to 4 mg/ml. The results of phytochemical screening of AHEO showed the existence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavone and glycosides. There was also little difference between disk diffusion and well diffusion methods, and the data was well distributed throughout the X and Y components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Sheikh Bahaei Street, Molla Sadra Street, Vanak Sq., Tehran 984359-44711, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Sheikh Bahaei Street, Molla Sadra Street, Vanak Sq., Tehran 984359-44711, Iran.
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16
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D’Souza SP, Chavannavar SV, Kanchanashri B, Niveditha SB. Pharmaceutical Perspectives of Spices and Condiments as Alternative Antimicrobial Remedy. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22:1002-1010. [PMID: 28449595 PMCID: PMC5871277 DOI: 10.1177/2156587217703214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal values of spices and condiments are being revived by biologists through in vitro and in vivo trials providing evidence for its antimicrobial activities. The essential oils and extracts of spices like black pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg contain active compounds like piperine, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and lignans. Similarly, condiments like coriander, black cumin, turmeric, garlic, and ginger are recognized for constituents like linalool, thymoquinones, curcumin, allicin, and geranial respectively. These act as natural preventive components of several diseases and represent as antioxidants in body cells. Scientists have to investigate the biochemical nature, mode of action, and minimum concentration of administrating active ingredients effectively. This review reports findings of recent research carried out across South Asia and Middle East countries where spices and condiments form chief flavoring components of traditional foods. It narrates the history, myths, and facts people believe in these regions. There may not be scientific explanation but has evidence of cure for centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B. Kanchanashri
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S. B. Niveditha
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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17
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Poojary MM, Putnik P, Bursać Kovačević D, Barba FJ, Lorenzo JM, Dias DA, Shpigelman A. Stability and extraction of bioactive sulfur compounds from Allium genus processed by traditional and innovative technologies. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Prescott TAK, Panaretou B. A Mini HIP HOP Assay Uncovers a Central Role for Copper and Zinc in the Antifungal Mode of Action of Allicin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3659-3664. [PMID: 28421744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Garlic contains the organosulfur compound allicin which exhibits potent antifungal activity. Here we demonstrate the use of a highly simplified yeast chemical genetic screen to characterize its mode of action. By screening 24 validated yeast gene deletion "signature" strains for which hypersensitivity is characteristic for common antifungal modes of action, yeast lacking the high affinity Cu2+ transporter Ctr1 was found to be hypersensitive to allicin. Focusing on transition metal related genes identified two more hypersensitive strains lacking the Cu2+ and Zn2+ transcription factors Mac1 and Zap1. Hypersensitivity in these strains was reversed by the addition of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, respectively. The results suggest the antifungal activity of allicin is mediated through restricted Cu2+ and Zn2+ uptake or inhibition of Cu2+ and Zn2+ metalloproteins. As certain antimicrobial modes of action are much more common than others, the approach taken here provides a useful way to identify them early on.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Panaretou
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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19
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In vitro Evaluation of Fungicides, Botanicals and Bio-agents against Phomopsis vexans, the Causal Agent of Fruit Rot of Brinjal. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Müller A, Eller J, Albrecht F, Prochnow P, Kuhlmann K, Bandow JE, Slusarenko AJ, Leichert LIO. Allicin Induces Thiol Stress in Bacteria through S-Allylmercapto Modification of Protein Cysteines. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11477-90. [PMID: 27008862 PMCID: PMC4882420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) from garlic is a highly potent natural antimicrobial substance. It inhibits growth of a variety of microorganisms, among them antibiotic-resistant strains. However, the precise mode of action of allicin is unknown. Here, we show that growth inhibition of Escherichia coli during allicin exposure coincides with a depletion of the glutathione pool and S-allylmercapto modification of proteins, resulting in overall decreased total sulfhydryl levels. This is accompanied by the induction of the oxidative and heat stress response. We identified and quantified the allicin-induced modification S-allylmercaptocysteine for a set of cytoplasmic proteins by using a combination of label-free mass spectrometry and differential isotope-coded affinity tag labeling of reduced and oxidized thiol residues. Activity of isocitrate lyase AceA, an S-allylmercapto-modified candidate protein, is largely inhibited by allicin treatment in vivo. Allicin-induced protein modifications trigger protein aggregation, which largely stabilizes RpoH and thereby induces the heat stress response. At sublethal concentrations, the heat stress response is crucial to overcome allicin stress. Our results indicate that the mode of action of allicin is a combination of a decrease of glutathione levels, unfolding stress, and inactivation of crucial metabolic enzymes through S-allylmercapto modification of cysteines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Müller
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry
| | - Jakob Eller
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry
| | - Frank Albrecht
- Department of Plant Physiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Katja Kuhlmann
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | | | - Alan John Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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21
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El-Sheakh AR, Ghoneim HA, Suddek GM, Ammar ESM. Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by allicin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:216-224. [PMID: 26618400 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Allicin, the active substance of garlic, exerts a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and is considered to have potential therapeutic applications. The present study was designed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of allicin against oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Rabbits randomly received 1 of the following treatments: normal chow diet for 4 weeks, 1% high cholesterol diet (HCD), HCD plus allicin (10 mg/kg/day), or HCD plus atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected at the end of experimental diets for measurement of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, the aorta was removed for measurement of vascular reactivity, histopathological changes, intima/media (I/M) ratio, and immunohistochemical staining of both tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. HCD induced significant increases in serum TC, TGs, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), CRP, and MDA. Moreover, HCD caused significant decrease in serum GSH and SOD. In addition, aortic relaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh) was impaired. Immunohistochemical staining of aortic specimens from HCD-fed rabbits revealed high expression levels of both TNF-α and the oxidant-induced transcription factor, NF-κB. Allicin supplementation significantly decreased serum MDA and CRP, increased serum HDL-C, GSH, and SOD levels while nonsignificantly affecting HCD-induced elevations in serum TC and LDL-C. Additionally, allicin significantly protected against HCD-induced attenuation of rabbit aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh and elevation in I/M ratio. This effect was confirmed by histopathological examination of the aorta. Moreover, allicin has substantially beneficial effects on aortic expression of TNF-α and NF-κB compared with HCD-fed rabbits. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that allicin may be useful in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and the aortic pathology in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R El-Sheakh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - El Sayed M Ammar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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22
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Ajay Rao HT, Bhat SS, Hegde S, Jhamb V. Efficacy of garlic extract and chlorhexidine mouthwash in reduction of oral salivary microorganisms, an in vitro study. Anc Sci Life 2015; 34:85-8. [PMID: 25861142 PMCID: PMC4389398 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.153465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess and compare the antimicrobial effect of garlic extract and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash solution against oral salivary microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Thirty six salivary samples were obtained in dry plastic vials. Collected saliva samples were centrifuged. Each vial was mixed completely on a shaker after which 1 ml of saliva was added to 9 ml of ethanol by a sterile pipette and mixed. A volume of 1 ml of garlic hydro-alcoholic extract and 1 ml of mouthwash was added to 1 ml each case specimen and was transferred to culture medium of Trypticase Soy Agar. Agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h to allow for microbial growth. Microbial colonies were counted by independent interpreter to evaluate the result. Statistical Analysis: Data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. P < 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Result: Result of the study shows that mean colony count of salivary microbial population was (1984 ± 400) 1127 in saline group (negative control), (50 ± 4) 27 in (0.12%) CHX group (positive control), (700 ± 200) 469 in garlic extract (5%) group (case control). Conclusion: Mouthwash containing garlic extract can be used as an alternative to CHX mouthwash.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Ajay Rao
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sham S Bhat
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sundeep Hegde
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikram Jhamb
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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23
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Borlinghaus J, Albrecht F, Gruhlke MCH, Nwachukwu ID, Slusarenko AJ. Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules 2014; 19:12591-618. [PMID: 25153873 PMCID: PMC6271412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a defence molecule from garlic (Allium sativum L.) with a broad range of biological activities. Allicin is produced upon tissue damage from the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme alliinase. Current understanding of the allicin biosynthetic pathway will be presented in this review. Being a thiosulfinate, allicin is a reactive sulfur species (RSS) and undergoes a redox-reaction with thiol groups in glutathione and proteins that is thought to be essential for its biological activity. Allicin is physiologically active in microbial, plant and mammalian cells. In a dose-dependent manner allicin can inhibit the proliferation of both bacteria and fungi or kill cells outright, including antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, in mammalian cell lines, including cancer cells, allicin induces cell-death and inhibits cell proliferation. In plants allicin inhibits seed germination and attenuates root-development. The majority of allicin's effects are believed to be mediated via redox-dependent mechanisms. In sub-lethal concentrations, allicin has a variety of health-promoting properties, for example cholesterol- and blood pressure-lowering effects that are advantageous for the cardio-vascular system. Clearly, allicin has wide-ranging and interesting applications in medicine and (green) agriculture, hence the detailed discussion of its enormous potential in this review. Taken together, allicin is a fascinating biologically active compound whose properties are a direct consequence of the molecule's chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borlinghaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Albrecht
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin C H Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ifeanyi D Nwachukwu
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Alan J Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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24
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Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the antifungal activity of allicin alone and in combination with antifungal drugs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38242. [PMID: 22679493 PMCID: PMC3367977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of allicin and its synergistic effects with the antifungal agents flucytosine and amphotericin B (AmB) were investigated in Candida albicans (C. albicans). C. albicans was treated with different conditions of compounds alone and in combination (allicin, AmB, flucytosine, allicin + AmB, allicin + flucytosine, allicin + AmB + flucytosine). After a 24-hour treatment, cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure morphological and biophysical properties associated with cell death. The clearing assay was conducted to confirm the effects of allicin. The viability of C. albicans treated by allicin alone or with one antifungal drug (AmB, flucytosine) in addition was more than 40% after a 24-hr treatment, but the viability of groups treated with combinations of more than two drugs was less than 32%. When the cells were treated with allicin alone or one type of drug, the morphology of the cells did not change noticeably, but when cells were treated with combinations of drugs, there were noticeable morphological changes. In particular, cells treated with allicin + AmB had significant membrane damage (burst or collapsed membranes). Classification of cells according to their cell death phase (CDP) allowed us to determine the relationship between cell viability and treatment conditions in detail. The adhesive force was decreased by the treatment in all groups compare to the control. Cells treated with AmB + allicin had a greater adhesive force than cells treated with AmB alone because of the secretion of molecules due to collapsed membranes. All cells treated with allicin or drugs were softer than the control cells. These results suggest that allicin can reduce MIC of AmB while keeping the same efficacy.
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Aala F, Yusuf UK, Jamal F, Rezaie S. Antimicrobial effects of allicin and ketoconazole on trichophyton rubrum under in vitro condition. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:786-92. [PMID: 24031891 PMCID: PMC3768852 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is caused by a group of pathogenic fungi namely, dermatophytes, is among the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. Azole drugs are widely used in the treatment of dermatomycosis, but can cause various side effects and drug resistance to the patients. Hence, for solving this problem can be used from the plant extract as alternative for chemical drugs. Allicin is a pure bioactive compound isolated from garlic was tested for its potential as a treatment of dermatomycosis in this study. This study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of pure allicin against ten isolates of Trichophyton rubrum and the MIC50 and MIC90 ranged from 0.78-12.5 μg/ml for allicin. The results revealed that the order of efficacy based on the MICs values, all isolates showed almost comparable response to allicin and ketoconazole except for some isolates, at 28 °C for both 7 and 10 days incubation. Mann-Whitney test indicate that MICs at 7 days incubation was not observed a significant difference between the effects of allicin and ketoconazole (p > 0.05), but MICs at 10 days incubation, a significant difference was observed (p ≤ 0.05). On the other side, time kill studies revealed that allicin used its fungicidal activity within 12-24 h of management in vitro as well as ketoconazole. In conclusion, allicin showed very good potential as an antifungal compound against mycoses-causing dermatophytes, almost the same as the synthetic drug ketoconazole. Therefore, this antifungal agent appears to be effective, safe and suitable alternative for the treatment of dermatomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Aala
- Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences , Sanandaj, Kurdistan , Iran
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26
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Hirekatur RS. Recurrent Yeast Infections. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Khodavandi A, Harmal NS, Alizadeh F, Scully OJ, Sidik SM, Othman F, Sekawi Z, Ng KP, Chong PP. Comparison between allicin and fluconazole in Candida albicans biofilm inhibition and in suppression of HWP1 gene expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 19:56-63. [PMID: 21924600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen with the ability to differentiate and grow in filamentous forms and exist as biofilms. The biofilms are a barrier to treatment as they are often resistant to the antifungal drugs. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of allicin, an active compound of garlic on various isolates of C. albicans. The effect of allicin on biofilm production in C. albicans as compared to fluconazole, an antifungal drug, was investigated using the tetrazolium (XTT) reduction-dependent growth and crystal violet assays as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Allicin-treated cells exhibited significant reduction in biofilm growth (p<0.05) compared to fluconazole-treated and also growth control cells. Moreover, observation by SEM of allicin and fluconazole-treated cells confirmed a dose-dependent membrane disruption and decreased production of organisms. Finally, the expression of selected genes involved in biofilm formation such as HWP1 was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and relative real time RT-PCR. Allicin was shown to down-regulate the expression of HWP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khodavandi
- Department of Paramedical Sciences, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
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28
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Leng BF, Qiu JZ, Dai XH, Dong J, Wang JF, Luo MJ, Li HE, Niu XD, Zhang Y, Ai YX, Deng XM. Allicin reduces the production of α-toxin by Staphylococcus aureus. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 16:7958-68. [PMID: 21921868 PMCID: PMC6264299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a broad range of life-threatening diseases in humans. The pathogenicity of this micro-organism is largely dependent upon its virulence factors. One of the most extensively studied virulence factors is the extracellular protein α-toxin. In this study, we show that allicin, an organosulfur compound, was active against S. aureus with MICs ranged from 32 to 64 μg/mL. Haemolysis, Western blot and real-time RT-PCR assays were used to evaluate the effects of allicin on S. aureus α-toxin production and on the levels of gene expression, respectively. The results of our study indicated that sub-inhibitory concentrations of allicin decreased the production of α-toxin in both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of agr (accessory gene regulator) in S. aureus were inhibited by allicin. Therefore, allicin may be useful in the treatment of α-toxin-producing S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Feng Leng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jia-Zhang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Han Dai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jian-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ming-Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hong-En Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Di Niu
- College of Quartermaster Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong-Xing Ai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (X.-M.D.); (Y.-X.A.); Tel.: +86-431-87836161; Fax: +86-431-87836160
| | - Xu-Ming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (B.-F.L.); (J.-Z.Q.); (X.-H.D.); (J.D.); (J.-F.W.); (M.-J.L.); (H.-E.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (X.-M.D.); (Y.-X.A.); Tel.: +86-431-87836161; Fax: +86-431-87836160
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Somai BM, Belewa V. Aqueous extracts of Tulbaghia violacea inhibit germination of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus conidia. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1007-11. [PMID: 21669082 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are important plant pathogens and causal agents of pre- and postharvest rots of corn, peanuts, and tree nuts. These fungal pathogens cause significant crop losses and produce aflatoxins, which contaminate many food products and contribute to liver cancer worldwide. Aqueous preparations of Tulbaghia violacea (wild garlic) were antifungal and at 10 mg/ml resulted in sustained growth inhibition of greater than 50% for both A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Light microscopy revealed that the plant extract inhibited conidial germination in a dose-dependent manner. When exposed to T. violacea extract concentrations of 10 mg/ml and above, A. parasiticus conidia began germinating earlier and germination was completed before that of A. flavus, indicating that A. parasiticus conidia were more resistant to the antifungal effects of T. violacea than were A. flavus conidia. At a subinhibitory extract dose of 15 mg/ml, hyphae of both fungal species exhibited increased granulation and vesicle formation, possibly due to increased reactivity between hyphal cellular components and T. violacea extract. These hyphal changes were not seen when hyphae were formed in the absence of the extract. Transmission electron microscopy revealed thickening of conidial cell walls in both fungal species when grown in the presence of the plant extract. Cell walls of A. flavus also became considerably thicker than those of A. parasiticus, indicating differential response to the extract. Aqueous preparations of T. violacea can be used as antifungal treatments for the control of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Because the extract exhibited a more pronounced effect on A. flavus than on A. parasiticus, higher doses may be needed for control of A. parasiticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benesh Munilal Somai
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Summerstrand South Campus, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
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Differential miRNA expression in the mouse jejunum during garlic treatment of Eimeria papillata infections. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:387-94. [PMID: 21301871 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates a critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the outcome of diseases. Here, we investigate the effect of garlic on the intestinal miRNA signature of male Balb/c mice during infections with Eimeria papillata. Garlic decreases the intracellular development as evidenced by a lowered fecal output of E. papillata oocysts from 3,150 ± 410 to approximately 1,750 ± 390 oocysts per gram feces on day 4 postinoculation. This anti-coccidial activity of garlic is associated with an inhibition of the E. papillata-induced increases of interferon gamma, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrite/nitrate, and malondialdehyde and decrease in glutathione. Moreover, garlic downregulates the E. papillata-induced increases in the expression of the miRNAs miR-1959, miR-203, and miR-21, and it upregulates the expression of the 11 miRNA species miR-142-5P, miR-15A, miR-10A, miR-29B, miR-1902, miR-125A-5P, let-7E, miR-148A, miR-130A, miR-10B, and miR-93, respectively, as revealed by miRXplore microarray technology. Real-time PCR confirms these effects of garlic in the jejunum of E. papillata-infected mice. Our data indicate that the anti-coccidial activity of garlic is associated with specific changes in the miRNA signature of the mouse jejunum, the target site of E. papillata. These changes may reflect an involvement of miRNAs in garlic-activated pathways to reduce and/or to repair E. papillata-induced tissue injuries.
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Millet CO, Lloyd D, Williams C, Williams D, Evans G, Saunders RA, Cable J. Effect of garlic and allium-derived products on the growth and metabolism of Spironucleus vortens. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:490-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F, Harmal NS, Sidik SM, Othman F, Sekawi Z, Jahromi MAF, Ng KP, Chong PP. Comparison between efficacy of allicin and fluconazole against Candida albicans in vitro and in a systemic candidiasis mouse model. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 315:87-93. [PMID: 21204918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of allicin compared with fluconazole in alleviating systemic Candida albicans infections was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo through a systemic candidiasis mouse model. Determination of in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for different C. albicans isolates revealed that both allicin and fluconazole showed different MICs that ranged from 0.05 to 12.5 μg mL(-1) and 0.25 to 16 μg mL(-1) , respectively. A time-kill study showed a significant effect of allicin (P<0.01) against C. albicans, comparable to that of fluconazole. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that, similar to fluconazole, allicin produced structural destruction of C. albicans cell surface at low MIC and lysis or puncture at high MIC concentrations. Treatment of BALB/c mice systemically infected with C. albicans showed that although the allicin treatment (at 5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) ) was slightly less efficacious than fluconazole treatment in terms of the fungal load reduction and host survival time, it was still effective against C. albicans in terms of mean survival time, which increased from 8.4 to 15.8 days. These results demonstrate the efficacy of anticandidal effects of allicin both in vitro and in an animal model of candidiasis and affirm the potential of allicin as an adjuvant therapy to fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khodavandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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33
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Aala F, Yusuf UK, Jamal F, Khodavandi A. In vitro antifungal activity of allicin alone and in combination with two medications against Trichophyton rubrum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yu L, Guo N, Meng R, Liu B, Tang X, Jin J, Cui Y, Deng X. Allicin-induced global gene expression profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:219-29. [PMID: 20617313 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To understand the response mechanisms of fungus cells upon exposure to the natural fungicide allicin, we performed commercial oligonucleotide microarrays to determine the overall transcriptional response of allicin-treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain L1190. Compared with the transcriptional profiles of untreated cultures, 147 genes were significantly upregulated, and 145 genes were significantly downregulated in the allicin-treated cells. We interpreted the microarray data with the hierarchical clustering tool, T-profiler. Major transcriptional responses were induced by allicin and included the following: first, Rpn4p-mediated responses involved in proteasome gene expression; second, the Rsc1p-mediated response involved in iron ion transporter activity; third, the Gcn4p-mediated response, also known as general amino acid control; finally, the Yap1p-, Msn2/4p-, Crz1p-, and Cin5p-mediated multiple stress response. Interestingly, allicin treatment, similar to mycotoxin patulin and artificial fungicide thiuram treatment, was found to induce genes involved in sulfur amino acid metabolism and the defense system for oxidative stress, especially DNA repair, which suggests a potential mutagenicity for allicin. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for selected genes to verify the microarray results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the global transcriptional profiling of allicin-treated S. cerevisiae by microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
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35
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Nagy P, Winterbourn CC. Redox Chemistry of Biological Thiols. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(10)04006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Touloupakis E, Ghanotakis DF. Nutraceutical use of garlic sulfur-containing compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:110-21. [PMID: 21520707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is one of the world's oldest medicines that has been employed not only for flavouring but also as a medical herb for its prophylactic and therapeutic actions. Most garlics' beneficial effects are due to the presence of the organosulphate molecule allicin. Allicin is a highly unstable molecule and, during processing, is rapidly transformed into a variety of organosulfur components. The enzyme alliinase, which is responsible for the conversion of alliin to allicin, is irreversibly destroyed at the acidic environment of stomach. This is the reason why most garlic supplements contain garlic powder or granules, but do not contain allicin itself. Garlic alliinase could be encapsulated and coated with materials which would protect it in the harsh conditions of the stomach. The objective of this chapter is to summarize the most important garlic health benefits and to discuss promising encapsulation/stabilization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Touloupakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Voutes-Heraklion, Greece.
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In Vitro Investigation of Antifungal Activity of Allicin Alone and in Combination with Azoles Against Candida Species. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:287-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Thomaz L, Apitz-Castro R, Marques AF, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Experimental paracoccidioidomycosis: alternative therapy with ajoene, compound from Allium sativum, associated with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Med Mycol 2008; 46:113-8. [PMID: 18324489 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701651681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ajoene has been described as an antithrombotic, anti-tumour, antifungal, antiparasitic and antibacterial agent. This study deals with the efficacy of ajoene to treat mice intratracheally infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The results indicate that ajoene therapy is effective in association with antifungal drugs (sulfametoxazol/trimethoprim), showing a positive additive effect. Ajoene-treated mice developed Th1-type cytokine responses producing higher levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 when compared to the infected but untreated members of the control group. Antifungal activity of ajoene involves a direct effect on fungi and a protective pro-inflammatory immune response. Reduction of fungal load is additive to chemotherapy and therefore the combined treatment is mostly effective against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thomaz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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39
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Turos E, Revell KD, Ramaraju P, Gergeres DA, Greenhalgh K, Young A, Sathyanarayan N, Dickey S, Lim D, Alhamadsheh MM, Reynolds K. Unsymmetric aryl-alkyl disulfide growth inhibitors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6501-8. [PMID: 18524602 PMCID: PMC2526022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the antibacterial properties of synthetically produced mixed aryl-alkyl disulfide compounds as a means to control the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. Some of these compounds exerted strong in vitro bioactivity. Our results indicate that among the 12 different aryl substituents examined, nitrophenyl derivatives provide the strongest antibiotic activities. This may be the result of electronic activation of the arylthio moiety as a leaving group for nucleophilic attack on the disulfide bond. Small alkyl residues on the other sulfur provide the best activity as well, which for different bacteria appears to be somewhat dependent on the nature of the alkyl moiety. The mechanism of action of these lipophilic disulfides is likely similar to that of previously reported N-thiolated beta-lactams, which have been shown to produce alkyl-CoA disulfides through a thiol-disulfide exchange within the cytoplasm, ultimately inhibiting type II fatty acid synthesis. However, the mixed alkyl-CoA disulfides themselves show no antibacterial activity, presumably due to the inability of the highly polar compounds to cross the bacterial cell membrane. These structurally simple disulfides have been found to inhibit beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III, or FabH, a key enzyme in type II fatty acid biosynthesis, and thus may serve as new leads to the development of effective antibacterials for MRSA and anthrax infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Turos
- Center for Molecular Diversity in Drug Design, Discovery, and Delivery, Department of Chemistry, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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40
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Polat ZA, Vural A, Ozan F, Tepe B, Ozcelik S, Cetin A. In vitro evaluation of the amoebicidal activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on Acanthamoeba castellanii and its cytotoxic potential on corneal cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24:8-14. [PMID: 18370873 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living protozoa of the genus Acanthamoeba can cause one of the most severe, potentially sight-threatening infections of the eye, the so-called A. keratitis. A. keratitis is difficult to treat because, under adverse conditions, the amoeba encyst and medical therapy is often less effective against cysts than against trophozoites. The aim of this study was to investigate evaluate the in vitro effect of the nonpolar subfraction of the methanol extract of garlic (Allium sativum) on the growth of A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts and also its cytotoxicity on corneal cells in vitro. Extract was evaluated for its amoebicidal activity, using an inverted light microscope. The effect of the nonpolar extract with the concentrations, ranging from 0.78 to 62.5 mg/mL on the proliferation of A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts, were examined in vitro. For the determination of cytotoxicity of the extract on corneal cells, agar diffusion tests were performed. The present study demonstrates the in vitro effectiveness of the garlic against the A. castellanii growth curve. Evaluations revealed that garlic inhibits trophozoite growth in dose- and time-dependent ways. In the case of the cyctotoxic acitivities, it showed no cytotoxicity for the cornea cells in the concentration of 3.90 mg/mL. These findings indicate that nonpolar subfraction of the methanol extracts of garlic has amoebicidal, as well as its cysticidal, properties on Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts. Garlic alone, and in combination with other amoebicidal agents, may be used in clinical practices after further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyde Akin Polat
- Research Center, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University (CUTFAM), Sivas, Turkey.
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Ghodrati Azadi H, Ghaffari SM, Riazi GH, Ahmadian S, Vahedi F. Antiproliferative activity of chloroformic extract of Persian Shallot, Allium hirtifolium, on tumor cell lines. Cytotechnology 2008; 56:179-85. [PMID: 19002856 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-008-9145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium hirtifolim (Persian Shallot) belongs to Allium genus (Alliaceae family). We investigated the in vitro effects of chloroformic extract of A. hirtifolium and its Allicin on the proliferation of HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF7 (human, caucasion, breast, adenocarcinoma) and L929 (mouse, C3H/An, connective) cell lines. Our results showed that components of A. hirtifolium might inhibit proliferation of tumor cell lines. This inhibition in HeLa and MCF-7 cells was dose-dependent. The presence of Allicin was evaluated by TLC method in bulbs and the extract of A. hirtifolium was analyzed by HPLC. MTT test was performed 24, 48 and 72 h after cell culture. A significant decrease in cell lines was observed in HeLa and MCF-7 as compared to L929 cell lines. DNA fragmentation analysis revealed a large number of apoptotic cells in treated HeLa and MCF-7 cell groups, but no effects in L929 cells. Therefore A. hirtifolium might be a candidate for tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Ghodrati Azadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran,
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Revell KD, Heldreth B, Long TE, Jang S, Turos E. N-thiolated beta-lactams: Studies on the mode of action and identification of a primary cellular target in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2453-67. [PMID: 17258460 PMCID: PMC1850389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the mechanism of action of N-alkylthio beta-lactams, a new family of antibacterial compounds that show promising activity against Staphylococcus and Bacillus microbes. Previous investigations have determined that these compounds are highly selective towards these bacteria, and possess completely unprecedented structure-activity profiles for a beta-lactam antibiotic. Unlike penicillin, which inhibits cell wall crosslinking proteins and affords a broad spectrum of bacteriocidal activity, these N-thiolated lactams are bacteriostatic in their behavior and act through a different mechanistic mode. Our current findings indicate that the compounds react rapidly within the bacterial cell with coenzyme A (CoA) through in vivo transfer of the N-thio group to produce an alkyl-CoA mixed disulfide species, which then interferes with fatty acid biosynthesis. Our studies on coenzyme A disulfide reductase show that the CoA thiol-redox buffer is not perturbed by these compounds; however, the lactams appear to act as prodrugs. The experimental evidence that these beta-lactams inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria, and the elucidation of coenzyme A as a primary cellular target, offers opportunities for the discovery of other small organic compounds that can be developed as therapeutics for MRSA and anthrax infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Revell
- Department of Chemistry, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 207, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Aydin A, Bostan K, Erkan ME, Bingöl B. The Antimicrobial Effects of Chopped Garlic in Ground Beef and Raw Meatball (Çiğ Köfte). J Med Food 2007; 10:203-7. [PMID: 17472489 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial effects of chopped garlic in ground beef and raw meatball (çig köfte), which is a traditional food product eaten raw. Fresh minced ground beef and raw meatball batter prepared with traditional methods were separated into groups. Chopped and crushed garlic was added to each batch in order to reach various concentrations from 0% to 10%. The ground beef samples were stored at refrigerator and ambient temperatures. The raw meatball samples were only stored at room temperature. All samples were analyzed in order to determine the microbial counts at the 2(nd), 6(th), 12(th), and 24(th) hours of storage. Garlic addition decreased the microbial growth in some ground beef samples kept either at room temperature or in the refrigerator. However, microbial growth increased in some ground beef samples kept in similar conditions. The difference was found in samples kept in the refrigerator for 24 hours in terms of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and coliform bacteria when garlic used at 10%. The effects of garlic on the microbial growth of both coliforms and Staphylococcus/Micrococcus in the samples kept at room temperature were increased. The yeast and mold counts in ground beef samples kept in any condition were not affected by garlic addition. However, the addition of garlic to the raw meatball mix decreased the microbial count, in terms of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeast and mold counts, when the garlic was added at 5% or 10% (P < .05). The addition of 10% garlic to raw meatball caused a permanent decrease in yeast and mold count, unlike in ground beef. The results of this study indicate that the chopped garlic has a slowing-down effect on microbiological growth in ground meat depending on the garlic concentration, but this effect was not at an expected level even at the highest concentration, because potential antimicrobial agents in chopped garlic were probably insufficiently extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aydin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Istanbul University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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44
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Kuo CF, Wang TS, Yang PL, Jao YC, Lin WY. Antioxidant Activity of Liquid-State Fermentation Products of Monascus pilosus Grown in Garlic-Containing Medium. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Pauli A. Anticandidal low molecular compounds from higher plants with special reference to compounds from essential oils. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:223-68. [PMID: 16331694 DOI: 10.1002/med.20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The most active low molecular weight compounds from higher plants against Candida species are compiled from a database of antimicrobials (Amicbase) to find out new hints on their mechanism of action. The selected compounds possess strong inhibitory activities in vitro against Candida species either in the agar diffusion test, bioautography, agar dilution test, serial dilution test, or activity in the vapour phase. The test conditions are listed thoroughly and aspects of the different methods and recent developments in the testing of anticandidal drugs are discussed. The anticandidal spectra of drugs, antiseptics, and disinfectants licensed on the major markets are given for comparison of activities with compounds from natural sources. So far known mechanisms of action are described and some new structure-activity relationships are deduced from relationships between biological activities and chemical and physical parameters. Main specific targets of natural anticandidals are the ergosterol pathway, respiratory chain, and chitin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pauli
- ReviewScience, 90513 Zirndorf, Germany.
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46
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Ledezma E, Apitz-Castro R. Ajoene, el principal compuesto activo derivado del ajo (Allium sativum), un nuevo agente antifúngico. Rev Iberoam Micol 2006; 23:75-80. [PMID: 16854181 DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(06)70017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The curative properties of garlic in medicine have been known for a long time. But, it was only in the last three decades when garlic properties were seriously investigated confirming its potential as therapeutic agent. Allicin, ajoene, thiosulfinates and a wide range of other organosulphurate compounds, are known to be the constituents linked to the garlic properties. Regarding the biochemical properties of these compounds, ajoene [(E,Z)-4,5,9 Trithiadodeca 1,6,11 Triene 9-oxide] is stable in water, and it can be obtained by chemical synthesis. There is evidence that some of the garlic constituents exert a wide variety of effects on different biological systems. However, ajoene is the garlic compound related to more biological activities, as showed in in vitro and in vivo systems. Those studies found that ajoene has antithrombotic, anti-tumoral,antifungal, and antiparasitic effects. This study deals with a recently described antifungal property of ajoene, and its potential use in clinical trails to treat several fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliades Ledezma
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo Anzoátegui, Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela.
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47
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Fry FH, Okarter N, Baynton-Smith C, Kershaw MJ, Talbot NJ, Jacob C. Use of a substrate/alliinase combination to generate antifungal activity in situ. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:574-580. [PMID: 15686404 DOI: 10.1021/jf048481j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Allicin, an active ingredient of garlic, possesses a range of antimicrobial properties. Unfortunately, certain properties of the compound, such as chemical instability and low miscibility with water, have hampered its practical use in the past. Here, we show that it is possible to use a binary system consisting of the plant enzyme alliinase and its substrate alliin to generate allicin, and hence antifungal activity, in situ. During application, the two inactive components generate compounds that inhibit growth and infection-related development of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. It is therefore possible to "trigger" biological activity in a controlled, yet effective manner. Apart from circumventing many of the drawbacks of allicin, this binary system has additional important advantages, such as low toxicity of its individual components and selective activation. Importantly, alliinase is also able to use different substrates, therefore paving the way to a range of novel, binary antimicrobial systems with custom-made chemical and biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Fry
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Sela U, Ganor S, Hecht I, Brill A, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D, Lider O, Hershkoviz R. Allicin inhibits SDF-1alpha-induced T cell interactions with fibronectin and endothelial cells by down-regulating cytoskeleton rearrangement, Pyk-2 phosphorylation and VLA-4 expression. Immunology 2004; 111:391-9. [PMID: 15056375 PMCID: PMC1782446 DOI: 10.1111/j.0019-2805.2004.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin, a major ingredient of fresh garlic extract that is produced during the crushing of garlic cloves, exerts various beneficial biological effects, including a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, antihyperlipidaemic and antihypertensive effects. However, how allicin affects the immune system is less well known, and its effect on human T cells has never been studied. Here, we examined the in-vitro effects of allicin on the functioning of T cells related to their entry to inflamed extravascular sites. We found that allicin (20-100 microm) inhibits the SDF-1alpha (CXCL12)-induced T cell migration through fibronectin (FN), and that this inhibition is mediated by the down-regulation of (i) the reorganization of cortical actin and the subsequent T cell polarization, and (ii) T cell adhesion to FN. Moreover, allicin also inhibited T cell adhesion to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. The mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects of allicin are associated with its ability to down-regulate the phosphorylation of Pyk2, an intracellular member of the focal adhesion kinases, and to reduce the expression of the VCAM-1- and FN-specific alpha4beta1-integrin (VLA-4). The ability of allicin to down-regulate these chemokine-induced and VLA-4-mediated T cell functions explains its beneficial biological effects in processes where T cells play an important role and suggests that allicin may be used therapeutically with chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Sela
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76 100, Israel.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the antibacterial activities of various fruit and vegetable extracts on common potential pathogens including antibiotic-resistant strains. METHODS Standardized bacterial inocula were added to serial dilutions of sterile vegetable and fruit extracts in broth, with final bacterial concentrations of 10(4-5) cells/mL. After overnight incubation at 35 degrees C, antibacterial activity was measured by minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal dilutions (for raw juices) or concentrations (for tea). RESULTS Among the vegetable and fruit extracts tested, all green vegetables showed no antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All purple and red vegetable and fruit juices had antibacterial activities in dilutions ranging from 1:2 to 1:16. Garlic juice had significant activity, with bactericidal action in dilutions ranging up to 1:128 of the original juice. Tea also had significant activity, with bactericidal action in concentrations ranging up to 1.6 mg/mL, against a spectrum of pathogens including resistant strains such as methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS Tea and garlic have the potential for exploration of broader applications as antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Lean Lee
- University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
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Abstract
Allyl sulfur compounds are the major active constituents found in crushed garlic. Research has revealed that garlic and its lipid- or water-soluble components have many pharmacologic properties; however, studies also demonstrate that heating has a negative influence on these beneficial effects. We recently conducted several studies to investigate the influence of microwave or oven heating on the anticarcinogenesis property of garlic. Our studies showed that as little as 60 s of microwave heating or 45 min of oven heating can block garlic's ability to inhibit in vivo binding of mammary carcinogen [7,12-dimethylbenzene(a)anthracene (DMBA)] metabolites to rat mammary epithelial cell DNA. Allowing crushed garlic to "stand" for 10 min before microwave heating for 60 s prevented the total loss of anticarcinogenic activity. Our studies demonstrated that this blocking of the ability of garlic was consistent with inactivation of alliinase. These studies suggest that heating destroyed garlic's active allyl sulfur compound formation, which may relate to its anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Song
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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