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Parkins MD, Lee BE, Acosta N, Bautista M, Hubert CRJ, Hrudey SE, Frankowski K, Pang XL. Wastewater-based surveillance as a tool for public health action: SARS-CoV-2 and beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0010322. [PMID: 38095438 PMCID: PMC10938902 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00103-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has undergone dramatic advancement in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The power and potential of this platform technology were rapidly realized when it became evident that not only did WBS-measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA correlate strongly with COVID-19 clinical disease within monitored populations but also, in fact, it functioned as a leading indicator. Teams from across the globe rapidly innovated novel approaches by which wastewater could be collected from diverse sewersheds ranging from wastewater treatment plants (enabling community-level surveillance) to more granular locations including individual neighborhoods and high-risk buildings such as long-term care facilities (LTCF). Efficient processes enabled SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction and concentration from the highly dilute wastewater matrix. Molecular and genomic tools to identify, quantify, and characterize SARS-CoV-2 and its various variants were adapted from clinical programs and applied to these mixed environmental systems. Novel data-sharing tools allowed this information to be mobilized and made immediately available to public health and government decision-makers and even the public, enabling evidence-informed decision-making based on local disease dynamics. WBS has since been recognized as a tool of transformative potential, providing near-real-time cost-effective, objective, comprehensive, and inclusive data on the changing prevalence of measured analytes across space and time in populations. However, as a consequence of rapid innovation from hundreds of teams simultaneously, tremendous heterogeneity currently exists in the SARS-CoV-2 WBS literature. This manuscript provides a state-of-the-art review of WBS as established with SARS-CoV-2 and details the current work underway expanding its scope to other infectious disease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Parkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bonita E. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Acosta
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Bautista
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Casey R. J. Hubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steve E. Hrudey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Frankowski
- Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Provincial Health Laboratory, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Taligrot H, Wurtzer S, Monnot M, Moulin L, Moulin P. Implementation of a Sensitive Method to Assess High Virus Retention Performance of Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Process. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:97-108. [PMID: 38085424 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne diseases. Environmental waters are usually contaminated with low virus concentration requiring large concentration factors for effective detection by (RT)-qPCR. Low-pressure reverse osmosis is often used to remove water contaminants, but very few studies focused on the effective virus removal of reverse osmosis treatment with feed concentrations as close as possible to environmental concentrations and principally relied on theoretical virus removal. The very low viral concentrations usually reported in the permeates (i.e. at least 5 log of removal rate) mean that very large volumes of water need to be analysed to have sufficient sensitivity and assess the process efficiency. This study evaluates two methods for the concentration of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and MS2 bacteriophages at different viral concentrations in large (< 200 L) and very large (> 200 L) volumes. The first method is composed of two ultrafiltration membranes with low-molecular weight cut-offs while the second method primarily relies on adsorption and elution phases using electropositive-charged filters. The recovery rates were assessed for both methods. For the ultrafiltration-based protocol, recovery rates were similar for each virus studied: 80% on average at high virus concentrations (106-107 viruses L-1) and 50% at low virus concentrations (103-104 viruses L-1). For the electropositive-charged filter-based method, the average recoveries obtained were about 36% for ADV 41, 57% for CV-B5 and 1.6% for MS2. The ultrafiltration-based method was then used to evaluate the performance of a low-pressure reverse osmosis lab-scale pilot plant. The retentions by reverse osmosis were similar for all studied viruses and the validated recovery rates applied to the system confirmed the reliability of the concentration method. This method was effective in concentrating all three viruses over a wide range of viral concentrations. Moreover, the second concentration method using electropositive-charged filters was studied, allowing the filtration of larger volumes of permeate from a semi-industrial low-pressure reverse osmosis pilot plant. This reference method was used because of the inability of the UF method to filter volumes on the order of one cubic metre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Taligrot
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Équipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Eau de Paris, Direction de la Recherche du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Sébastien Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, Direction de la Recherche du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Mathias Monnot
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Équipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Moulin
- Eau de Paris, Direction de la Recherche du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe Moulin
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Équipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Choi D, Lee CH, Lee HB, Lee MW, Jo SM. Electropositive Membrane Prepared via a Simple Dipping Process: Exploiting Electrostatic Attraction Using Electrospun SiO 2/PVDF Membranes with Electronegative SiO 2 Shell. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102270. [PMID: 37242846 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating electropositive membranes for highly efficient water filtration. Electropositive membranes are novel functional membranes with electropositive properties and can filter electronegative viruses and bacteria using electrostatic attraction. Because electropositive membranes do not rely on physical filtration, they exhibit high flux characteristics compared with conventional membranes. This study presents a simple dipping process for fabricating boehmite/SiO2/PVDF electropositive membranes by modifying an electrospun SiO2/PVDF host membrane using electropositive boehmite nanoparticles (NPs). The surface modification enhanced the filtration performance of the membrane, as revealed by electronegatively charged polystyrene (PS) NPs as a bacteria model. The boehmite/SiO2/PVDF electropositive membrane, with an average pore size of 0.30 μm, could successfully filter out 0.20 μm PS particles. The rejection rate was comparable to that of Millipore GSWP, a commercial filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm, which can filter out 0.20 μm particles via physical sieving. In addition, the water flux of the boehmite/SiO2/PVDF electropositive membrane was twice that of Millipore GSWP, demonstrating the potential of the electropositive membrane in water purification and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalsu Choi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Myongji University, Yongin-si 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Lee
- Center for Underground Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Bi Lee
- Composite Materials Applications Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun 55324, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Wook Lee
- Composite Materials Applications Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun 55324, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Mu Jo
- Composite Materials Applications Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun 55324, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Hrdy J, Vasickova P. Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples – The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Garcia A, Le T, Jankowski P, Yanaç K, Yuan Q, Uyaguari-Diaz MI. Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12957. [PMID: 35186509 PMCID: PMC8852272 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential use and quantification of human enteric viruses in municipal wastewater samples of Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) as alternative indicators of contamination and evaluated the processing stages of the wastewater treatment plant. During the fall 2019 and winter 2020 seasons, samples of raw sewage, activated sludge, effluents, and biosolids (sludge cake) were collected from the North End Sewage Treatment Plant (NESTP), which is the largest wastewater treatment plant in the City of Winnipeg. DNA (Adenovirus and crAssphage) and RNA enteric viruses (Pepper mild mottle virus, Norovirus genogroups GI and GII, Rotavirus Astrovirus, and Sapovirus) as well as the uidA gene found in Escherichia coli were targeted in the samples collected from the NESTP. Total nucleic acids from each wastewater treatment sample were extracted using a commercial spin-column kit. Enteric viruses were quantified in the extracted samples via quantitative PCR using TaqMan assays. Overall, the average gene copies assessed in the raw sewage were not significantly different (p-values ranged between 0.1023 and 0.9921) than the average gene copies assessed in the effluents for DNA and RNA viruses and uidA in terms of both volume and biomass. A significant reduction (p-value ≤ 0.0438) of Adenovirus and Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII was observed in activated sludge samples compared with those for raw sewage per volume. Higher GCNs of enteric viruses were observed in dewatered sludge samples compared to liquid samples in terms of volume (g of sample) and biomass (ng of nucleic acids). Enteric viruses found in gene copy numbers were at least one order of magnitude higher than the E. coli marker uidA, indicating that enteric viruses may survive the wastewater treatment process and viral-like particles are being released into the aquatic environment. Viruses such as Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII, and Rotavirus were detected during colder months. Our results suggest that Adenovirus, crAssphage, and Pepper mild mottle virus can be used confidently as complementary viral indicators of human fecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tri Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul Jankowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kadir Yanaç
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Qiuyan Yuan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Pisharody L, Suresh S, Mukherji S. Development and evaluation of DEAE silica gel columns for simultaneous concentration of coliphages and rotavirus from natural water samples. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117508. [PMID: 34375933 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are commonly present in water bodies in regions with poor sanitation. Although the occurrence of these viruses poses a health risk they are difficult to quantify due to their low concentration and they may remain undetected in the absence of adequate preconcentration. The present study reports the synthesis and utilization of DEAE silica gel (DSiG) as an adsorbent for virus concentration. Two coliphages, MS2 and SUSP2, and an enteric virus, rotavirus A (RVA) were chosen for examining the preconcentration efficiency of DSiG columns. Studies conducted at a low flow rate of 5 mL/min yielded good removal of viruses through adsorption. Studies at a higher flow rate of 50 mL/min followed by elution with optimized eluents yielded a high recovery of MS2 and RVA even when they were present at low concentration (0.01 copy/mL). The eluent Na(1.5 M)-Tw(2%)-G3X (glycine 3X broth, 1.5 M NaCl, 2% Tween, pH 10.2) showed maximum elution of RVA and MS2. Optimal SUSP2 recovery was observed on employing an eluent composed of 1.5 M NaCl, 3% Tween, 0.05 M KH2PO4 at pH 9.2. Subsequently, both the eluents were successively applied for elution of the adsorbed viruses. This method was applied for virus preconcentration from lake water in the monsoon and winter seasons. The DSiG column could achieve adequate preconcentration for all the three viruses, i.e., SUSP2, MS2, and RVA, even when they were present at very low concentration and the recovery achieved was comparable to that achieved with ultracentrifugation while the processing time required for handling large volumes of water was considerably lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Pisharody
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, India
| | - Sumathi Suresh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, India
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, India.
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7
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Nour I, Hanif A, Alanazi F, Zakri AM, Al-Ashkar I, Alhetheel A, Eifan S. Evaluation of three different concentration and extraction methods for recovery efficiency of human adenovirus and human rotavirus virus A. J Virol Methods 2021; 295:114212. [PMID: 34126107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Routine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents monitoring is essential because of enteric viruses' low infectious dose beyond molecular detectability. In current study methods for concentration and extraction, inter-method compatibility and recovery efficiency of spiked human adenovirus (HAdV) and human rotavirus A (RVA) were evaluated. For virus concentration, polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG), charged membrane-based adsorption/elution (CMAE), and glass wool-based concentration (GW) methods were used. Nucleic acid was extracted by PowerViral™ Environmental RNA/DNA Isolation (POW), ZymoBIOMICS™ RNA extraction (ZYMO) and Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification (WGDP) and samples were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. CMAE method yielded significantly higher concentrations for both ARQ (Armored-RNA Quant) and RVA compared to PEG (P = 0.001 and 0.003) and GW (P < 0.0001). Highest HAdV concentration was obtained by PEG (P = 0.001 and < 0.0001) in relation to CMAE and GW. ZYMO yielded a significantly higher ARQ and RVA concentrations (P = 0.03 and 0.0057), whereas significantly higher concentration was obtained by POW for HAdV (P = 0.032). CMAE × ZYMO achieved the highest recovery efficiencies for ARQ (69.77 %) and RVA (64.25, respectively, while PEG × POW present efficiency of 9.7 % for HAdV. These findings provide guidance for understanding of method-related biases for viral recovery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Nour
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Hanif
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahd Alanazi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M Zakri
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim Alhetheel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Eifan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Detection and evaluation of rotavirus surveillance methods as viral indicator in the aquatic environments. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:811-820. [PMID: 33599964 PMCID: PMC8105488 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been introduced as the most important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in the young children. One of every 260 children born globally will die due to rotavirus (RV) before 5 years old. The RV is widely known as a viral indicator for health (fecal contamination) because this pathogen has a high treatment resistance nature, which has been listed as a relevant waterborne pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, monitoring of environmental is important, and RV is one of the best-known indicators for monitoring. It has been proved that common standards for microbiological water quality do not guarantee the absence of viruses. On the other hand, in order to recover and determine RV quantity within water, standard methods are scarce. Therefore, dependable prediction of RV quantities in water sample is crucial to be able to improve supervision efficiency of the treatment procedure, precise quantitative evaluation of the microbial risks as well as microbiological water safety. Hence, this study aimed to introduce approaches to detecting and controlling RV in environmental waters, and discussed the challenges faced to enable a clear perception on the ubiquity of the RV within different types of water across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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9
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Nasser A, Sasi S, Nitzan Y. Coliphages as Indicators for the Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater Effluents. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:170-178. [PMID: 33428162 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluents are a reliable water source for non-potable water reuse including unrestricted crop irrigation in arid regions suffering from water scarcity. This study was performed to develop and optimize a procedure to concentrate coliphages from 100 L of treated effluent. Moreover, the reduction of coliphages by filtration and disinfection by either chlorine or UV was compared with that of fecal coliform (FC). The adsorption efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages by the NanoCeram filter was similar and reached 99.8%. Elution efficiency of MS2 coliphage from the NanoCeram filters by a solution of 1% NaPP and 0.05 M glycine, pH 9.5, was 74 ± 9.5%. The highest reconcentration efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages was obtained with polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and reached 76 ± 28% and 90 ± 11%, respectively. In comparison, the reconcentration efficiency of organic flocculation was 0% and 1.3% for Qβ and MS2 coliphages, respectively. The overall recovery efficiency of MS2 coliphages from 100 L tertiary effluent was 57 ± 1.5%. Poor reduction was observed for coliphages compared to FC by filtration and chlorine disinfection although; the reduction of FC, as measured by cultivation, was satisfactory and within the guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. High correlation between the reduction of FC and coliphages was recorded for tertiary effluent disinfected by UV irradiation. Monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent using qPCR for the enumeration of FC was found unsuitable, because DNA levels were unaffected by the treatment processes. The results of this study demonstrated that monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent by FC may not reflect the health risks encountered by the application of these effluents and the addition of coliphages to the monitoring programs may allow for accurate assessment of the health risks introduced by the application of tertiary effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidelfatah Nasser
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sivan Sasi
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Nitzan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Bland HA, Centeleghe IA, Mandal S, Thomas ELH, Maillard JY, Williams OA. Electropositive Nanodiamond-Coated Quartz Microfiber Membranes for Virus and Dye Filtration. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3252-3261. [PMID: 33817563 PMCID: PMC8008389 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electropositive membranes demonstrating high flux at low pressure differentials show great promise as universal separation platforms for viruses and other charged entities when centralized systems of water and power are scarce. However, the fabrication of a suitably stable membrane with optimal electrostatic characteristics remains a challenge. Here, hydrogenated detonation nanodiamond was loaded onto a quartz microfiber support membrane and coupled to the membrane surface under a high vacuum annealing process. The fabricated membranes display a zeta potential of +45 mV at pH 7 and an isoelectric point around pH 11. We show that the nanodiamond coating is robust to prolonged periods of pressurized water flow by performing extensive zeta potential measurements over time, and water filtration tests demonstrated excellent membrane retention for the electronegative dye molecule acid black 2, and at least a 6.2 log10 reduction in MS2 bacteriophage from feed waters (>99.9999%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A. Bland
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella A. Centeleghe
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United
Kingdom
| | - Soumen Mandal
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Evan L. H. Thomas
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United
Kingdom
| | - Oliver A. Williams
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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12
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Corpuz MVA, Buonerba A, Vigliotta G, Zarra T, Ballesteros F, Campiglia P, Belgiorno V, Korshin G, Naddeo V. Viruses in wastewater: occurrence, abundance and detection methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140910. [PMID: 32758747 PMCID: PMC7368910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an updated and comprehensive review on the different methods used for detection and quantification of viruses in wastewater treatment systems. The analysis of viability of viruses in wastewater and sludge is another thrust of this review. Recent studies have mostly focused on determining the abundance and diversity of viruses in wastewater influents, in samples from primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages, and in final effluents. A few studies have also examined the occurrence and diversity of viruses in raw and digested sludge samples. Recent efforts to improve efficiency of virus detection and quantification methods in the complex wastewater and sludge matrices are highlighted in this review. A summary and a detailed comparison of the pre-treatment methods that have been utilized for wastewater and sludge samples are also presented. The role of metagenomics or sequencing analysis in monitoring wastewater systems to predict disease outbreaks, to conduct public health surveillance, to assess the efficiency of existing treatment systems in virus removal, and to re-evaluate current regulations regarding pathogenic viruses in wastewater is discussed in this paper. Challenges and future perspectives in the detection of viruses, including emerging and newly emerged viruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in wastewater systems are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Vermi Aizza Corpuz
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Antonio Buonerba
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy; Inter-University Centre for Prediction and Prevention of Major Hazards (C.U.G.RI.), Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Vigliotta
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Zarra
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy; Inter-University Centre for Prediction and Prevention of Major Hazards (C.U.G.RI.), Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Florencio Ballesteros
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy; Inter-University Centre for Prediction and Prevention of Major Hazards (C.U.G.RI.), Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Gregory Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98105-2700, United States.
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy; Inter-University Centre for Prediction and Prevention of Major Hazards (C.U.G.RI.), Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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13
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Pascual-Benito M, Emiliano P, Casas-Mangas R, Dacal-Rodríguez C, Gracenea M, Araujo R, Valero F, García-Aljaro C, Lucena F. Assessment of dead-end ultrafiltration for the detection and quantification of microbial indicators and pathogens in the drinking water treatment processes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113628. [PMID: 33038613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A safe water supply requires distinct treatments and monitoring to guarantee the absence of pathogens and substances potentially hazardous for human health. In this study we assessed the efficiency of the dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) method to concentrate faecal indicator organisms (FIO) and pathogens in water samples with different physicochemical characteristics. Water samples were collected at the treatment stages of two drinking water treatment plants to analyse the concentration of a variety of 7 FIO and 4 reference microbes which have some species that are pathogenic to humans: Campylobacter spp., enteroviruses, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. The samples were analysed before and after concentration by DEUF, detecting FIO concentrations about 1 log10 higher in non-concentrated samples from both catchments. Percent recoveries were highly variable with a mean of 43.8 ± 17.5%, depending on the FIO and inherent sample characteristics. However, DEUF enabled FIO concentration in high volumes of water (100-500 l), allowing a reduction in the detection limit compared to the non-concentrated samples due to the high volume processing capabilities of the method. As a consequence, the detection of FIO removal from water in the drinking water treatment process was 1.0-1.5 logarithms greater in DEUF-treated water compared to unfiltered samples. The DEUF method improved the detection of target indicators and allowed for the detection of pathogens in low concentrations in water after the treatment stages, confirming the suitability of DEUF to concentrate high volumes of different types of water. This method could be useful for microbial analysis in water treatment monitoring and risk assessment, allowing the identification of critical points during the water treatment process and potential hazards in water destined for several uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pascual-Benito
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pere Emiliano
- Ens d'Abastament d'Aigua Ter Llobregat (ATL), Sant Martí de l'Erm, 30, 08970, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona
| | - Raquel Casas-Mangas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Dacal-Rodríguez
- The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gracenea
- The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Spain
| | - Rosa Araujo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Valero
- Ens d'Abastament d'Aigua Ter Llobregat (ATL), Sant Martí de l'Erm, 30, 08970, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona
| | - Cristina García-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Hennechart-Collette C, Dehan O, Fraisse A, Martin-Latil S, Perelle S. Evaluation of three different filters and two methods for recovering viruses from drinking water. J Virol Methods 2020; 284:113939. [PMID: 32673640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the enteric viruses implicated in waterborne outbreaks, human norovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are a serious public health issue. Most foodborne viruses are difficult or currently unlikely to cultivate. Because of the lack of a cell culture method, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR is commonly used for the detection of norovirus in foodstuffs and environmental samples. Due to low infectious doses in humans and low virus concentration in water sample, filter adsorption methods were used for concentrating viruses from water. The ISO (Anonymous, ISO 15216-1, 2017) describes standardized molecular methods for detecting HAV and norovirus in bottled water. This method includes a two-step procedure: concentrating the virus using a microporous electropositive filter (47 mm diameter, 0.45 μm pore size) then molecular detection. The Zetapor filter, which had a charged membrane with a pore size of 0.45 μm, was commonly used in the past to concentrate viruses from water or from salad leaves following virus elution. But, unfortunately, the Zetapor filter is no longer marketed and it is therefore necessary to assess an alternative filter. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of two electropositive filters with a pore size of 0.45 μm or 0.22 μm and one uncharged filter (0.45 μm) to recover norovirus and HAV from two different types of drinking water (bottled water and tap water) with the adsorption-elution method proposed by ISO (Anonymous, ISO 15216-1, 2017) (method A) and with direct viral extraction using filters (method B). The mean extraction yields for norovirus and HAV calculated with RNA extracts ranged from 0.2 % - 4.81 % with method A and from 5.05 % - 53.58 % with method B, and did not differ significantly between the two types of drinking water tested. For method B, the mean extraction yields for HAV and norovirus were evaluated according to results from the three filters used. The recovery rate of HAV and norovirus ranged between 3.47 % and 62.41 % with the 0.45 μm electropositive filter and were higher than the other filters. The 0.45 μm electropositive filter could be used to concentrate viruses for routine viral monitoring of drinking water for researchers who want to adopt the method in their lab routine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Océane Dehan
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Fraisse
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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15
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Molecular surveillance of human rotaviruses in drinking water and investigation of the efficiency of their removal in Isfahan water treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:759. [PMID: 31741059 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, especially human rotaviruses present in aquatic environments, are microbial criteria in quality assessment of water resources. The present research aimed to investigate molecular monitoring of human rotavirus and efficacy evaluation of Isfahan water treatment plant (WTP) in the elimination of viruses. In total, 60 water samples were collected from different units of WTP. Zeta plus electropositive Virosorb cartridge filter and elution buffer was used for concentrating water samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting rotavirus antigen. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) with SYBR Green I fluorescent dye was performed for molecular detection of rotavirus. Multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for rotavirus G genotyping. Total coliform count varies from 102-103 CFU/mL in the raw water resources. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 17 samples (28.33%) by ELISA, and 13 samples (21.67%) were found positive by RT-PCR. These included 41.18% (7 cases) of raw water influent, 29.41% (5 cases) after sedimentation, 23.52% (4 cases) after ozonation, and 5.88% (1 case) after filtration in ELISA method. The highest number of rotaviruses was detected by qRT-PCR in autumn (46.15% (6 cases)). The commonest circulating G type in the sampling points was the mixed types, which was identified in 6 samples (46.15%), followed by non-typeable (23.07%), G3 (15.38%), G1 (7.69%), and G8 (7.69%), respectively. Despite the presence of rotavirus in raw water, after clarification and ozonation, filtration and treated water did not show the presence of rotavirus. The results of this study showed that multi-stage treatment has a positive effect on virus removal in WTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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16
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Falman JC, Fagnant-Sperati CS, Kossik AL, Boyle DS, Meschke JS. Evaluation of Secondary Concentration Methods for Poliovirus Detection in Wastewater. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019. [PMID: 30612304 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-09364-ypmid-30612304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective surveillance of human enteric viruses is critical to estimate disease prevalence within a community and can be a vital supplement to clinical surveillance. This study sought to evaluate simple, effective, and inexpensive secondary concentration methods for use with ViroCap™ filter eluate for environmental surveillance of poliovirus. Wastewater was primary concentrated using cartridge ViroCap filters, seeded with poliovirus type 1 (PV1), and then concentrated using five secondary concentration methods (beef extract-Celite, ViroCap flat disc filter, InnovaPrep® Concentrating Pipette, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/sodium chloride [NaCl] precipitation, and skimmed-milk flocculation). PV1 was enumerated in secondary concentrates by plaque assay on BGMK cells. Of the five tested methods, PEG/NaCl precipitation and skimmed-milk flocculation resulted in the highest PV1 recoveries. Optimization of the skimmed-milk flocculation method resulted in a greater PV1 recovery (106 ± 24.8%) when compared to PEG/NaCl precipitation (59.5 ± 19.4%) (p = 0.004, t-test). The high PV1 recovery, short processing time, low reagent cost, no required refrigeration, and requirement for only standard laboratory equipment suggest that the skimmed-milk flocculation method would be a good candidate to be field-validated for secondary concentration of environmental ViroCap filter samples containing poliovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Falman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine S Fagnant-Sperati
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra L Kossik
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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17
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Falman JC, Fagnant-Sperati CS, Kossik AL, Boyle DS, Meschke JS. Evaluation of Secondary Concentration Methods for Poliovirus Detection in Wastewater. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:20-31. [PMID: 30612304 PMCID: PMC6394643 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-09364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective surveillance of human enteric viruses is critical to estimate disease prevalence within a community and can be a vital supplement to clinical surveillance. This study sought to evaluate simple, effective, and inexpensive secondary concentration methods for use with ViroCap™ filter eluate for environmental surveillance of poliovirus. Wastewater was primary concentrated using cartridge ViroCap filters, seeded with poliovirus type 1 (PV1), and then concentrated using five secondary concentration methods (beef extract-Celite, ViroCap flat disc filter, InnovaPrep® Concentrating Pipette, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/sodium chloride [NaCl] precipitation, and skimmed-milk flocculation). PV1 was enumerated in secondary concentrates by plaque assay on BGMK cells. Of the five tested methods, PEG/NaCl precipitation and skimmed-milk flocculation resulted in the highest PV1 recoveries. Optimization of the skimmed-milk flocculation method resulted in a greater PV1 recovery (106 ± 24.8%) when compared to PEG/NaCl precipitation (59.5 ± 19.4%) (p = 0.004, t-test). The high PV1 recovery, short processing time, low reagent cost, no required refrigeration, and requirement for only standard laboratory equipment suggest that the skimmed-milk flocculation method would be a good candidate to be field-validated for secondary concentration of environmental ViroCap filter samples containing poliovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Falman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine S Fagnant-Sperati
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra L Kossik
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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18
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Khan ST, Malik A. Engineered nanomaterials for water decontamination and purification: From lab to products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:295-308. [PMID: 30312926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clean water is vital for life; it is required not only for drinking but also for the preparation of food and proper hygiene. Unfortunately, more than fifty percent of the world population mainly in China and India face a severe scarcity of water. Around 1.8 billion people inevitably drink water from sources having fecal contamination resulting in the death of about a million children every year. Scientists are developing various economic technologies to decontaminate and purify water. Nanomaterials-based technology offers an economic and effective alternative for water purification and decontamination. As nanomaterials are available globally, have remarkable antimicrobial activity and the ability to effectively remove organic and inorganic pollutants from water. This review discusses the potential role of nanomaterials in the purification of drinking water. As nanomaterials exhibit remarkable antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities against waterborne pathogens and parasites of primary concern like Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholera, and Entamoeba histolytica. Nanomaterials also demonstrate the ability to absorb toxic chemicals like mercury and dyes from polluted water. However, for successful commercialization of the technology, some inherent bottlenecks need to be addressed adequately. These include nanoparticles aggregation, their seepage into drinking water and adverse effects on human health and the environment. Nanocomposites are being developed to overcome these problems and to combine two or more desirable properties for water purification. Widespread and large-scale use of nanomaterials for water purification soon may become a reality. Products containing nanomaterials such as Karofi, Lifestraw, and Tupperware for water purification are already available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India.
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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19
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Hamza IA, Bibby K. Critical issues in application of molecular methods to environmental virology. J Virol Methods 2019; 266:11-24. [PMID: 30659861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases have significant public health and socioeconomic implications worldwide. Many viral pathogens are commonly associated with water-related diseases, namely enteric viruses. Also, novel recently discovered human-associated viruses have been shown to be a causative agent of gastroenteritis or other clinical symptoms. A wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Viral isolation is historically carried out via propagation on permissive cell lines; however, some enteric viruses are difficult or not able to propagate on existing cell lines. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) screening of viral nucleic acid is routinely used to investigate virus contamination in water due to the high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the introduction of metagenomic approaches into environmental virology has facilitated the discovery of viruses that cannot be grown in cell culture. This review (i) highlights the applications of molecular techniques in environmental virology such as PCR and its modifications to overcome the critical issues associated with the inability to discriminate between infectious viruses and nonviable viruses, (ii) outlines the strengths and weaknesses of Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) and microarray, (iii) discusses the role of digital PCR as an emerging water quality monitoring assay and its advantages over qPCR, (iv) addresses the viral metagenomics in terms of detecting emerging viral pathogens and diversity in aquatic environment. Indeed, there are many challenges for selecting methods to detect classic and emerging viruses in environmental samples. While the existing techniques have revealed the importance and diversity of viruses in the water environment, further developments are necessary to enable more rapid and accurate methodologies for viral water quality monitoring and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
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20
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Zhang Y, Xu CQ, Guo T, Hong L. An automated bacterial concentration and recovery system for pre-enrichment required in rapid Escherichia coli detection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17808. [PMID: 30546076 PMCID: PMC6292886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in rapid low concentration bacterial detection is the pre-concentration or pre-enrichment, which aims to increase bacteria concentration and reduce sample volume for easy bacterial detection. In practical bacterial detection, large-volume water samples with a pathogenic bacterial concentration of less than 1 CFU/mL have to be tested rapidly. The reported biosensors either have insufficient detection limit or have limited capability of handling a sufficiently large water sample. Therefore, a high-performance automated pre-enrichment process is strongly demanded in rapid practical bacterial detection. In this paper, a practical high performance automated bacterial concentration and recovery system (ABCRS) based on the combination of a ceramic membrane and tangential flow filtration technique was presented with short processing time (less than one hour), low pre-enrichment limit (≤0.005 CFU/mL), high concentration ratio (≥ 500), high recovery efficiency (~ 90%), and small final retentate volume (≤ 5 mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Xu
- Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Tianyi Guo
- Forsee Instruments Ltd., Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lingcheng Hong
- Jiangsu Delin Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
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21
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Matrajt G, Naughton B, Bandyopadhyay AS, Meschke JS. A Review of the Most Commonly Used Methods for Sample Collection in Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:S90-S97. [PMID: 30376094 PMCID: PMC6206110 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a review of the environmental surveillance methods commonly used to collect and concentrate poliovirus (PV) from water samples. We compared the sampling approaches (trap vs grab), the process methods (precipitation vs filtration), and the various tools and chemical reagents used to separate PV from other viruses and pathogens in water samples (microporous glass, pads, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/dextran, PEG/sodium chloride, NanoCeram/ViroCap, and ester membranes). The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered, and the geographical areas where they are currently used are discussed. Several methods have demonstrated the ability to concentrate and recover PVs from environmental samples. The details of the particular sampling conditions and locations should be considered carefully in method selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Matrajt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington
| | | | | | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington
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22
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Overview of Trends in the Application of Metagenomic Techniques in the Analysis of Human Enteric Viral Diversity in Africa's Environmental Regimes. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080429. [PMID: 30110939 PMCID: PMC6115975 DOI: 10.3390/v10080429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in the quest for metagenomics as an approach for the identification and study of the diversity of human viruses found in aquatic systems, both for their role as waterborne pathogens and as water quality indicators. In the last few years, environmental viral metagenomics has grown significantly and has enabled the identification, diversity and entire genome sequencing of viruses in environmental and clinical samples extensively. Prior to the arrival of metagenomics, traditional molecular procedures such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, were mostly used to identify and classify enteric viral species in different environmental milieu. After the advent of metagenomics, more detailed reports have emerged about the important waterborne viruses identified in wastewater treatment plant effluents and surface water. This paper provides a review of methods that have been used for the concentration, detection and identification of viral species from different environmental matrices. The review also takes into consideration where metagenomics has been explored in different African countries, as well as the limitations and challenges facing the approach. Procedures including sample processing, experimental design, sequencing technology, and bioinformatics analysis are discussed. The review concludes by summarising the current thinking and practices in the field and lays bare key issues that those venturing into this field need to consider and address.
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23
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Betancourt WQ, Abd-Elmaksoud S, Gerba CP. Efficiency of Reovirus Concentration from Water with Positively Charged Filters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:209-211. [PMID: 29243126 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the efficacy of reovirus concentration from large volumes of water using two positively charged filters: Zeta Plus 1MDS and NanoCeram. The results indicated that an average of 61 and 81% of input reoviruses were effectively recovered, respectively, from recycled water and tap water using NanoCeram filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Q Betancourt
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA.
| | - Sherif Abd-Elmaksoud
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
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24
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Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:168-186. [PMID: 29471200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jason R Torrey
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Road, My Dinh 1 Ward, Nam Tu Liem District, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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25
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Varughese EA, Brinkman NE, Anneken EM, Cashdollar JL, Fout GS, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Glassmeyer ST, Keely SP. Estimating virus occurrence using Bayesian modeling in multiple drinking water systems of the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1330-1339. [PMID: 29734610 PMCID: PMC6075686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment plants rely on purification of contaminated source waters to provide communities with potable water. One group of possible contaminants are enteric viruses. Measurement of viral quantities in environmental water systems are often performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, true values may be underestimated due to challenges involved in a multi-step viral concentration process and due to PCR inhibition. In this study, water samples were concentrated from 25 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) across the US to study the occurrence of enteric viruses in source water and removal after treatment. The five different types of viruses studied were adenovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, enterovirus, and polyomavirus. Quantitative PCR was performed on all samples to determine presence or absence of these viruses in each sample. Ten DWTPs showed presence of one or more viruses in source water, with four DWTPs having treated drinking water testing positive. Furthermore, PCR inhibition was assessed for each sample using an exogenous amplification control, which indicated that all of the DWTP samples, including source and treated water samples, had some level of inhibition, confirming that inhibition plays an important role in PCR-based assessments of environmental samples. PCR inhibition measurements, viral recovery, and other assessments were incorporated into a Bayesian model to more accurately determine viral load in both source and treated water. Results of the Bayesian model indicated that viruses are present in source water and treated water. By using a Bayesian framework that incorporates inhibition, as well as many other parameters that affect viral detection, this study offers an approach for more accurately estimating the occurrence of viral pathogens in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A Varughese
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Emily M Anneken
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Jennifer L Cashdollar
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - G Shay Fout
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Edward T Furlong
- USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, Bldg 95, Denver, CO 80225, United States.
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- USGS, 400 S. Clinton St, Rm 269, Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States.
| | - Susan T Glassmeyer
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Scott P Keely
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
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Fagnant CS, Sánchez-Gonzalez LM, Zhou NA, Falman JC, Eisenstein M, Guelig D, Ockerman B, Guan Y, Kossik AL, Linden YS, Beck NK, Wilmouth R, Komen E, Mwangi B, Nyangao J, Shirai JH, Novosselov I, Borus P, Boyle DS, Meschke JS. Improvement of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Sampling Wastewater and Wastewater-Impacted Waters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:72-82. [PMID: 28674934 PMCID: PMC5823955 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of poliovirus (PV) plays an important role in the global program for eradication of wild PV. The bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) was first developed in 2014 and enhances PV surveillance when compared to the two-phase grab method currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this study, the BMFS design was improved and tested for its usability in wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface waters in Nairobi, Kenya. Modifications made to the BMFS included the size, color, and shape of the collection bags, the filter housing used, and the device used to elute the samples from the filters. The modified BMFS concentrated 3-10 L down to 10 mL, which resulted in an effective volume assayed (900-3000 mL) that was 6-20 times greater than the effective volume assayed for samples processed by the WHO algorithm (150 mL). The system developed allows for sampling and in-field virus concentration, followed by transportation of the filter for further analysis with simpler logistics than the current methods. This may ultimately reduce the likelihood of false-negative samples by increasing the effective volume assayed compared to samples processed by the WHO algorithm, making the BMFS a valuable sampling system for wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Susan Fagnant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Liliana Margarita Sánchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nicolette A Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jill Christin Falman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Dylan Guelig
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Byron Ockerman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yifei Guan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra Lynn Kossik
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yarrow S Linden
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nicola Koren Beck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Robyn Wilmouth
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Evans Komen
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Benlick Mwangi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - James Nyangao
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Jeffry H Shirai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Igor Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter Borus
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Mbagathi Road, P.O. Box 54628, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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27
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Fagnant CS, Kossik AL, Zhou NA, Sánchez-Gonzalez L, Falman JC, Keim EK, Linden Y, Scheibe A, Barnes KS, Beck NK, Boyle DS, Meschke JS. Use of Preservative Agents and Antibiotics for Increased Poliovirus Survival on Positively Charged Filters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:383-394. [PMID: 28616833 PMCID: PMC5668339 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of poliovirus (PV) and other non-enveloped viruses can help identify silent circulation and is necessary to certify eradication. The bag-mediated filtration system is an efficient method to filter large volumes of environmental waters at field sites for monitoring the presence of viruses. As filters may require long transit times to off-site laboratories for processing, viral inactivation or overgrowth of bacteria and fungi can interfere with virus detection and quantification (Miki and Jacquet in Aquatic Microb Ecol 51(2):195-208, 2008). To evaluate virus survival over time on ViroCap™ filters, the filters were seeded with PV type 1 (PV1) and/or MS2 and then dosed with preservatives or antibiotics prior to storage and elution. These filters were stored at various temperatures and time periods, and then eluted for PV1 and MS2 recovery quantification. Filters dosed with the preservative combination of 2% sodium benzoate and 0.2% calcium propionate had increased virus survival over time when stored at 25 °C, compared to samples stored at 25 °C with no preservatives. While elution within 24 h of filtration is recommended, if storage or shipping is required then this preservative mixture can help preserve sample integrity. Addition of an antibiotic cocktail containing cephapirin, gentamicin, and Proclin™ 300 increased recovery after storage at 4 and 25 °C, when compared to storage with no antibiotics. The antibiotic cocktail can aid sample preservation if access to appropriate antibiotics storage is available and sample cold chain is unreliable. This study demonstrated that the use of preservatives or antibiotics is a simple, cost-effective method to improve virus detection from ViroCap cartridge filters over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Susan Fagnant
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Alexandra Lynn Kossik
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Nicolette Angela Zhou
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Jill Christin Falman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Erika Karen Keim
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Yarrow Linden
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Alana Scheibe
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Kilala Sayisha Barnes
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Nicola Koren Beck
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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28
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Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Zimmermann M, Pallansch M, Thompson KM. Insights from a Systematic Search for Information on Designs, Costs, and Effectiveness of Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance Systems. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:361-382. [PMID: 28687986 PMCID: PMC7879701 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus surveillance plays a critical role in achieving and certifying eradication and will play a key role in the polio endgame. Environmental surveillance can provide an opportunity to detect circulating polioviruses prior to the observation of any acute flaccid paralysis cases. We completed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on environmental surveillance for polio including the search terms "environmental surveillance" or "sewage," and "polio," "poliovirus," or "poliomyelitis," and compared characteristics of the resulting studies. The review included 146 studies representing 101 environmental surveillance activities from 48 countries published between 1975 and 2016. Studies reported taking samples from sewage treatment facilities, surface waters, and various other environmental sources, although they generally did not present sufficient details to thoroughly evaluate the sewage systems and catchment areas. When reported, catchment areas varied from 50 to over 7.3 million people (median of 500,000 for the 25% of activities that reported catchment areas, notably with 60% of the studies not reporting this information and 16% reporting insufficient information to estimate the catchment area population size). While numerous studies reported the ability of environmental surveillance to detect polioviruses in the absence of clinical cases, the review revealed very limited information about the costs and limited information to support quantitative population effectiveness of conducting environmental surveillance. This review motivates future studies to better characterize poliovirus environmental surveillance systems and the potential value of information that they may provide in the polio endgame.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marita Zimmermann
- Kid Risk, Inc., 10524 Moss Park Rd., Ste. 204-364, Orlando, FL 32832
- Correspondence to: Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens, Kid Risk, Inc., 10524 Moss Park Rd., Ste. 204-364, Orlando, FL 32832, USA,
| | - Mark Pallansch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30333
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29
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Fagnant CS, Toles M, Zhou NA, Powell J, Adolphsen J, Guan Y, Ockerman B, Shirai JH, Boyle DS, Novosselov I, Meschke JS. Development of an elution device for ViroCap virus filters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:574. [PMID: 29046968 PMCID: PMC5648745 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of waterborne pathogens is vital for monitoring the spread of diseases, and electropositive filters are frequently used for sampling wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface water. Viruses adsorbed to electropositive filters require elution prior to detection or quantification. Elution is typically facilitated by a peristaltic pump, although this requires a significant startup cost and does not include biosafety or cross-contamination considerations. These factors may pose a barrier for low-resource laboratories that aim to conduct environmental surveillance of viruses. The objective of this study was to develop a biologically enclosed, manually powered, low-cost device for effectively eluting from electropositive ViroCap™ virus filters. The elution device described here utilizes a non-electric bilge pump, instead of an electric peristaltic pump or a positive pressure vessel. The elution device also fully encloses liquids and aerosols that could contain biological organisms, thereby increasing biosafety. Moreover, all elution device components that are used in the biosafety cabinet are autoclavable, reducing cross-contamination potential. This device reduces costs of materials while maintaining convenience in terms of size and weight. With this new device, there is little sample volume loss due to device inefficiency, similar virus yields were demonstrated during seeded studies with poliovirus type 1, and the time to elute filters is similar to that required with the peristaltic pump. The efforts described here resulted in a novel, low-cost, manually powered elution device that can facilitate environmental surveillance of pathogens through effective virus recovery from ViroCap filters while maintaining the potential for adaptability to other cartridge filters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolette Angela Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jacob Powell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John Adolphsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yifei Guan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Byron Ockerman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffry Hiroshi Shirai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Igor Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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30
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Junter GA, Lebrun L. Cellulose-based virus-retentive filters: a review. RE/VIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2017; 16:455-489. [PMID: 32214924 PMCID: PMC7088658 DOI: 10.1007/s11157-017-9434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral filtration is a critical step in the purification of biologics and in the monitoring of microbiological water quality. Viral filters are also essential protection elements against airborne viral particles. The present review first focuses on cellulose-based filter media currently used for size-exclusion and/or adsorptive filtration of viruses from biopharmaceutical and environmental water samples. Data from spiking studies quantifying the viral filtration performance of cellulosic filters are detailed, i.e., first, the virus reduction capacity of regenerated cellulose hollow fiber filters in the manufacturing process of blood products and, second, the efficiency of virus recovery/concentration from water samples by the viradel (virus adsorption-elution) method using charge modified, electropositive cellulosic filters or conventional electronegative cellulose ester microfilters. Viral analysis of field water samples by the viradel technique is also surveyed. This review then describes cellulose-based filter media used in individual protection equipment against airborne viral pathogens, presenting innovative filtration media with virucidal properties. Some pros and cons of cellulosic viral filters and perspectives for cellulose-based materials in viral filtration are underlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Alain Junter
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
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31
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Fout GS, Borchardt MA, Kieke BA, Karim MR. Human virus and microbial indicator occurrence in public-supply groundwater systems: meta-analysis of 12 international studies. HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 25:903-919. [PMID: 30245581 PMCID: PMC6145489 DOI: 10.1007/s10040-017-1581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is often evaluated using microbial indicators. This study examines data from 12 international groundwater studies (conducted 1992-2013) of 718 public drinking-water systems located in a range of hydrogeological settings. Focus was on testing the value of indicator organisms for identifying virus-contaminated wells. One or more indicators and viruses were present in 37 and 15% of 2,273 samples and 44 and 27% of 746 wells, respectively. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and somatic coliphage are 7-9 times more likely to be associated with culturable virus-positive samples when the indicator is present versus when it is absent, while F-specific and somatic coliphages are 8-9 times more likely to be associated with culturable virus-positive wells. However, single indicators are only marginally associated with viruses detected by molecular methods, and all microbial indicators have low sensitivity and positive predictive values for virus occurrence, whether by culturable or molecular assays, i.e., indicators are often absent when viruses are present and the indicators have a high false-positive rate. Wells were divided into three susceptibility subsets based on presence of (1) total coliform bacteria or (2) multiple indicators, or (3) location of wells in karst, fractured bedrock, or gravel/cobble settings. Better associations of some indicators with viruses were observed for (1) and (3). Findings indicate the best indicators are E. coli or somatic coliphage, although both indicators may underestimate virus occurrence. Repeat sampling for indicators improves evaluation of the potential for viral contamination in a well.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shay Fout
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- US Department of Agriculture, 2611 Yellowstone Dr, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Mohammad R Karim
- City of Santa Cruz, Public Works Department, 110 California St, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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32
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Nasser AM, Benisti NL, Ofer N, Hovers S, Nitzan Y. Comparative reduction of Giardia cysts, F+ coliphages, sulphite reducing clostridia and fecal coliforms by wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:144-148. [PMID: 27768545 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1237140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced wastewater treatment processes are applied to prevent the environmental dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. Giardia lamblia causes a severe disease called giardiasis, and is highly prevalent in untreated wastewater worldwide. Monitoring the microbial quality of wastewater effluents is usually based on testing for the levels of indicator microorganisms in the effluents. This study was conducted to compare the suitability of fecal coliforms, F+ coliphages and sulfide reducing clostridia (SRC) as indicators for the reduction of Giardia cysts in two full-scale wastewater treatment plants. The treatment process consists of activated sludge, coagulation, high rate filtration and either chlorine or UV disinfection. The results of the study demonstrated that Giardia cysts are highly prevalent in raw wastewater at an average concentration of 3600 cysts/L. Fecal coliforms, F+ coliphages and SRC were also detected at high concentrations in raw wastewater. Giardia cysts were efficiently removed (3.6 log10) by the treatment train. The greatest reduction was observed for fecal coliforms (9.6 log10) whereas the least reduction was observed for F+ coliphages (2.1 log10) following chlorine disinfection. Similar reduction was observed for SRC by filtration and disinfection by either UV (3.6 log10) or chlorine (3.3 log10). Since F+ coliphage and SRC were found to be more resistant than fecal coliforms for the tertiary treatment processes, they may prove to be more suitable as indicators for Giardia. The results of this study demonstrated that advanced wastewater treatment may prove efficient for the removal of Giardia cysts and may prevent its transmission when treated effluents are applied for crop irrigation or streams restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidelfatah M Nasser
- a Water Quality Research Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratories , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Neta-Lee Benisti
- a Water Quality Research Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratories , Tel Aviv , Israel
- b Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Illan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Naomi Ofer
- a Water Quality Research Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratories , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Sivan Hovers
- a Water Quality Research Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Laboratories , Tel Aviv , Israel
- b Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Illan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Nitzan
- b Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Illan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
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33
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Salafi T, Zeming KK, Zhang Y. Advancements in microfluidics for nanoparticle separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:11-33. [PMID: 27830852 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been widely implemented for healthcare and nanoscience industrial applications. Thus, efficient and effective nanoparticle separation methods are essential for advancement in these fields. However, current technologies for separation, such as ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, filtration, chromatography, and selective precipitation, are not continuous and require multiple preparation steps and a minimum sample volume. Microfluidics has offered a relatively simple, low-cost, and continuous particle separation approach, and has been well-established for micron-sized particle sorting. Here, we review the recent advances in nanoparticle separation using microfluidic devices, focusing on its techniques, its advantages over conventional methods, and its potential applications, as well as foreseeable challenges in the separation of synthetic nanoparticles and biological molecules, especially DNA, proteins, viruses, and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoriq Salafi
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), National University of Singapore, 05-01 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
| | - Kerwin Kwek Zeming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), National University of Singapore, 05-01 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
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34
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Rachmadi AT, Torrey JR, Kitajima M. Human polyomavirus: Advantages and limitations as a human-specific viral marker in aquatic environments. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:456-469. [PMID: 27665433 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) cause persistent infections in organs such as kidney, brain, skin, liver, respiratory tract, etc., and some types of HPyV are constantly excreted in the urine and/or feces of infected and healthy individuals. The use of an enteric virus as an indicator for human sewage/waste contamination in aquatic environments has been proposed; HPyVs are a good candidate since they are routinely found in environmental water samples from different geographical areas with relatively high abundance. HPyVs are highly human specific, having been detected in human waste from all age ranges and undetected in animal waste samples. In addition, HPyVs show a certain degree of resistance to high temperature, chlorine, UV, and low pH, with molecular signals (i.e., DNA) persisting in water for several months. Recently, various concentration methods (electronegative/positive filtration, ultrafiltration, skim-milk flocculation) and detection methods (immunofluorescence assay, cell culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR), and quantitative PCR) have been developed and demonstrated for HPyV, which has enabled the identification and quantification of HPyV in various environmental samples, such as sewage, surface water, seawater, drinking water, and shellfish. In this paper, we summarize these recent advancements in detection methods and the accumulation of environmental surveillance and laboratory-scale experiment data, and discuss the potential advantages as well as limitations of HPyV as a human-specific viral marker in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri T Rachmadi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Jason R Torrey
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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35
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Silverman AI, Nelson KL. Modeling the Endogenous Sunlight Inactivation Rates of Laboratory Strain and Wastewater E. coli and Enterococci Using Biological Weighting Functions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12292-12301. [PMID: 27934240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Models that predict sunlight inactivation rates of bacteria are valuable tools for predicting the fate of pathogens in recreational waters and designing natural wastewater treatment systems to meet disinfection goals. We developed biological weighting function (BWF)-based numerical models to estimate the endogenous sunlight inactivation rates of E. coli and enterococci. BWF-based models allow the prediction of inactivation rates under a range of environmental conditions that shift the magnitude or spectral distribution of sunlight irradiance (e.g., different times, latitudes, water absorbances, depth). Separate models were developed for laboratory strain bacteria cultured in the laboratory and indigenous organisms concentrated directly from wastewater. Wastewater bacteria were found to be 5-7 times less susceptible to full-spectrum simulated sunlight than the laboratory bacteria, highlighting the importance of conducting experiments with bacteria sourced directly from wastewater. The inactivation rate models fit experimental data well and were successful in predicting the inactivation rates of wastewater E. coli and enterococci measured in clear marine water by researchers from a different laboratory. Additional research is recommended to develop strategies to account for the effects of elevated water pH on predicted inactivation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Silverman
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
| | - Kara L Nelson
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
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36
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Fout GS, Cashdollar JL. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay. J Vis Exp 2016:52437. [PMID: 27684193 PMCID: PMC5092008 DOI: 10.3791/52437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Method 1615 was developed with the goal of providing such a standard for measuring Enterovirus and Norovirus in these waters. Virus is concentrated from water using an electropositive filter, eluted from the filter surface with beef extract, and then concentrated further using organic flocculation. Herein we present the protocol from Method 1615 for filter elution, secondary concentration, and measurement of total culturable viruses. A portion of the concentrated eluate from each sample is inoculated onto ten replicate flasks of Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cells. The number of flasks demonstrating cytopathic effects is used to quantify the most probable number (MPN) of infectious units per liter. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. Laboratories must meet defined performance standards. Method 1615 was evaluated by examining virus recovery from reagent-grade and ground waters seeded with Sabin poliovirus type 3. Mean poliovirus recoveries with the total culturable assay were 111% in reagent grade water and 58% in groundwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
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37
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A consecutive centrifugal method for concentration of human enteric viruses in water samples. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3323-3330. [PMID: 27581806 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A consecutive centrifugal method was developed to concentrate enteric viruses from water. Using five selected human enteric viruses, the recovery rates were evaluated and compared with results from NanoCeram filtration methods. The highest recovery rate was achieved for coxsackievirus (78.11 %, 42.97-101.39), and the lowest rate was for adenovirus (32.84 %, 19.68-66.20). In comparison with NanoCeram disc filtration with beef-extract flocculation (BE), the recovery rate was increased for all viruses. The rate of increase varied from a low of 8.24 % (astroviruses) to a high of 24.22 % (noroviruses). The NanoCeram filtration with BE was further modified by NaPP buffer plus one-step centrifugation using a Centricon plus-70 device. The modified method further increased the concentrations of viruses in the sample. Virus concentration was increased to 19.45 ± 7.19-fold for rotavirus, 19.40 ± 6.54-fold for norovirus, 16.10 ± 7.61-fold for coxsackievirus, 12.80 ± 3.00-fold for astrovirus and 11.97 ± 6.94-fold for adenovirus compared to the NanoCeram filtration with BE. Subsequent cell culture showed that the infectivity of the viruses was not altered by any of the three methods. Three methods will provide testing labs with choices for cost-effective approaches to concentrate viruses from water.
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38
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Uyaguari-Diaz MI, Chan M, Chaban BL, Croxen MA, Finke JF, Hill JE, Peabody MA, Van Rossum T, Suttle CA, Brinkman FSL, Isaac-Renton J, Prystajecky NA, Tang P. A comprehensive method for amplicon-based and metagenomic characterization of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes in freshwater samples. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:20. [PMID: 27391119 PMCID: PMC5011856 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of environmental microbiota typically target only specific groups of microorganisms, with most focusing on bacteria through taxonomic classification of 16S rRNA gene sequences. For a more holistic understanding of a microbiome, a strategy to characterize the viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic components is necessary. RESULTS We developed a method for metagenomic and amplicon-based analysis of freshwater samples involving the concentration and size-based separation of eukaryotic, bacterial, and viral fractions. Next-generation sequencing and culture-independent approaches were used to describe and quantify microbial communities in watersheds with different land use in British Columbia. Deep amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the distribution of certain viruses (g23 and RdRp), bacteria (16S rRNA and cpn60), and eukaryotes (18S rRNA and ITS). Metagenomic sequencing was used to further characterize the gene content of the bacterial and viral fractions at both taxonomic and functional levels. CONCLUSION This study provides a systematic approach to separate and characterize eukaryotic-, bacterial-, and viral-sized particles. Methodologies described in this research have been applied in temporal and spatial studies to study the impact of land use on watershed microbiomes in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I. Uyaguari-Diaz
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
| | - Bonnie L. Chaban
- South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Matthew A. Croxen
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
| | - Jan F. Finke
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Janet E. Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Michael A. Peabody
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Thea Van Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Curtis A. Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8 Canada
| | - Fiona S. L. Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Judith Isaac-Renton
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Natalie A. Prystajecky
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
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McMinn BR, Korajkic A, Grimm AC. Optimization and evaluation of a method to detect adenoviruses in river water. J Virol Methods 2016; 231:8-13. [PMID: 26874286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are often implicated in recreational water disease outbreaks but existing methods for their detection perform poorly within these matrices. In this study, small volume (100mL) concentration was used to identify processes that promoted recovery of adenovirus from river water. Several alternative secondary concentration techniques were investigated and compared to the baseline method consisting of primary concentration via filtration, followed by celite mediated secondary concentration. The alternative secondary concentrations included multiple filter elutions, soaking the filter for 15 min prior to elution and concentration using pre-treated celite (river water, 1.5% and 3% milk) instead of a filter. Modifications of the viral nucleic acid extraction technique were also evaluated. Concentration using pre-treated celite and a modified extraction technique (10 min boil and a 1h ProK incubation at 37 °C) recovered significantly higher levels of adenovirus (P=0.001) than other methods tested. This optimized method increased recovery of spiked adenovirus (57 ± 27%) compared to baseline method performance (4 ± 3%) indicating that use of pre-treated celite as opposed to filtration significantly improves recovery. Application of the optimized concentration method to larger volume (1L) of river water resulted in similar recoveries (42 ± 19%) underlying the utility of this method to detect adenovirus from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McMinn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Ann C Grimm
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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40
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Suzuki Y, Kobayashi T, Nishiyama M, Kono T. Concentration of MS2 phage in river water by a combined ferric colloid adsorption and foam separation-based method, with MS2 phage leaching from ferric colloid. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:252-6. [PMID: 26868517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of MS2 phage as a model RNA virus in river water using a combined ferric colloid adsorption and foam separation-based method was examined. The MS2 phage concentrations were determined by the plaque-forming unit (PFU) method and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. When ferric colloid adsorption was performed prior to foam separation, MS2 phage was effectively removed from river water and concentrated in the generated foam within 7 min. The removal efficiency was >99% at the optimum iron and casein concentrations of 5 mg-Fe/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the collected ferric colloid dissolved using deferoxamine, the MS2 concentration in the colloid-dissolved solution was 190-fold higher than that found in raw water according to RT-qPCR analysis. This is a novel method for concentrating RNA viruses to facilitate their detection in river water using coagulation and foam separation combined with chelate dissolution of ferric flocs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masateru Nishiyama
- Department of Environment and Resource Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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41
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Fout GS, Cashdollar JL, Griffin SM, Brinkman NE, Varughese EA, Parshionikar SU. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR. J Vis Exp 2016:e52646. [PMID: 26862985 PMCID: PMC4781652 DOI: 10.3791/52646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
| | | | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Eunice A Varughese
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Sandhya U Parshionikar
- Technical Services Center, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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42
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Zhang Q, Liu B, Liu Y, Cai X, Liu X, Dai R. Removal and inactivation of virus by drinking water treatment in the presence of bromide or iodide. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x15020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Fout GS, Cashdollar JL, Varughese EA, Parshionikar SU, Grimm AC. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of virus samples. J Vis Exp 2015:52067. [PMID: 25867928 PMCID: PMC4401389 DOI: 10.3791/52067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S Environmental Protection Agency;
| | | | - Eunice A Varughese
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Sandhya U Parshionikar
- Technical Support Center, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Ann C Grimm
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S Environmental Protection Agency
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44
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Evaluation of an Ultrafiltration-Based Procedure for Simultaneous Recovery of Diverse Microbes in Source Waters. WATER 2015; 7:1202-1216. [PMID: 26530003 PMCID: PMC4627901 DOI: 10.3390/w7031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) was assessed for recovery of Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens spores, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, echovirus 1, and bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX174 from ground and surface waters. Microbes were seeded into twenty-two 50-L water samples that were collected from the Southeastern United States and concentrated to ∼500 mL by UF. Secondary concentration was performed for C. parvum by centrifugation followed by immunomagnetic separation. Secondary concentration for viruses was performed using centrifugal ultrafilters or polyethylene glycol precipitation. Nine water quality parameters were measured in each water sample to determine whether water quality data correlated with UF and secondary concentration recovery efficiencies. Average UF recovery efficiencies were 66%-95% for the six enteric microbes. Average recovery efficiencies for the secondary concentration methods were 35%-95% for C. parvum and the viruses. Overall, measured water quality parameters were not significantly associated with UF recovery efficiencies. However, recovery of ΦX174 was negatively correlated with turbidity. The recovery data demonstrate that UF can be an effective method for concentrating diverse microbes from ground and surface waters. This study highlights the utility of tangential-flow hollow fiber ultrafiltration for recovery of bacteria, viruses, and parasites from large volume environmental water samples.
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45
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Chaudhry RM, Nelson KL, Drewes JE. Mechanisms of pathogenic virus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2815-22. [PMID: 25642587 DOI: 10.1021/es505332n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Four pathogenic virus removal mechanisms were investigated in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR; nominal pore size 0.04 μm): (i) attachment of virus to mixed liquor solids; (ii) virus retention by a just backwashed membrane; (iii) virus retention by the membrane cake layer; and (iv) inactivation. We quantified adenovirus, norovirus genogroup II (GII), and F+ coliphage in the influent wastewater, the solid and liquid fractions of the mixed liquor, return flow, and permeate using quantitative PCR (adenovirus and norovirus GII) and infectivity assays (F+ coliphage). Permeate samples were collected 4-5 days, 1 day, 3 h, and immediately after chlorine enhanced backwashes. The MBR achieved high log removals for adenovirus (3.9 to 5.5), norovirus GII (4.6 to 5.7), and F+ coliphage (5.4 to 7.1). The greatest contribution to total removal was provided by the backwashed membrane, followed by inactivation, the cake layer, and attachment to solids. Increases in turbidity and particle counts after backwashes indicated potential breakthrough of particles, but virus removal following backwashes was still high. This study demonstrates the ability of the MBR process to provide over 4 logs of removal for adenovirus and norovirus GII, even after a partial loss of the cake layer, and provides evidence for assigning virus disinfection credit to similar MBRs used to reclaim wastewater for reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia M Chaudhry
- ReNUWIt (Reinventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure) Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States
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46
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Hata A, Matsumori K, Kitajima M, Katayama H. Concentration of enteric viruses in large volumes of water using a cartridge-type mixed cellulose ester membrane. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:7-13. [PMID: 25326201 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A viral adsorption-elution method using a flat/disk-type electronegative membrane (diameter of 47-90 mm) has been widely utilized to concentrate viruses in relatively small volumes of water (up to 10 L) due to limited filtration area. In the present study, we aimed to develop a virus concentration method that is based on the same principle and yet allows concentration of large volumes of water using a cartridge-type electronegative membrane. We modified two electronegative membrane-based methods for this purpose (i.e., Mg(2+) method and Al(3+) method) and determined recovery efficiencies of poliovirus and murine norovirus inoculated in water samples. The virus recovery efficiency of the Al(3+) method substantially decreased as the volume of water sample increased. In contrast, Mg(2+) method showed stable virus recovery efficiencies (10-54 %) even when 40 to 1,000 L of river and tap water samples were processed. The volume of the concentrate (400 mL) can be further reduced to 1.5 mL by a Centricon plus-70 centrifugal ultrafiltration device with overall recovery efficiencies of 8.8-16 %. Our results demonstrated that the newly developed virus concentration method enables detection of as low as 10(1) copies/L of viruses in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan,
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47
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McMinn BR, Korajkic A. A small volume procedure for viral concentration from water. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25741671 DOI: 10.3791/51744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to identify optimal parameters for virus concentration. Viruses can be concentrated from water using filtration (electropositive, electronegative, glass wool or size exclusion), followed by secondary concentration with beef extract to release viruses from filter surfaces, and finally tertiary concentration resulting in a 5-30 ml volume virus concentrate. In order to identify optimal concentration procedures, two different electropositive filters were evaluated (a glass/cellulose filter [1MDS] and a nano-alumina/glass filter [NanoCeram]), as well as different secondary concentration techniques; the celite technique where three different celite particle sizes were evaluated (fine, medium and large) followed by comparing this technique with that of the established organic flocculation method. Various elution additives were also evaluated for their ability to enhance the release of adenovirus (AdV) particles from filter surfaces. Fine particle celite recovered similar levels of AdV40 and 41 to that of the established organic flocculation method when viral spikes were added during secondary concentration. The glass/cellulose filter recovered higher levels of both, AdV40 and 41, compared to that of a nano-alumina/glass fiber filter. Although not statistically significant, the addition of 0.1% sodium polyphosphate amended beef extract eluant recovered 10% more AdV particles compared to unamended beef extract.
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48
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Gehrke I, Geiser A, Somborn-Schulz A. Innovations in nanotechnology for water treatment. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2015; 8:1-17. [PMID: 25609931 PMCID: PMC4294021 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s43773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Important challenges in the global water situation, mainly resulting from worldwide population growth and climate change, require novel innovative water technologies in order to ensure a supply of drinking water and reduce global water pollution. Against this background, the adaptation of highly advanced nanotechnology to traditional process engineering offers new opportunities in technological developments for advanced water and wastewater technology processes. Here, an overview of recent advances in nanotechnologies for water and wastewater treatment processes is provided, including nanobased materials, such as nanoadsorbents, nanometals, nanomembranes, and photocatalysts. The beneficial properties of these materials as well as technical barriers when compared with conventional processes are reported. The state of commercialization is presented and an outlook on further research opportunities is given for each type of nanobased material and process. In addition to the promising technological enhancements, the limitations of nanotechnology for water applications, such as laws and regulations as well as potential health risks, are summarized. The legal framework according to nanoengineered materials and processes that are used for water and wastewater treatment is considered for European countries and for the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Gehrke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Andreas Geiser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Annette Somborn-Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Oberhausen, Germany
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49
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Grøndahl-Rosado RC, Yarovitsyna E, Trettenes E, Myrmel M, Robertson LJ. A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:232-45. [PMID: 25086639 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses transmitted via the faecal-oral route occur in high concentrations in wastewater and may contaminate drinking water sources and cause disease. In order to quantify enteric adenovirus and norovirus genotypes I and II (GI and GII) impacting a drinking source in Norway, samples of surface water (52), wastewater inlet (64) and outlet (59) were collected between January 2011 and April 2012. Samples were concentrated in two steps, using an electropositive disc filter and polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by nucleic acid extraction and analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Virus was detected in 47/52 (90.4%) of surface water, 59/64 (92%) of wastewater inlet and 55/59 (93%) of wastewater outlet samples. Norovirus GI occurred in the highest concentrations in surface water (2.51e + 04) and adenovirus in wastewater (2.15e + 07). While adenovirus was the most frequently detected in all matrices, norovirus GI was more frequently detected in surface water and norovirus GII in wastewater. This study is the first in Norway to monitor both sewage and a drinking water source in parallel, and confirms the year-round presence of norovirus and adenovirus in a Norwegian drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Grøndahl-Rosado
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ekaterina Yarovitsyna
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Trettenes
- Virology Section, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Polyelectrolyte multilayers as anti-adhesive membrane coatings for virus concentration and recovery. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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