1
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Swoboda A, Zwölfer S, Duhović Z, Bürgler M, Ebner K, Glieder A, Kroutil W. Multistep Biooxidation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid with H 2O 2 by Unspecific Peroxygenases. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400156. [PMID: 38568785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is a key platform chemical derived from renewable biomass sources, holding great potential as starting material for the synthesis of valuable compounds, thereby replacing petrochemical-derived counterparts. Among these valorised compounds, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has emerged as a versatile building block. Here we demonstrate the biocatalytic synthesis of FDCA from HMF via a one-pot three-step oxidative cascade performed via two operative steps under mild reaction conditions employing two unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) using hydrogen peroxide as the only oxidant. The challenge of HMF oxidation by UPOs is the chemoselectivity of the first step, as one of the two possible oxidation products is only a poor substrate for further oxidation. The unspecific peroxygenase from Marasmius oreades (MorUPO) was found to oxidize 100 mM of HMF to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFCA) with 95 % chemoselectivity. In the sequential one-pot cascade employing MorUPO (TON up to 13535) and the UPO from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO, TON up to 7079), 100 mM of HMF were oxidized to FDCA reaching up to 99 % conversion and yielding 861 mg isolated pure crystalline FDCA, presenting the first example of a gram scale biocatalytic synthesis of FDCA involving UPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Swoboda
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvie Zwölfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Zerina Duhović
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Moritz Bürgler
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Katharina Ebner
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
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2
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Omar MN, Minggu MM, Nor Muhammad NA, Abdul PM, Zhang Y, Ramzi AB. Towards consolidated bioprocessing of biomass and plastic substrates for semi-synthetic production of bio-poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF) polymer using omics-guided construction of artificial microbial consortia. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 177:110429. [PMID: 38537325 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF) plastic is a 100% renewable polyester that is currently being pursued for commercialization as the next-generation bio-based plastic. This is in line with growing demand for circular bioeconomy and new plastics economy that is aimed at minimizing plastic waste mismanagement and lowering carbon footprint of plastics. However, the current catalytic route for the synthesis of PEF is impeded with technical challenges including high cost of pretreatment and catalyst refurbishment. On the other hand, the semi-biosynthetic route of PEF plastic production is of increased biotechnological interest. In particular, the PEF monomers (Furan dicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol) can be synthesized via microbial-based biorefinery and purified for subsequent catalyst-mediated polycondensation into PEF. Several bioengineering and bioprocessing issues such as efficient substrate utilization and pathway optimization need to be addressed prior to establishing industrial-scale production of the monomers. This review highlights current advances in semi-biosynthetic production of PEF monomers using consolidated waste biorefinery strategies, with an emphasis on the employment of omics-driven systems biology approaches in enzyme discovery and pathway construction. The roles of microbial protein transporters will be discussed, especially in terms of improving substrate uptake and utilization from lignocellulosic biomass, as well as from depolymerized plastic waste as potential bio-feedstock. The employment of artificial bioengineered microbial consortia will also be highlighted to provide streamlined systems and synthetic biology strategies for bio-based PEF monomer production using both plant biomass and plastic-derived substrates, which are important for circular and new plastics economy advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Norfikri Omar
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Matthlessa Matthew Minggu
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Peer Mohamed Abdul
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia; Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Ying Zhang
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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3
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Gopal MR, Kunjapur AM. Harnessing biocatalysis to achieve selective functional group interconversion of monomers. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 86:103093. [PMID: 38417202 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are ubiquitous to modern life. However, reliance of petroleum for polymeric building blocks is not sustainable. The synthesis of macromolecules from recalcitrant polymer waste feedstocks, such as plastic waste and lignocellulosic biomass, presents an opportunity to bypass the use of petroleum-based feedstocks. However, the deconstruction and transformation of these alternative feedstocks remained limited until recently. Herein, we highlight examples of monomers liberated from the deconstruction of recalcitrant polymers, and more extensively, we showcase the state-of-the-art in biocatalytic technologies that are enabling synthesis of diverse upcycled monomeric starting materials for a wide variety of macromolecules. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of functional group interconversion as a promising strategy by which biocatalysis can aid the diversification and upcycling of monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan R Gopal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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4
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Alpdağtaş S, Jankowski N, Urlacher VB, Koschorreck K. Identification of redox activators for continuous reactivation of glyoxal oxidase from Trametes versicolor in a two-enzyme reaction cascade. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5932. [PMID: 38467766 PMCID: PMC10928124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal oxidases, belonging to the group of copper radical oxidases (CROs), oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids, while reducing O2 to H2O2. Their activity on furan derivatives like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) makes these enzymes promising biocatalysts for the environmentally friendly synthesis of the bioplastics precursor 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). However, glyoxal oxidases suffer from inactivation, which requires the identification of suitable redox activators for efficient substrate conversion. Furthermore, only a few glyoxal oxidases have been expressed and characterized so far. Here, we report on a new glyoxal oxidase from Trametes versicolor (TvGLOX) that was expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris (reclassified as Komagataella phaffii). TvGLOX was found to catalyze the oxidation of aldehyde groups in glyoxylic acid, methyl glyoxal, HMF, 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA), but barely accepted alcohol groups as in 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), preventing formation of FDCA from HMF. Various redox activators were tested for TvGLOX reactivation during catalyzed reactions. Among them, a combination of horseradish peroxidase and its substrate 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS) most efficiently reactivated TvGLOX. Through continuous reactivation of TvGLOX in a two-enzyme system employing a recombinant Moesziomyces antarcticus aryl-alcohol oxidase (MaAAO) almost complete conversion of 8 mM HMF to FDCA was achieved within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Alpdağtaş
- Department of Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, 65080, Turkey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Jankowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Qiao P, Ning L, Chen J, Tang Y, Zhao R, Chen G, Ye Q, Zhou T, Chen J, Zhong W. The critical roles of propanethiol oxidoreductase and sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase in the propanethiol catabolism pathway in Pseudomonas putida S-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0195923. [PMID: 38193681 PMCID: PMC10880595 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01959-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Propanethiol (PT) is a hazardous pollutant that poses risks to both the environment and human well-being. Pseudomonas putida S-1 has been identified as a microorganism capable of utilizing PT as its sole carbon source. However, the metabolic pathway responsible for PT degradation in P. putida S-1 has remained poorly understood, impeding its optimization and practical application. In this study, we investigated the catabolic network involved in PT desulfurization with P. putida S-1 and identified key gene modules crucial to this process. Notably, propanethiol oxidoreductase (PTO) catalyzes the initial degradation of PT, a pivotal step for P. putida S-1's survival on PT. PTO facilitates the oxidation of PT, resulting H2S, H2O2, and propionaldehyde (PA). Catalase-peroxidase catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to oxygen and water, while PA undergoes gradual conversion to Succinyl-CoA, which is subsequently utilized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. H2S is digested in a comprehensive desulfurization network where sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) predominantly converts it to sulfane sulfur. The transcriptome analysis suggests that sulfur can be finally converted to sulfite or sulfate and exported out of the cell. The PT degradation capacity of P. putida S-1 was enhanced by increasing the transcription level of PTO and SQOR genes in vivo.IMPORTANCEThis work investigated the PT catabolism pathway in Pseudomonas putida S-1, a microorganism capable of utilizing PT as the sole carbon source. Critical genes that control the initiation of PT degradation were identified and characterized, such as pto and sqor. By increasing the transcription level of pto and sqor genes in vivo, we have successfully enhanced the PT degradation efficiency and growth rate of P. putida S-1. This work does not only reveal a unique PT degradation pathway but also highlights the potential of enhancing the microbial desulfurization process in the bioremediation of thiol-contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixiao Ning
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Tang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Ye
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Tjallinks G, Boverio A, Jager AW, Kaya SG, Mattevi A, Fraaije MW. Efficient Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using a Flavoprotein Oxidase from the Honeybee Apis mellifera. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300588. [PMID: 37800383 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be derived from lignocellulose and is an interesting bio-based platform chemical as it has the potential to be transformed into numerous valuable building blocks such as the polymer-precursor 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). To date, only a few oxidases acting on HMF are known and by sampling atypical species, we discovered a novel flavin-dependent oxidoreductase from the honeybee Apis mellifera (beeHMFO). The enzyme can perform the chemoselective oxidation of HMF to DFF but can also readily accept other aromatic alcohols as substrates. The function of the enzyme may well be the antimicrobial generation of hydrogen peroxide using HMF, which is very abundant in honey. The discovery of this insect-derived flavoprotein oxidase holds promising potential in the synthesis of renewable products and demonstrates that insects can be an interesting source of novel biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Tjallinks
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The, Netherlands
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Boverio
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The, Netherlands
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amarins W Jager
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Saniye G Kaya
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen (The, Netherlands
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7
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Qian Y, Cheng M, Lai L, Zhou J, Zylstra GJ, Huang X. ChlOR, a GMC family oxidoreductase that evolved independently from the actinomycete, confers resistance to amphenicol antibiotics. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:3019-3034. [PMID: 37648667 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Overuse of the amphenicol antibiotics chloramphenicol (CHL) and thiamphenicol (TAP) poses a great threat to ecosystem safety and human health. The strain, Nocardioides sp. LMS-CY, Nocardioides sp. QY071 and Nocardioides sp. L-11A, classified as a gram-positive actinomycete, harbours a complete CHL metabolic pathway. However, the metabolic genes (clusters) involved in the entire pathway in gram-positive actinomycetes are still limited. Here, chlORLMS , chlORQY071 and chlORL-11A completely from the actinomycete Nocardioides spp. were found to act on the C1 -OH of the CHL/TAP side chain, directly converting CHL/TAP to 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (PNBD)/4-methylsulfonyl benzaldehyde (PMBD) and transforming PNBD/PMBD into 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (PNBM)/4-methylsulfonyl phenyl methanol (PMBM). Furthermore, oxidoreductases can transform PNBM into 4-nitrobenzoate (PNBA). The oxidoreductases ChlORLMS , ChlORQY071 and ChlORL-11A were all classified as cellobiose dehydrogenases from the glucose methanol choline (GMC) family. Based on the Swiss-Prot database, ChlORQY071 exhibited a lower identity (27.12%-35.10% similarity) with the reported oxidoreductases. Enzymatic and molecular docking analyses showed that ChlORQY071 and ChlORL-11A from the two similar genomes were remarkably more effective in metabolizing CHL than ChlORLMS . Overall, the detailed resistance mechanism of CHL/TAP by actinomycete strains isolated from soil and livestock manure will provide insights into the occurrence of CHL/TAP resistance genes in the environment, resistance risk and bioremediation of CHL/TAP-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minggen Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Lai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gerben J Zylstra
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xing Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Cascelli N, Gotor-Fernández V, Lavandera I, Sannia G, Lettera V. Spectrophotometric Assay for the Detection of 2,5-Diformylfuran and Its Validation through Laccase-Mediated Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16861. [PMID: 38069183 PMCID: PMC10706692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern biocatalysis requires fast, sensitive, and efficient high-throughput screening methods to screen enzyme libraries in order to seek out novel biocatalysts or enhanced variants for the production of chemicals. For instance, the synthesis of bio-based furan compounds like 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) via aerobic oxidation is a crucial process in industrial chemistry. Laccases, known for their mild operating conditions, independence from cofactors, and versatility with various substrates, thanks to the use of chemical mediators, are appealing candidates for catalyzing HMF oxidation. Herein, Schiff-based polymers based on the coupling of DFF and 1,4-phenylenediamine (PPD) have been used in the set-up of a novel colorimetric assay for detecting the presence of DFF in different reaction mixtures. This method may be employed for the fast screening of enzymes (Z' values ranging from 0.68 to 0.72). The sensitivity of the method has been proved, and detection (8.4 μM) and quantification (25.5 μM) limits have been calculated. Notably, the assay displayed selectivity for DFF and enabled the measurement of kinetics in DFF production from HMF using three distinct laccase-mediator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Cascelli
- Biopox srl, Viale Maria Bakunin 12, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (N.C.); (G.S.)
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.-F.); (I.L.)
| | - Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.-F.); (I.L.)
| | - Iván Lavandera
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.-F.); (I.L.)
| | - Giovanni Sannia
- Biopox srl, Viale Maria Bakunin 12, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (N.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Lettera
- Biopox srl, Viale Maria Bakunin 12, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (N.C.); (G.S.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/D, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
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9
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Tjallinks G, Boverio A, Maric I, Rozeboom H, Arentshorst M, Visser J, Ram AFJ, Mattevi A, Fraaije MW. Structure elucidation and characterization of patulin synthase, insights into the formation of a fungal mycotoxin. FEBS J 2023; 290:5114-5126. [PMID: 37366079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Patulin synthase (PatE) from Penicillium expansum is a flavin-dependent enzyme that catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of the mycotoxin patulin. This secondary metabolite is often present in fruit and fruit-derived products, causing postharvest losses. The patE gene was expressed in Aspergillus niger allowing purification and characterization of PatE. This confirmed that PatE is active not only on the proposed patulin precursor ascladiol but also on several aromatic alcohols including 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. By elucidating its crystal structure, details on its catalytic mechanism were revealed. Several aspects of the active site architecture are reminiscent of that of fungal aryl-alcohol oxidases. Yet, PatE is most efficient with ascladiol as substrate confirming its dedicated role in biosynthesis of patulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Tjallinks
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Boverio
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Ivana Maric
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jaap Visser
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Yang L, Wei J, Feng W. Co-immobilization of galactose oxidase, catalase, and Mn-superoxide dismutase for efficient conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran in water. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113541. [PMID: 37722253 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The three enzymes galactose oxidase (GO), catalase (CAT), and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) were simultaneously immobilized by coordinating to CuII in phosphate buffer saline. The biocatalyst GO&CAT&SOD@CuII was used for the conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The immobilized GO catalyzes the oxidation of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), concomitantly the co-substrate O2 is reduced to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A portion of the byproduct H2O2 is broken down to O2 and H2O by the co-immobilized CAT, and the evolved O2 can be recycled and used as the co-substrate. A portion of the byproduct H2O2 is broken down to produce hydroxyl radicals •OH under the synergistic catalysis of the immobilized SOD and coordinated CuII, and the produced •OH can reactivate the immobilized galactose oxidase. Two aspects contribute to the high catalytic efficiency by GO&CAT&SOD@CuII: the reactivation of the immobilized galactose oxidase by producing •OH and the enrichment of the co-substate O2 by recycling the produced O2. For the conversion of 10 mM HMF, GO&CAT&SOD@CuII (with encapsulated GO 0.2 mg/mL) achieved 97% HMF conversion within 2 h reaction. In contrast, free galactose oxidase M3-5 variant (ACS Catalysis 2018, 8, 4025) (0.2 mg/mL) achieved 25.3% HMF conversion within 2 h reaction. All the reactions were carried out in pure water, not in PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Wei
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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11
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Schober L, Dobiašová H, Jurkaš V, Parmeggiani F, Rudroff F, Winkler M. Enzymatic reactions towards aldehydes: An overview. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023; 38:221-242. [PMID: 38505272 PMCID: PMC10947199 DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Many aldehydes are volatile compounds with distinct and characteristic olfactory properties. The aldehydic functional group is reactive and, as such, an invaluable chemical multi-tool to make all sorts of products. Owing to the reactivity, the selective synthesis of aldehydic is a challenging task. Nature has evolved a number of enzymatic reactions to produce aldehydes, and this review provides an overview of aldehyde-forming reactions in biological systems and beyond. Whereas some of these biotransformations are still in their infancy in terms of synthetic applicability, others are developed to an extent that allows their implementation as industrial biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schober
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Hana Dobiašová
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringSlovak University of TechnologyBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Valentina Jurkaš
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”Politecnico di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
- Area BiotransformationsAustrian Center of Industrial BiotechnologyGrazAustria
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12
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Li Q, Ma CL, He YC. Effective one-pot chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis of biobased feedstock for synthesizing 2,5-diformylfuran in a sustainable reaction system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 378:128965. [PMID: 36990332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Diformylfuran, which can be prepared via the oxidation of biobased HMF, has received considerable attention because of its potential applications in producing furan-based chemicals and functional materials, such as biofuels, polymers, fluorescent material, vitrimers, surfactants, antifungal agents and medicines. This work aimed to develop an efficient one-pot process for chemoenzymatic transformation of biobased substrate to 2,5-diformylfuran with deep eutectic solvent (DES) Betaine:Lactic acid ([BA][LA]) catalyst and oxidase biocatalyst in [BA][LA]-H2O. Using waste bread (50 g/L) and D-fructose (18.0 g/L) as feedstocks in [BA][LA]-H2O (15:85, vol/vol), the yields of HMF were 32.8% (15 min) and 91.6% (90 min) at 150 °C, respectively. These prepared HMF could be biologically oxidized to 2,5-diformylfuran by Escherichia coli pRSFDuet-GOase, achieving a productivity of 0.631 g 2,5-diformylfuran/(g fructose) and 0.323 g 2,5-diformylfuran/(g bread) after 6 h under the mild performance condition. This bioresourced intermediate 2,5-diformylfuran was effectively synthesized from biobased feedstock in an environmentally-friendly system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Cui-Luan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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13
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Alruwaili A, Rashid GMM, Bugg TDH. Application of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 glycolate oxidase as an efficient accessory enzyme for lignin conversion by bacterial Dyp peroxidase enzymes. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:3549-3560. [PMID: 37179958 PMCID: PMC10167727 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc00475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin oxidation by bacterial dye-decolorizing peroxidase enzymes requires hydrogen peroxide as a co-substrate, an unstable and corrosive oxidant. We have identified a glycolate oxidase enzyme from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 that can couple effectively at pH 6.5 with DyP peroxidase enzymes from Agrobacterium sp. or Comamonas testosteroni to oxidise lignin substrates without addition of hydrogen peroxide. Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 glycolate oxidase (RjGlOx) has activity for oxidation of a range of α-ketoaldehyde and α-hydroxyacid substrates, and is also active for oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to furandicarboxylic acid. The combination of RjGlOx with Agrobacterium sp. DyP or C. testosteroni DyP generated new and enhanced amounts of low molecular weight aromatic products from organosolv lignin substrates, and was able to generate high-value products from treatment of lignin residue from cellulosic biofuel production, and from a polymeric humin substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatif Alruwaili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Goran M M Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Timothy D H Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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14
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Zhang S, Wu C, Ma C, Li L, He YC. Transformation of bread waste into 2,5-furandimethanol via an efficient chemoenzymatic approach in a benign reaction system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 371:128579. [PMID: 36610484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Via combination catalysis with deep eutectic solvent lactic acid:betaine (chemocatalyst) and HMFOMUT cell (biocatalyst: E. coli HMFOMUT whole-cell), one-pot manufacture of 2,5-furandimethanol from waste bioresource was constructed in a chemoenzymatic approach. With bread waste (50 g/L) as substrate, the 5-hydroxymethylfuran yield reached 44.2 Cmol% (based on bread waste) by lactic acid:betaine (15 wt%) at 180 °C for 15 min. With glucose as co-substrate, HMFOMUT could transform 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (150 mM) to 2,5-furandimethanol (84.5 % yield) after 1 day at 37 °C and pH 7.0. In lactic acid:betaine-H2O, HMFOMUT effectively converted bread-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-furandimethanol in a productivity of 700 kg 2,5-furandimethanol per kg 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (230 kg 2,5-furandimethanol per kg bread). In an eco-friendly lactic acid:betaine system, an effective one-pot chemoenzymatic strategy was firstly developed to convert bread waste into 2,5-furandimethanol, which would reduce the operation cost and has potential application value for valorizing waste food bioresource into value-added furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuiluan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Recent Advances in Lignocellulose-Based Monomers and Their Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040829. [PMID: 36850113 PMCID: PMC9964446 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacing fossil-based polymers with renewable bio-based polymers is one of the most promising ways to solve the environmental issues and climate change we human beings are facing. The production of new lignocellulose-based polymers involves five steps, including (1) fractionation of lignocellulose into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; (2) depolymerization of the fractionated cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin into carbohydrates and aromatic compounds; (3) catalytic or thermal conversion of the depolymerized carbohydrates and aromatic compounds to platform chemicals; (4) further conversion of the platform chemicals to the desired bio-based monomers; (5) polymerization of the above monomers to bio-based polymers by suitable polymerization methods. This review article will focus on the progress of bio-based monomers derived from lignocellulose, in particular the preparation of bio-based monomers from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and vanillin, and their polymerization methods. The latest research progress and application scenarios of related bio-based polymeric materials will be also discussed, as well as future trends in bio-based polymers.
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16
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Zhang L, Toplak M, Saleem-Batcha R, Höing L, Jakob R, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Maier T, Teufel R. Bacterial Dehydrogenases Facilitate Oxidative Inactivation and Bioremediation of Chloramphenicol. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200632. [PMID: 36353978 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents a major threat to human health and knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is therefore vital. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of oxidoreductases that inactivate the broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol via dual oxidation of the C3-hydroxyl group. Accordingly, chloramphenicol oxidation either depends on standalone glucose-methanol-choline (GMC)-type flavoenzymes, or on additional aldehyde dehydrogenases that boost overall turnover. These enzymes also enable the inactivation of the chloramphenicol analogues thiamphenicol and azidamfenicol, but not of the C3-fluorinated florfenicol. Notably, distinct isofunctional enzymes can be found in Gram-positive (e. g., Streptomyces sp.) and Gram-negative (e. g., Sphingobium sp.) bacteria, which presumably evolved their selectivity for chloramphenicol independently based on phylogenetic analyses. Mechanistic and structural studies provide further insights into the catalytic mechanisms of these biotechnologically interesting enzymes, which, in sum, are both a curse and a blessing by contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance as well as to the bioremediation of chloramphenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Höing
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Jakob
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin Teufel
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Zhang J, Yang C, Hu J, Zhang Y, Lai Y, Gong H, Guo F, Li X, Ye L, Li B. Deciphering a novel chloramphenicols resistance mechanism: Oxidative inactivation of the propanediol pharmacophore. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119127. [PMID: 36155007 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Expanding knowledge about new types of antibiotic resistance genes is of great significance in dealing with the global antibiotic resistance crisis. Herein, a novel oxidoreductase capO was discovered to be responsible for oxidative inactivation of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. The antibiotic resistance mechanism was comprehensively deciphered using multi-omics and multiscale computational approaches. A 66,383 bp DNA fragment carrying capO was shared among four chloramphenicol-resistant strains, and the co-occurrence of capO with a mobile genetic element cluster revealed its potential mobility among different taxa. Metagenomic analysis of 772 datasets indicated that chloramphenicol was the crucial driving factor for the development and accumulation of capO in activated sludge bioreactors treating antibiotic production wastewater. Therefore, we should pay sufficient attention to its possible prevalence and transfer to pathogens, especially in some hotspot environments contaminated with high concentrations of chloramphenicols. This finding significantly expands our knowledge boundary about chloramphenicols resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Yuezheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Hongri Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
| | - Fangliang Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Bing Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China.
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18
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Mathieu Y, Cleveland ME, Brumer H. Active-Site Engineering Switches Carbohydrate Regiospecificity in a Fungal Copper Radical Oxidase. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10264-10275. [PMID: 36033369 PMCID: PMC9397409 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper radical oxidases (CROs) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5, Subfamily 2 (AA5_2), are organic cofactor-free biocatalysts for the selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes. AA5_2 CROs comprise canonical galactose-6-oxidases as well as the more recently discovered general alcohol oxidases and aryl alcohol oxidases. Guided by primary and tertiary protein structural analyses, we targeted a distinct extended loop in the active site of a Colletotrichum graminicola aryl alcohol oxidase (CgrAAO) to explore its effect on catalysis in the broader context of AA5_2. Deletion of this loop, which is bracketed by a conserved disulfide bridge, significantly reduced the inherent activity of the enzyme toward extended galacto-oligosaccharides, as anticipated from molecular modeling. Unexpectedly, kinetic and product analysis on a range of monosaccharides and disaccharides revealed that an altered carbohydrate specificity in CgrAAO-Δloop was accompanied by a complete change in regiospecificity from C-6 to C-1 oxidation, thereby generating aldonic acids. C-1 regiospecificity is unprecedented in AA5 enzymes and is classically associated with flavin-dependent carbohydrate oxidases of Auxiliary Activity Family 3. Thus, this work further highlights the catalytic adaptability of the unique mononuclear copper radical active site and provides a basis for the design of improved biocatalysts for diverse potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maria E. Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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19
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Li N, Zong MH. (Chemo)biocatalytic Upgrading of Biobased Furanic Platforms to Chemicals, Fuels, and Materials: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
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20
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Ayoub N, Toufaily J, Guénin E, Enderlin G. Metal vs. Metal-Free Catalysts for Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Levoglucosenone to Biosourced Chemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102606. [PMID: 35073445 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as forestry biomass and agricultural crop residues, can be utilized to generate biofuels and biochemicals. Converting these organic waste materials into biochemicals is widely regarded as a remedial approach to develop a sustainable, clean, and green energy source. Nevertheless, are these methods sustainable and clean? Prior studies have shown that most such conversions use metals - including heavy metals or noble metals - as catalysts. In addition to the fact that many metals (e. g., aluminum, cobalt, titanium, platinum) have been listed as critical minerals, these methods suffer from high cost, deactivation, and leakage problems and the release of toxic wastes. This Review summarizes catalytic methods using metal and metal-free catalysts for the oxidation of the platform molecules 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levoglucosenone and demonstrates the potential and effectiveness of metal-free catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Ayoub
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60 319 - 60 203, Compiègne Cedex
| | - Joumana Toufaily
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse, Environnement et Méthodes analytiques (MCEMA-CHAMSI), EDST Université Libanaise, Campus Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Erwann Guénin
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60 319 - 60 203, Compiègne Cedex
| | - Gérald Enderlin
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60 319 - 60 203, Compiègne Cedex
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21
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Sayed M, Gaber Y, Junghus F, Martín EV, Pyo SH, Hatti-Kaul R. Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with a novel aryl alcohol oxidase from Mycobacterium sp. MS1601. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2176-2190. [PMID: 35349220 PMCID: PMC9328741 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio‐based 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) serves as an important platform for several chemicals, among which 2,5‐furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has attracted considerable interest as a monomer for the production of polyethylene furanoate (PEF), a potential alternative for fossil‐based polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This study is based on the HMF oxidizing activity shown by Mycobacterium sp. MS 1601 cells and investigation of the enzyme catalysing the oxidation. The Mycobacterium whole cells oxidized the HMF to FDCA (60% yield) and hydroxymethyl furan carboxylic acid (HMFCA). A gene encoding a novel bacterial aryl alcohol oxidase, hereinafter MycspAAO, was identified in the genome and was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Bl21 (DE3). The purified MycspAAO displayed activity against several alcohols and aldehydes; 3,5 dimethoxy benzyl alcohol (veratryl alcohol) was the best substrate among those tested followed by HMF. 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural was converted to 5‐formyl‐2‐furoic acid (FFCA) via diformyl furan (DFF) with optimal activity at pH 8 and 30–40°C. FDCA formation was observed during long reaction time with low HMF concentration. Mutagenesis of several amino acids shaping the active site and evaluation of the variants showed Y444F to have around 3‐fold higher kcat/Km and ~1.7‐fold lower Km with HMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Sayed
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan
| | - Fredrik Junghus
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Eric Valdés Martín
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Sang-Hyun Pyo
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
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22
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Zhang J, Li X, Lei H, Zhao R, Gan W, Zhou K, Li B. New insights into thiamphenicol biodegradation mechanism by Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1 deciphered through metabolic and proteomic analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128101. [PMID: 34952497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological treatment is an efficient and economical process to remove thiamphenicol (TAP) residues from the environment. The discovery of TAP-degrading bacteria and the decryption of its biodegradation mechanism will be beneficial to enhance the biological removal of TAP. In this study, Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1 was found to be capable of catabolizing TAP as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. This strain could degrade 93.9% of 25 mg/L TAP in 36 h, and remove about 11.9% of the total organic carbon of TAP. A novel metabolism pathway of TAP was constructed, and the enzymes involved in TAP metabolism in strain CL5.1 were predicted via proteomic and metabolic analysis. TAP was proposed to be transformed to O-TAP via oxidation of C3-OH and DD-TAP via dehydration of C3-OH and dehydrogenation of C1-OH. A novel glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) family oxidoreductase CapO was predicted to be involved in the oxidation of C3-OH. O-TAP was supposed to be further cleaved into DCA, glycine, and PMB. Glycine might be a pivotal direct nitrogen source for strain CL5.1, and it could be involved in nitrogen metabolism through the glycine cleavage system or directly participate in the biosynthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaxin Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renxin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhui Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kaiyan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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de Gonzalo G, Lončar N, Fraaije M. Kinetic resolution of racemic benzofused alcohols catalysed by HMFO variants in presence of natural deep eutectic solvents. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2038582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Marco Fraaije
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Engineered Stable 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidase (HMFO) from 8BxHMFO Variant of Methylovorus sp. MP688 through B-Factor Analysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
What is known as Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is an attractive compound since it has similar properties to terephthalic acid. Further, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase (HMFO) is an enzyme, which could convert HMF to FDCA directly. Most wild types of HMFO have low activity on the oxidation of HMF to FDCA. The variant of 8BxHFMO from Methylovorus sp. MP688 was the only reported enzyme that was able to perform FDCA production. However, the stabilization of 8BxHMFO is still not that satisfactory, and further improvement is necessary for the industrial application of the enzyme. In this work, stability-enhanced HMFO from 8BxHFMO was engineered through employing B-factor analysis. The mutation libraries were created based on the NNK degeneracy of residues with the top ten highest B-factor value, and two of the effective mutants were screened out through the high throughput selection with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-Tyr assay. The mutants Q319K and N44G show a significantly increased yield of FDCA in the reaction temperature range of 30 to 40 °C. The mutant Q319K shows the best performance at 35 °C with a FDCA yield of 98% (the original 8BxHMFO was only 85%), and a half-life exceeding 72 h. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation indicates that more hydrogen bonds are formed in the mutants, which improves the stability of the protein structure. The method could enhance the design of more stable biocatalysts; and provides potential for the further optimization and utilization of HMFO in biotechnological processes.
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Mechanistic kinetic modelling of enzyme-catalysed oxidation reactions of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Cleveland ME, Mathieu Y, Ribeaucourt D, Haon M, Mulyk P, Hein JE, Lafond M, Berrin JG, Brumer H. A survey of substrate specificity among Auxiliary Activity Family 5 copper radical oxidases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8187-8208. [PMID: 34738149 PMCID: PMC11072238 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is significant contemporary interest in the application of enzymes to replace or augment chemical reagents toward the development of more environmentally sound and sustainable processes. In particular, copper radical oxidases (CRO) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5 Subfamily 2 (AA5_2) are attractive, organic cofactor-free catalysts for the chemoselective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes. These enzymes were first defined by the archetypal galactose-6-oxidase (GalOx, EC 1.1.3.13) from the fungus Fusarium graminearum. The recent discovery of specific alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.7) and aryl alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.47) within AA5_2 has indicated a potentially broad substrate scope among fungal CROs. However, only relatively few AA5_2 members have been characterized to date. Guided by sequence similarity network and phylogenetic analysis, twelve AA5_2 homologs have been recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized in the present study. As defined by their predominant activities, these comprise four galactose 6-oxidases, two raffinose oxidases, four broad-specificity primary alcohol oxidases, and two non-carbohydrate alcohol oxidases. Of particular relevance to applications in biomass valorization, detailed product analysis revealed that two CROs produce the bioplastics monomer furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) directly from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Furthermore, several CROs could desymmetrize glycerol (a by-product of the biodiesel industry) to D- or L-glyceraldehyde. This study furthers our understanding of CROs by doubling the number of characterized AA5_2 members, which may find future applications as biocatalysts in diverse processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620, Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Mulyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Lappe A, Jankowski N, Albrecht A, Koschorreck K. Characterization of a thermotolerant aryl-alcohol oxidase from Moesziomyces antarcticus oxidizing 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8313-8327. [PMID: 34643786 PMCID: PMC8557139 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of enzymatic processes for the environmentally friendly production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a renewable precursor for bioplastics, from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has gained increasing attention over the last years. Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidation of HMF to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) through 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and have thus been applied in enzymatic reaction cascades for the production of FDCA. AAOs are flavoproteins that oxidize a broad range of benzylic and aliphatic allylic primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes, and in some cases further to acids, while reducing molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. These promising biocatalysts can also be used for the synthesis of flavors, fragrances, and chemical building blocks, but their industrial applicability suffers from low production yield in natural and heterologous hosts. Here we report on heterologous expression of a new aryl-alcohol oxidase, MaAAO, from Moesziomyces antarcticus at high yields in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (recently reclassified as Komagataella phaffii). Fed-batch fermentation of recombinant P. pastoris yielded around 750 mg of active enzyme per liter of culture. Purified MaAAO was highly stable at pH 2-9 and exhibited high thermal stability with almost 95% residual activity after 48 h at 57.5 °C. MaAAO accepts a broad range of benzylic primary alcohols, aliphatic allylic alcohols, and furan derivatives like HMF as substrates and some oxidation products thereof like piperonal or perillaldehyde serve as building blocks for pharmaceuticals or show health-promoting effects. Besides this, MaAAO oxidized 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) to FFCA, which has not been shown for any other AAO so far. Combining MaAAO with an unspecific peroxygenase oxidizing HMFCA to FFCA in one pot resulted in complete conversion of HMF to FDCA within 144 h. MaAAO is thus a promising biocatalyst for the production of precursors for bioplastics and bioactive compounds. KEY POINTS: • MaAAO from M. antarcticus was expressed in P. pastoris at 750 mg/l. • MaAAO oxidized 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). • Complete conversion of HMF to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid by combining MaAAO and UPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Lappe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Jankowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annemie Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Sánchez-Ruiz MI, Martínez AT, Serrano A. Optimizing operational parameters for the enzymatic production of furandicarboxylic acid building block. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:180. [PMID: 34503517 PMCID: PMC8427864 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a precursor for green plastics due to its structural similarity to terephthalic acid, a common precursor of oil-derived polymers, and its potential production from sugars obtained from plant biomass. Hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase (HMFO) has been reported as a promising biocatalyst for FDCA production since it can convert bio-based 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into FDCA building block. This three-step oxidation reaction occurs through the diformylfuran and 2,5-formylfurancarboxylic acid (FFCA) intermediates. Several efforts have been made for the development of HMFO variants that increase FDCA yields by improving their activities over the reaction intermediates. However, there is still limited insight into how operational conditions can influence these enzymatic reactions. The setup of optimal reaction conditions would enable to understand potential problems hampering the effective industrial production of this bioplastic precursor using HMFO as biocatalyst. RESULTS In this work, several parameters affecting the performance of Methylovorus sp HMFO oxidizing HMF have been analyzed for the wild-type enzyme, and its V367R and W466F single variants, V367R/W466F double variant, and I73V/H74Y/G356H/V367R/T414K/A419Y/A435E/W466F (8BxHMFO) octuple variant. Our results show how the oxidation of HMF by HMFO enzymes is highly influenced by pH, with different optimal pH values for the different improved variants. Moreover, the enzymes are not stable at high hydrogen peroxide concentrations and their activity is inhibited by the FFCA intermediate in a pH-dependent way. These limitations can be efficiently overcome with the addition of catalase to the reaction medium, which removes the hydrogen peroxide formed during the oxidations, and the controlled dosage of the substrate to limit the amount of FFCA accumulated in the reaction. The different behavior of wild-type HMFO and its variants against pH, hydrogen peroxide and FFCA highlights the importance of considering each variant as an individual enzyme with its own operational conditions for an eventual industrial FDCA production. CONCLUSIONS This work provides information of those parameters that condition a high production of FDCA by HMFO. Unraveling these factors allowed to increase the FDCA yields by using the most stable enzymes at their optimal pH for HMF oxidation, removing the peroxide with catalase, and avoiding FFCA accumulation by controlling substrate and/or enzyme concentration. These above findings will be useful when planning a future scale-up of these conversions and will provide new viewpoints for the design of HMFO variants that render a more effective performance during HMF conversion into FDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Sánchez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas" (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas" (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas" (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Han Y, Qu W, Feng W. Coupling a recombinant oxidase to catalase through specific noncovalent interaction to improve the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109895. [PMID: 34489048 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase (HMFO) can catalyze both hydroxyl and aldehyde oxidations. It catalyzes 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. However, the application of HMFO encountered two problems: the expressed HMFO in Escherichia coli. is largely in the form of inclusion bodies, and the by-product of H2O2 has a negative effect on HMFO stability. To solve these problems, recombinant HMFO was generated by fusing the C-terminus to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). ELP-HMFO can be expressed with significantly reduced inclusion bodies. ELP-HMFO exhibited improved stability and tolerance toward H2O2. Further recombination is carried out by fusing the N-terminus of HMFO to a glutamic acid-rich leucine zipper motif (ZE). Similarly, recombinant catalase (CAT) is generated by fusing the N-terminus to ELP and fusing the C-terminus to an arginine-rich leucine zipper motif (ZR). ELP-HMFO-ZE can interact specifically with ZR-CAT-ELP, ascribing to the coiled-coil association of ZE and ZR. ELP-HMFO-ZE#ZR-CAT-ELP coordinates the respective catalytic activities of the two enzymes. ELP-HMFO-ZE catalyzes the oxidation of HMF, and the generated hydrogen peroxide is decomposed by ZR-CAT-ELP into H2O and oxygen. During the oxidation of HMF, the cofactor FAD of HMFO is reduced, and molecular oxygen is needed to reoxidize the reduced FAD. The evolved oxygen from the decomposing of H2O2 can just meet the requirement, which can be diffused efficiently from ZR-CAT-ELP to ELP-HMFO-ZE due to the short distance between the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Qu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Toward scalable biocatalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by galactose oxidase using coordinated reaction and enzyme engineering. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4946. [PMID: 34400632 PMCID: PMC8367993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has emerged as a crucial bio-based chemical building block in the drive towards developing materials from renewable resources, due to its direct preparation from sugars and its readily diversifiable scaffold. A key obstacle in transitioning to bio-based plastic production lies in meeting the necessary industrial production efficiency, particularly in the cost-effective conversion of HMF to valuable intermediates. Toward addressing the challenge of developing scalable technology for oxidizing crude HMF to more valuable chemicals, here we report coordinated reaction and enzyme engineering to provide a galactose oxidase (GOase) variant with remarkably high activity toward HMF, improved O2 binding and excellent productivity (>1,000,000 TTN). The biocatalyst and reaction conditions presented here for GOase catalysed selective oxidation of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran offers a productive blueprint for further development, giving hope for the creation of a biocatalytic route to scalable production of furan-based chemical building blocks from sustainable feedstocks. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be transformed to a range of industrially useful derivatives, such as 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), but the reactions needed for efficient industrial production are hindered by several issues. Here, the authors perform reaction and enzyme engineering resulting in a galactose oxidase variant with high activity towards HMF, improved oxygen binding and high productivity.
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31
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Cleveland M, Lafond M, Xia FR, Chung R, Mulyk P, Hein JE, Brumer H. Two Fusarium copper radical oxidases with high activity on aryl alcohols. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:138. [PMID: 34134727 PMCID: PMC8207647 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomass valorization has been suggested as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based energy and commodities. In this context, the copper radical oxidases (CROs) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5/Subfamily 2 (AA5_2) are attractive biocatalysts for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. Originally defined by the archetypal galactose 6-oxidase from Fusarium graminearum, fungal AA5_2 members have recently been shown to comprise a wide range of specificities for aromatic, aliphatic and furan-based alcohols. This suggests a broader substrate scope of native CROs for applications. However, only 10% of the annotated AA5_2 members have been characterized to date. RESULTS Here, we define two homologues from the filamentous fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. oxysporum as predominant aryl alcohol oxidases (AAOs) through recombinant production in Pichia pastoris, detailed kinetic characterization, and enzyme product analysis. Despite possessing generally similar active-site architectures to the archetypal FgrGalOx, FgrAAO and FoxAAO have weak activity on carbohydrates, but instead efficiently oxidize specific aryl alcohols. Notably, both FgrAAO and FoxAAO oxidize hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) directly to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFCA), and desymmetrize the bioproduct glycerol to the uncommon L-isomer of glyceraldehyde. CONCLUSIONS This work expands understanding of the catalytic diversity of CRO from AA5_2 to include unique representatives from Fusarium species that depart from the well-known galactose 6-oxidase activity of this family. Detailed enzymological analysis highlights the potential biotechnological applications of these orthologs in the production of renewable plastic polymer precursors and other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Fan Roderick Xia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ryan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Mulyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Pecularities and applications of aryl-alcohol oxidases from fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4111-4126. [PMID: 33997930 PMCID: PMC8140971 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) are FAD-containing enzymes that oxidize a broad range of aromatic as well as aliphatic allylic alcohols to aldehydes. Their broad substrate spectrum accompanied by the only need for molecular oxygen as cosubstrate and production of hydrogen peroxide as sole by-product makes these enzymes very promising biocatalysts. AAOs were used in the synthesis of flavors, fragrances, and other high-value-added compounds and building blocks as well as in dye decolorization and pulp biobleaching. Furthermore, AAOs offer a huge potential as efficient suppliers of hydrogen peroxide for peroxidase- and peroxygenase-catalyzed reactions. A prerequisite for application as biocatalysts at larger scale is the production of AAOs in sufficient amounts. Heterologous expression of these predominantly fungal enzymes is, however, quite challenging. This review summarizes different approaches aiming at enhancing heterologous expression of AAOs and gives an update on substrates accepted by these promising enzymes as well as potential fields of their application. Key points • Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) supply ligninolytic peroxidases with H2O2. • AAOs accept a broad spectrum of aromatic and aliphatic allylic alcohols. • AAOs are potential biocatalysts for the production of high-value-added bio-based chemicals.
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Tjallinks G, Martin C, Fraaije MW. Enantioselective oxidation of secondary alcohols by the flavoprotein alcohol oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108888. [PMID: 33910055 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective oxidation of secondary alcohols represents a valuable approach for the synthesis of optically pure compounds. Flavoprotein oxidases can catalyse such selective transformations by merely using oxygen as electron acceptor. While many flavoprotein oxidases preferably act on primary alcohols, the FAD-containing alcohol oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was found to be able to perform kinetic resolutions of several secondary alcohols. By selective oxidation of the (S)-alcohols, the (R)-alcohols were obtained in high enantiopurity. In silico docking studies were carried out in order to substantiate the observed (S)-selectivity. Several hydrophobic and aromatic residues in the substrate binding site create a cavity in which the substrates can comfortably undergo van der Waals and pi-stacking interactions. Consequently, oxidation of the secondary alcohols is restricted to one of the two enantiomers. This study has uncovered the ability of an FAD-containing alcohol oxidase, that is known for oxidizing small primary alcohols, to perform enantioselective oxidations of various secondary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Tjallinks
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caterina Martin
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Donoso RA, González-Toro F, Pérez-Pantoja D. Widespread distribution of hmf genes in Proteobacteria reveals key enzymes for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2160-2169. [PMID: 33995910 PMCID: PMC8091172 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Furans represent a class of promising chemicals, since they constitute valuable intermediates in conversion of biomass into sustainable products intended to replace petroleum-derivatives. Conversely, generation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as by-products in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is undesirable due its inhibitory effect over fermentative microorganisms. Therefore, the search for furans-metabolizing bacteria has gained increasing attention since they are valuable tools to solve these challenging issues. A few bacterial species have been described at genetic level, leading to a proposed HMF pathway encoded by a set of genes termed hmf/psf, although some enzymatic functions are still elusive. In this work we performed a genomic analysis of major subunits of furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase orthologues, revealing that the furoic acid catabolic route, key intermediate in HMF biodegradation, is widespread in proteobacterial species. Additionally, presence/absence profiles of hmf/psf genes in selected proteobacterial strains suggest parallel and/or complementary roles of enzymes with previously unclear function that could be key in HMF conversion. The furans utilization pattern of selected strains harboring different hmf/psf gene sets provided additional support for bioinformatic predictions of the relevance of some enzymes. On the other hand, at least three different types of transporter systems are clustered with hmf/psf genes, whose presence is mutually exclusive, suggesting a core and parallel role in furans transport in Proteobacteria. This study expands the number of bacteria that could be recruited in biotechnological processes for furans biodetoxification and predicts a core set of genes required to establish a functional HMF pathway in heterologous hosts for metabolic engineering endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A. Donoso
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián González-Toro
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danilo Pérez-Pantoja
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
- Corresponding author.
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Kawanabe K, Aono R, Kino K. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid production from furfural by sequential biocatalytic reactions. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:18-24. [PMID: 33846091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a valuable compound that can be synthesized from biomass-derived hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and holds great potential as a promising replacement for petroleum-based terephthalic acid in the production of polyamides, polyesters, and polyurethanes used universally. However, an economical large-scale production strategy for HMF from lignocellulosic biomass is yet to be established. This study aimed to design a synthetic pathway that can yield FDCA from furfural, whose industrial production from lignocellulosic biomass has already been established. This artificial pathway consists of an oxidase and a prenylated flavin mononucleotide (prFMN)-dependent reversible decarboxylase, catalyzing furfural oxidation and carboxylation of 2-furoic acid, respectively. The prFMN-dependent reversible decarboxylase was identified in an isolated strain, Paraburkholderia fungorum KK1, whereas an HMF oxidase from Methylovorus sp. MP688 exhibited furfural oxidation activity and was used as a furfural oxidase. Using Escherichia coli cells coexpressing these proteins, as well as a flavin prenyltransferase, FDCA could be produced from furfural via 2-furoic acid in one pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kawanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Riku Aono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kuniki Kino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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36
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Simoska O, Rhodes Z, Weliwatte S, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Gaffney EM, Lim K, Minteer SD. Advances in Electrochemical Modification Strategies of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1674-1686. [PMID: 33577707 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of electrochemical catalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has recently gained attention as a potentially scalable approach for both oxidation and reduction processes yielding value-added products. While the possibility of electrocatalytic HMF transformations has been demonstrated, this growing research area is in its initial stages. Additionally, its practical applications remain limited due to low catalytic activity and product selectivity. Understanding the catalytic processes and design of electrocatalysts are important in achieving a selective and complete conversion into the desired highly valuable products. In this Minireview, an overview of the most recent status, advances, and challenges of oxidation and reduction processes of HMF was provided. Discussion and summary of voltammetric studies and important reaction factors (e. g., catalyst type, electrode material) were included. Finally, biocatalysts (e. g., enzymes, whole cells) were introduced for HMF modification, and future opportunities to combine biocatalysts with electrochemical methods for the production of high-value chemicals from HMF were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Zayn Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jaime R Cabrera-Pardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Erin M Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Lalanne L, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM, Pellis A. Biotechnological production and high potential of furan-based renewable monomers and polymers. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107707. [PMID: 33631186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Of the 25 million tons of plastic waste produced every year in Europe, 40% of these are not reused or recycled, thus contributing to environmental pollution, one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Most of these plastics are made of petrochemical-derived polymers which are very difficult to degrade and as a result, a lot of research efforts have been made on more environmentally friendly alternatives. Bio-based monomers, derived from renewable raw materials, constitute a possible solution for the replacement of oil-derived monomers, with furan derivatives that emerged as platform molecules having a great potential for the synthesis of biobased polyesters, polyamides and their copolymers. This review article summarizes the latest developments in biotechnological production of furan compounds that can be used in polymer chemistry as well as in their conversion into polymers. Moreover, the biodegradability of the resulting materials is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lalanne
- Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Biological Engineering, Cézeaux University Campus, 2 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière cedex, France; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gibson S Nyanhongo
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Division Enzymes & Polymers, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Zhao D, Su T, Wang Y, Varma RS, Len C. Recent advances in catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zheng Z, Xu Q, Tan H, Zhou F, Ouyang J. Selective Biosynthesis of Furoic Acid From Furfural by Pseudomonas Putida and Identification of Molybdate Transporter Involvement in Furfural Oxidation. Front Chem 2020; 8:587456. [PMID: 33102450 PMCID: PMC7545826 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.587456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Upgrading of furanic aldehydes to their corresponding furancarboxylic acids has received considerable interest recently. Herein we reported selective oxidation of furfural (FAL) to furoic acid (FA) with quantitative yield using whole-cells of Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The biocatalytic capacity could be substantially promoted through adding 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into media at the middle exponential growth phase. The reaction pH and cell dosage had notable impacts on both FA titer and selectivity. Based on the validation of key factors for FAL conversion, the capacity of P. putida KT2440 to produce FAL was substantially improved. In batch bioconversion, 170 mM FA was produced with selectivity nearly 100% in 2 h, whereas 204 mM FA was produced with selectivity above 97% in 3 h in fed-batch bioconversion. Particularly, the role of molybdate transporter in oxidation of FAL and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was demonstrated for the first time. The furancarboxylic acids synthesis was repressed markedly by destroying molybdate transporter, which implied Mo-dependent enzyme/molybdoenzyme played pivotal role in such oxidation reactions. This research further highlights the potential of P. putida KT2440 as next generation industrial workhorse and provides a novel understanding of molybdoenzyme in oxidation of furanic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojuan Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanghong Tan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Phylogeny and Structure of Fatty Acid Photodecarboxylases and Glucose-Methanol-Choline Oxidoreductases. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases are a large and diverse family of flavin-binding enzymes found in all kingdoms of life. Recently, a new related family of proteins has been discovered in algae named fatty acid photodecarboxylases (FAPs). These enzymes use the energy of light to convert fatty acids to the corresponding Cn-1 alkanes or alkenes, and hold great potential for biotechnological application. In this work, we aimed at uncovering the natural diversity of FAPs and their relations with other GMC oxidoreductases. We reviewed the available GMC structures, assembled a large dataset of GMC sequences, and found that one active site amino acid, a histidine, is extremely well conserved among the GMC proteins but not among FAPs, where it is replaced with alanine. Using this criterion, we found several new potential FAP genes, both in genomic and metagenomic databases, and showed that related bacterial, archaeal and fungal genes are unlikely to be FAPs. We also identified several uncharacterized clusters of GMC-like proteins as well as subfamilies of proteins that lack the conserved histidine but are not FAPs. Finally, the analysis of the collected dataset of potential photodecarboxylase sequences revealed the key active site residues that are strictly conserved, whereas other residues in the vicinity of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and in the fatty acid-binding pocket are more variable. The identified variants may have different FAP activity and selectivity and consequently may prove useful for new biotechnological applications, thereby fostering the transition from a fossil carbon-based economy to a bio-economy by enabling the sustainable production of hydrocarbon fuels.
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Tan H, Zhou F, Liao D, Ouyang J, Zheng Z. Improved biosynthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid through coupling of heterologous pathways in Escherichia coli and native pathways in Pseudomonas putida. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Xu J, He A, Wu B, Hu L, Liu X, Wu Z, Xia J, Xu J, Zhou S. Redox-Switchable Biocatalyst for Controllable Oxidation or Reduction of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural into High-Value Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19625-19632. [PMID: 32803057 PMCID: PMC7424722 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic upgrading of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into high-value derivatives is of great significance in green chemistry. In this study, we disclosed the successful utilization of whole-cell Paraburkholderia azotifigens F18 for its switchable catalytic performance in the on-demand catalysis of HMF to different value-added derivatives, namely, selective reduction to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) or oxidation to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). Based on the fine-tuning of biochemical properties, the biocatalyst can proceed an efficient hydrogenation reaction toward HMF with a good selectivity of 97.6% to yield the BHMF at 92.2%. Noteworthily, BHMF could be further oxidized to HMFCA and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) by the whole cell. To realize the on-demand syntheses of HMFCA, the genes encoding HMF oxidoreductase/oxidase of whole-cell F18 were then deleted to prevent the further conversion of HMFCA to FDCA, which led to a 10-fold decrease of FDCA. Thus, an HMF conversion of 100% with an HMFCA yield of 98.3% was finally achieved by the engineered whole cell at a substrate concentration of 150 mM. Moreover, HMFCA synthesis was efficiently prepared with an excellent selectivity of 96.3% and a yield of 85.1% even at a high substrate concentration of up to 200 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Xu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Aiyong He
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Jiming Xu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Shouyong Zhou
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 Changjiangxi Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
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43
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Viñambres M, Espada M, Martínez AT, Serrano A. Screening and Evaluation of New Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidases for Furandicarboxylic Acid Production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00842-20. [PMID: 32503910 PMCID: PMC7414962 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00842-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has gained interest in recent years, as FDCA is a renewable precursor of poly(ethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural oxidases (HMFOs) form a flavoenzyme family with genes annotated in a dozen bacterial species but only one enzyme purified and characterized to date (after heterologous expression of a Methylovorus sp. HMFO gene). This oxidase acts on both furfuryl alcohols and aldehydes and, therefore, is able to catalyze the conversion of HMF into FDCA through 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 2,5-formylfurancarboxylic acid (FFCA), with only the need of oxygen as a cosubstrate. To enlarge the repertoire of HMFO enzymes available, genetic databases were screened for putative HMFO genes, followed by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli After unsuccessful trials with other bacterial HMFO genes, HMFOs from two Pseudomonas species were produced as active soluble enzymes, purified, and characterized. The Methylovorus sp. enzyme was also produced and purified in parallel for comparison. Enzyme stability against temperature, pH, and hydrogen peroxide, three key aspects for application, were evaluated (together with optimal conditions for activity), revealing differences between the three HMFOs. Also, the kinetic parameters for HMF, DFF, and FFCA oxidation were determined, the new HMFOs having higher efficiencies for the oxidation of FFCA, which constitutes the bottleneck in the enzymatic route for FDCA production. These results were used to set up the best conditions for FDCA production by each enzyme, attaining a compromise between optimal activity and half-life under different conditions of operation.IMPORTANCE HMFO is the only enzyme described to date that can catalyze by itself the three consecutive oxidation steps to produce FDCA from HMF. Unfortunately, only one HMFO enzyme is currently available for biotechnological application. This availability is enlarged here by the identification, heterologous production, purification, and characterization of two new HMFOs, one from Pseudomonas nitroreducens and one from an unidentified Pseudomonas species. Compared to the previously known Methylovorus HMFO, the new enzyme from P. nitroreducens exhibits better performance for FDCA production in wider pH and temperature ranges, with higher tolerance for the hydrogen peroxide formed, longer half-life during oxidation, and higher yield and total turnover numbers in long-term conversions under optimized conditions. All these features are relevant properties for the industrial production of FDCA. In summary, gene screening and heterologous expression can facilitate the selection and improvement of HMFO enzymes as biocatalysts for the enzymatic synthesis of renewable building blocks in the production of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Viñambres
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Espada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAO) constitute a family of FAD-containing enzymes, included in the glucose-methanol-choline oxidase/dehydrogenase superfamily of proteins. They are commonly found in fungi, where their eco-physiological role is to produce hydrogen peroxide that activates ligninolytic peroxidases in white-rot (lignin-degrading) basidiomycetes or to trigger the Fenton reactions in brown-rot (carbohydrate-degrading) basidiomycetes. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of a plethora of aromatic, and some aliphatic, polyunsaturated alcohols bearing conjugated primary hydroxyl group. Besides, the enzymes show activity on the hydrated forms of the corresponding aldehydes. Some AAO features, such as the broad range of substrates that it can oxidize (with the only need of molecular oxygen as co-substrate) and its stereoselective mechanism, confer good properties to these enzymes as industrial biocatalysts. In fact, AAO can be used for different biotechnological applications, such as flavor synthesis, secondary alcohol deracemization and oxidation of furfurals for the production of furandicarboxylic acid as a chemical building block. Also, AAO can participate in processes of interest in the wood biorefinery and textile industries as an auxiliary enzyme providing hydrogen peroxide to ligninolytic or dye-decolorizing peroxidases. Both rational design and directed molecular evolution have been employed to engineer AAO for some of the above biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
This chapter represents a journey through flavoprotein oxidases. The purpose is to excite the reader curiosity regarding this class of enzymes by showing their diverse applications. We start with a brief overview on oxidases to then introduce flavoprotein oxidases and elaborate on the flavin cofactors, their redox and spectroscopic characteristics, and their role in the catalytic mechanism. The six major flavoprotein oxidase families will be described, giving examples of their importance in biology and their biotechnological uses. Specific attention will be given to a few selected flavoprotein oxidases that are not extensively discussed in other chapters of this book. Glucose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) oxidase and methanol oxidase are four examples of oxidases belonging to the GMC-like flavoprotein oxidase family and that have been shown to be valuable biocatalysts. Their structural and mechanistic features and recent enzyme engineering will be discussed in details. Finally we give a look at the current trend in research and conclude with a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Martin
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Troiano D, Orsat V, Dumont MJ. Status of Biocatalysis in the Production of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Troiano
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Valérie Orsat
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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47
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Hsu C, Kuo Y, Liu Y, Tsai S. Green conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid by heterogeneous expression of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase in Pseudomonas putida S12. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1094-1102. [PMID: 32233071 PMCID: PMC7264871 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming petrochemical processes into bioprocesses has become an important goal of sustainable development. The chemical synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is expensive and environmentally unfavourable. The study aims to investigate a whole-cell biocatalyst for efficient biotransformation of HMF to FDCA. For the first time, a genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida S12 strain expressing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase (HMFO) was developed for the biocatalytic conversion of HMF to FDCA. This whole-cell biocatalyst produced 35.7 mM FDCA from 50 mM HMF in 24 h without notable inhibition. However, when the initial HMF concentration was elevated to 100 mM, remarkable inhibition on FDCA production was observed, resulting in a reduction of FDCA yield to 42%. We solve this substrate inhibition difficulty by increasing the inoculum density. Subsequently, we used a fed-batch strategy by maintaining low HMF concentration in the culture to maximize the final FDCA titre. Using this approach, 545 mM of FDCA was accumulatively produced after 72 hs, which is the highest production rate per unit mass of cells to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Ting Hsu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and TechnologyNo.43, Keelung Rd., Sec.4, Da'an Dist.Taipei City10607Taiwan
| | - Yang‐Cheng Kuo
- Chemical DivisionInstitute of Nuclear Energy Research1000 Wenhua Rd. Jiaan Village, Longtan DistrictTaoyuan City32546Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and TechnologyNo.43, Keelung Rd., Sec.4, Da'an Dist.Taipei City10607Taiwan
| | - Shen‐Long Tsai
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and TechnologyNo.43, Keelung Rd., Sec.4, Da'an Dist.Taipei City10607Taiwan
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48
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Biocatalyzed Redox Processes Employing Green Reaction Media. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133016. [PMID: 32630322 PMCID: PMC7411633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of biocatalysts to perform reductive/oxidative chemical processes has attracted great interest in recent years, due to their environmentally friendly conditions combined with high selectivities. In some circumstances, the aqueous buffer medium normally employed in biocatalytic procedures is not the best option to develop these processes, due to solubility and/or inhibition issues, requiring biocatalyzed redox procedures to circumvent these drawbacks, by developing novel green non-conventional media, including the use of biobased solvents, reactions conducted in neat conditions and the application of neoteric solvents such as deep eutectic solvents.
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Viña-Gonzalez J, Alcalde M. Directed evolution of the aryl-alcohol oxidase: Beyond the lab bench. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1800-1810. [PMID: 32695272 PMCID: PMC7358221 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a fungal GMC flavoprotein secreted by white-rot fungi that supplies H2O2 to the ligninolytic consortium. This enzyme can oxidize a wide array of aromatic alcohols in a highly enantioselective manner, an important trait in organic synthesis. The best strategy to adapt AAO to industrial needs is to engineer its properties by directed evolution, aided by computational analysis. The aim of this review is to describe the strategies and challenges we faced when undertaking laboratory evolution of AAO. After a comprehensive introduction into the structure of AAO, its function and potential applications, the different directed evolution enterprises designed to express the enzyme in an active and soluble form in yeast are described, as well as those to unlock new activities involving the oxidation of secondary aromatic alcohols and the synthesis of furandicarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Viña-Gonzalez
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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50
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Wehrmann M, Elsayed EM, Köbbing S, Bendz L, Lepak A, Schwabe J, Wierckx N, Bange G, Klebensberger J. Engineered PQQ-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase for the Oxidation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furoic Acid. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wehrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eslam M. Elsayed
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sebastian Köbbing
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Bendz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Lepak
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwabe
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Janosch Klebensberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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