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Hui K, Yuan Y, Xi B, Tan W. A review of the factors affecting the emission of the ozone chemical precursors VOCs and NO x from the soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107799. [PMID: 36758299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The soil environment is one of the main places for the generation, emission, and absorption of various atmospheric pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are the main chemical precursors for the formation of ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone pollution has become a concerning environmental problem because of the harm it poses to human health and the surrounding ecological environment. However, current studies on chemical precursors of ozone mainly focus on emissions from industrial sources, forest vegetation, and urban vehicle exhaust; by contrast, few studies have examined the role of the soil environment on NOx and VOCs emissions. In addition, the soil environment is complex and heterogeneous. Agricultural activities (fertilization) and atmospheric deposition provide nutrients for the soil environment, with a significant effect on NOx and VOCs emissions. There is thus a need to study the environmental factors related to the release of NOx and VOCs in the soil to enhance our understanding of emission fluxes and the types of NOx and VOCs in the soil environment and aid efforts to control ground-level ozone pollution through appropriate measures such as management of agricultural activities. This paper reviews the generation of NOx and VOCs in the soil environment and the effects of various environmental factors on this process. Some suggestions are provided for future research on the regulation of NOx and VOCs emissions in the soil environment and the ability of the soil environment to contribute to ground-level ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Nie Y, Lau SYL, Tan X, Lu X, Liu S, Tahvanainen T, Isoda R, Ye Q, Hashidoko Y. Sphagnum capillifolium holobiont from a subarctic palsa bog aggravates the potential of nitrous oxide emissions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:974251. [PMID: 36160957 PMCID: PMC9490422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.974251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Melting permafrost mounds in subarctic palsa mires are thawing under climate warming and have become a substantial source of N2O emissions. However, mechanistic insights into the permafrost thaw-induced N2O emissions in these unique habitats remain elusive. We demonstrated that N2O emission potential in palsa bogs was driven by the bacterial residents of two dominant Sphagnum mosses especially of Sphagnum capillifolium (SC) in the subarctic palsa bog, which responded to endogenous and exogenous Sphagnum factors such as secondary metabolites, nitrogen and carbon sources, temperature, and pH. SC's high N2O emission activity was linked with two classes of distinctive hyperactive N2O emitters, including Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, whose hyperactive N2O emitting capability was characterized to be dominantly pH-responsive. As the nosZ gene-harboring emitter, Pseudomonas sp. SC-H2 reached a high level of N2O emissions that increased significantly with increasing pH. For emitters lacking the nosZ gene, an Enterobacteriaceae bacterium SC-L1 was more adaptive to natural acidic conditions, and N2O emissions also increased with pH. Our study revealed previously unknown hyperactive N2O emitters in Sphagnum capillifolium found in melting palsa mound environments, and provided novel insights into SC-associated N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Nie
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sharon Yu Ling Lau
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Xiangping Tan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiankai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teemu Tahvanainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Reika Isoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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Visser AN, Wankel SD, Frey C, Kappler A, Lehmann MF. Unchanged nitrate and nitrite isotope fractionation during heterotrophic and Fe(II)-mixotrophic denitrification suggest a non-enzymatic link between denitrification and Fe(II) oxidation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:927475. [PMID: 36118224 PMCID: PMC9478938 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.927475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural-abundance measurements of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) isotope ratios (δ15N and δ18O) can be a valuable tool to study the biogeochemical fate of NOx species in the environment. A prerequisite for using NOx isotopes in this regard is an understanding of the mechanistic details of isotope fractionation (15ε, 18ε) associated with the biotic and abiotic NOx transformation processes involved (e.g., denitrification). However, possible impacts on isotope fractionation resulting from changing growth conditions during denitrification, different carbon substrates, or simply the presence of compounds that may be involved in NOx reduction as co-substrates [e.g., Fe(II)] remain uncertain. Here we investigated whether the type of organic substrate, i.e., short-chained organic acids, and the presence/absence of Fe(II) (mixotrophic vs. heterotrophic growth conditions) affect N and O isotope fractionation dynamics during nitrate (NO3–) and nitrite (NO2–) reduction in laboratory experiments with three strains of putative nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria and one canonical denitrifier. Our results revealed that 15ε and 18ε values obtained for heterotrophic (15ε-NO3–: 17.6 ± 2.8‰, 18ε-NO3–:18.1 ± 2.5‰; 15ε-NO2–: 14.4 ± 3.2‰) vs. mixotrophic (15ε-NO3–: 20.2 ± 1.4‰, 18ε-NO3–: 19.5 ± 1.5‰; 15ε-NO2–: 16.1 ± 1.4‰) growth conditions are very similar and fall within the range previously reported for classical heterotrophic denitrification. Moreover, availability of different short-chain organic acids (succinate vs. acetate), while slightly affecting the NOx reduction dynamics, did not produce distinct differences in N and O isotope effects. N isotope fractionation in abiotic controls, although exhibiting fluctuating results, even expressed transient inverse isotope dynamics (15ε-NO2–: –12.4 ± 1.3 ‰). These findings imply that neither the mechanisms ordaining cellular uptake of short-chain organic acids nor the presence of Fe(II) seem to systematically impact the overall N and O isotope effect during NOx reduction. The similar isotope effects detected during mixotrophic and heterotrophic NOx reduction, as well as the results obtained from the abiotic controls, may not only imply that the enzymatic control of NOx reduction in putative NDFeOx bacteria is decoupled from Fe(II) oxidation, but also that Fe(II) oxidation is indirectly driven by biologically (i.e., via organic compounds) or abiotically (catalysis via reactive surfaces) mediated processes co-occurring during heterotrophic denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Neva Visser
- Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Anna-Neva Visser,
| | - Scott D. Wankel
- Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United States
| | - Claudia Frey
- Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence: EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Moritz F. Lehmann
- Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
- Moritz F. Lehmann,
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Wang Y, Liang L, Liu J, Guo D, Zhu Z, Dong H. Impact of anaerobic digestion on reactive nitrogen gas emissions from dairy slurry storage. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 316:115306. [PMID: 35594822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogas digesters are commonly used to treat animal manure/slurry, and abundant digested slurry is generated during the digestion process. Gas emissions from digested and raw slurry may vary with the change in slurry parameters after digestion, but the mechanism is not well understood. Gas emissions from raw dairy slurry (RS) and digested dairy slurry (BS) during 98 days of storage were investigated in this study to evaluate the effects of anaerobic digestion on reactive nitrogen emissions from slurry storage. Results showed that much higher N2O and NO emission and lower NH3 emission was achieved in BS than in RS. The mean gaseous emission of RS and BS accounted for 27.8% ± 6.9% and 17.1% ± 2.3% of the initial TN for NH3, 0.1% ± 0.1% and 3.5% ± 1.6% of the initial TN for N2O, and 0.0% ± 0.0% and 0.2% ± 0.0% of the initial TN for NO, respectively. Among all detected N2O-forming and reducing microbial genes, the abundance of amoA genes was the most closely related to N2O flux (r = 0.54, p < 0.01). More aerobic conditions occurred in BS, and dissolved oxygen (DO) increased to 0.4-1.6 mg L-1 after 35 days because the low organic matter of BS resulted in good infiltration of surface air into the slurry. The increased DO stimulated the growth of Nitrosomonas and the increase in amoA gene copies and contributed to the high N2O and NO emissions in BS through the nitrification process. Vulcanibacillus, Thauera, Castellaniella, and Thermomonas were the major denitrifying bacteria that occurred in BS and caused an incomplete denitrification process, which could be another reason for the increase in N2O and NO emissions from BS. Our study indicated that anaerobic digestion reduced the organic matter content of the slurry and caused an active microbial environment that facilitated the transformation of slurry N to N2O in BS storage, thus lowering the NH3 emission compared with RS storage. Therefore, aside from NH3, N2O should also be preferentially mitigated during BS storage because N2O is a greenhouse gas with high global warming potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100087, China.
| | - Lina Liang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100087, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100087, China
| | - Dongpo Guo
- Asia Dairy Fab. Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiping Zhu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Wang R, Bei N, Wu J, Li X, Liu S, Yu J, Jiang Q, Tie X, Li G. Cropland nitrogen dioxide emissions and effects on the ozone pollution in the North China plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118617. [PMID: 34863895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil nitrogen dioxide (NOX = NO2 + NO) emissions have been measured and estimated to be the second most significant contributor to the NOX burden following the fossil fuel combustion source globally. NOX emissions from croplands are subject to being underestimated or overlooked in air pollution simulations of regional atmospheric chemistry models. With constraints of ground and space observations of NO2, the WRF-Chem model is used to investigate the cropland NOX emission and its contribution to the near-surface ozone (O3) pollution in North China Plain (NCP) during a growing season as a case study. Model simulations have revealed that the cropland NOX emissions are underestimated by around 80% without constraints of satellite measured NO2 column densities. The biogenic NOX source is estimated to account for half of the anthropogenic NOX emissions in the NCP during the growing season. Additionally, the cropland NOX source contributes around 5.0% of the maximum daily average 8h O3 concentration and 27.7% of NO2 concentration in the NCP. Our results suggest the agriculture NOX emission exerts non-negligible impacts on the summertime air quality and needs to be considered when designing emission abatement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Naifang Bei
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiaoyang Yu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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6
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Roscioli JR, Meredith LK, Shorter JH, Gil-Loaiza J, Volkmann THM. Soil gas probes for monitoring trace gas messengers of microbial activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8327. [PMID: 33859224 PMCID: PMC8050213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbes vigorously produce and consume gases that reflect active soil biogeochemical processes. Soil gas measurements are therefore a powerful tool to monitor microbial activity. Yet, the majority of soil gases lack non-disruptive subsurface measurement methods at spatiotemporal scales relevant to microbial processes and soil structure. To address this need, we developed a soil gas sampling system that uses novel diffusive soil probes and sample transfer approaches for high-resolution sampling from discrete subsurface regions. Probe sampling requires transferring soil gas samples to above-ground gas analyzers where concentrations and isotopologues are measured. Obtaining representative soil gas samples has historically required balancing disruption to soil gas composition with measurement frequency and analyzer volume demand. These considerations have limited attempts to quantify trace gas spatial concentration gradients and heterogeneity at scales relevant to the soil microbiome. Here, we describe our new flexible diffusive probe sampling system integrated with a modified, reduced volume trace gas analyzer and demonstrate its application for subsurface monitoring of biogeochemical cycling of nitrous oxide (N2O) and its site-specific isotopologues, methane, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide in controlled soil columns. The sampling system observed reproducible responses of soil gas concentrations to manipulations of soil nutrients and redox state, providing a new window into the microbial response to these key environmental forcings. Using site-specific N2O isotopologues as indicators of microbial processes, we constrain the dynamics of in situ microbial activity. Unlocking trace gas messengers of microbial activity will complement -omics approaches, challenge subsurface models, and improve understanding of soil heterogeneity to disentangle interactive processes in the subsurface biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Roscioli
- grid.276808.30000 0000 8659 5172Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821 USA
| | - Laura K. Meredith
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XSchool of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XUniversity of Arizona, Biosphere 2, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA
| | - Joanne H. Shorter
- grid.276808.30000 0000 8659 5172Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821 USA
| | - Juliana Gil-Loaiza
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XSchool of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Till H. M. Volkmann
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XUniversity of Arizona, Biosphere 2, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA ,grid.435925.c0000 0001 2289 0372Applied Intelligence, Accenture, Kronberg Im Taunus, 61476 Hesse, Germany
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Hetz SA, Horn MA. Burkholderiaceae Are Key Acetate Assimilators During Complete Denitrification in Acidic Cryoturbated Peat Circles of the Arctic Tundra. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628269. [PMID: 33613495 PMCID: PMC7892595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryoturbated peat circles (pH 4) in the Eastern European Tundra harbor up to 2 mM pore water nitrate and emit the greenhouse gas N2O like heavily fertilized agricultural soils in temperate regions. The main process yielding N2O under oxygen limited conditions is denitrification, which is the sequential reduction of nitrate/nitrite to N2O and/or N2. N2O reduction to N2 is impaired by pH < 6 in classical model denitrifiers and many environments. Key microbes of peat circles are important but largely unknown catalysts for C- and N-cycling associated N2O fluxes. Thus, we hypothesized that the peat circle community includes hitherto unknown taxa and is essentially unable to efficiently perform complete denitrification, i.e., reduce N2O, due to a low in situ pH. 16S rRNA analysis indicated a diverse active community primarily composed of the bacterial class-level taxa Alphaproteobacteria, Acidimicrobiia, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobiae, and Bacteroidia, as well as archaeal Nitrososphaeria. Euryarchaeota were not detected. 13C2- and 12C2-acetate supplemented anoxic microcosms with endogenous nitrate and acetylene at an in situ near pH of 4 were used to assess acetate dependent carbon flow, denitrification and N2O production. Initial nitrate and acetate were consumed within 6 and 11 days, respectively, and primarily converted to CO2 and N2, suggesting complete acetate fueled denitrification at acidic pH. Stable isotope probing coupled to 16S rRNA analysis via Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing identified acetate consuming key players of the family Burkholderiaceae during complete denitrification correlating with Rhodanobacter spp. The archaeal community consisted primarily of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea of Nitrososphaeraceae, and was stable during the incubation. The collective data indicate that peat circles (i) host acid-tolerant denitrifiers capable of complete denitrification at pH 4-5.5, (ii) other parameters like carbon availability rather than pH are possible reasons for high N2O emissions in situ, and (iii) Burkholderiaceae are responsive key acetate assimilators co-occurring with Rhodanobacter sp. during denitrification, suggesting both organisms being associated with acid-tolerant denitrification in peat circles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Hetz
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Wang J, Liu X, Dai Y, Ren J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhang P, Peng C. Effects of co-loading of polyethylene microplastics and ciprofloxacin on the antibiotic degradation efficiency and microbial community structure in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140463. [PMID: 32886986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have become a global environmental concern while soil plastic pollution has been largely overlooked. In view of the severe antibiotic contamination in arable soils owing to land application of sewage sludge and animal manure, the invasion of MPs along with antibiotics may pose an unpredictable threat to soil microbial communities and ecological health. In this work, polyethylene MPs and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were applied to a soil microcosm to investigate the CIP degradation behavior and their combined effects on soil microbial communities. Compared with that of the individual amendment of CIP, the co-amendment of CIP and MPs reduced the CIP degradation efficiency during the 35 d cultivation period. In addition, the high-throughput sequencing results illustrated that the combined loading of MPs and CIP in soil significantly decreased the microbial diversity compared with that of individual contamination. As for the community structure, the microbial compositions at the phylum level were consistent among all treatments, and the most dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. At the genus level, only one genus, namely Arthrobacter, was remarkably changed in the CIP-amended soil compared with that in the blank control, but four genera were significantly altered in the MPs-CIP co-amended soil. Serratia and Achromobacter were abundant in the combined polluted soil, which might have been involved in accelerated depletion of soil total nitrogen based on redundancy analysis. These findings may contribute to the understanding of bacterial responses to the combined pollution of MPs and antibiotics in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Xianhua Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
| | - Yexin Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Jun Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Pingping Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Chu Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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Chen D, Li Y, Wang C, Liu X, Wang Y, Shen J, Qin J, Wu J. Dynamics and underlying mechanisms of N 2O and NO emissions in response to a transient land-use conversion of Masson pine forest to tea field. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133549. [PMID: 31374503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there has been a rapid expansion of tea field converted from forestry for pursuing higher economic benefits. However, few researches focus on the effects of transient land-use conversion from Masson pine forest to artificial tea fields on soil N2O and NO emissions and the underlying mechanisms. A parallel field experiment was conducted from Masson pine forest and a newly converted tea plantation from Masson pine forest from 2013 to 2017 in subtropical central China. Masson pine forest conversion to tea field dramatically increased soil N2O and NO emissions (up to 4.00 ± 0.43 and 1.93 ± 0.45 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively) in the first year possibly due to enhanced soil organic N mineralization. With the extension of tea planting age, N2O and NO emissions showed an upward trend (ranged from 1.19 to 5.28, and 0.15 to 1.78 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively) influenced by fertilization and soil organic matter accumulation. The direct emission factors for N2O and NO in the newly converted tea fields were the largest in the first year (2.64 and 1.07%, respectively) after land-use conversion, and higher than the default value recommended by IPCC. The NO/N2O ratio was mainly lower than 1 in the fertilized tea field, and soil N2O and NO emission peaks mainly occurred in tea-growing season (wet season) with higher soil moisture and NH4+-N concentrations, and dominated by amoA-containing bacteria (AOB), suggesting nitrifier-denitrification could be the dominant process involved in soil nitrogenous gases emissions in tea field. These results can be summarized as dramatically increased soil N2O and NO emissions during the transient land-use conversion from Masson pine forest to tea field were possibly due to the substantial net soil organic N mineralization and the enhanced abundance of nitrification functional genes (AOB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China; Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Yong Li
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China.
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Xinliang Liu
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Jianlin Shen
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Jianqiao Qin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring and Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
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Zhang Y, Guo G, Wu H, Mu Y, Liu P, Liu J, Zhang C. The coupling interaction of NO 2- with NH 4+ or NO 3- as an important source of N 2O emission from agricultural soil in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:82-88. [PMID: 31336304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
NO2- plays a crucial role in regulating N2O formation from the soil, while how it affects the production of soil N2O is still not well understood. In this study, N2O and NO emissions from an agricultural field of the North China Plain (NCP) were comparatively investigated under five different fertilizer treatments (NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ + NO2- and NO3- + NO2-). Additionally, soil NH4+, NO2- and NO3- concentrations and the abundance of functional genes associated with nitrogen cycling were also analyzed in the incubation experiment. The results showed that the N2O average fluxes from the complex treatments of NO2- + NO3- were 1.4-2.4 times the sum of those from the separate treatments of NO2- and NO3- whereas from the complex treatments of NO2- + NH4+ were a factor of 1-1.4 larger than those from the separate treatments of NO2- and NH4+, indicating the coupling interaction of NO2- with NH4+ or NO3- makes a remarkable contribution to N2O emission from the soil. Significant reduction of the activity of N2O reductase was found in the soil with the addition of NO2-, which favored the accumulation of N2O formed through nitrification of NH4+ and denitrification of NO2-, resulting in relatively high N2O emissions from the complex treatments. As the intermediate product of nitrification and denitrification, NO2- produced is also expected to interact with NH4+ or NO3- to promote N2O emission from the soil, especially during fertilization events when NO2- is easily accumulated due to the acceleration of the nitrification and denitrification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangxia Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai Wu
- National Institute of Metrology, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Yuan J, Zhao B, Zhang Q. Transformation and source identification of N in the upper reaches of the Han River basin, China: evaluated by a stable isotope approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:475. [PMID: 31256284 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Given the spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen (N) processes, it is of great uncertainty to identify the N sources and evaluate N transformation processes in the upper Han River. Investigations were conducted in November 2015 and January, April, and July 2016, using an isotopic method and water quality monitoring. The significant and positive correlation between NO3- concentrations and Cl- (p < 0.01) in most sampling months suggested that the great influence of human activities and sewage or manure was the dominant NO3- source. The δ15NO3- values and NO3-/Cl- variations indicated that riverine N mainly came from soil organic N and sewage in November. Fertilizer and sewage were the major N sources in January and April, respectively. In July, water was influenced by various N inputs. The nitrification process played an important role in the low δ15NO3- values in January, while both nitrification and plant uptake resulted in the increase in δ15NH4+ values in April. The simultaneous effect of N fixation and plant uptake maintained the stabilization of δ15NH4+ concentrations. Our study provides theoretical basis on N sources and transformations for controlling N pollution and improving water quality in the upper Han River in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Binjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
- The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 1004, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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12
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González PM, Rocchetta I, Abele D, Rivera-Ingraham GA. Hypoxically Induced Nitric Oxide: Potential Role as a Vasodilator in Mytilus edulis Gills. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1709. [PMID: 30890963 PMCID: PMC6411825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intertidal Mytilus edulis experience rapid transgression to hypoxia when they close their valves during low tide. This induces a physiological stress response aiming to stabilize tissue perfusion against declining oxygen partial pressure in shell water. We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) accumulation supports blood vessel opening in hypoxia and used live imaging techniques to measure NO and superoxide anion (O2∙-) formation in hypoxia-exposed gill filaments. Thirty minutes of moderate (7 kPa pO2) and severe hypoxia (1 kPa pO2) caused 1.6- and 2.4-fold increase, respectively, of NO accumulation in the endothelial muscle cells of the hemolymphatic vessels of the gill filaments. This led to a dilatation of blood vessel diameter by 43% (7 kPa) and 56% (1 kPa), which facilitates blood flow. Experiments in which we applied the chemical NO-donor Spermine NONOate (concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 mM) under normoxic conditions corroborate the dilatational effect of NO on the blood vessel. The formation of O2∙- within the filament epithelial cells increased 1.5 (7 kPa) and 2-fold (1 kPa) upon treatment. Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial electron transport complexes in hypoxia-exposed gill tissue indicates decreased activity of complexes I and III in both hypoxic conditions; whereas complex IV (cytochrome-c oxidase) activity increased at 7 kPa and decreased at 1 kPa compared to normoxic exposure conditions. This corresponds to the pattern of pO2-dependent gill respiration rates recorded in ex-vivo experiments. Severe hypoxia (1 kPa) appears to have a stabilizing effect on NO accumulation in gill cells, since less O2 is available for NO oxidation to nitrite/nitrate. Hypoxia thus supports the NO dependent inhibition of complex IV activity, a mechanism that could fine tune mitochondrial respiration to the local O2 availability in a tissue. Our study highlights a basal function of NO in improving perfusion of hypoxic invertebrate tissues, which could be a key mechanism of tolerance toward environmental O2 variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mariela González
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, CONICET-COMAHUE, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Doris Abele
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Georgina A Rivera-Ingraham
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Laboratoire Environnement de Petit Saut, Hydreco-Guyane, Kourou, French Guiana
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13
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Yogev U, Atari A, Gross A. Nitrous oxide emissions from near-zero water exchange brackish recirculating aquaculture systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:603-610. [PMID: 29454201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with low water exchange has accelerated in recent years as a result of environmental, economic and other concerns. In these systems, fish are commonly grown at high density, 50 to 150kg/m3, using high-protein (30%-60%) feeds. Typically, the RAS consists of a solid treatment and a nitrification unit; in more advanced RAS, there is an additional denitrification step. Nitrous oxide (N2O), a byproduct during nitrification and denitrification processes, is a potent greenhouse gas that destroys the ozone layer. The aim of this study was to measure and assess N2O emissions from a near-zero discharge land-based saline RAS. N2O flux was monitored from the RAS's fish tank, and moving-bed nitrification and activated-sludge (with intrinsic C source) denitrification reactors. N2O emission potential was also analyzed in the laboratory. N2O flux from the denitrification reactors ranged between 6.5 and 48mg/day, equivalent to 1.27±1.01% of the removed nitrate-N. Direct analysis from the fish tank and nitrification reactors could not be performed due to high aeration, which diluted the N2O concentration to below detection limits. Thus, its potential emission was estimated in the laboratory: from the fishponds, it was negligible; from the nitrification reactor, it ranged between 0.4 and 2.8% of the total ammonia-N oxidized. The potential N2O emission from the denitrification reactor was 3.72±2.75% of the reduced nitrate-N, within the range found in the direct measurement. Overall, N2O emission during N transformation in a RAS was evaluated to be 885mg/kg feed or 1.36g/kg fish production, accounting for 1.23% of total N application. Consequently, it is estimated that N2O emission from aquaculture currently accounts for 2.4% of the total agricultural N2O emission, but will decrease to 1.7% by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Yogev
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Adiel Atari
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Amit Gross
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel.
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14
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Ma L, Tong W, Chen H, Sun J, Wu Z, He F. Quantification of N 2O and NO emissions from a small-scale pond-ditch circulation system for rural polluted water treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:946-956. [PMID: 29734640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pond-ditch circulation system (PDCS) is an efficient and economical solution for the restoration of degraded rural water environments. However, little is known about nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions in the microbial removal process of nitrogen in PDCSs, and their contribution to nitrogen removal. The aim of this study was to quantify N2O and NO emissions from the PDCS, evaluate their capacities, and elucidate the key environmental factors controlling them. The results showed that N2O and NO fluxes were in the ranges 1.1-2055.1μgNm-2h-1 and 0.1-6.8μgNm-2h-1 for the PDCS, respectively. Meanwhile, the N2O and NO fluxes from the two ponds in the PDCS were significantly higher than those in the static system. Moreover, the amount of N2O and NO emissions in the PDCS accounted for 0.17-4.32% of the total nitrogen (TN) removal. According to the partial least squares (PLS) approach and Pearson's correlation coefficients, nitrate nitrogen in water (W-NO3--N), dissolved oxygen in water (W-DO), dissolved oxygen in sediment (DO), pH in water (W-pH), pH in sediment (pH), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and soil organic carbon (SOC) significantly affected the N2O flux (p<0.05), whereas W-NO3--N, DO, and nitrite nitrogen in sediment (NO2--N) significantly affected the NO emission (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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15
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Masuda S, Sano I, Hojo T, Li YY, Nishimura O. The comparison of greenhouse gas emissions in sewage treatment plants with different treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:581-590. [PMID: 29169134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions from different sewage treatment plants: oxidation ditch process, double-circulated anoxic-oxic process and anoxic-oxic process were evaluated based on the survey. The methane and nitrous oxide characteristics were discussed based on the gaseous and dissolved gas profiles. As a result, it was found that methane was produced in the sewer pipes and the primary sedimentation tank. Additionally, a ventilation system would promote the gasification of dissolved methane in the first treatment units. Nitrous oxide was produced and emitted in oxic tanks with nitrite accumulation inside the sewage treatment plant. A certain amount of nitrous oxide was also discharged as dissolved gas through the effluent water. If the amount of dissolved nitrous oxide discharge is not included, 7-14% of total nitrous oxide emission would be overlooked. Based on the greenhouse gas calculation, electrical consumption and the N2O emission from incineration process were major sources in all the plants. For greenhouse gas reduction, oxidation ditch process has an advantage over the other advanced systems due to lower energy consumption, sludge production, and nitrogen removal without gas stripping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Masuda
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, National Institute of Technology, Akita College, Bunkyocho 1-1, Iijima, Akita, Japan.
| | - Itsumi Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Hojo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Inherent humic substance promotes microbial denitrification of landfill leachate via shifting bacterial community, improving enzyme activity and up-regulating gene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12215. [PMID: 28939832 PMCID: PMC5610334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial denitrification is the main pathway for nitrogen removal of landfill leachate. Although humic substances (HSs) have been reported in landfill leachate, the effects of HS on denitrification process of activated sludge for leachate treatment are still unknown. In this study, we adopted SAHA as the model HS to study the effects of HS on the denitrification of landfill leachate. After long-term operation at 10 mg/L of Shanghai Aladdin Humic Acid (SAHA), the final nitrate concentration and nitrite accumulation were much lower than the control (5.2 versus 96.2 mg/L; 0.5 versus 34.7 mg/L), and the final N2O emission was 13.1% of the control. The mechanistic study unveiled that SAHA substantially changed the activated sludge community structure and resulted in the dominance of Thauera after long-term exposure to SAHA. Thauera could be able to utilize HSs as electron shuttle to improve denitrificattion performance, especially for nitrite reduction. Moreover, SAHA significantly upregulated the gene expressions and catalytic activities of the key enzymes related to denitrification, the reducing power (NADH) generation, and the electron transport system activity, which accelerated nitrogen oxide reduction. The positive effects of HS on denitrification performance were confirmed by the addition of SAHA into real leachate.
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17
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Xu C, Han X, Bol R, Smith P, Wu W, Meng F. Impacts of natural factors and farming practices on greenhouse gas emissions in the North China Plain: A meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6702-6715. [PMID: 28904752 PMCID: PMC5587491 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Requirements for mitigation of the continued increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are much needed for the North China Plain (NCP). We conducted a meta-analysis of 76 published studies of 24 sites in the NCP to examine the effects of natural conditions and farming practices on GHG emissions in that region. We found that N2O was the main component of the area-scaled total GHG balance, and the CH 4 contribution was <5%. Precipitation, temperature, soil pH, and texture had no significant impacts on annual GHG emissions, because of limited variation of these factors in the NCP. The N2O emissions increased exponentially with mineral fertilizer N application rate, with y = 0.2389e0.0058x for wheat season and y = 0.365e0.0071x for maize season. Emission factors were estimated at 0.37% for wheat and 0.90% for maize at conventional fertilizer N application rates. The agronomic optimal N rates (241 and 185 kg N ha-1 for wheat and maize, respectively) exhibited great potential for reducing N2O emissions, by 0.39 (29%) and 1.71 (56%) kg N2O-N ha-1 season-1 for the wheat and maize seasons, respectively. Mixed application of organic manure with reduced mineral fertilizer N could reduce annual N2O emissions by 16% relative to mineral N application alone while maintaining a high crop yield. Compared with conventional tillage, no-tillage significantly reduced N2O emissions by ~30% in the wheat season, whereas it increased those emissions by ~10% in the maize season. This may have resulted from the lower soil temperature in winter and increased soil moisture in summer under no-tillage practice. Straw incorporation significantly increased annual N2O emissions, by 26% relative to straw removal. Our analysis indicates that these farming practices could be further tested to mitigate GHG emission and maintain high crop yields in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Xiao Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Roland Bol
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Fanqiao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
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18
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Yao Z, Yan G, Zheng X, Wang R, Liu C, Butterbach-Bahl K. Straw return reduces yield-scaled N 2O plus NO emissions from annual winter wheat-based cropping systems in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:174-185. [PMID: 28262361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Straw return in combination with synthetic N fertilizer is considered to be beneficial to soil fertility and crop yield. Such practice, however, can considerably modify soil microbial activity and relative C and N availability, both of which are known to regulate soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions. Minimizing these emissions per unit of crop yield is a prerequisite to minimize the environmental footprint of agricultural production and thus, a policy objective. In our study, we quantified N2O and NO emissions and determined fertilizer-N use efficiencies (NUE) and crop yields of two double-cropping (summer maize/Welsh onion-winter wheat) systems with and without straw incorporation in the North China Plain. Relative to the fertilized treatment without straw amendments, straw incorporation showed a significant inhibitory effect on annual N2O emissions from the maize-wheat system (-31%), but no significant effect was observed for the Welsh onion-wheat system. However, straw return significantly reduced annual NO emissions by >30% for both systems. Meanwhile, straw return in both systems significantly increased the NUE and crop yields by 34-47% and 7-16%, respectively, as compared to the treatment without straw additions. Across the double-cropping systems, annual direct emission factors of N2O, NO and N2O+NO were 0.37-0.57%, 0.08-0.78% and 0.57-1.36%, respectively. Furthermore, a negative relationship between direct emission factors of N2O+NO and crop NUE was observed, highlighting the importance of optimizing NUE for reducing environmental risks of a cropping system. When expressing emissions on a yield basis, straw return significantly reduced annual yield-scaled N2O+NO emissions by 15-42% for both systems. Overall, our results show that the combined application of crop straw and synthetic N fertilizer is a promising N management strategy for maximizing crop yields while mitigating N-trace gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China; Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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19
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Yi Q, Chen Q, Hu L, Shi W. Tracking Nitrogen Sources, Transformation, and Transport at a Basin Scale with Complex Plain River Networks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5396-5403. [PMID: 28425288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This research developed an innovative approach to reveal nitrogen sources, transformation, and transport in large and complex river networks in the Taihu Lake basin using measurement of dual stable isotopes of nitrate. The spatial patterns of δ15N corresponded to the urbanization level, and the nitrogen cycle was associated with the hydrological regime at the basin level. During the high flow season of summer, nonpoint sources from fertilizer/soils and atmospheric deposition constituted the highest proportion of the total nitrogen load. The point sources from sewage/manure, with high ammonium concentrations and high δ15N and δ18O contents in the form of nitrate, accounted for the largest inputs among all sources during the low flow season of winter. Hot spot areas with heavy point source pollution were identified, and the pollutant transport routes were revealed. Nitrification occurred widely during the warm seasons, with decreased δ18O values; whereas great potential for denitrification existed during the low flow seasons of autumn and spring. The study showed that point source reduction could have effects over the short-term; however, long-term efforts to substantially control agriculture nonpoint sources are essential to eutrophication alleviation for the receiving lake, which clarifies the relationship between point and nonpoint source control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Yi
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Huainan 232001, China
| | - Qiuwen Chen
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute , Nanjing 210098, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liuming Hu
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute , Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wenqing Shi
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute , Nanjing 210098, China
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20
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Tian D, Mu Y. The influence of straw returning on N 2O emissions from a maize-wheat field in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:935-941. [PMID: 28153401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Crop straw returning has become a prevailing cultivation practice in the vast area of the North China Plain (NCP), while few investigations about its influence on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission have been conducted. In this study, N2O emissions from an agricultural field in the NCP with and without straw returning were comparably investigated by using static chambers in two consecutive maize-wheat growing seasons from June 2010 to June 2012. Compared with the NP treatment (compound nitrogen fertilizer only), the cumulative N2O emission from the SP treatment (compound nitrogen fertilizer plus straw) increased about 150% during the maize season in 2010, but decreased by about 35% during the maize season in 2011. The inconsistent influence of straw returning on N2O emission from the maize field was ascribed to the evidently different soil moisture between the two years, which was further confirmed by laboratory simulation experiments. About 40% reduction of N2O emission from the SP treatment during the two winter wheat seasons, which was mainly attributed to anoxic condition induced by rotting the maize straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Zhou
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Effect of NaCl on aerobic denitrification by strain Achromobacter sp. GAD-3. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5139-5147. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tian D, Zhang Y, Mu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Liu J. The effect of drip irrigation and drip fertigation on N 2O and NO emissions, water saving and grain yields in a maize field in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1034-1040. [PMID: 27666474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
N2O and NO emissions, the water usage and grain yields of a maize field in the North China Plain (NCP) under traditional flood irrigation, drip irrigation and drip fertigation were compared. With respect to the flood irrigation treatment, N2O emissions were reduced by 13.8% in the drip irrigation treatment and 7.7% in the drip fertigation treatment. NO emissions were reduced to 16.7% in the drip irrigation treatment but increased by 21.7% in the drip fertigation treatment. The molar ratios of NO/N2O within 2days after each fertilization event were evidently greater from the drip fertigation treatment than from the flood irrigation treatment, indicating that nitrification was more intensive in the drip fertigation treatment than in the treatment of flood irrigation. Compared with the flood irrigation treatment, evident increase of the maize yields in the drip irrigation treatment (28%) and the drip fertigation treatment (3.7%) were found. Although the drip fertigation treatment could evidently increase NO emission, the 40% water reduction in drip fertigation is of great importance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the NCP where water resources are extremely limited. To mitigate NO emissions from agricultural fields in the NCP with drip fertigation, the addition of a nitrification inhibitor combined with N or nitrate fertilizer was recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yizhen Zhou
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Vrzel J, Vuković-Gačić B, Kolarević S, Gačić Z, Kračun-Kolarević M, Kostić J, Aborgiba M, Farnleitner A, Reischer G, Linke R, Paunović M, Ogrinc N. Determination of the sources of nitrate and the microbiological sources of pollution in the Sava River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1460-1471. [PMID: 27522292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coupled measurements of nitrate (NO3-), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) isotopic composition (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) were used to investigate the sources and processes of N cycling, while the microbial source tracking (MST) method was used to identify microbiological pollution in the surface water of the Sava River Basin (SRB) in autumn in 2014 and 2015 during high and low water discharge. Atmospheric nitrate deposition or nitrate-containing fertilizers were found not to be significant sources of riverine nitrate in the SRB. The ranges of isotope values suggest that NO3- in the SRB derives from soil nitrification, sewage, and/or manure, which were further supported by MST analysis. Microbiological indicators show the existence of hotspots of fecal pollution in the SRB, which are human associated. Long-term observations indicate persistent fecal contamination at selected locations caused by continuous discharge of untreated wastewaters into the SRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Vrzel
- Department of Geography, University of Munich, Luisenstraße 37, 80333 Munich, Germany; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova ulica 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Branka Vuković-Gačić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Stoimir Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zoran Gačić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Margareta Kračun-Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research ¨Siniša Stanković¨, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jovana Kostić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Mustafa Aborgiba
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Andreas Farnleitner
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, The Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Reischer
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, The Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rita Linke
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Chemical Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecology, The Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Momir Paunović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research ¨Siniša Stanković¨, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova ulica 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova ulica 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Effects of heavy metals on aerobic denitrification by strain Pseudomonas stutzeri PCN-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1717-1727. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Seager S, Bains W, Petkowski JJ. Toward a List of Molecules as Potential Biosignature Gases for the Search for Life on Exoplanets and Applications to Terrestrial Biochemistry. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:465-485. [PMID: 27096351 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thousands of exoplanets are known to orbit nearby stars. Plans for the next generation of space-based and ground-based telescopes are fueling the anticipation that a precious few habitable planets can be identified in the coming decade. Even more highly anticipated is the chance to find signs of life on these habitable planets by way of biosignature gases. But which gases should we search for? Although a few biosignature gases are prominent in Earth's atmospheric spectrum (O2, CH4, N2O), others have been considered as being produced at or able to accumulate to higher levels on exo-Earths (e.g., dimethyl sulfide and CH3Cl). Life on Earth produces thousands of different gases (although most in very small quantities). Some might be produced and/or accumulate in an exo-Earth atmosphere to high levels, depending on the exo-Earth ecology and surface and atmospheric chemistry. To maximize our chances of recognizing biosignature gases, we promote the concept that all stable and potentially volatile molecules should initially be considered as viable biosignature gases. We present a new approach to the subject of biosignature gases by systematically constructing lists of volatile molecules in different categories. An exhaustive list up to six non-H atoms is presented, totaling about 14,000 molecules. About 2500 of these are CNOPSH compounds. An approach for extending the list to larger molecules is described. We further show that about one-fourth of CNOPSH molecules (again, up to N = 6 non-H atoms) are known to be produced by life on Earth. The list can be used to study classes of chemicals that might be potential biosignature gases, considering their accumulation and possible false positives on exoplanets with atmospheres and surface environments different from Earth's. The list can also be used for terrestrial biochemistry applications, some examples of which are provided. We provide an online community usage database to serve as a registry for volatile molecules including biogenic compounds. KEY WORDS Astrobiology-Atmospheric gases-Biosignatures-Exoplanets. Astrobiology 16, 465-485.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seager
- 1 Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
- 2 Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - W Bains
- 1 Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
- 3 Rufus Scientific , Cambridge, UK
| | - J J Petkowski
- 1 Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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26
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Zhang Y, Mu Y, Zhou Y, Tian D, Liu J, Zhang C. NO and N2O emissions from agricultural fields in the North China Plain: Origination and mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:197-204. [PMID: 26874775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural soil has been recognized as a major source of atmospheric NO and N2O emissions which have important impacts on regional and global environments. Here we comparably investigated the effects of ammonium, nitrate fertilizers and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) addition on NO and N2O emissions from the agricultural soil in the North China Plain (NCP). Compared with the ammonium fertilizer application, the reductions of NO emissions caused by nitrate fertilizer and DCD addition were 100% and 93%, and of N2O emissions were 54% and 74%, respectively. Remarkable reductions of NO and N2O emissions were also observed from five different agricultural soils in the NCP by replacing ammonium with nitrate fertilizer, indicating that nitrification is the predominant process for the emissions of NO and N2O from the soils in the vast area of NCP. NO emission peaks were found to be several days later than N2O peaks after the application of ammonium fertilizer and flooding irrigation, implying that most of NO initially produced via nitrification process might be fast reduced to N2O under the high soil moisture condition. Interestingly, the relative contribution of denitrification to N2O emission showed obviously time-dependent, e.g., evident N2O emission caused by the application of nitrate was only observed after the basal fertilization for the maize and the topdressing for the wheat. Replacing ammonium with nitrate fertilizer and mixing with the nitrification inhibitor are verified to be effective measures for mitigating NO and N2O emissions from arable soils in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yizhen Zhou
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Di Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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27
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Braker G, Conrad R. Diversity, structure, and size of N(2)O-producing microbial communities in soils--what matters for their functioning? ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 75:33-70. [PMID: 21807245 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387046-9.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is mainly generated via nitrification and denitrification processes in soils and subsequently emitted into the atmosphere where it causes well-known radiative effects. How nitrification and denitrification are affected by proximal and distal controls has been studied extensively in the past. The importance of the underlying microbial communities, however, has been acknowledged only recently. Particularly, the application of molecular methods to study nitrifiers and denitrifiers directly in their habitats enabled addressing how environmental factors influence the diversity, community composition, and size of these functional groups in soils and whether this is of relevance for their functioning and N(2)O production. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on community-function interrelationships. Aerobic nitrification (ammonia oxidation) and anaerobic denitrification are clearly under different controls. While N(2)O is an obligatory intermediate in denitrification, its production during ammonia oxidation depends on whether nitrite, the end product, is further reduced. Moreover, individual strains vary strongly in their responses to environmental cues, and so does N(2)O production. We therefore conclude that size and structure of both functional groups are relevant with regard to production and emission of N(2)O from soils. Diversity affects on function, however, are much more difficult to assess, as it is not resolved as yet how individual nitrification or denitrification genotypes are related to N(2)O production. More research is needed for further insights into the relation of microbial communities to ecosystem functions, for instance, how the actively nitrifying or denitrifying part of the community may be related to N(2)O emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesche Braker
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Marburg, Germany.
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28
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Barrett M, Khalil MI, Jahangir MMR, Lee C, Cardenas LM, Collins G, Richards KG, O'Flaherty V. Carbon amendment and soil depth affect the distribution and abundance of denitrifiers in agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7899-910. [PMID: 26762934 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-6030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nitrite reductase (nirS and nirK) and nitrous oxide reductase-encoding (nosZ) genes of denitrifying populations present in an agricultural grassland soil were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Samples from three separate pedological depths at the chosen site were investigated: horizon A (0-10 cm), horizon B (45-55 cm), and horizon C (120-130 cm). The effect of carbon addition (treatment 1, control; treatment 2, glucose-C; treatment 3, dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) on denitrifier gene abundance and N2O and N2 fluxes was determined. In general, denitrifier abundance correlated well with flux measurements; nirS was positively correlated with N2O, and nosZ was positively correlated with N2 (P < 0.03). Denitrifier gene copy concentrations per gram of soil (GCC) varied in response to carbon type amendment (P < 0.01). Denitrifier GCCs were high (ca. 10(7)) and the bac:nirK, bac:nirS, bac:nir (T) , and bac:nosZ ratios were low (ca. 10(-1)/10) in horizon A in all three respective treatments. Glucose-C amendment favored partial denitrification, resulting in higher nir abundance and higher N2O fluxes compared to the control. DOC amendment, by contrast, resulted in relatively higher nosZ abundance and N2 emissions, thus favoring complete denitrification. We also noted soil depth directly affected bacterial, archaeal, and denitrifier abundance, possibly due to changes in soil carbon availability with depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barrett
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - M I Khalil
- Crops, Environment and Land-Use Department, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Wexford, Ireland
| | - M M R Jahangir
- Crops, Environment and Land-Use Department, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Wexford, Ireland
| | - C Lee
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - L M Cardenas
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
| | - G Collins
- Microbial EcoEngineering Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - K G Richards
- Crops, Environment and Land-Use Department, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Wexford, Ireland
| | - V O'Flaherty
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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29
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Zhang S, Liu F, Xiao R, Li Y, Zhou J, Wu J. Emissions of NO and N2O in wetland microcosms for swine wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19933-19939. [PMID: 26289333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted from wetland systems contribute an important proportion to the global warming effect. In this study, four wetland microcosms vegetated with Myriophyllum elatinoides (WM), Alternanthera philoxeroides (WA), Eichhornia crassipes (WE), or without vegetation (NW) were compared to investigate the emissions of NO and N2O during nitrogen (N) removal process when treating swine wastewater. After 30-day incubation, TN removal rates of 96.4, 74.2, 97.2, and 47.3 % were observed for the WM, WA, WE, and NW microcosms, respectively. Yet, no significant difference was observed in WM and WE (p > 0.05). The average NO and N2O emissions in WE was significantly higher than those in WM, WA, and NW (p < 0.05). In addition, the emission of N2O in WE accounted for 2.10 % of initial TN load and 2.17 % of the total amount of TN removal, compared with less than 1 % in the other microcosms. These findings indicate that wetland vegetated with M. elatinoides may be an optimal system for swine wastewater treatment, based on its higher removal of N and lower emissions of NO and N2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
| | - Runlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
- Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
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Stieglmeier M, Mooshammer M, Kitzler B, Wanek W, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Richter A, Schleper C. Aerobic nitrous oxide production through N-nitrosating hybrid formation in ammonia-oxidizing archaea. THE ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:1135-46. [PMID: 24401864 PMCID: PMC3996696 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Soil emissions are largely responsible for the increase of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere and are generally attributed to the activity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. However, the contribution of the recently discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) to N2O production from soil is unclear as is the mechanism by which they produce it. Here we investigate the potential of Nitrososphaera viennensis, the first pure culture of AOA from soil, to produce N2O and compare its activity with that of a marine AOA and an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (AOB) from soil. N. viennensis produced N2O at a maximum yield of 0.09% N2O per molecule of nitrite under oxic growth conditions. N2O production rates of 4.6±0.6 amol N2O cell(-1) h(-1) and nitrification rates of 2.6±0.5 fmol NO2(-) cell(-1) h(-1) were in the same range as those of the AOB Nitrosospira multiformis and the marine AOA Nitrosopumilus maritimus grown under comparable conditions. In contrast to AOB, however, N2O production of the two archaeal strains did not increase when the oxygen concentration was reduced, suggesting that they are not capable of denitrification. In (15)N-labeling experiments we provide evidence that both ammonium and nitrite contribute equally via hybrid N2O formation to the N2O produced by N. viennensis under all conditions tested. Our results suggest that archaea may contribute to N2O production in terrestrial ecosystems, however, they are not capable of nitrifier-denitrification and thus do not produce increasing amounts of the greenhouse gas when oxygen becomes limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Stieglmeier
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Mooshammer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kitzler
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Unit of Soil Biology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Unit of Soil Biology, Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Schleper
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Lan T, Han Y, Roelcke M, Nieder R, Car Z. Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils: nitrification and denitrification. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:581-592. [PMID: 25079271 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. (15)N-tracing experiments were carried out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of N2O was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH(+)4-N and NO(-)3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO(-)3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification (N2On) among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as N2O among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one (from 1.26 to 6.47). We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Marco Roelcke
- Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universitt Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Nieder
- Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universitt Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zucong Car
- School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China.
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Mur LAJ, Mandon J, Persijn S, Cristescu SM, Moshkov IE, Novikova GV, Hall MA, Harren FJM, Hebelstrup KH, Gupta KJ. Nitric oxide in plants: an assessment of the current state of knowledge. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:pls052. [PMID: 23372921 PMCID: PMC3560241 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS After a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th century, nitric oxide (NO) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. Nitric oxide acts in plant-microbe interactions, responses to abiotic stress, stomatal regulation and a range of developmental processes. By considering the recent advances in plant NO biology, this review will highlight certain key aspects that require further attention. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS The following questions will be considered. While cytosolic nitrate reductase is an important source of NO, the contributions of other mechanisms, including a poorly defined arginine oxidizing activity, need to be characterized at the molecular level. Other oxidative pathways utilizing polyamine and hydroxylamine also need further attention. Nitric oxide action is dependent on its concentration and spatial generation patterns. However, no single technology currently available is able to provide accurate in planta measurements of spatio-temporal patterns of NO production. It is also the case that pharmaceutical NO donors are used in studies, sometimes with little consideration of the kinetics of NO production. We here include in planta assessments of NO production from diethylamine nitric oxide, S-nitrosoglutathione and sodium nitroprusside following infiltration of tobacco leaves, which could aid workers in their experiments. Further, based on current data it is difficult to define a bespoke plant NO signalling pathway, but rather NO appears to act as a modifier of other signalling pathways. Thus, early reports that NO signalling involves cGMP-as in animal systems-require revisiting. Finally, as plants are exposed to NO from a number of external sources, investigations into the control of NO scavenging by such as non-symbiotic haemoglobins and other sinks for NO should feature more highly. By crystallizing these questions the authors encourage their resolution through the concerted efforts of the plant NO community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| | - Julien Mandon
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Persijn
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Igor E. Moshkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Galina V. Novikova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Michael A. Hall
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Section of Crop Genetics and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kapuganti J. Gupta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Hutchinson GL, Brams EA. NO versus N2O emissions from an NH4+-amended Bermuda grass pasture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johansson C, Rodhe H, Sanhueza E. Emission of NO in a tropical savanna and a cloud forest during the dry season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id06p07180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abalos D, Sanz-Cobena A, Misselbrook T, Vallejo A. Effectiveness of urease inhibition on the abatement of ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions in a non-irrigated Mediterranean barley field. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:310-318. [PMID: 22583784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Urea is considered the cheapest and most commonly used form of inorganic N fertilizer worldwide. However, its use is associated with emissions of ammonia (NH(3)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO), which have both economic and environmental impact. Urease activity inhibitors have been proposed as a means to reduce NH(3) emissions, although limited information exists about their effect on N(2)O and NO emissions. In this context, a field experiment was carried out with a barley crop (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Mediterranean conditions to test the effectiveness of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on reducing these gaseous N losses from surface applied urea. Crop yield, soil mineral N concentrations, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), denitrification potential, NH(3), N(2)O and NO fluxes were measured during the growing season. The inclusion of the inhibitor reduced NH(3) emissions in the 30 d following urea application by 58% and net N(2)O and NO emissions in the 95 d following urea application by 86% and 88%, respectively. NBPT addition also increased grain yield by 5% and N uptake by 6%, although neither increase was statistically significant. Under the experimental conditions presented here, these results demonstrate the potential of the urease inhibitor NBPT in abating NH(3), N(2)O and NO emissions from arable soils fertilized with urea, slowing urea hydrolysis and releasing lower concentrations of NH(4)(+) to the upper soil layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Abalos
- ETSI Agrónomos, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Law Y, Ni BJ, Lant P, Yuan Z. N2O production rate of an enriched ammonia-oxidising bacteria culture exponentially correlates to its ammonia oxidation rate. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:3409-3419. [PMID: 22520859 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the ammonia oxidation rate (AOR) and nitrous oxide production rate (N(2)OR) of an enriched ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) culture was investigated. The AOB culture was enriched in a nitritation system fed with synthetic anaerobic digester liquor. The AOR was controlled by adjusting the dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels and also by varying the initial ammonium (NH(4)(+)) concentration in batch experiments. Tests were also performed directly on the parent reactor where a stepwise decrease/increase in DO was implemented to alter AOR. The experimental data indicated a clear exponential relationship between the biomass specific N(2)OR and AOR. Four metabolic models were used to analyse the experimental data. The metabolic model formulated based on aerobic N(2)O production from the decomposition of nitrosyl radical (NOH) predicted the exponential correlation observed experimentally. The experimental data could not be reproduced by models developed on the basis of N(2)O production through nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (NO) reduction by AOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Law
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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38
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Kolb S, Horn MA. Microbial CH(4) and N(2)O Consumption in Acidic Wetlands. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:78. [PMID: 22403579 PMCID: PMC3291872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidic wetlands are global sources of the atmospheric greenhouse gases methane (CH(4)), and nitrous oxide (N(2)O). Consumption of both atmospheric gases has been observed in various acidic wetlands, but information on the microbial mechanisms underlying these phenomena is scarce. A substantial amount of CH(4) is consumed in sub soil by aerobic methanotrophs at anoxic-oxic interfaces (e.g., tissues of Sphagnum mosses, rhizosphere of vascular plant roots). Methylocystis-related species are likely candidates that are involved in the consumption of atmospheric CH(4) in acidic wetlands. Oxygen availability regulates the activity of methanotrophs of acidic wetlands. Other parameters impacting on the methanotroph-mediated CH(4) consumption have not been systematically evaluated. N(2)O is produced and consumed by microbial denitrification, thus rendering acidic wetlands as temporary sources or sinks for N(2)O. Denitrifier communities in such ecosystems are diverse, and largely uncultured and/or new, and environmental factors that control their consumption activity are unresolved. Analyses of the composition of N(2)O reductase genes in acidic wetlands suggest that acid-tolerant Proteobacteria have the potential to mediate N(2)O consumption in such soils. Thus, the fragmented current state of knowledge raises open questions concerning methanotrophs and denitrifiers that consume atmospheric CH(4) and N(2)O in acidic wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kolb
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of BayreuthBayreuth, Germany
| | - Marcus A. Horn
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of BayreuthBayreuth, Germany
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Schneider Y, Beier M, Rosenwinkel KH. Effect of substrate availability on nitrous oxide production by deammonification processes under anoxic conditions. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 5:415-24. [PMID: 22296600 PMCID: PMC3821684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high global warming potential, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment processes have recently received a high degree of attention. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of information regarding the microbiological processes leading to N2O production. In this study, two lab‐scale sequencing batch reactors were operated with deammonification biomass to investigate the role of denitrification and the influence of substrate availability regarding N2O formation during the anoxic phase of deammonification. Three different operational phases were established: within the first phase conversion by anammox was favoured and after a transition phase, denitrification activity was promoted. Low nitrous oxide production was observed during stable operation aiming for anammox conversion. Pulsed inflow of the wastewater containing ammonium (NH4+) and nitrite (NO2‐) led to increased N2O production rates. Within the period of denitrification as dominating nitrogen conversion process, the nitrous oxide concentration level was higher during continuous inflow conditions, but the reaction to pulsed inflow was less pronounced. The results indicated that denitrification was responsible for N2O formation from the deammonification biomass. Operational settings to achieve suppression of denitrification processes to a large extend were deducted from the results of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schneider
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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40
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Wang R, Willibald G, Feng Q, Zheng X, Liao T, Brüggemann N, Butterbach-Bahl K. Measurement of N2, N2O, NO, and CO2 emissions from soil with the gas-flow-soil-core technique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6066-6072. [PMID: 21678900 DOI: 10.1021/es1036578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a newly designed system with three stand-alone working incubation vessels for simultaneous measurements of N(2), N(2)O, NO, and CO(2) emissions from soil. Due to the use of a new micro thermal conductivity detector and the redesign of vessels and gas sampling a so-far unmatched sensitivity (0.23 μg N(2)-N h(-1) kg(-1) ds or 8.1 μg N(2)-N m(-2) h(-1)) for detecting N(2) gas emissions and repeatability of experiments could be achieved. We further tested different incubation methods to improve the quantification of N(2) emission via denitrification following the initialization of soil anaerobiosis. The best results with regard to the establishment of a full N balance (i.e., the changes in mineral N content being offset by simultaneous emission of N gases) were obtained when the anaerobic soil incubation at 25 °C was preceded by soil gas exchange under aerobic conditions at a lower incubation temperature. The ratios of N and C gas emission changed very dynamically following the initialization of anaerobiosis. For soil NO(3)(-) contents of 50 mg N kg(-1) dry soil (ds) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of approximately 300 mg C kg(-1) ds, the cumulative emissions of N(2), N(2)O, and NO were 24.3 ± 0.1, 12.6 ± 0.4, and 10.1 ± 0.3 mg N kg(-1) ds, respectively. Thus, N gas emissions accounted (on average) for 46.2% (N(2)), 24.0% (N(2)O), and 19.2% (NO) of the observed changes in soil NO(3)(-). The maximum N(2) emission reached 1200 μg N h(-1) kg(-1) ds, whereas the peak emissions of N(2)O and NO were lower by a factor of 2-3. The overall N(2):N(2)O and NO:N(2)O molar ratios were 1.6-10.0 and 1.6-2.3, respectively. The measurement system provides a reliable tool for studying denitrification in soil because it offers insights into the dynamics and magnitude of gaseous N emissions due to denitrification under various incubation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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41
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Magalhães C, Kiene RP, Buchan A, Machado A, Wiebe WJ, Bordalo AA. Methanethiol accumulation exacerbates release of N2 O during denitrification in estuarine sediments and bacterial cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:308-314. [PMID: 23761276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbes play critical roles in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and sulfur in aquatic environments. Here we investigated the interaction between the naturally occurring organic sulfur compound methanethiol (MeSH) and the final step of the denitrification pathway, the reduction of nitrous oxide (N2 O) to dinitrogen (N2 ) gas, in sediment slurries from the temperate Douro and Ave estuaries (NW Portugal) and in pure cultures of the marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi. Sediment slurries and cell suspensions were amended with a range of concentrations of either MeSH (0-120 µM) or methionine (0-5 mM), a known precursor of MeSH. MeSH or methionine additions caused N2 O to accumulate and this accumulation was linearly related to MeSH concentrations in both coastal sediments (R(2) = 0.7-0.9, P < 0.05) and R. pomeroyi cell suspensions (R(2) = 0.9, P < 0.01). Our results suggest that MeSH inhibits the final step of denitrification resulting in N2 O accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Magalhães
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, n° 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, LSCB 25 Mobile, AL 36688 USA Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Sciences Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar n° 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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42
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Rassamee V, Sattayatewa C, Pagilla K, Chandran K. Effect of oxic and anoxic conditions on nitrous oxide emissions from nitrification and denitrification processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2036-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ahn JH, Kwan T, Chandran K. Comparison of partial and full nitrification processes applied for treating high-strength nitrogen wastewaters: microbial ecology through nitrous oxide production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2734-40. [PMID: 21388173 DOI: 10.1021/es103534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare the microbial ecology, gene expression, biokinetics, and N2O emissions from a lab-scale bioreactor operated sequentially in full-nitrification and partial-nitrification modes. Based on sequencing of 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) populations during full- and partial-nitrification modes were distinct from one another. The concentrations of AOB (XAOB) and their respiration rates during full- and partial-nitrification modes were statistically similar, whereas the concentrations of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (XNOB) and their respiration rates declined significantly after the switch from full- to partial-nitrification. The transition from full-nitrification to partial nitrification resulted in a protracted transient spike of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions, which later stabilized. The trends in N2O and NO emissions correlated well with trends in the expression of nirK and norB genes that code for the production of these gases in AOB. Both the transient and stabilized N2O and NO emissions during partial nitrification were statistically higher than those during steady-state full-nitrification. Based on these results, partial nitrification strategies for biological nitrogen removal, although attractive for their reduced operating costs and energy demand, may need to be optimized against the higher carbon foot-print attributed to their N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Ahn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
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44
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Zhu X, Chen Y. Reduction of N2O and NO generation in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) biological wastewater treatment process by using sludge alkaline fermentation liquid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2137-43. [PMID: 21322643 DOI: 10.1021/es102900h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reported an efficient method to significantly reduce nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO) generation in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) processes. It was found that by the use of waste-activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid as the synthetic wastewater-carbon source, compared with the commonly used carbon source in the literature (e.g., acetic acid), the generation of N(2)O and NO was reduced by 68.7% and 50.0%, respectively, but the removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were improved. Both N(2)O and NO were produced in the low dissolved oxygen (DO) stage, and the use of sludge fermentation liquid greatly reduced their generation from the denitrification. The presences of Cu(2+) and propionic acid in fermentation liquid were observed to play an important role in the reduction of N(2)O and NO generation. The analysis of the activities of denitrifying enzymes suggested that sludge fermentation liquid caused the significant decrease of both nitrite reductase activity to NO reductase activity ratio and NO reductase activity to N(2)O reductase activity ratio, which resulted in the lower generation of NO and N(2)O. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the number of glycogen accumulating bacteria, which was reported to be relevant to nitrous oxide generation, in sludge fermentation liquid reactor was much lower than that in acetic acid reactor. The quantitative detection of the nosZ gene, encoding nitrous oxide reductase, showed that the use of fermentation liquid increased the number of bacteria capable of reducing N(2)O to N(2). The feasibility of using sludge fermentation liquid to reduce NO and N(2)O generation in an anaerobic-low DO process was finally confirmed for a municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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45
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Jones CM, Welsh A, Throbäck IN, Dörsch P, Bakken LR, Hallin S. Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity among closely related soil-borne N2- and N2O-producing Bacillus isolates harboring the nosZ gene. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 76:541-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Chandran K. Protocol for the Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants. Methods Enzymol 2011; 486:369-85. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381294-0.00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Current knowledge of microbial community structures in landfills and its cover soils. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:961-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Field application of nitrogen and phenylacetylene to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from landfill cover soils: effects on microbial community structure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:189-200. [PMID: 20809077 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Landfills are large sources of CH(4), but a considerable amount of CH(4) can be removed in situ by methanotrophs if their activity can be stimulated through the addition of nitrogen. Nitrogen can, however, lead to increased N(2)O production. To examine the effects of nitrogen and a selective inhibitor on CH(4) oxidation and N(2)O production in situ, 0.5 M of NH(4)Cl and 0.25 M of KNO(3), with and without 0.01% (w/v) phenylacetylene, were applied to test plots at a landfill in Kalamazoo, MI from 2007 November to 2009 July. Nitrogen amendments stimulated N(2)O production but had no effect on CH(4) oxidation. The addition of phenylacetylene stimulated CH(4) oxidation while reducing N(2)O production. Methanotrophs possessing particulate methane monooxygenase and archaeal ammonia-oxidizers (AOAs) were abundant. The addition of nitrogen reduced methanotrophic diversity, particularly for type I methanotrophs. The simultaneous addition of phenylacetylene increased methanotrophic diversity and the presence of type I methanotrophs. Clone libraries of the archaeal amoA gene showed that the addition of nitrogen increased AOAs affiliated with Crenarchaeal group 1.1b, while they decreased with the simultaneous addition of phenylacetylene. These results suggest that the addition of phenylacetylene with nitrogen reduces N(2)O production by selectively inhibiting AOAs and/or type II methanotrophs.
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50
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Tortoso AC, Hutchinson GL. Contributions of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nitrifiers to Soil NO and N(2)O Emissions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 56:1799-805. [PMID: 16348220 PMCID: PMC184513 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.6.1799-1805.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil emission of gaseous N oxides during nitrification of ammonium represents loss of an available plant nutrient and has an important impact on the chemistry of the atmosphere. We used selective inhibitors and a glucose amendment in a factorial design to determine the relative contributions of autotrophic ammonium oxidizers, autotrophic nitrite oxidizers, and heterotrophic nitrifiers to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from aerobically incubated soil following the addition of 160 mg of N as ammonium sulfate kg. Without added C, peak NO emissions of 4 mug of N kg h were increased to 15 mug of N kg h by the addition of sodium chlorate, a nitrite oxidation inhibitor, but were reduced to 0.01 mug of N kg h in the presence of nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine], an inhibitor of autotrophic ammonium oxidation. Carbon-amended soils had somewhat higher NO emission rates from these three treatments (6, 18, and 0.1 mug of N kg h after treatment with glucose, sodium chlorate, or nitrapyrin, respectively) until the glucose was exhausted but lower rates during the remainder of the incubation. Nitrous oxide emission levels exhibited trends similar to those observed for NO but were about 20 times lower. Periodic soil chemical analyses showed no increase in the nitrate concentration of soil treated with sodium chlorate until after the period of peak NO and N(2)O emissions; the nitrate concentration of soil treated with nitrapyrin remained unchanged throughout the incubation. These results suggest that chemoautotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria are the predominant source of NO and N(2)O produced during nitrification in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Tortoso
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box E, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522
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