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Marcianò D, Kappel L, Ullah SF, Srivastava V. From glycans to green biotechnology: exploring cell wall dynamics and phytobiota impact in plant glycopathology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39004515 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2370341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose significant threats to cultivated crops, impacting agricultural productivity, quality and sustainability. Traditionally, disease control heavily relied on fungicides, but concerns about their negative impacts motivated stakeholders and government agencies to seek alternative solutions. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been developed as promising alternatives to minimize fungicide use. However, BCAs often exhibit inconsistent performances, undermining their efficacy as plant protection alternatives. The eukaryotic cell wall of plants and filamentous pathogens contributes significantly to their interaction with the environment and competitors. This highly adaptable and modular carbohydrate armor serves as the primary interface for communication, and the intricate interplay within this compartment is often mediated by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) responsible for cell wall degradation and remodeling. These processes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of plant diseases and contribute significantly to establishing both beneficial and detrimental microbiota. This review explores the interplay between cell wall dynamics and glycan interactions in the phytobiome scenario, providing holistic insights for efficiently exploiting microbial traits potentially involved in plant disease mitigation. Within this framework, the incorporation of glycobiology-related functional traits into the resident phytobiome can significantly enhance the plant's resilience to biotic stresses. Therefore, in the rational engineering of future beneficial consortia, it is imperative to recognize and leverage the understanding of cell wall interactions and the role of the glycome as an essential tool for the effective management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Kappel
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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Viana C, Genevace M, Gama F, Coelho L, Pereira H, Varela J, Reis M. Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus obliquus Protect Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) against Fusarium oxysporum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1697. [PMID: 38931129 PMCID: PMC11207641 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus obliquus were tested as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. This evaluation was conducted through in vitro and in vivo trials with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The in vitro trials showed that C. vulgaris and T. obliquus were able to inhibit the phytopathogen, showing a similar inhibitory effect to that of the positive controls (Rovral, BASF® and Biocontrol T34, Biocontrol Technologies® S.L.). C. vulgaris aqueous suspensions at 3.0 g L-1 led to a hyphal growth of 0.55 cm, each corresponding to a reduction of 63% of fungal growth. With T. obliquus, the hyphal growth was 0.53 cm when applied at a concentration of 0.75 g L-1, having an inhibition of fungus growth of 64%. Thereafter, these results were validated in an in vivo trial on spinach using the same controls. The results revealed a lower severity and disease incidence and a reduction in the disease's AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve) when spinach was treated with the microalgae suspensions. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of C. vulgaris and T. obliquus suspensions as promising biocontrol agents against F. oxysporum in spinach when applied through irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Viana
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (J.V.); (M.R.)
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (F.G.); (L.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Méanne Genevace
- Faculty of Environmental Innovations, HAS University of Applied Sciences, Onderwijsboulevard 22, 15223 DE ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Florinda Gama
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (F.G.); (L.C.); (H.P.)
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luísa Coelho
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (F.G.); (L.C.); (H.P.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pereira
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (F.G.); (L.C.); (H.P.)
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Varela
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (J.V.); (M.R.)
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (F.G.); (L.C.); (H.P.)
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mário Reis
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (J.V.); (M.R.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Noser AA, Ezzat M, Mahmoud SG, Selim AI, Salem MM. Enantioselective synthesis, characterization, molecular docking simulation and ADMET profiling of α-alkylated carbonyl compounds as antimicrobial agents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11586. [PMID: 38773150 PMCID: PMC11109205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
All living organisms produce only one enantiomer, so we found that all natural compounds are presented in enantiomerically pure form. Asymmetric synthesis is highly spread in medicinal chemistry because enantiomerically pure drugs are highly applicable. This study initially demonstrated the feasibility of a good idea for the asymmetric synthesis of α-alkylated carbonyl compounds with high enantiomeric purity ranging from 91 to 94% using different quinazolinone derivatives. The structure of all compounds was confirmed via elemental analysis and different spectroscopic data and the enantioselectivity was determined via HPLC using silica gel column. The synthesized compounds' mode of action was investigated using molecular docking against the outer membrane protein A (OMPA) and exo-1,3-beta-glucanase, with interpreting their pharmacokinetics aspects. The results of the antimicrobial effectiveness of these compounds revealed that compound 6a has a broad biocidal activity and this in-vitro study was in line with the in-silico results. Overall, the formulated compound 6a can be employed as antimicrobial agent without any toxicity with high bioavailability in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Noser
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Mariam Ezzat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Shimaa G Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Adel I Selim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Maha M Salem
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Noser AA, El-Barbary AA, Salem MM, El Salam HAA, Shahien M. Synthesis and molecular docking simulations of novel azepines based on quinazolinone moiety as prospective antimicrobial and antitumor hedgehog signaling inhibitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3530. [PMID: 38347004 PMCID: PMC10861550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel azepine derivatives based on quinazolinone moiety was synthesized through the reaction of quinazolinone chalcones (2a-d) either with 2-amino aniline in acidic medium to give diazepines (3a-d) or with 2-aminophenol to offer oxazepine (4a-d). The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed via melting points, elemental analyses, and different spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, these newly compounds mode of action was investigated in-silico using molecular docking against the outer membrane protein A (OMPA), exo-1,3-beta-glucanase for their antimicrobial activity, and against Smoothened (SMO), transcription factor glioma-associated homology (SUFU/GLI-1), the main proteins of Hedgehog signaling pathway to inspect their anticancer potential. Our results showed that, diazepine (3a) and oxazepine (4a) offered the highest binding energy against the target OMPA/ exo-1,3-beta-glucanase proteins and exhibited the potent antimicrobial activities against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis, C. Albicans and A. flavus. As well, diazepine (3a) and oxazepine (4a) achieved the best results among the other compounds, in their binding energy against the target SMO, SUFU/GLI-1 proteins. The in-vitro cytotoxic study was done for them on panel of cancer cell lines HCT-116, HepG2, and MCF-7 and normal cell line WI-38. Conclusively, it was revealed that molecular docking in-silico simulations and the in-vitro experiments were agreed. As a result, our findings elucidated that diazepine (3a) and oxazepine (4a), have the potential to be used as antimicrobial agents and as possible cancer treatment medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Noser
- Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - A A El-Barbary
- Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Maha M Salem
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Hayam A Abd El Salam
- Green Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, GizaCairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shahien
- Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Li Z, Wang J, Lin K, Liu M, Wang J, Zhang L, Xia C, Liu L, Zhang B, Yangzong Y, Han J, Zhao Y, Ye X, Huang Y, Cui Z. Insights into the Antifungal Properties of Myxobacteria Outer Membrane β-1,6-Glucanase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37326459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cell wall decomposition enzymes exhibit great potential for the development of efficient antifungal agents. However, their practical application is restricted due to incomplete understanding of the action mode. In our previous study, we identified that a novel outer membrane (OM) β-1,6-glucanase GluM is deployed by predatory myxobacteria to feed on fungi. In this work, we provide deep insights into the antifungal mechanism of β-1,6-glucanase and its potential in improving plant disease resistance. The fungal cell wall decomposition ability of GluM resulted in irregular hyphae morphology, changed chitin distribution, increased membrane permeability, and leakage of cell constituents in Magnaporthe oryzae Guy11. Under the attack pattern, the cell wall integrity pathway was activated by strain Guy11 for self-protection. GluM exhibited a distinct endo-model toward fungal cell wall; the favorite substrate of GluM toward fungal β-1,6-glucan may give reason for its efficient antifungal activity compared with Trichoderma β-1,6-glucanase. Moreover, released glucans from GluM hydrolysis of fungal cell wall functioned as an elicitor and induced rice immunity by means of jasmonic acid pathway. Based on the dual roles of antifungal properties, gluM transgenic plants conferred enhanced resistance against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kanghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Biying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunzhen Yangzong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Han
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, XinJiang 830052, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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6
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do Amaral SC, Xavier LP, Vasconcelos V, Santos AV. Cyanobacteria: A Promising Source of Antifungal Metabolites. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:359. [PMID: 37367684 DOI: 10.3390/md21060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a rich source of secondary metabolites, and they have received a great deal of attention due to their applicability in different industrial sectors. Some of these substances are known for their notorious ability to inhibit fungal growth. Such metabolites are very chemically and biologically diverse. They can belong to different chemical classes, including peptides, fatty acids, alkaloids, polyketides, and macrolides. Moreover, they can also target different cell components. Filamentous cyanobacteria have been the main source of these compounds. This review aims to identify the key features of these antifungal agents, as well as the sources from which they are obtained, their major targets, and the environmental factors involved when they are being produced. For the preparation of this work, a total of 642 documents dating from 1980 to 2022 were consulted, including patents, original research, review articles, and theses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cavalcante do Amaral
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agenor Valadares Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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Woo SL, Hermosa R, Lorito M, Monte E. Trichoderma: a multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:312-326. [PMID: 36414835 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan and opportunistic ascomycete fungal genus including species that are of interest to agriculture as direct biological control agents of phytopathogens. Trichoderma utilizes direct antagonism and competition, particularly in the rhizosphere, where it modulates the composition of and interactions with other microorganisms. In its colonization of plants, on the roots or as an endophyte, Trichoderma has evolved the capacity to communicate with the plant and produce numerous multifaceted benefits to its host. The intricacy of this plant-microorganism association has stimulated a marked interest in research on Trichoderma, ranging from its capacity as a plant growth promoter to its ability to prime local and systemic defence responses against biotic and abiotic stresses and to activate transcriptional memory affecting plant responses to future stresses. This Review discusses the ecophysiology and diversity of Trichoderma and the complexity of its relationships in the agroecosystem, highlighting its potential as a direct and indirect biological control agent, biostimulant and biofertilizer, which are useful multipurpose properties for agricultural applications. We also highlight how the present legislative framework might accommodate the demonstrated evidence of Trichoderma proficiency as a plant-beneficial microorganism contributing towards eco-sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Woo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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8
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Chen X, Hao X, Akhberdi O, Zhu X. Genomic and Transcriptomic Survey Provides Insights into Molecular Basis of Pathogenicity of the Sunflower Pathogen Phoma macdonaldii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050520. [PMID: 37233231 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoma macdonaldii (teleomorph Leptosphaeria lindquistii) is the causal agent of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) black stem. In order to investigate the molecular basis for the pathogenicity of P. ormacdonaldii, genomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed. The genome size was 38.24 Mb and assembled into 27 contigs with 11,094 putative predicted genes. These include 1133 genes for CAZymes specific for plant polysaccharide degradation, 2356 for the interaction between the pathogen and host, 2167 for virulence factors, and 37 secondary metabolites gene clusters. RNA-seq analysis was conducted at the early and late stages of the fungal spot formation in infected sunflower tissues. A total of 2506, 3035, and 2660 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CT and each treatment group (LEAF-2d, LEAF-6d, and STEM) were retrieved, respectively. The most significant pathways of DEGs from these diseased sunflower tissues were the metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Overall, 371 up-regulated DEGs were shared among LEAF-2d, LEAF-6d, and STEM, including 82 mapped to DFVF, 63 mapped to PHI-base, 69 annotated as CAZymes, 33 annotated as transporters, 91 annotated as secretory proteins, and a carbon skeleton biosynthetic gene. The most important DEGs were further confirmed by RT-qPCR. This is the first report on the genome-scale assembly and annotation for P. macdonaldii. Our data provide a framework for further revealing the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis of P. macdonaldii, and also suggest the potential targets for the diseases caused by this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Chen
- College of Biological and Geography Sciences, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xiaoran Hao
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstrating Center, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Oren Akhberdi
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Protection, Development and Utilization, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Boddapati S, Gummadi SN. Production and application of purified mutanase from novel Cellulosimicrobium funkei SNG1 in the in vitro biofilm degradation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023. [PMID: 36744530 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutanase (α-1,3-glucanase) is an inducible extracellular enzyme with potential medical applications in dentistry. A novel Cellulosimicrobium funkei strain SNG1 producing mutanase enzyme using α-1,3-glucans was isolated, and the enzyme was optimized for increased productivity using the one-factor-at-a-time approach. Maximum growth and enzyme-specific activity (2.12 ± 0.4 U/mg) were attained in a production medium with pH 7.0 and 1% α-1,3-glucans as carbon source, incubated at 37°C for 30 h. The result showed a five-fold increase in activity compared to unoptimized conditions (0.40 U/mg). The enzyme was purified by gel-filtration chromatography, and recovered with a yield of 29.03% and a specific activity increase of 10.9-fold. The molecular mass of the monomeric enzyme is 137 kDa. The pH and temperature optima are 6.0 and 45°C with Km of 1.28 ± 0.11 mg for α-1,3-glucans. The enzyme activity was stimulated by adding Co2+ , Ca2+ , Cu2+ , and was entirely inhibited by Hg2+ . On 2-h incubation, the purified enzyme effectively degraded in vitro film with an 82.68% degradation rate and a saccharification yield of 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Boddapati
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathyanaryana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Xiao Z, Zhao Q, Li W, Gao L, Liu G. Strain improvement of Trichoderma harzianum for enhanced biocontrol capacity: Strategies and prospects. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146210. [PMID: 37125207 PMCID: PMC10134904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the control of plant diseases, biocontrol has the advantages of being efficient and safe for human health and the environment. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum and its closely related species can inhibit the growth of many phytopathogenic fungi, and have been developed as commercial biocontrol agents for decades. In this review, we summarize studies on T. harzianum species complex from the perspective of strain improvement. To elevate the biocontrol ability, the production of extracellular proteins and compounds with antimicrobial or plant immunity-eliciting activities need to be enhanced. In addition, resistance to various environmental stressors should be strengthened. Engineering the gene regulatory system has the potential to modulate a variety of biological processes related to biocontrol. With the rapidly developing technologies for fungal genetic engineering, T. harzianum strains with increased biocontrol activities are expected to be constructed to promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Tobacco Group Beijing Cigarette Factory Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Liwei Gao,
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Liu,
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11
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Chaudhary P, Agri U, Chaudhary A, Kumar A, Kumar G. Endophytes and their potential in biotic stress management and crop production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933017. [PMID: 36325026 PMCID: PMC9618965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic stress is caused by harmful microbes that prevent plants from growing normally and also having numerous negative effects on agriculture crops globally. Many biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, virus, weeds, insects, and nematodes are the major constrains of stress that tends to increase the reactive oxygen species that affect the physiological and molecular functioning of plants and also led to the decrease in crop productivity. Bacterial and fungal endophytes are the solution to overcome the tasks faced with conventional farming, and these are environment friendly microbial commodities that colonize in plant tissues without causing any damage. Endophytes play an important role in host fitness, uptake of nutrients, synthesis of phytohormone and diminish the injury triggered by pathogens via antibiosis, production of lytic enzymes, secondary metabolites, and hormone activation. They are also reported to help plants in coping with biotic stress, improving crops and soil health, respectively. Therefore, usage of endophytes as biofertilizers and biocontrol agent have developed an eco-friendly substitute to destructive chemicals for plant development and also in mitigation of biotic stress. Thus, this review highlighted the potential role of endophytes as biofertilizers, biocontrol agent, and in mitigation of biotic stress for maintenance of plant development and soil health for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Chaudhary
- Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Upasana Agri
- Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar
- Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Govind Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow, India
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13
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Wear MP, Jacobs E, Wang S, McConnell S, Bowen A, Strother C, Cordero RJB, Crawford CJ, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans capsule regrowth experiments reveal dynamics of enlargement and architecture. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101769. [PMID: 35218774 PMCID: PMC8942833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide capsule of fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is a critical virulence factor that has historically evaded complete characterization. Cryptococcal polysaccharides are known to either remain attached to the cell as capsular polysaccharides (CPS) or to be shed into the extracellular space as exopolysaccharides (EPS). While many studies have examined the properties of EPS, far less is known about CPS. In this work, we detail the development of a new physical and enzymatic method for the isolation of CPS which can be used to explore the architecture of the capsule and isolated capsular material. We show that sonication or Glucanex enzyme cocktail digestion yields soluble CPS preparations, while use of a French pressure cell press and Glucanex digestion followed by cell disruption removed the capsule and produced cell wall-associated polysaccharide aggregates that we call 'capsule ghosts', implying an inherent organization that allows the CPS to exist independent of the cell wall surface. Since sonication and Glucanex digestion were non-cytotoxic, it was also possible to observe the cryptococcal cells rebuilding their capsule, revealing the presence of reducing-end glycans throughout the capsule. Finally, analysis of DMSO-extracted and sonicated CPS preparations revealed the conservation of previously identified GXM motifs only in the sonicated CPS. Together, these observations provide new insights into capsule architecture and synthesis, consistent with a model in which the capsule is assembled from the cell wall outwards using smaller polymers, which are then compiled into larger ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie P Wear
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ella Jacobs
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siqing Wang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott McConnell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Bowen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camilla Strother
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Radames J B Cordero
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Conor J Crawford
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Dou K, Pang G, Cai F, Chenthamara K, Zhang J, Liu H, Druzhinina IS, Chen J. Functional Genetics of Trichoderma Mycoparasitism. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Nartey LK, Pu Q, Zhu W, Zhang S, Li J, Yao Y, Hu X. Antagonistic and plant growth promotion effects of Mucor moelleri, a potential biocontrol agent. Microbiol Res 2021; 255:126922. [PMID: 34839169 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for high quality and environmentally safe or green food, Biological Control Agents (BCAs) are playing critical roles in green agriculture, which in turn has paved the way for the requirement of effective, appropriate microbial antagonists. In this study, Mucor moelleri AA1 was isolated and investigated for its growth promotion and antagonism against Athelia rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes. The results showed a high antagonistic activity of M. moelleri against A. rolfsii and C. gloeosporiodes with percentage inhibitions of 73 % and 86 % respectively using the dual plate method, and the same antagonistic activity was also observed in liquid cocultures. A pot study analysis showed significant suppression of the diseases as well as growth promotion on tomato. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that M. moelleri inhibited the growth of mycelium and the production of web-like materials. Based on headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) analysis, microbial volatile compounds were determined, which were mainly aromatic compounds and alkaloids. Also, several antagonistic enzymes, such as β-1, 3- glucanase, proteases, catalase and ACC deaminase as well as the phytohormone IAA, were found to be produced by M. moelleri. Overall, these results combine to make M. moelleri a good prospective candidate for biological control and as a plant growth-promoting agent. The present study appears to be the first report identifying M. moelleri as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Korkor Nartey
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qian Pu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Weijing Zhu
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jin Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yanlai Yao
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiufang Hu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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16
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Ponnusamy A, Ajis AH, Tan YS, Chai LC. Dynamics of fungal and bacterial microbiome associated with green-mould contaminated sawdust substrate of Pleurotus pulmonarius (grey oyster mushroom). J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2131-2143. [PMID: 34637602 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Green-mould contamination is identified as one of the challenges faced by mushroom cultivation industry globally which believed to be caused by Trichoderma spp. METHODS AND RESULTS To explore the dynamics of microbial population in mushroom substrate during commercial mushroom cultivation and how microbiota might play a role in green-mould contamination, we applied both culturing and targeted metagenomics approaches to identify microbiota in noncomposted sawdust substrates at different cultivation stages. The microbiological analysis showed that the green-mould contaminated substrates harboured higher total mesophilic bacteria count. The green-moulds isolated from the contaminated mushroom substrates were identified as Trichoderma pleurotum (n = 15; 93.8%) and Graphium penicillioides (n = 1; 6.3%). To our surprise, the targeted metagenomic analysis revealed that Graphium comprised 56.3% while Trichoderma consisted of only 36.1% of the total fungi population, suggesting that green-mould contamination might not be caused by Trichoderma alone, but also Graphium that grows very slowly in the laboratory. CONCLUSION It is worthwhile to note that G. penicillioides was also isolated in the early stages of mushroom cultivation, but not T. pleurotum. The results indicated that the structure and composition of the bacterial population in the mushroom substrate varied and the bacterial population shifted along the cultivation process. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This study revealed a possibility of G. penicillioides as an overlooked fungi causing green-mould contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameertha Ponnusamy
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ana Hazirah Ajis
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Mushroom Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Shin Tan
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Mushroom Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lay Ching Chai
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Arcopilus aureus MaC7A as a New Source of Resveratrol: Assessment of Amino Acid Precursors, Volatiles, and Fungal Enzymes for Boosting Resveratrol Production in Batch Cultures. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical factors that regulate the synthesis of resveratrol (RV) in filamentous fungi are still unknown. This work reports on the RV production by Arcopilus aureus MaC7A under controlled conditions and the effect of amino acid precursors (PHE and TYR), monoterpenes (limonone, camphor, citral, thymol, menthol), and mixtures of hydrolytic enzymes (Glucanex) as elicitors for boosting fungal RV. Batch cultures with variable concentrations of PHE and TYR (50–500 mg L−1) stimulated RV production from 127.9 ± 4.6 to 221.8 ± 5.2 mg L−1 in basic cultures developed in PDB (pH 7) added with 10 g L−1 peptone at 30 °C. Maximum levels of RV and biomass were maintained during days 6–8 under these conditions, whereas a dramatic RV decrease was observed from days 10–12 without any loss of biomass. Among the tested volatiles, citral (50 mg L−1) enhanced RV production until 187.8 ± 2.2 mg L−1 in basic cultures, but better results were obtained with Glucanex (100 mg L−1; 198.3 ± 7.6 mg L−1 RV). Optimized batch cultures containing TYR (200 mg L−1), citral (50 mg L−1), thymol (50 mg L−1), and Glucanex (100 mg L−1) produced up to 237.6 ± 4.7 mg L−1 of RV. Our results suggest that low concentrations of volatiles and mixtures of isoenzymes with β-1, 3 glucanase activity increase the biosynthesis of fungal RV produced by A. aureus MaC7A in batch cultures.
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18
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Garcia CA, Gardner JG. Bacterial α-diglucoside metabolism: perspectives and potential for biotechnology and biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4033-4052. [PMID: 33961116 PMCID: PMC8237927 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In a competitive microbial environment, nutrient acquisition is a major contributor to the survival of any individual bacterial species, and the ability to access uncommon energy sources can provide a fitness advantage. One set of soluble carbohydrates that have attracted increased attention for use in biotechnology and biomedicine is the α-diglucosides. Maltose is the most well-studied member of this class; however, the remaining four less common α-diglucosides (trehalose, kojibiose, nigerose, and isomaltose) are increasingly used in processed food and fermented beverages. The consumption of trehalose has recently been shown to be a contributing factor in gut microbiome disease as certain pathogens are using α-diglucosides to outcompete native gut flora. Kojibiose and nigerose have also been examined as potential prebiotics and alternative sweeteners for a variety of foods. Compared to the study of maltose metabolism, our understanding of the synthesis and degradation of uncommon α-diglucosides is lacking, and several fundamental questions remain unanswered, particularly with regard to the regulation of bacterial metabolism for α-diglucosides. Therefore, this minireview attempts to provide a focused analysis of uncommon α-diglucoside metabolism in bacteria and suggests some future directions for this research area that could potentially accelerate biotechnology and biomedicine developments. KEY POINTS: • α-diglucosides are increasingly important but understudied bacterial metabolites. • Kinetically superior α-diglucoside enzymes require few amino acid substitutions. • In vivo studies are required to realize the biotechnology potential of α-diglucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia A Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Darshan K, Aggarwal R, Bashyal BM, Singh J, Shanmugam V, Gurjar MS, Solanke AU. Transcriptome Profiling Provides Insights Into Potential Antagonistic Mechanisms Involved in Chaetomium globosum Against Bipolaris sorokiniana. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:578115. [PMID: 33365017 PMCID: PMC7750538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaetomium globosum Kunze is recognized as a potential biocontrol fungus against spot blotch of wheat caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. Its molecular mechanism of biocontrol activity and the biosynthetic pathways involved have not been yet elucidated. Here, global transcriptome profiling of C. globosum strain Cg2 during interaction with B. sorokiniana isolate BS112 using RNA-seq was performed in order to gain insights into the potential mechanisms of antagonism. The Illumina HiSeq platform (2 × 150 bp) yielded an average of 20-22 million reads with 50-58% GC. De novo assembly generated 45,582 transcripts with 27,957 unigenes. Transcriptome analysis displayed distinct expression profiles in the interaction (Cg2-BS112), out of which 6,109 unique differentially expressed genes were present. The predominant transcripts classified as genes involved in "catalytic activity" constituted 45.06%, of which 10.02% were associated with "hydrolytic activity" (GO:0008152), and similarly, in the biological process, 29.18% of transcripts were involved in "metabolic activity" (GO:0004096 and GO:0006979). Heat map and cluster categorization suggested an increase in the expression levels of genes encoding secondary metabolites like polyketide synthase (GO:0009058), S-hydroxymethyl glutathione dehydrogenase (GO:0006069), terpene cyclase (EC 4.2.3.-), aminotran_1_2 domain-containing protein (GO:0009058), and other hydrolytic CAZYmes such as the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family (GH 13, GH 2, GH 31, and GH 81; GO:0005975), cellulase domain-containing protein, chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases (GO:0004565), glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucanase (GO:0052861), and proteases (GO:0004177). The obtained RNA-seq data were validated by RT-qPCR using 20 randomly chosen genes, showing consistency with the RNA-seq results. The present work is worldwide the first effort to unravel the biocontrol mechanism of C. globosum against B. sorokiniana. It generated a novel dataset for further studies and facilitated improvement of the gene annotation models in the C. globosum draft genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Darshan
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Aggarwal
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Shanmugam
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Malkhan S. Gurjar
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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20
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Ehren HL, Appels FV, Houben K, Renault MA, Wösten HA, Baldus M. Characterization of the cell wall of a mushroom forming fungus at atomic resolution using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100046. [PMID: 33204900 PMCID: PMC7649524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell walls are essential in the interaction of fungi with the (a)biotic environment and are also key to hyphal morphogenesis and mechanical strength. Here, we used solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy combined with HPLC and GC-MS to study the structural organization of the cell wall of a representative of the Basidiomycota, one of the two main phyla of fungi. Based on the data we propose a refined model for the cell wall of a basidiomycete. In this model, the rigid core is built from α- and β-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,3)-(1,6)-glucan, highly branched and single stranded β-(1,4)-chitin as well as polymeric fucose. The mobile fraction of the cell wall is composed of β-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,3)-(1,6)-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, α-linked reducing and non-reducing ends and polymeric mannose. Together, these findings provide novel insights into the structural organization of the cell wall of the model basidiomycete S. commune that was previously based on destructive chemical and enzymatic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Leona Ehren
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Freek V.W. Appels
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaartje Houben
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marie A.M. Renault
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Han A.B. Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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21
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Farvardin A, González-Hernández AI, Llorens E, García-Agustín P, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E604. [PMID: 32664231 PMCID: PMC7402137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and plant responses to various stress conditions. In the apoplast, like in the intracellular cell compartments, a specific set of antioxidants can be found that can detoxify the different types of ROS produced in it. These scavenging ROS components confer stress tolerance and avoid cellular damage. Moreover, the production and accumulation of proteins and peptides in the apoplast take place in response to various stresses. Hormones are also present in the apoplast where they perform important functions. In addition, the apoplast is also the space where microbe-associated molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are secreted by pathogens. In summary, the diversity of molecules found in the apoplast highlights its importance in the survival of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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Sui Y, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Piombo E, Wu X, Yue J. Genome Sequence, Assembly, and Characterization of the Antagonistic Yeast Candida oleophila Used as a Biocontrol Agent Against Post-harvest Diseases. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:295. [PMID: 32158440 PMCID: PMC7052047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida oleophila is an effective biocontrol agent used to control post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. C. oleophila I-182 was the active agent used in the first-generation yeast-based commercial product, Aspire®, for post-harvest disease management. Several action modes, like competition for nutrients and space, induction of pathogenesis-related genes in host tissues, and production of extracellular lytic enzymes, have been demonstrated for the biological control activity exhibited by C. oleophila through which it inhibits post-harvest pathogens. In the present study, the whole genome of C. oleophila I-182 was sequenced using PacBio and Illumina shotgun sequencing technologies, yielding an estimated genome size of 14.73 Mb. The genome size is similar in length to that of the model yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c. Based on the assembled genome, protein-coding sequences were identified and annotated. The predicted genes were further assigned with gene ontology terms and clustered in special functional groups. A comparative analysis of C. oleophila proteome with the proteomes of 11 representative yeasts revealed 2 unique and 124 expanded families of proteins in C. oleophila. Availability of the genome sequence will facilitate a better understanding the properties of biocontrol yeasts at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Xuehong Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyang Yue
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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23
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Tilocca B, Cao A, Migheli Q. Scent of a Killer: Microbial Volatilome and Its Role in the Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:41. [PMID: 32117096 PMCID: PMC7018762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic fungicides represents the most common strategy to control plant pathogens. Excessive and/or long-term distribution of chemicals is responsible for increased levels of environmental pollution, as well as adverse health consequence to humans and animals. These issues are deeply influencing public perception, as reflected by the increasing demand for safer and eco-friendly agricultural commodities and their by-products. A steadily increasing number of research efforts is now devoted to explore the use of safer and innovative approaches to control plant pathogens. The use of microorganisms as biological control agents (BCAs) represents one of the most durable and promising strategies. Among the panoply of microbial mechanisms exerted by BCAs, the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represents an intriguing issue, mostly exploitable in circumstances where a direct contact between the pathogen and its antagonist is not practicable. VOCs are potentially produced by all living microorganisms, and may be active in the biocontrol of phytopathogenic oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria by means of antimicrobial activity and/or other cross-talk interactions. Their biological effects, the reduced residuals in the environment and on agricultural commodities, and the ease of application in different agricultural systems make the use of VOCs a promising and sustainable approach to replace synthetic fungicides in the control of plant pathogens. In this review, we focus on VOCs produced by bacteria and fungi and on their role in the cross-talk existing between the plant pathogens and their host. Biologic systemic effect of the microbial volatile blends on both pathogen and host plant cells is also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria and NRD-Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Aocheng Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and NRD-Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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24
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Itoh T, Intuy R, Suyotha W, Hayashi J, Yano S, Makabe K, Wakayama M, Hibi T. Structural insights into substrate recognition and catalysis by glycoside hydrolase family 87 α‐1,3‐glucanase from
Paenibacillus glycanilyticus
FH11. FEBS J 2019; 287:2524-2543. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Fukui Prefectural University Eiheiji‐cho Japan
| | - Rattanaporn Intuy
- Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan
| | - Wasana Suyotha
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology Faculty of Agro‐industry Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Thailand
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Department of Biochemical Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Fukui Prefectural University Eiheiji‐cho Japan
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Endo-β-1,3-glucanase (GH16 Family) from Trichoderma harzianum Participates in Cell Wall Biogenesis but Is Not Essential for Antagonism Against Plant Pathogens. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120781. [PMID: 31779176 PMCID: PMC6995588 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma species are known for their ability to produce lytic enzymes, such as exoglucanases, endoglucanases, chitinases, and proteases, which play important roles in cell wall degradation of phytopathogens. β-glucanases play crucial roles in the morphogenetic-morphological process during the development and differentiation processes in Trichoderma species, which have β-glucans as the primary components of their cell walls. Despite the importance of glucanases in the mycoparasitism of Trichoderma spp., only a few functional analysis studies have been conducted on glucanases. In the present study, we used a functional genomics approach to investigate the functional role of the gluc31 gene, which encodes an endo-β-1,3-glucanase belonging to the GH16 family in Trichoderma harzianum ALL42. We demonstrated that the absence of the gluc31 gene did not affect the in vivo mycoparasitism ability of mutant T. harzianum ALL42; however, gluc31 evidently influenced cell wall organization. Polymer measurements and fluorescence microscopy analyses indicated that the lack of the gluc31 gene induced a compensatory response by increasing the production of chitin and glucan polymers on the cell walls of the mutant hyphae. The mutant strain became more resistant to the fungicide benomyl compared to the parental strain. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the absence of gluc31 in T. harzianum resulted in the differential expression of other glycosyl hydrolases belonging to the GH16 family, because of functional redundancy among the glucanases.
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Mutanase Enzyme from Paracoccus mutanolyticus RSP02: Characterization and Application as a Biocontrol Agent. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:436-444. [PMID: 31762506 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutanases are enzymes that have the ability to cleave α-1,3 linkages in glucan polymer. In the present investigation, mutanase enzyme purified from the culture filtrate of Paracoccus mutanolyticus was evaluated for Streptococcal biofilm degradation and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi along with enzyme kinetics, activation energies, pH and thermal stability. Biochemical and molecular characterization depicted that the enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 5.5 and at 50 °C. It displayed Michaelis-Menten behaviour with a Km of 1.263 ± 0.03 (mg/ml), Vmax of 2.712 ± 0.15 U/mg protein. Thermal stability studies denoted that it required 55.46 and 135.43 kJ mol-1 of energy for activation and deactivation in the temperature range of 30-50 °C and 50-70 °C respectively. Mutanase activity was enhanced ~ 50 and 75% by Fe2+ and EDTA, respectively, while presence of Hg2+ and Mn2+ inhibit > 90% of its activity. This enzyme has a molecular mass of 138 kDa and showed monomeric nature by Zymography. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of mutanase treated Streptococcal cells revealed cleavage of linkages among the cells and complete separation of cells, indicating its potential in dentistry as an anticaries agent in the prophylaxis and therapy of dental caries. In addition, antifungal activity of mutanase against Colletotrichum capsici MTCC 10147 and Cladosporium cladosporioide MTCC 7371 revealed that the enzyme has potential towards biological control of phytopathogens which could be used as an alternative bio-control agent against chemical pesticides in the future.
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Silva RN, Monteiro VN, Steindorff AS, Gomes EV, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ. Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:565-583. [PMID: 31345411 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Large losses before crop harvesting are caused by plant pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes. Among these, fungi are the major cause of losses in agriculture worldwide. Plant pathogens are still controlled through application of agrochemicals, causing human disease and impacting environmental and food security. Biological control provides a safe alternative for the control of fungal plant pathogens, because of the ability of biocontrol agents to establish in the ecosystem. Some Trichoderma spp. are considered potential agents in the control of fungal plant diseases. They can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, Trichoderma can directly kill fungal plant pathogens by antibiosis, as well as via mycoparasitism strategies. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between Trichoderma/fungal pathogens/plants during the pre-harvest of crops. In addition, we will highlight how these interactions can influence crop production and food security. Finally, we will describe the future of crop production using antimicrobial peptides, plants carrying pathogen-derived resistance, and plantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valdirene Neves Monteiro
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technologies, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anapolis, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biofunctional, Center of Higher Education Morgana Potrich Eireli, Morgana Potrich College, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Cirano J Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Intuy R, Itoh T, Suyotha W, Hayashi J, Yano S, Makabe K, Wakayama M, Hibi T. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the catalytic domain of α-1,3-glucanase FH1 from Paenibacillus glycanilyticus overexpressed in Brevibacillus choshinensis. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2018; 74:770-773. [PMID: 30511670 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18013109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
α-1,3-Glucanase hydrolyzes α-1,3-glucan, an insoluble linear α-1,3-linked homopolymer of glucose that is found in the extracellular polysaccharides produced by oral streptococci in dental plaque and in fungal cell walls. This enzyme could be of application in dental care and the development of fungal cell-wall lytic enzymes, but its three-dimensional structure has not been available to date. In this study, the recombinant catalytic domain of α-1,3-glucanase FH1 from Paenibacillus glycanilyticus FH11, which is classified into glycoside hydrolase family 87, was prepared using a Brevibacillus choshinensis expression system and purified in a soluble form. Crystals of the purified protein were produced by the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion method. Diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 1.6 Å using synchrotron radiation. The crystals obtained belonged to the tetragonal space group P41212 or P43212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 132.6, c = 76.1 Å. The space group and unit-cell parameters suggest that there is one molecule in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattanaporn Intuy
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Wasana Suyotha
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Junji Hayashi
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Yamagata University, Johnan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Yamagata University, Johnan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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Sharma V, Salwan R, Shanmugam V. Molecular characterization of β-endoglucanase from antagonistic Trichoderma saturnisporum isolate GITX-Panog (C) induced under mycoparasitic conditions. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 149:73-80. [PMID: 30033019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The endoglucanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 61 are little studied. In present study, a β-endoglucanase of ~37 kDa induced on autoclaved mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum was cloned and characterized. The molecular characterization of β-endoglucanase encoding gene revealed presence of a single intron and an open reading frame of 1044-bp which encoded a protein of 347 amino acid residues. The phylogenetic analysis of Eglu revealed its similarity to endo-β-glucanases of other Trichoderma spp. The catalytic site of β-endoglucanase contained Asp, Asn, His and Tyr residues. The cDNA encoding β-glucanase was cloned into E. coli and Pichia pastoris using pQUA-30 and pPIC9K vector system, respectively. The comparison of structure revealed that most similar structure to Eglu is Hypocrea jecorina template 5o2w.1.A of glycoside hydrolase family 61.The biochemical characterization of β-endoglucanase purified from T. saturnisporum isolate and the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli and P. pastoris was active under acidic conditions with a pH optima of 5 and temperature optima of 60 °C. The purified and expressed enzyme preparation was able to inhibit growth of F.oxysporum at 1 × 105 spores/mL which clearly revealed its significance in plant pathogen suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- University Centre for Research Development, Chandigarh University Gharuan, 140 413, India.
| | - Richa Salwan
- University Centre for Research Development, Chandigarh University Gharuan, 140 413, India
| | - V Shanmugam
- Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi, India
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Awad NE, Kassem HA, Hamed MA, El-Feky AM, Elnaggar MAA, Mahmoud K, Ali MA. Isolation and characterization of the bioactive metabolites from the soil derived fungus Trichoderma viride. Mycology 2018; 9:70-80. [PMID: 30123663 PMCID: PMC6059106 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1423126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate different biological activities of Trichoderma viride fungus (Family Hypocreaceae). Trichoderma viride isolated for the first time from the cucumber soil (rhizosphere). It was tested as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agent. Trichoderma viride from the cucumber soil (rhizosphere) caused inhibition of the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Also, the alcoholic extract of the fungal mycelia proved a potent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In addition, it exhibited a significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporium, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum at 100 µg/disc. Study of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the volatile constituents had been done. The in vitro antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral activities of the isolated proteins, and carbohydrates were determined. Furthermore, the volatile constituents were isolated from fresh mycelia of Trichoderma viride and subjected to GC/MS analysis. Total protein (10%), carbohydrate (19.57%), steroidal (13.95%) and triterpenoidal content (38.34%) were determined in the alcoholic extract of Trichoderma viride mycelia. In conclusion, this fungus showed antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial effects. Further studies must be done to identify the molecules responsible for its effect and to consider its application in the pharmacological and medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa E. Awad
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A. Kassem
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Hamed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal M. El-Feky
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled Mahmoud
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Qiu Z, Wu X, Zhang J, Huang C. High temperature enhances the ability of Trichoderma asperellum to infect Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187055. [PMID: 29073211 PMCID: PMC5658199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma asperellum is one of the species which can be isolated from contaminated Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation substrate with green mold disease. This study focused on the relationship between high temperature and infectivity of T. asperellum to P. ostreatus. Antagonism experiments between T. asperellum and P. ostreatus mycelia revealed that high temperature-treated P. ostreatus mycelia were more easily infected by T. asperellum and covered by conidia. Microscopic observation also showed that P. ostreatus mycelia treated with high temperature could adsorb more T. asperellum conidia. Furthermore, conidia obtained from T. asperellum mycelia grown at 36°C featured higher germination rate compared with that incubated at 28°C. High temperature-treated T. asperellum mycelia can produce conidia in shorter periods, and T. asperellum mycelia were less sensitive to high temperature than P. ostreatus. Deactivated P. ostreatus mycelia can induce T. asperellum cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and P. ostreatus mycelia subjected to high temperature showed induced CWDEs more effective than those incubated at 28°C. Moreover, T. asperellum showed higher CWDEs activity at high temperature. In dual cultures, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased after 36°C, and high concentration of H2O2 could significantly inhibit the growth of P. ostreatus mycelia. In summary, our findings indicated for the first time that high temperature can induce a series of mechanisms to enhance infection abilities of T. asperellum to P. ostreatus mycelia and to cause Pleurotus green mold disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Qiu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangli Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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He X, Li S, Kaminskyj S. An Amylase-Like Protein, AmyD, Is the Major Negative Regulator for α-Glucan Synthesis in Aspergillus nidulans during the Asexual Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040695. [PMID: 28346365 PMCID: PMC5412281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucan affects fungal cell–cell interactions and is important for the virulence of pathogenic fungi. Interfering with production of α-glucan could help to prevent fungal infection. In our previous study, we reported that an amylase-like protein, AmyD, could repress α-glucan accumulation in Aspergillus nidulans. However, the underlying molecular mechanism was not clear. Here, we examined the localization of AmyD and found it was a membrane-associated protein. We studied AmyD function in α-glucan degradation, as well as with other predicted amylase-like proteins and three annotated α-glucanases. AmyC and AmyE share a substantial sequence identity with AmyD, however, neither affects α-glucan synthesis. In contrast, AgnB and MutA (but not AgnE) are functional α-glucanases that also repress α-glucan accumulation. Nevertheless, the functions of AmyD and these glucanases were independent from each other. The dynamics of α-glucan accumulation showed different patterns between the AmyD overexpression strain and the α-glucanase overexpression strains, suggesting AmyD may not be involved in the α-glucan degradation process. These results suggest the function of AmyD is to directly suppress α-glucan synthesis, but not to facilitate its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China.
| | - Shengnan Li
- Jilin Institute of Biology, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Susan Kaminskyj
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
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Savoie JM, Mata G. Trichoderma harzianummetabolites pre-adapt mushrooms toTrichoderma aggressivumantagonism. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Savoie
- Unité de Recherche sur les Champignons, INRA, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Gerardo Mata
- Departamento Hongos, Instituto de Ecologia, A. C., Apdo. Postal 63, C.P. 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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Velázquez-Cedeño M, Farnet A, Ferré E, Savoie J. Variations of lignocellulosic activities in dual cultures ofPleurotus ostreatusandTrichoderma longibrachiatumon unsterilized wheat straw. Mycologia 2017; 96:712-9. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Ferré
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Service 452, U.M.R. CNRS 6116, Institut Méditerranéen d’Ecologie et de Paléoécologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint Jérôme, F-13397, Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - J.M. Savoie
- Unité de Recherche sur les Champignons, INRA, BP 81, F-33883, Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France
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(1→3)-α-d-Glucan from Fruiting Body and Mycelium ofCerrena unicolor(Bull.) Murrill: Structural Characterization and Use as a Novel Inducer of Mutanase. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1249134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-insoluble, alkali-soluble polysaccharide (marked as ASP) was extracted from the vegetative mycelium and fruiting body ofCerrena unicolorstrain. Monosaccharide examination of ASP demonstrated that the isolated biopolymer was composed mainly of glucose, xylose, and mannose monomers. The methylation investigation of studied polymers indicated that (1→3)-linkedα-D-Glcpis the major chain constituent (92.2% for glucans isolated from fruiting body and 90.1% from mycelium).1H NMR, FT-IR, and immunofluorescent labelling determinations confirmed that the polysaccharides isolated from both fruiting body and mycelium ofC. unicolorare (1→3)-α-d-glucans. The obtained (1→3)-α-d-glucans showed differences in viscosity and similar characteristics in optical rotations. (1→3)-α-d-Glucans extracted from mycelium and fruiting body ofC. unicolorwere also used as potential and specific inducers of mutanase synthesis byTrichoderma harzianum. The highest mutanase activity (0.38 U/mL) was obtained after induction of enzyme by (1→3)-α-d-glucan isolated from the mycelium ofC. unicolor, and this biopolymer has been suggested as a new alternative to streptococcal mutan for the mutanase induction inT. harzianum. (1→3)-α-d-Glucan-induced mutanase showed high hydrolysis potential in reaction with dextranase-pretreated mutan, where maximal degree of saccharification and solubilization of this bacterial homoglucan (83.1% and 78.4%, resp.) was reached in 3 h at 45°C.
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Jadhav SB, Gupta A. Studies on application of β-1,3 glucanase in the degradation of glucans produced by Botrytis cinerea and inhibition of fungal growth. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramada MHS, Steindorff AS, Bloch C, Ulhoa CJ. Secretome analysis of the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma harzianum ALL 42 cultivated in different media supplemented with Fusarium solani cell wall or glucose. Proteomics 2016; 16:477-90. [PMID: 26631988 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus well known for its potential as a biocontrol agent against many fungal phytopathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize the proteins secreted by T. harzianum ALL42 when its spores were inoculated and incubated for 48 h in culture media supplemented with glucose (GLU) or with cell walls from Fusarium solani (FSCW), a phytopathogen that causes severe losses in common bean and soy crops in Brazil, as well as other crop diseases around the world. Trichoderma harzianum was able to grow in Trichoderma Liquid Enzyme Production medium (TLE) and Minimal medium (MM) supplemented with FSCW and in TLE+GLU, but was unable to grow in MM+GLU medium. Protein quantification showed that TLE+FSCW and MM+FSCW had 45- and 30- fold, respectively, higher protein concentration on supernatant when compared to TLE+GLU, and this difference was observable on 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE). A total of 94 out of 105 proteins excised from 2DE maps were identified. The only protein observed in all three conditions was epl1. In the media supplemented with FSCW, different hydrolases such as chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, glucoamylases, α-1,3-glucanases and proteases were identified, along with other proteins with no known functions in mycoparasitism, such as npp1 and cys. Trichoderma harzianum showed a complex and diverse arsenal of proteins that are secreted in response to the presence of FSCW, with novel proteins not previously described in mycoparasitic-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Henrique Soller Ramada
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Bloch
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Suyotha W, Yano S, Wakayama M. α-1,3-Glucanase: present situation and prospect of research. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:30. [PMID: 26748807 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-1,3-Glucanases hydrolyze α-1,3-glucan which is an insoluble linear α-1,3-linked homopolymer of glucose and these enzymes are classified into two families of glycoside hydrolases on the basis of amino acid sequence similarity; type-71 α-1,3-glucanases found in fungi and type-87 enzymes in bacteria. α-1,3-Glucan (also called 'mutan') is a major component of dental plaque formed by oral Streptococci and has important physiological roles in various fungal species, including as a component of cell walls, an endogenous carbon source for sexual development, and a virulent factor. Considering these backgrounds, α-1,3-glucanases have been investigated from the perspectives of applications to dental care and development of cell-wall lytic enzymes. Compared with information regarding other glycoside hydrolases such as amylases, cellulases, chitinases, and β-glucanases, there is limited biochemical and structural information available regarding α-1,3-glucanase. Further research on α-1,3-glucanases on enzyme application to dental care and biological control of pathogenic fungi is expected. In this mini-review, we briefly describe how α-1,3-glucanases are categorized and characterized and present our study findings regarding α-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus circulans KA-304. Furthermore, we briefly discuss potential future applications of α-1,3-glucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Suyotha
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Gazis R, Kuo A, Riley R, LaButti K, Lipzen A, Lin J, Amirebrahimi M, Hesse CN, Spatafora JW, Henrissat B, Hainaut M, Grigoriev IV, Hibbett DS. The genome of Xylona heveae provides a window into fungal endophytism. Fungal Biol 2015; 120:26-42. [PMID: 26693682 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylona heveae has only been isolated as an endophyte of rubber trees. In an effort to understand the genetic basis of endophytism, we compared the genome contents of X. heveae and 36 other Ascomycota with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We focused on genes that are known to be important in the host-fungus interaction interface and that presumably have a role in determining the lifestyle of a fungus. We used phylogenomic data to infer the higher-level phylogenetic position of the Xylonomycetes, and mined ITS sequences to explore its taxonomic and ecological diversity. The X. heveae genome contains a low number of enzymes needed for plant cell wall degradation, suggesting that Xylona is a highly adapted specialist and likely dependent on its host for survival. The reduced repertoire of carbohydrate active enzymes could reflect an adaptation to intercellulary growth and to the avoidance of the host's immune system, suggesting that Xylona has a strictly endophytic lifestyle. Phylogenomic data resolved the position of Xylonomycetes as sister to Lecanoromycetes and Eurotiomycetes and placed the beetle-endosymbiont Symbiotaphrina as a member of this class. ITS data revealed that Trinosporium is also part of the Xylonomycetes, extending the taxonomic and ecological diversity of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Gazis
- Clark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Junyan Lin
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Mojgan Amirebrahimi
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Cedar N Hesse
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France; King Abdulaziz University, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - David S Hibbett
- Clark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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40
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Asad SA, Tabassum A, Hameed A, Hassan FU, Afzal A, Khan SA, Ahmed R, Shahzad M. Determination of lytic enzyme activities of indigenous Trichoderma isolates from Pakistan. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1053-64. [PMID: 26691463 PMCID: PMC4704632 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated lytic enzyme activities in three indigenous Trichoderma strains namely, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma sp. Native Trichoderma strains and a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani isolated from infected bean plants were also included in the study. Enzyme activities were determined by measuring sugar reduction by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method using suitable substrates. The antagonists were cultured in minimal salt medium with the following modifications: medium A (1 g of glucose), medium B (0.5 g of glucose + 0.5 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia), medium C (1.0 g of deactivated respective antagonist mycelium) and medium D (1 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia). T asperellum showed presence of higher amounts of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases and xylanases in extracellular protein extracts from medium D as compared to medium A. While, the higher activities of glucosidases and endoglucanses were shown in medium D extracts by T. harzianum. β-glucosidase activities were lower compared with other enzymes; however, activities of the extracts of medium D were significantly different. T. asperellum exhibited maximum inhibition (97.7%). On the other hand, Trichoderma sp. did not show any effect on mycelia growth of R. solani on crude extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad Asad
- Centre for Climate Research and Development, COMSATS University,
Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Tabassum
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
| | - Fayyaz ul Hassan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Afzal
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sabaz Ali Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
| | - Rafiq Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
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41
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Pleszczyńska M, Wiater A, Janczarek M, Szczodrak J. (1→3)-α-D-Glucan hydrolases in dental biofilm prevention and control: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:761-78. [PMID: 26047901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dental plaque is a highly diverse biofilm, which has an important function in maintenance of oral and systemic health but in some conditions becomes a cause of oral diseases. In addition to mechanical plaque removal, current methods of dental plaque control involve the use of chemical agents against biofilm pathogens, which however, given the complexity of the oral microbiome, is not sufficiently effective. Hence, there is a need for development of new anti-biofilm approaches. Polysaccharides, especially (1→3),(1→6)-α-D-glucans, which are key structural and functional constituents of the biofilm matrix, seem to be a good target for future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we have focused on (1→3)-α-glucanases, which can limit the cariogenic properties of the dental plaque extracellular polysaccharides. These enzymes are not widely known and have not been exhaustively described in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szczodrak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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42
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Colavolpe MB, Mejía SJ, Albertó E. Efficiency of treatments for controlling Trichoderma spp during spawning in cultivation of lignicolous mushrooms. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1263-70. [PMID: 25763030 PMCID: PMC4323299 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp is the cause of the green mold disease in mushroom cultivation production. Many disinfection treatments are commonly applied to lignocellulose substrates to prevent contamination. Mushroom growers are usually worried about the contaminations that may occur after these treatments during handling or spawning. The aim of this paper is to estimate the growth of the green mold Trichoderma sp on lignocellulose substrates after different disinfection treatments to know which of them is more effective to avoid contamination during spawning phase. Three different treatments were assayed: sterilization (121 °C), immersion in hot water (60 and 80 °C), and immersion in alkalinized water. Wheat straw, wheat seeds and Eucalyptus or Populus sawdust were used separately as substrates. After the disinfection treatments, bagged substrates were sprayed with 3 mL of suspension of conidia of Trichoderma sp (10(5) conidia/mL) and then separately spawned with Pleurotus ostreatus or Gymnopilus pampeanus. The growth of Trichoderma sp was evaluated based on a qualitative scale. Trichoderma sp could not grow on non-sterilized substrates. Immersions in hot water treatments and immersion in alkalinized water were also unfavorable treatments for its growth. Co- cultivation with mushrooms favored Trichoderma sp growth. Mushroom cultivation disinfection treatments of lignocellulose substrates influence on the growth of Trichoderma sp when contaminations occur during spawning phase. The immersion in hot water at 60 °C for 30 min or in alkalinized water for 36 h, are treatments which better reduced the contaminations with Trichoderma sp during spawning phase for the cultivation of lignicolous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Colavolpe
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Santiago Jaramillo Mejía
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Edgardo Albertó
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Yu C, Fan L, Gao J, Wang M, Wu Q, Tang J, Li Y, Chen J. The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene derived from Trichoderma harzianum induces maize resistance to Curvularia lunata through the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:708-17. [PMID: 26273755 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1048104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum was upregulated by the interaction of T. harzianum with maize roots or the foliar pathogen Curvularia lunata. PAF-AH was associated with chitinase and cellulase expressions, but especially with chitinase, because its activity in the KO40 transformant (PAF-AH disruption transformant) was lower, compared with the wild-type strain T28. The result demonstrated that the colonization of maize roots by T. harzianum induced systemic protection of leaves inoculated with C. lunata. Such protection was associated with the expression of inducible jasmonic acid pathway-related genes. Moreover, the data from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed that the concentration of jasmonic acid in maize leaves was associated with the expression level of defense-related genes, suggesting that PAF-AH induced resistance to the foliar pathogen. Our findings showed that PAF-AH had an important function in inducing systemic resistance to maize leaf spot pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjin Yu
- a Department of Resource and Environmental Science , School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
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44
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Daguerre Y, Siegel K, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C. Fungal proteins and genes associated with biocontrol mechanisms of soil-borne pathogens: a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Characterization of the starvation-induced chitinase CfcA and α-1,3-glucanase AgnB of Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:2209-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Mycoparasitism studies of Trichoderma harzianum against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: evaluation of antagonism and expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes genes. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2095-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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47
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Yu C, Fan L, Wu Q, Fu K, Gao S, Wang M, Gao J, Li Y, Chen J. Biological role of Trichoderma harzianum-derived platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) on stress response and antagonism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100367. [PMID: 24964161 PMCID: PMC4070952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the properties of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum. The enzyme, comprised of 572 amino acids, shares high homology with PAF-AH proteins from T. koningii and other microbial species. The optimum enzymatic activity of PAF-AH occurred at pH 6 in the absence of Ca2+ and it localized in the cytoplasm, and we observed the upregulation of PAF-AH expression in response to carbon starvation and strong heat shock. Furthermore, PAF-AH knockout transformant growth occurred more slowly than wild type cells and over-expression strains grown in SM medium at 37°C and 42°C. In addition, PAF-AH expression significantly increased under a series of maize root induction assay. Eicosanoic acid and ergosterol levels decreased in the PAF-AH knockouts compared to wild type cells, as revealed by GC/MS analysis. We also determined stress responses mediated by PAF-AH were related to proteins HEX1, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome c. Finally, PAF-AH exhibited antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani in plate confrontation assays. Our results indicate PAF-AH may play an important role in T. harzianum stress response and antagonism under diverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjin Yu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kehe Fu
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Resource and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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48
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Suyotha W, Yano S, Itoh T, Fujimoto H, Hibi T, Tachiki T, Wakayama M. Characterization of α-1,3-glucanase isozyme from Paenibacillus glycanilyticus FH11 in a new subgroup of family 87 α-1,3-glucanase. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:378-85. [PMID: 24755402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two α-1,3-glucanase isozymes, designated as α-1,3-glucanase 1 (Agl-FH1) and α-1,3-glucanase 2 (Agl-FH2), were purified from the culture medium of Paenibacillus glycanilyticus FH11. Agl-FH1 and Agl-FH2 exhibited similar characteristics such as optimal pH, pH stability, optimal temperature, thermostability, and molecular masses on SDS-PAGE. However, their hydrolysis products of α-1,3-glucan varied somewhat. Agl-FH1 hydrolyzed α-1,3-glucan into a mixture of maltotriose and maltotetraose, and maltotetraose was the major hydrolysis product of Agl-FH2. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis and LC-MS/MS analysis of trypsin digested fragments revealed several differences between the amino acid sequences of Agl-FH1 and Agl-FH2. Genes of Agl-FH1 and Agl-FH2 were subcloned into an expression plasmid, and both enzymes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant Agl-FH1 and Agl-FH2 exhibited the same enzymatic properties as those of each wild-type enzyme, and both of the recombinants showed the activity on the protoplast formation of Schizophyllum commune mycelia. A great diversity was detected in the C-terminal region of family 87 α-1,3-glucanases. Compared with Agl-FH2 which is highly sequence-related to the known α-1,3-glucanases, the C-terminal region of Agl-FH1 has only slight similarity to them (approximately 20% identity). Our analysis revealed that Agl-FH1 was the first member of a new subgroup of family 87 α-1,3-glucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Suyotha
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fujimoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Takashi Tachiki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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Swiontek Brzezinska M, Jankiewicz U, Burkowska A, Walczak M. Chitinolytic microorganisms and their possible application in environmental protection. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:71-81. [PMID: 23989799 PMCID: PMC3889922 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the latest research findings on the applications of microbial chitinases to biological control. Microorganisms producing these enzymes can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases that pose a serious threat to global crop production. Currently, efforts are being made to discover producers of chitinolytic enzymes. The potential exists that natural biofungicides will replace chemical fungicides or will be used to supplement currently used fungicides, which would reduce the negative impact of chemicals on the environment and support the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland,
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50
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Villalobos-Duno H, San-Blas G, Paulinkevicius M, Sánchez-Martín Y, Nino-Vega G. Biochemical characterization of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis α-1,3-glucanase Agn1p, and its functionality by heterologous Expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66853. [PMID: 23825576 PMCID: PMC3692533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-1,3-Glucan is present as the outermost layer of the cell wall in the pathogenic yeastlike (Y) form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Based on experimental evidence, this polysaccharide has been proposed as a fungal virulence factor. To degrade α-1,3-glucan and allow remodeling of the cell wall, α-1,3-glucanase is required. Therefore, the study of this enzyme, its encoding gene, and regulatory mechanisms, might be of interest to understand the morphogenesis and virulence process in this fungus. A single gene, orthologous to other fungal α-1,3-glucanase genes, was identified in the Paracoccidioides genome, and labeled AGN1. Transcriptional levels of AGN1 and AGS1 (α-1,3-glucan synthase-encoding gene) increased sharply when the pathogenic Y phase was cultured in the presence of 5% horse serum, a reported booster for cell wall α-1,3-glucan synthesis in this fungus. To study the biochemical properties of P. brasiliensis Agn1p, the enzyme was heterologously overexpressed, purified, and its activity profile determined by means of the degradation of carboxymethyl α-1,3-glucan (SCMG, chemically modified from P. brasiliensis α-1,3-glucan), used as a soluble substrate for the enzymatic reaction. Inhibition assays, thin layer chromatography and enzymatic reactions with alternative substrates (dextran, starch, chitin, laminarin and cellulose), showed that Agn1p displays an endolytic cut pattern and high specificity for SCMG. Complementation of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe agn1Δ strain with the P. brasiliensis AGN1 gene restored the wild type phenotype, indicating functionality of the gene, suggesting a possible role of Agn1p in the remodeling of P. brasiliensis Y phase cell wall. Based on amino acid sequence, P. brasiliensis Agn1p, groups within the family 71 of fungal glycoside hydrolases (GH-71), showing similar biochemical characteristics to other members of this family. Also based on amino acid sequence alignments, we propose a subdivision of fungal GH-71 into at least five groups, for which specific conserved sequences can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Villalobos-Duno
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gioconda San-Blas
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Maryan Paulinkevicius
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Yolanda Sánchez-Martín
- Instituto de Biología funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Gustavo Nino-Vega
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
- * E-mail:
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