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Ferrer-Bustins N, Yvon C, Martín B, Leclerc V, Leblanc JC, Corominas L, Sabaté S, Tolosa-Muñoz E, Chacón-Villanueva C, Bover-Cid S, Cadel-Six S, Jofré A. Genomic insights of Salmonella isolated from dry fermented sausage production chains in Spain and France. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11660. [PMID: 38777847 PMCID: PMC11111747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in dry fermented sausages is source of recalls and outbreaks. The genomic diversity of 173 Salmonella isolates from the dry fermented sausage production chains (pig carcasses, pork, and sausages) from France and Spain were investigated through their core phylogenomic relationships and accessory genome profiles. Ten different serovars and thirteen sequence type profiles were identified. The most frequent serovar from sausages was the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-, 72%) while S. Derby was in pig carcasses (51%). Phylogenomic clusters found in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby, S. Rissen and S. Typhimurium serovars identified closely related isolates, with less than 10 alleles and 20 SNPs of difference, displaying Salmonella persistence along the pork production chain. Most of the S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- contained the Salmonella genomic island-4 (SGI-4), Tn21 and IncFIB plasmid. More than half of S. Derby strains contained the SGI-1 and Tn7. S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- genomes carried the most multidrug resistance genes (91% of the strains), whereas extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes were found in Typhimurium and Derby serovars. Salmonella monitoring and characterization in the pork production chains, specially S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- serovar, is of special importance due to its multidrug resistance capacity and persistence in dry fermented sausages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ferrer-Bustins
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Claire Yvon
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Belén Martín
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Vincent Leclerc
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Charles Leblanc
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laura Corominas
- LASPCAT_Girona, Public Health Agency, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Sol Street 15, 17004, Gerona, Spain
| | - Sara Sabaté
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona (ASPB), Lesseps Square 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Tolosa-Muñoz
- Surveillance Service, Food Control and Alerts Management, General Subdirectorate of Food Safety and Health Protection, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Chacón-Villanueva
- Public Health Office, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Bover-Cid
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Salmonella and Listeria Unit (SEL), Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Pierre and Marie Curie Street 14, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Anna Jofré
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps I Armet s/n, 17121, Monells, Spain.
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2
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Baker M, Zhang X, Maciel-Guerra A, Babaarslan K, Dong Y, Wang W, Hu Y, Renney D, Liu L, Li H, Hossain M, Heeb S, Tong Z, Pearcy N, Zhang M, Geng Y, Zhao L, Hao Z, Senin N, Chen J, Peng Z, Li F, Dottorini T. Convergence of resistance and evolutionary responses in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica co-inhabiting chicken farms in China. Nat Commun 2024; 15:206. [PMID: 38182559 PMCID: PMC10770378 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sharing of genetic elements among different pathogens and commensals inhabiting same hosts and environments has significant implications for antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in settings with high antimicrobial exposure. We analysed 661 Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates collected within and across hosts and environments, in 10 Chinese chicken farms over 2.5 years using data-mining methods. Most isolates within same hosts possessed the same clinically relevant AMR-carrying mobile genetic elements (plasmids: 70.6%, transposons: 78%), which also showed recent common evolution. Supervised machine learning classifiers revealed known and novel AMR-associated mutations and genes underlying resistance to 28 antimicrobials, primarily associated with resistance in E. coli and susceptibility in S. enterica. Many were essential and affected same metabolic processes in both species, albeit with varying degrees of phylogenetic penetration. Multi-modal strategies are crucial to investigate the interplay of mobilome, resistance and metabolism in cohabiting bacteria, especially in ecological settings where community-driven resistance selection occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Xibin Zhang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co. Ltd. and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Animal Feed Safety, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, P.R. China
| | - Alexandre Maciel-Guerra
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kubra Babaarslan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - David Renney
- Nimrod Veterinary Products Limited, 2, Wychwood Court, Cotswold Business Village, Moreton-in-Marsh, GL56 0JQ, London, UK
| | - Longhai Liu
- Shandong Kaijia Food Co. Ltd, Weifang, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Luoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 9, Zhenghe Road, Luolong District, Luoyang City, Henan Province, Luolong, 471000, P. R. China
| | - Maqsud Hossain
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stephan Heeb
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, East Drive, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Zhiqin Tong
- Luoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 9, Zhenghe Road, Luolong District, Luoyang City, Henan Province, Luolong, 471000, P. R. China
| | - Nicole Pearcy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, East Drive, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Meimei Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 168, Jinfeng Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110072, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhi Geng
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 168, Jinfeng Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110072, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Agricultural Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Chinese Veterinary Medicine Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing City, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Nicola Senin
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, I06125, Italy
| | - Junshi Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China.
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
- Centre for Smart Food Research, Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
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3
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Diamant I, Adani B, Sylman M, Rahav G, Gal-Mor O. The transcriptional regulation of the horizontally acquired iron uptake system, yersiniabactin and its contribution to oxidative stress tolerance and pathogenicity of globally emerging salmonella strains. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2369339. [PMID: 38962965 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2369339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial species Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a highly diverse pathogen containing more than 2600 distinct serovars, which can infect a wide range of animal and human hosts. Recent global emergence of multidrug resistant strains, from serovars Infantis and Muenchen is associated with acquisition of the epidemic megaplasmid, pESI that augments antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity. One of the main pESI's virulence factors is the potent iron uptake system, yersiniabactin encoded by fyuA, irp2-irp1-ybtUTE, ybtA, and ybtPQXS gene cluster. Here we show that yersiniabactin, has an underappreciated distribution among different S. enterica serovars and subspecies, integrated in their chromosome or carried by different conjugative plasmids, including pESI. While the genetic organization and the coding sequence of the yersiniabactin genes are generally conserved, a 201-bp insertion sequence upstream to ybtA, was identified in pESI. Despite this insertion, pESI-encoded yersiniabactin is regulated by YbtA and the ancestral Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur), which binds directly to the ybtA and irp2 promoters. Furthermore, we show that yersiniabactin genes are specifically induced during the mid-late logarithmic growth phase and in response to iron-starvation or hydrogen peroxide. Concurring, yersiniabactin was found to play a previously unknown role in oxidative stress tolerance and to enhance intestinal colonization of S. Infantis in mice. These results indicate that yersiniabactin contributes to Salmonella fitness and pathogenicity in vivo and is likely to play a role in the rapid dissemination of pESI among globally emerging Salmonella lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imbar Diamant
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Boaz Adani
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Meir Sylman
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Galia Rahav
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Yin F, Hu Y, Bu Z, Liu Y, Zhang H, Hu Y, Xue Y, Li S, Tan C, Chen X, Li L, Zhou R, Huang Q. Genome-wide identification of genes critical for in vivo fitness of multi-drug resistant porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli by transposon-directed insertion site sequencing using a mouse infection model. Virulence 2023; 14:2158708. [PMID: 36537189 PMCID: PMC9828833 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2158708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is an important zoonotic pathogen. Recently, ExPEC has been reported to be an emerging problem in pig farming. However, the mechanism of pathogenicity of porcine ExPEC remains to be revealed. In this study, we constructed a transposon (Tn) mutagenesis library covering Tn insertion in over 72% of the chromosome-encoded genes of a virulent and multi-drug resistant porcine ExPEC strain PCN033. By using a mouse infection model, a transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS) assay was performed to identify in vivo fitness factors. By comparing the Tn insertion frequencies between the input Tn library and the recovered library from different organs, 64 genes were identified to be involved in fitness during systemic infection. 15 genes were selected and individual gene deletion mutants were constructed. The in vivo fitness was evaluated by using a competitive infection assay. Among them, ΔfimG was significantly outcompeted by the WT strain in vivo and showed defective adhesion to host cells. rfa which was involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis was shown to be critical for in vivo fitness which may have resulted from its role in the resistance to serum killing. In addition, several metabolic genes including fepB, sdhC, fepG, gltS, dcuA, ccmH, ddpD, narU, glpD, malM, and yabL and two regulatory genes metJ and baeS were shown as important determinants of in vivo fitness of porcine ExPEC. Collectively, this study performed a genome-wide screening for in vivo fitness factors which will be important for understanding the pathogenicity of porcine ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zixuan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yawen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiabing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China,The HZAU-HVSEN Institute, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Rui Zhou
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China,Qi Huang
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5
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Wang H, Logue CM, Nolan LK, Lin J. Assessment of an Enterobactin Conjugate Vaccine in Layers to Protect Their Offspring from Colibacillosis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1002. [PMID: 37623962 PMCID: PMC10458604 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is an important infectious disease in chickens and a major cause of mortality in young chicks. Therefore, protecting young chickens from colibacillosis is important for improving welfare and productivity in the poultry industry. Recently, we developed a novel enterobactin (Ent) conjugate vaccine that could induce high titers of anti-Ent immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in chicken serum and consequently mitigate the organ lesions caused by APEC infection. Considering that maternal immunization is a practical approach to confer instant immune protection to the hatchlings, in this study, we immunized breeder hens with the Ent conjugate vaccine and evaluated the maternal immune protection on the progenies challenged with APEC. Three doses of the vaccine induced high titers of anti-Ent IgY in the hens (about 16- and 64-fold higher than the control group in the sera and egg yolks, respectively), resulting in an eight-fold of increase in anti-Ent IgY in the sera of progenies. However, the anti-Ent maternal immunity did not display significant protection against APEC challenge in the young chicks as there was no significant difference in APEC load (in liver, lung, and spleen) or organ lesions (in heart, liver, spleen, lung, and air sac) between the vaccinated and control groups. In future studies, the APEC infection model needs to be optimized to exhibit proper pathogenicity of APEC, and the maternal immunization regimen can be further improved to boost the maternally derived anti-Ent IgY in the hatchlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA
| | - Catherine M. Logue
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lisa K. Nolan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA
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6
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Tian L, Li X, Lai H, Sun T, Li X, Wu L, Wu C, Yao S, Ren Y, He S, Yang G. SLC11A2: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1132. [PMID: 36670142 PMCID: PMC9860018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic tumors, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 25%. There is an urgent need for early diagnosis and new drugs to reduce the disease burden of ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of SLC11A2 as a therapeutic target and marker for ovarian cancer. Expression data of SLC11A2 were obtained from public databases. Then, the biological functions of SLC11A2 were validated in four ovarian cancer cell lines. Finally, we collected ovarian cancer clinical tissues, serum, and plasma exosomes and used immunohistochemistry, Elisa, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to validate the test efficacy of SLC11A2. The results showed that ovarian cancers with high SLC11A2 mRNA expression had shorter 5-year PFS and MST. Knockdown of SLC11A2 reduced ovarian cancer migration and increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Serum SLC11A2 may help improve the detection rate of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Tian
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Huiling Lai
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Gynecology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Linxiang Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chuling Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yufeng Ren
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha He
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guofen Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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7
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Abstract
Iron limitation is a universal strategy of host immunity during bacterial infection. However, the mechanisms by which pathogens antagonize host nutritional immunity have not been fully elucidated. Here, we identified a requirement for the UMPylator YdiU for this process in Salmonella. The expression of YdiU was dramatically induced by the metal starvation signal. The intracellular iron content was much lower in the ΔydiU strain than in wild-type Salmonella, and the ΔydiU strain exhibited severe growth defect under metal deficiency environments. Genome-wide expression analyses revealed significantly decreased expression of iron uptake genes in ΔydiU strain compared with the wild-type strain. Interestingly, YdiU did not affect the expression level of the major iron uptake regulator Fur but directly UMPylated Fur on its H118 residue in vivo and in vitro. UMPylation destroyed the Fur dimer, promoted Fur aggregation, and eliminated the DNA-binding activity of Fur, thus abolishing the ability of Fur to inhibit iron uptake. Restricting Fur to the deUMPylated state dramatically eliminates Salmonella iron uptake in iron deficiency environments. In parallel, YdiU facilitates Salmonella survival within host cells by regulating the iron uptake pathway.
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8
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Mallick S, Mishra N, Barik BK, Negi VD. Salmonella Typhimurium fepB negatively regulates C. elegans behavioral plasticity. J Infect 2022; 84:518-530. [PMID: 34990707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dauer is an alternative developmental stage of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) that gives survival benefits under unfavorable environmental conditions. Our study aims to decipher C. elegans dauer larvae development upon Salmonella Typhimurium infection and how the bacterial gene regulating the worm's behavioural plasticity for better survival. METHODS Age-synchronized L4 C. elegans worms were infected with Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s (WT-STM) strain and mutant strains to check the dauer larvae development using 1% SDS. Besides, bacterial load in animals' gut, pharyngeal pumping rate and viability were checked. Worm's immune genes (e.g., ilys-3, lys-7, pmk-1, abf-2, clec-60) and dauer regulatory genes (e.g., daf-7, daf-11, daf-12, daf-16, daf-3) were checked by performing qRT-PCR under infection conditions. RESULTS We found that deletion of the fepB gene in S. Typhimurium strain became less pathogenic with reduced flagellar motility and biofilm-forming ability. Besides, there was decreased bacterial burden in the worm's gut with no damage to their pharynx. The fepB mutant strain was also able to enhance the immune responses for better survival of worms. Infection with mutant strain could activate dauer signaling via the TGF-β pathway leading to a significant increase in dauer formation than WT-STM infection. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the bacteria act as a food source for the growth of C. elegans and development and can act as a signal that might be playing an essential role in regulating the host physiology for their survival. Such a study can help us in understanding the complex host-pathogen interaction benefiting pathogen in host dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Neha Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Bedanta Kumar Barik
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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9
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Wellawa DH, Lam PKS, White AP, Gomis S, Allan B, Köster W. High Affinity Iron Acquisition Systems Facilitate but Are Not Essential for Colonization of Chickens by Salmonella Enteritidis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:824052. [PMID: 35308377 PMCID: PMC8928163 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.824052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of TonB mediated Fe3+ (ferric iron) uptake via enterobactin (involving biosynthesis genes entABCDEF) and Fe2+ (ferrous iron) uptake through the FeoABC transporter are poorly defined in the context of chicken-Salmonella interactions. Both uptake systems are believed to be the major contributors of iron supply in the Salmonella life cycle. Current evidence suggests that these iron uptake systems play a major role in pathogenesis in mammals and as such, they represent promising antibacterial targets with therapeutic potential. We investigated the role of these iron uptake mechanisms regarding the ability of Salmonella Enteritidis (SEn) strains to colonize in a chicken infection model. Further we constructed a bioluminescent reporter to sense iron limitation during gastrointestinal colonization of Salmonella in chicken via ex vivo imaging. Our data indicated that there is some redundancy between the ferric and ferrous iron uptake mechanisms regarding iron acquisition during SEn pathogenesis in chicken. We believe that this redundancy of iron acquisition in the host reservoir may be the consequence of adaptation to unique avian environments, and thus warrants further investigation. To our knowledge, this the first report providing direct evidence that both enterobactin synthesis and FeoABC mediated iron uptake contribute to the virulence of SEn in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh H Wellawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Po-King S Lam
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Aaron P White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brenda Allan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Köster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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10
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Kumar A, Yang T, Chakravorty S, Majumdar A, Nairn BL, Six DA, Marcondes Dos Santos N, Price SL, Lawrenz MB, Actis LA, Marques M, Russo TA, Newton SM, Klebba PE. Fluorescent sensors of siderophores produced by bacterial pathogens. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101651. [PMID: 35101443 PMCID: PMC8921320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are iron-chelating molecules that solubilize Fe3+ for microbial utilization and facilitate colonization or infection of eukaryotes by liberating host iron for bacterial uptake. By fluorescently labeling membrane receptors and binding proteins, we created 20 sensors that detect, discriminate, and quantify apo- and ferric siderophores. The sensor proteins originated from TonB-dependent ligand-gated porins (LGPs) of Escherichia coli (Fiu, FepA, Cir, FhuA, IutA, BtuB), Klebsiella pneumoniae (IroN, FepA, FyuA), Acinetobacter baumannii (PiuA, FepA, PirA, BauA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (FepA, FpvA), and Caulobacter crescentus (HutA) from a periplasmic E. coli binding protein (FepB) and from a human serum binding protein (siderocalin). They detected ferric catecholates (enterobactin, degraded enterobactin, glucosylated enterobactin, dihydroxybenzoate, dihydroxybenzoyl serine, cefidericol, MB-1), ferric hydroxamates (ferrichromes, aerobactin), mixed iron complexes (yersiniabactin, acinetobactin, pyoverdine), and porphyrins (hemin, vitamin B12). The sensors defined the specificities and corresponding affinities of the LGPs and binding proteins and monitored ferric siderophore and porphyrin transport by microbial pathogens. We also quantified, for the first time, broad recognition of diverse ferric complexes by some LGPs, as well as monospecificity for a single metal chelate by others. In addition to their primary ferric siderophore ligands, most LGPs bound the corresponding aposiderophore with ∼100-fold lower affinity. These sensors provide insights into ferric siderophore biosynthesis and uptake pathways in free-living, commensal, and pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Taihao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Somnath Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA; Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Aritri Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - David A Six
- Department of Biology, Venatorx Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naara Marcondes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah L Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Luis A Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Marilis Marques
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas A Russo
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Salete M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Phillip E Klebba
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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11
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Klahn P, Zscherp R, Jimidar CC. Advances in the Synthesis of Enterobactin, Artificial Analogues, and Enterobactin-Derived Antimicrobial Drug Conjugates and Imaging Tools for Infection Diagnosis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1783-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIron is an essential growth factor for bacteria, but although highly abundant in nature, its bioavailability during infection in the human host or the environment is limited. Therefore, bacteria produce and secrete siderophores to ensure their supply of iron. The triscatecholate siderophore enterobactin and its glycosylated derivatives, the salmochelins, play a crucial role for iron acquisition in several bacteria. As these compounds can serve as carrier molecules for the design of antimicrobial siderophore drug conjugates as well as siderophore-derived tool compounds for the detection of infections with bacteria, their synthesis and the design of artificial analogues is of interest. In this review, we give an overview on the synthesis of enterobactin, biomimetic as well as totally artificial analogues, and related drug-conjugates covering up to 12/2021.1 Introduction2 Antibiotic Crisis and Sideromycins as Natural Templates for New Antimicrobial Drugs3 Biosynthesis of Enterobactin, Salmochelins, and Microcins4 Total Synthesis of Enterobactin and Salmochelins5 Chemoenzymatic Semi-synthesis of Salmochelins and Microcin E492m Derivatives6 Synthesis of Biomimetic Enterobactin Derivatives with Natural Tris-lactone Backbone7 Synthesis of Artificial Enterobactin Derivatives without Tris-lactone Backbone8 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg
| | - Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
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12
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Brown EW, Bell R, Zhang G, Timme R, Zheng J, Hammack TS, Allard MW. Salmonella Genomics in Public Health and Food Safety. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00082020. [PMID: 34125583 PMCID: PMC11163839 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0008-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The species Salmonella enterica comprises over 2,600 serovars, many of which are known to be intracellular pathogens of mammals, birds, and reptiles. It is now apparent that Salmonella is a highly adapted environmental microbe and can readily persist in a number of environmental niches, including water, soil, and various plant (including produce) species. Much of what is known about the evolution and diversity of nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars (NTS) in the environment is the result of the rise of the genomics era in enteric microbiology. There are over 340,000 Salmonella genomes available in public databases. This extraordinary breadth of genomic diversity now available for the species, coupled with widespread availability and affordability of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) instrumentation, has transformed the way in which we detect, differentiate, and characterize Salmonella enterica strains in a timely way. Not only have WGS data afforded a detailed and global examination of the molecular epidemiological movement of Salmonella from diverse environmental reservoirs into human and animal hosts, but they have also allowed considerable consolidation of the diagnostic effort required to test for various phenotypes important to the characterization of Salmonella. For example, drug resistance, serovar, virulence determinants, and other genome-based attributes can all be discerned using a genome sequence. Finally, genomic analysis, in conjunction with functional and phenotypic approaches, is beginning to provide new insights into the precise adaptive changes that permit persistence of NTS in so many diverse and challenging environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Timme
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas S. Hammack
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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13
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Powers TR, Haeberle AL, Predeus AV, Hammarlöf DL, Cundiff JA, Saldaña-Ahuactzi Z, Hokamp K, Hinton JCD, Knodler LA. Intracellular niche-specific profiling reveals transcriptional adaptations required for the cytosolic lifestyle of Salmonella enterica. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009280. [PMID: 34460873 PMCID: PMC8432900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrheal disease in humans and animals. During salmonellosis, S. Typhimurium colonizes epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. S. Typhimurium has an unusual lifestyle in epithelial cells that begins within an endocytic-derived Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), followed by escape into the cytosol, epithelial cell lysis and bacterial release. The cytosol is a more permissive environment than the SCV and supports rapid bacterial growth. The physicochemical conditions encountered by S. Typhimurium within the epithelial cytosol, and the bacterial genes required for cytosolic colonization, remain largely unknown. Here we have exploited the parallel colonization strategies of S. Typhimurium in epithelial cells to decipher the two niche-specific bacterial virulence programs. By combining a population-based RNA-seq approach with single-cell microscopic analysis, we identified bacterial genes with cytosol-induced or vacuole-induced expression signatures. Using these genes as environmental biosensors, we defined that Salmonella is exposed to oxidative stress and iron and manganese deprivation in the cytosol and zinc and magnesium deprivation in the SCV. Furthermore, iron availability was critical for optimal S. Typhimurium replication in the cytosol, as well as entC, fepB, soxS, mntH and sitA. Virulence genes that are typically associated with extracellular bacteria, namely Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) and SPI4, showed increased expression in the cytosol compared to vacuole. Our study reveals that the cytosolic and vacuolar S. Typhimurium virulence gene programs are unique to, and tailored for, residence within distinct intracellular compartments. This archetypical vacuole-adapted pathogen therefore requires extensive transcriptional reprogramming to successfully colonize the mammalian cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- TuShun R. Powers
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Haeberle
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Predeus
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Disa L. Hammarlöf
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Cundiff
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zeus Saldaña-Ahuactzi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A. Knodler
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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14
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Zhu H, Zhou J, Wang D, Yu Z, Li B, Ni Y, He K. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that serine/threonine kinase is involved in Streptococcus suis virulence and adaption to stress conditions. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4715-4726. [PMID: 34028569 PMCID: PMC8141825 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic-type serine/threonine kinase of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) performs critical roles in bacterial pathogenesis. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) MS/MS were used to analyze the protein profiles of wild type strain SS2-1 and its isogenic STK deletion mutant (Δstk). A total of 281 significant differential proteins, including 147 up-regulated and 134 down-regulated proteins, were found in Δstk. Moreover, 69 virulence factors (VFs) among these 281 proteins were predicted by the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB), including 38 downregulated and 31 up-regulated proteins in Δstk, among which 15 down regulated VFs were known VFs of SS2. Among the down-regulated proteins, high temperature requirement A (HtrA), glutamine synthase (GlnA), ferrichrome ABC transporter substrate-binding protein FepB, and Zinc-binding protein AdcA are known to be involved in bacterial survival and/or nutrient and energy acquisition under adverse host conditions. Overall, our results indicate that STK regulates the expression of proteins involved in virulence of SS2 and its adaption to stress environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxiu Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Klebba PE, Newton SMC, Six DA, Kumar A, Yang T, Nairn BL, Munger C, Chakravorty S. Iron Acquisition Systems of Gram-negative Bacterial Pathogens Define TonB-Dependent Pathways to Novel Antibiotics. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5193-5239. [PMID: 33724814 PMCID: PMC8687107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable metabolic cofactor in both pro- and eukaryotes, which engenders a natural competition for the metal between bacterial pathogens and their human or animal hosts. Bacteria secrete siderophores that extract Fe3+ from tissues, fluids, cells, and proteins; the ligand gated porins of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane actively acquire the resulting ferric siderophores, as well as other iron-containing molecules like heme. Conversely, eukaryotic hosts combat bacterial iron scavenging by sequestering Fe3+ in binding proteins and ferritin. The variety of iron uptake systems in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens illustrates a range of chemical and biochemical mechanisms that facilitate microbial pathogenesis. This document attempts to summarize and understand these processes, to guide discovery of immunological or chemical interventions that may thwart infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Klebba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Salete M C Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - David A Six
- Venatorx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Taihao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Colton Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Somnath Chakravorty
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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16
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Cunrath O, Palmer JD. An overview of Salmonella enterica metal homeostasis pathways during infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:uqab001. [PMID: 34250489 PMCID: PMC8264917 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is a powerful strategy at the core of the battlefield between host survival and pathogen proliferation. A host can prevent pathogens from accessing biological metals such as Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co or Ni, or actively intoxicate them with metal overload. While the importance of metal homeostasis for the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica Typhimurium was demonstrated many decades ago, inconsistent results across various mouse models, diverse Salmonella genotypes, and differing infection routes challenge aspects of our understanding of this phenomenon. With expanding access to CRISPR-Cas9 for host genome manipulation, it is now pertinent to re-visit past results in the context of specific mouse models, identify gaps and incongruities in current knowledge landscape of Salmonella homeostasis, and recommend a straight path forward towards a more universal understanding of this historic host-microbe relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cunrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, UK OX1 3SZ
| | - Jacob D Palmer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, UK OX1 3SZ
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17
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Devaraj A, González JF, Eichar B, Thilliez G, Kingsley RA, Baker S, Allard MW, Bakaletz LO, Gunn JS, Goodman SD. Enhanced biofilm and extracellular matrix production by chronic carriage versus acute isolates of Salmonella Typhi. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009209. [PMID: 33465146 PMCID: PMC7815147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi is the primary causative agent of typhoid fever; an acute systemic infection that leads to chronic carriage in 3–5% of individuals. Chronic carriers are asymptomatic, difficult to treat and serve as reservoirs for typhoid outbreaks. Understanding the factors that contribute to chronic carriage is key to development of novel therapies to effectively resolve typhoid fever. Herein, although we observed no distinct clustering of chronic carriage isolates via phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that chronic isolates were phenotypically distinct from acute infection isolates. Chronic carriage isolates formed significantly thicker biofilms with greater biomass that correlated with significantly higher relative levels of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and DNABII proteins than biofilms formed by acute infection isolates. Importantly, extracellular DNABII proteins include integration host factor (IHF) and histone-like protein (HU) that are critical to the structural integrity of bacterial biofilms. In this study, we demonstrated that the biofilm formed by a chronic carriage isolate in vitro, was susceptible to disruption by a specific antibody against DNABII proteins, a successful first step in the development of a therapeutic to resolve chronic carriage. Salmonella Typhi, a human restricted pathogen is the primary etiologic agent of typhoid fever, an acute systemic infection that has a global incidence of 21 million cases annually. Although the acute infection is resolved by antibiotics, 3–5% of individuals develop chronic carriage that is difficult to resolve with antibiotics. A majority of these indivuals serve as reservoirs for further spread of the disease. Understanding the differences between acute and chronic carrier strains is key to design novel targeted approaches to undermine carriage. Here, we demonstrated that chronic carrier strains although not genotypically distinct from acute strains, formed thicker biofilms with greater relative levels of extracellular eDNA and DNABII proteins than those formed by acute infection isolates. We also demonstrated that an antibody against DNABII proteins significantly disrupted biofilms formed by a chronic carrier strain and therefore supported development of therapeutic use of this antibody to attenuate chronic carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Devaraj
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Juan F. González
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bradley Eichar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Food and Drug Administration-FDA, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren O. Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Oral and GI Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (SDG)
| | - Steven D. Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Oral and GI Microbiology Research Affinity Group, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (SDG)
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18
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Kirthika P, Senevirathne A, Jawalagatti V, Park S, Lee JH. Deletion of the lon gene augments expression of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island (SPI)-1 and metal ion uptake genes leading to the accumulation of bactericidal hydroxyl radicals and host pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated rapid intracellular clearance. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1695-1712. [PMID: 32567462 PMCID: PMC7524146 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1777923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized the involvement of Lon protease in bacterial virulence and intracellular survival in Salmonella under abiotic stress conditions resembling the conditions of a natural infection. Wild type (JOL401) and the lon mutant (JOL909) Salmonella Typhimurium were exposed to low temperature, pH, osmotic, and oxidative stress conditions and changes in gene expression profiles related to virulence and metal ion uptake were investigated. Expression of candidate genes invF and hilC of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island (SPI)-1 and sifA and sseJ of SPI-2 revealed that Lon protease controls SPI-1 genes and not SPI-2 genes under all stress conditions tested. The lon mutant exhibited increased accumulation of hydroxyl (OH·) ions that lead to cell damage due to oxidative stress. This oxidative damage can also be linked to an unregulated influx of iron due to the upregulation of ion channel genes such as fepA in the lon mutant. The deletion of lon from the Salmonella genome causes oxidative damage and increased expression of virulence genes. It also prompts the secretion of host pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to early clearance of the bacteria from host cells. We conclude that poor bacterial recovery from mice infected with the lon mutant is a result of disrupted bacterial intracellular equilibrium and rapid activation of cytokine expression leading to bacterial lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumalraja Kirthika
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - SungWoo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea,CONTACT John Hwa Lee College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 54596, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wellawa DH, Allan B, White AP, Köster W. Iron-Uptake Systems of Chicken-Associated Salmonella Serovars and Their Role in Colonizing the Avian Host. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1203. [PMID: 32784620 PMCID: PMC7465098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most bacteria. Salmonella enterica strains, representing human and animal pathogens, have adopted several mechanisms to sequester iron from the environment depending on availability and source. Chickens act as a major reservoir for Salmonella enterica strains which can lead to outbreaks of human salmonellosis. In this review article we summarize the current understanding of the contribution of iron-uptake systems to the virulence of non-typhoidal S. enterica strains in colonizing chickens. We aim to address the gap in knowledge in this field, to help understand and define the interactions between S. enterica and these important hosts, in comparison to mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh H. Wellawa
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Brenda Allan
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Köster
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Effect of rpoE on the Non-coding RNA Expression Profiles of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi under the Stress of Ampicillin. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2405-2412. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Linearized Siderophore Products Secreted via MacAB Efflux Pump Protect Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Oxidative Stress. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00528-20. [PMID: 32371597 PMCID: PMC7403778 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00528-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteria induce a classic inflammatory diarrhea by eliciting a large influx of neutrophils, producing a robust oxidative burst. Despite substantial progress understanding the benefits to the host of the inflammatory response to Salmonella, little is known regarding how Salmonella can simultaneously resist the damaging effects of the oxidative burst. The multidrug efflux pump MacAB is important for survival of oxidative stress both in vitro and during infection. We describe a new pathway used by Salmonella Typhimurium to detoxify extracellular reactive oxygen species using a multidrug efflux pump (MacAB) to secrete a linear siderophore, a metabolite of enterobactin. The natural substrates of many multidrug efflux pumps are unknown, and functional roles of the linear metabolites of enterobactin are unknown. We bring two novel discoveries together to highlight an important mechanism used by Salmonella to survive under the oxidative stress conditions that this organism encounters during the classic inflammatory diarrhea that it also induces. Nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) during their residency in the gut. To survive oxidative stress encountered during infection, salmonellae employ several mechanisms. One of these mechanisms involves the multidrug efflux pump MacAB, although the natural substrate of this pump has not been identified. MacAB homologs in pseudomonads secrete products of nonribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS). In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the siderophore enterobactin is produced by NRPS in response to iron starvation and this molecule can be processed into salmochelin and several linear metabolites. We found that Salmonella mutants lacking the key NRPS enzyme EntF are sensitive to peroxide mediated killing and cannot detoxify extracellular H2O2. Moreover, EntF and MacAB function in a common pathway to promote survival of Salmonella during oxidative stress. We further demonstrated that S. Typhimurium secretes siderophores in iron-rich media when peroxide is present and that these MacAB-secreted metabolites participate in protection of bacteria against H2O2. We showed that secretion of anti-H2O2 molecules is independent of the presence of the known siderophore efflux pumps EntS and IroC, well-described efflux systems involved in secretion of enterobactin and salmochelin. Both salmochelin and enterobactin are dispensable for S. Typhimurium protection against ROS; however, linear metabolites of enterobactin produced by esterases IroE and Fes are needed for bacterial survival in peroxide-containing media. We determined that linearized enterobactin trimer protects S. Typhimurium against peroxide-mediated killing in a MacAB-dependent fashion. Thus, we suggest that linearized enterobactin trimer is a natural substrate of MacAB and that its purpose is to detoxify extracellular reactive oxygen species.
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Sharma S, Tiwari M, Tiwari V. Molecular mechanisms of bacteria induced autophagy and its escape strategies. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:303-306. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, India
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Zhu W, Winter MG, Spiga L, Hughes ER, Chanin R, Mulgaonkar A, Pennington J, Maas M, Behrendt CL, Kim J, Sun X, Beiting DP, Hooper LV, Winter SE. Xenosiderophore Utilization Promotes Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Resilience during Colitis. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:376-388.e8. [PMID: 32075741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During short-lived perturbations, such as inflammation, the gut microbiota exhibits resilience and reverts to its original configuration. Although microbial access to the micronutrient iron is decreased during colitis, pathogens can scavenge iron by using siderophores. How commensal bacteria acquire iron during gut inflammation is incompletely understood. Curiously, the human commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron does not produce siderophores but grows under iron-limiting conditions using enterobacterial siderophores. Using RNA-seq, we identify B. thetaiotaomicron genes that were upregulated during Salmonella-induced gut inflammation and were predicted to be involved in iron uptake. Mutants in the xusABC locus (BT2063-2065) were defective for xenosiderophore-mediated iron uptake in vitro. In the normal mouse gut, the XusABC system was dispensable, while a xusA mutant colonized poorly during colitis. This work identifies xenosiderophore utilization as a critical mechanism for B. thetaiotaomicron to sustain colonization during inflammation and suggests a mechanism of how interphylum iron metabolism contributes to gut microbiota resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Maria G Winter
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luisella Spiga
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rachael Chanin
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aditi Mulgaonkar
- Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jenelle Pennington
- Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michelle Maas
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cassie L Behrendt
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sebastian E Winter
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Tang Y, Davies R, Petrovska L. Identification of Genetic Features for Attenuation of Two Salmonella Enteritidis Vaccine Strains and Differentiation of These From Wildtype Isolates Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:447. [PMID: 31921908 PMCID: PMC6930191 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of salmonellosis worldwide and more than 80% of outbreaks investigated in Europe have been associated with the consumption of poorly cooked eggs or foods containing raw eggs. Vaccination has been proven to be one of the most important measures to control Salmonella Enteritidis infections in poultry farms as it can decrease colonization of the reproductive organs and intestinal tract of laying hens, thereby reducing egg contamination. Differentiation of live vaccine from field or wild type S. Enteritidis isolates in poultry is essential for monitoring of veterinary isolates and targetting control actions. Due to decreasing costs, whole genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming a key tool for characterization of Salmonella isolates, including vaccine strains. Using WGS we described the genetic changes in the live attenuated Salmovac 440 and AviPro SALMONELLA VAC E vaccine strains and developed a method for differentiation from the wildtype S. Enteritidis strains. SNP analysis confirmed that streptomycin resistance was associated with a Lys43Arg missense mutation in the rpsL gene whilst 3 missense mutations in acrB and 1 missense mutation in acrA confer erythromycin sensitivity in AviPro SALMONELLA VAC E. Further mutations Arg242His in purK and Gly236Arg in the hisB gene were related to adenine and histidine dependencies in Salmovac 440. Unique SNPs were used to construct a database of variants for differentiation of vaccine from the wildtype isolates. Two fragments from each vaccine were represented in the database to ensure high accuracy. Each of the two selected Salmovac 440 fragments differed by 6 SNPs from the wildtype and the AviPro SALMONELLA VAC E fragments differed by 4 and 6 SNPs, respectively. CD-hit software was applied to cluster similar fragments that produced the best fit output when searched with SRST2. The developed vaccine differentiation method was tested with 1,253 genome samples including field isolates of Salmovac 440 (n = 51), field isolates of AviPro SALMONELLA VAC E (n = 13), S. Gallinarum (n = 19), S. Pullorum (n = 116), S. Enteritidis (n = 244), S. Typhimurium (n = 810) and achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Liljana Petrovska
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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25
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Abeyrathna SS, Abeyrathna NS, Thai NK, Sarkar P, D'Arcy S, Meloni G. IroT/MavN Is a Legionella Transmembrane Fe(II) Transporter: Metal Selectivity and Translocation Kinetics Revealed by in Vitro Real-Time Transport. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4337-4342. [PMID: 31589416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In intravacuolar pathogens, iron is essential for growth and virulence. In Legionella pneumophila, a putative transmembrane protein inserted on the surface of the host pathogen-containing vacuole, IroT/MavN, facilitates intravacuolar iron acquisition from the host by an unknown mechanism, bypassing the problem of Fe(III) insolubility and mobilization. We developed a platform for purification and reconstitution of IroT in artificial lipid bilayer vesicles (proteoliposomes). By encapsulating the fluorescent reporter probe Fluozin-3, we reveal, by real-time metal transport assays, that IroT is a high-affinity iron transporter selective for Fe(II) over other essential transition metals. Mutational analysis reveals important residues in the transmembrane helices, soluble domains, and loops important for substrate recognition and translocation. The work establishes the substrate transport properties in a novel transporter family important for iron acquisition at the host-pathogen intravacuolar interface and provides chemical tools for a comparative investigation of the translocation properties in other iron transporter families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera S Abeyrathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Nisansala S Abeyrathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Nathan Khoi Thai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Prithwijit Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Gabriele Meloni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
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26
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Karlinsey JE, Stepien TA, Mayho M, Singletary LA, Bingham-Ramos LK, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Gallagher LA, Bawn M, Kingsley RA, Libby SJ, Fang FC. Genome-wide Analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Humanized Mice Reveals Key Virulence Features. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:426-434.e6. [PMID: 31447308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid fever only in humans. Murine infection with S. Typhimurium is used as a typhoid model, but its relevance to human typhoid is limited. Non-obese diabetic-scid IL2rγnull mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-SRC-SCID) are susceptible to lethal S. Typhi infection. In this study, we use a high-density S. Typhi transposon library in hu-SRC-SCID mice to identify virulence loci using transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS). Vi capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis were essential for virulence, along with the siderophore salmochelin. However, in contrast to the murine S. Typhimurium model, neither the PhoPQ two-component system nor the SPI-2 pathogenicity island was required for lethal S. Typhi infection, nor was the CdtB typhoid toxin. These observations highlight major differences in the pathogenesis of typhoid and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections and demonstrate the utility of humanized mice for understanding the pathogenesis of a human-specific pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce E Karlinsey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Taylor A Stepien
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Larry A Gallagher
- Department of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK; Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK; School of Biological Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Stephen J Libby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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27
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Tan Z, Chekabab SM, Yu H, Yin X, Diarra MS, Yang C, Gong J. Growth and Virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium Mutants Deficient in Iron Uptake. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13218-13230. [PMID: 31460449 PMCID: PMC6705229 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of iron, iron chelators, and mutations of tonB or iroN fepA genes on the growth and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Results indicated that organic iron (ferric citrate and ferrous-l-ascorbate) supported better growth of Salmonella compared to inorganic iron. Among tested chelators, 2,2'-bipyridyl at 500 μM showed the highest inhibition of Salmonella growth with 5 μM ferrous sulfate. Deletion of genes (tonB- and iroN- fepA- ) in the iron uptake system attenuated Salmonella invasion of Caco-2 cells and its ability to damage the epithelial monolayer. The expression of all tested host genes in Caco-2 was not affected under the iron-poor condition. However, claudin 3, tight junction protein 1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were altered under the iron-rich condition depending on individual mutations. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a significant down-regulation of ferritin 1 expression was observed when the nematode was infected by the wild-type (WT) strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Tan
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Samuel M. Chekabab
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Moussa S. Diarra
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
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28
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Kong H, Cheng W, Wei H, Yuan Y, Yang Z, Zhang X. An overview of recent progress in siderophore-antibiotic conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111615. [PMID: 31434038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria have become one of the most important reasons for the failure of clinical anti-infective treatment. Siderophore-antibiotic conjugates, which were designed based on a "Trojan horse" strategy wherein features enabled active uptake to bypass the Gram-negative cell wall, have been expected to be a weapon for anti-infective treatment in the clinic. Herein, we review antibiotic drug design strategies based on mimics of nature siderophores reported in recent years, we also focus our attention on the relationship between the type of linker and the corresponding antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Weiyan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Han Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhiheng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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29
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Regulation of Iron Uptake by Fine-Tuning the Iron Responsiveness of the Iron Sensor Fur. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.03026-18. [PMID: 30824449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03026-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is one of most abundant environmental metal ions but is highly limited in organisms. It is an important metal ion as it facilitates various biological processes, including catalysis of metabolic enzymes and DNA biogenesis. In bacteria, the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein controls iron uptake by regulating genes coding for iron transporters in response to iron concentration. This iron response is ascribed to Fur's intrinsic affinity for iron because its binding to iron dictates its regulatory function. However, we now report that the pathogen Salmonella achieves a proper response of Fur to changes in environmental iron concentrations via EIIANtr (a nitrogen metabolic phosphotransferase system component). We establish that EIIANtr increases expression of iron transporter-coding genes under low-iron conditions (i.e., nanomolar ranges) in a Fur-dependent manner, which promotes Salmonella growth under such conditions. EIIANtr directly hampers Fur binding to DNA, thereby inducing expression of those genes. This regulation allows Salmonella to express Fur-regulated genes under low-iron conditions. Our findings reveal a potentially widespread control mechanism of bacterial iron uptake systems operating in response to iron availability.IMPORTANCE Iron is a fundamental metal ion for living organisms as it facilitates various biological processes. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein controls iron homeostasis in various bacterial species. It is believed that Fur's iron-dependent regulatory action is sufficient for it to function as an iron sensor. However, we now establish that the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enables Fur to properly reflect changes in surrounding iron availability by fine-tuning its responsiveness to iron. This process requires a protein that hampers Fur DNA binding at low iron concentrations. In this way, Salmonella broadens the range of iron concentrations that Fur responds to. Our findings reveal a potentially widespread control mechanism of bacterial iron homeostasis.
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30
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Chekabab SM, Rehman MA, Yin X, Carrillo C, Mondor M, Diarra MS. Growth of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis in Iron-Poor Media and in Meat: Role of Catecholate and Hydroxamate Siderophore Transporters. J Food Prot 2019; 82:548-560. [PMID: 30901525 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enteritidis and Typhimurium are among the top Salmonella enterica serovars implicated in human salmonellosis worldwide. This study examined the individual and combined roles of catecholate-iron and hydroxamate-iron transporters in the survival in meat of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Catecholate-iron-III (Fe3+) and hydroxamate-Fe3+ transporter genes fepA, iroN, and fhuACDB were deleted in isolates of these serovars to generate single, double, and triple mutants. Growth rate in high- and low-iron media was compared among mutants, complements, and their wild-type parents. Susceptibility to 14 antibiotics, the ability to produce and utilize siderophores, and survival on cooked chicken breast were evaluated. In iron-poor liquid media, differences were observed between the growth characteristics of mutant Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium. The double Δ iroNΔ fepA and the triple Δ fhuΔ iroNΔ fepA mutants of Salmonella Enteritidis exhibited prolonged lag phases (λ = 9.72 and 9.53 h) and a slow growth rate (μmax = 0.35 and 0.25 h-1) similar to that of its Δ tonB mutant (λ = 10.12 h and μmax = 0.30 h-1). In Salmonella Typhimurium, double Δ iroNΔ fepA and triple Δ fhuΔ iroNΔ fepA mutations induced a similar growth pattern as its Δ tonB mutant. Double deletions of fepA and iroN reduced the siderophore production and the use of enterobactin as an iron source. In the Δ iroNΔ fepA mutant, but not in Δ fhuΔ iroNΔ fepA, the ferrichrome or deferrioxamine promoted growth for both serovars, confirming the specific role of the FhuACDB system in the uptake and transport of hydroxamate Fe3+. Survival of the mutants was also evaluated in a meat assay, and no difference in survival was observed among the mutants compared with wild type. This study showed differences between serovars in the importance of catecholate-iron and hydroxamate-iron uptake on Salmonella growth in iron-restricted media. Data also confirmed that both Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium are well equipped to survive on cooked chicken meat, offering a rich iron condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mohammed Chekabab
- 1 Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Muhammad Attiq Rehman
- 1 Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Xianhua Yin
- 1 Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Catherine Carrillo
- 2 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 960 Carling Avenue, Building 22, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Martin Mondor
- 3 Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 8E3
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- 1 Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
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Wang B, Huang B, Chen J, Li W, Yang L, Yao L, Niu Q. Whole-genome analysis of the colonization-resistant bacterium Phytobacter sp. SCO41 T isolated from Bacillus nematocida B16-fed adult Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1563-1575. [PMID: 30879274 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-04574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colonization resistance is an important attribute for bacterial interactions with hosts, but the mechanism is still not completely clear. In this study, we found that Phytobacter sp. SCO41T can effectively inhibit the in vivo colonization of Bacillus nematocida B16 in Caenorhabditis elegans, and we revealed the colonization resistance mechanism. Three strains of colonization-resistant bacteria, SCO41T, BX15, and BC7, were isolated from the intestines of the free-living nematode C. elegans derived from rotten fruit and soil. The primary characteristics and genome map of one of the three isolates was investigated to explore the underlying mechanism of colonization resistance in C. elegans. In addition, we performed exogenous iron supplementation and gene cluster knockout experiments to validate the sequencing results. The results showed that relationship was close among the three strains, which was identified as belonging to the genus Phytobacter. The type strain is SCO41T (= CICC 24103T = KCTC 52362T). Whole genome analysis showed that csgA, csgB, csgC, csgE, csgF, and csgG were involved in the curli adhesive process and that fepA, fepB, fepC, fepD, and fepG played important roles in SCO41T against the colonization of B. nematocida B16 in C. elegans by competing for iron. Exogenous iron supplementation showed that exogenous iron can increase the colonization of B. nematocida B16, which was additionally confirmed by a deletion mutant strain. The csg gene family contributes to the colonization of SCO41T in C. elegans. Curli potentially contribute to the colonization of SCO41T in C. elegans, and enterobactin has a key role in SCO41T to resist the colonization of B. nematocida B16 by competing for iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingfen Huang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Chen
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpeng Li
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- Nanyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanyang, 473083, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiuhong Niu
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473000, People's Republic of China. .,China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473000, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Transition metals and host-microbe interactions in the inflamed intestine. Biometals 2019; 32:369-384. [PMID: 30788645 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host-associated microbial communities provide critical functions for their hosts. Transition metals are essential for both the mammalian host and the majority of commensal bacteria. As such, access to transition metals is an important component of host-microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal tract. In mammals, transition metal ions are often sequestered by metal binding proteins to limit microbial access under homeostatic conditions. In response to invading pathogens, the mammalian host further decreases availability of these micronutrients by regulating their trafficking or releasing high-affinity metal chelating proteins, a process termed nutritional immunity. Bacterial pathogens have evolved several mechanisms to subvert nutritional immunity. Here, we provide an overview on how metal ion availability shapes host-microbe interactions in the gut with a particular focus on intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Chakravorty S, Shipelskiy Y, Kumar A, Majumdar A, Yang T, Nairn BL, Newton SM, Klebba PE. Universal fluorescent sensors of high-affinity iron transport, applied to ESKAPE pathogens. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4682-4692. [PMID: 30679312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive assays of biochemical specificity, affinity, and capacity are valuable both for basic research and drug discovery. We created fluorescent sensors that monitor high-affinity binding reactions and used them to study iron acquisition by ESKAPE bacteria, which are frequently responsible for antibiotic-resistant infections. By introducing site-directed Cys residues in bacterial iron transporters and modifying them with maleimide fluorophores, we generated living cells or purified proteins that bind but do not transport target compounds. These constructs sensitively detected ligand concentrations in solution, enabling accurate, real-time spectroscopic analysis of membrane transport by other cells. We assessed the efficacy of these "fluorescent decoy" (FD) sensors by characterizing active iron transport in the ESKAPE bacteria. The FD sensors monitored uptake of both ferric siderophores and hemin by the pathogens. An FD sensor for a particular ligand was universally effective in observing the uptake of that compound by all organisms we tested. We adapted the FD sensors to microtiter format, where they allow high-throughput screens for chemicals that block iron uptake, without genetic manipulations of the virulent target organisms. Hence, screening assays with FD sensors facilitate studies of mechanistic biochemistry, as well as discovery of chemicals that inhibit prokaryotic membrane transport. With appropriate design, FD sensors are potentially applicable to any pro- or eukaryotic high-affinity ligand transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Chakravorty
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
| | - Yan Shipelskiy
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
| | - Ashish Kumar
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
| | - Aritri Majumdar
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
| | - Taihao Yang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112
| | - Salete M Newton
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
| | - Phillip E Klebba
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
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Gal-Mor O. Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00088-18. [PMID: 30487167 PMCID: PMC6302356 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of pathogenic bacteria to affect higher organisms and cause disease is one of the most dramatic properties of microorganisms. Some pathogens can establish transient colonization only, but others are capable of infecting their host for many years or even for a lifetime. Long-term infection is called persistence, and this phenotype is fundamental for the biology of important human pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Salmonella enterica Both typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of the species Salmonella enterica can cause persistent infection in humans; however, as these two Salmonella groups cause clinically distinct diseases, the characteristics of their persistent infections in humans differ significantly. Here, following a general summary of Salmonella pathogenicity, host specificity, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis, I review the current knowledge about Salmonella persistence and discuss the relevant epidemiology of persistence (including carrier rate, duration of shedding, and host and pathogen risk factors), the host response to Salmonella persistence, Salmonella genes involved in this lifestyle, as well as genetic and phenotypic changes acquired during prolonged infection within the host. Additionally, I highlight differences between the persistence of typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella strains in humans and summarize the current gaps and limitations in our understanding, diagnosis, and curing of persistent Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Gal-Mor
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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35
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Abstract
Transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins that are critical for life, and their concentration within cells is carefully maintained to avoid both deficiency and toxicity. To defend against bacterial pathogens, vertebrate immune proteins sequester metals, in particular zinc, iron, and manganese, as a strategy to limit bacterial acquisition of these necessary nutrients in a process termed "nutritional immunity." In response, bacteria have evolved elegant strategies to access metals and counteract this host defense. In mammals, metal abundance can drastically shift due to changes in dietary intake or absorption from the intestinal tract, disrupting the balance between host and pathogen in the fight for metals and altering susceptibility to disease. This review describes the current understanding of how dietary metals modulate host-microbe interactions and the subsequent impact on the outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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36
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Reens AL, Crooks AL, Su CC, Nagy TA, Reens DL, Podoll JD, Edwards ME, Yu EW, Detweiler CS. A cell-based infection assay identifies efflux pump modulators that reduce bacterial intracellular load. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007115. [PMID: 29879224 PMCID: PMC6007937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial efflux pumps transport small molecules from the cytoplasm or periplasm outside the cell. Efflux pump activity is typically increased in multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens; chemicals that inhibit efflux pumps may have potential for antibiotic development. Using an in-cell screen, we identified three efflux pump modulators (EPMs) from a drug diversity library. The screening platform uses macrophages infected with the human Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica (Salmonella) to identify small molecules that prevent bacterial replication or survival within the host environment. A secondary screen for hit compounds that increase the accumulation of an efflux pump substrate, Hoechst 33342, identified three small molecules with activity comparable to the known efflux pump inhibitor PAβN (Phe-Arg β-naphthylamide). The three putative EPMs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella within primary and cell culture macrophages and within a human epithelial cell line. Unlike traditional antibiotics, the three compounds did not inhibit bacterial growth in standard microbiological media. The three compounds prevented energy-dependent efflux pump activity in Salmonella and bound the AcrB subunit of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system with KDs in the micromolar range. Moreover, the EPMs display antibacterial synergy with antimicrobial peptides, a class of host innate immune defense molecules present in body fluids and cells. The EPMs also had synergistic activity with antibiotics exported by AcrAB-TolC in broth and in macrophages and inhibited efflux pump activity in MDR Gram-negative ESKAPE clinical isolates. Thus, an in-cell screening approach identified EPMs that synergize with innate immunity to kill bacteria and have potential for development as adjuvants to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Reens
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Crooks
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Chih-Chia Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland OH, United States of America
| | - Toni A. Nagy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - David L. Reens
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- JILA, National Institutes of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Podoll
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Madeline E. Edwards
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Edward W. Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland OH, United States of America
| | - Corrella S. Detweiler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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37
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Lim D, Kim KS, Jeong JH, Marques O, Kim HJ, Song M, Lee TH, Kim JI, Choi HS, Min JJ, Bumann D, Muckenthaler MU, Choy HE. The hepcidin-ferroportin axis controls the iron content of Salmonella-containing vacuoles in macrophages. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2091. [PMID: 29844422 PMCID: PMC5974375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages release iron into the bloodstream via a membrane-bound iron export protein, ferroportin (FPN). The hepatic iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin controls FPN internalization and degradation in response to bacterial infection. Salmonella typhimurium can invade macrophages and proliferate in the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Hepcidin is reported to increase the mortality of Salmonella-infected animals by increasing the bacterial load in macrophages. Here we assess the iron levels and find that hepcidin increases iron content in the cytosol but decreases it in the SCV through FPN on the SCV membrane. Loss-of-FPN from the SCV via the action of hepcidin impairs the generation of bactericidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the iron content decreases. We conclude that FPN is required to provide sufficient iron to the SCV, where iron serves as a cofactor for the generation of antimicrobial ROS rather than as a nutrient for Salmonella. The effects of iron on vacuole-resident Salmonella in macrophages are unclear. Here the authors show that the bacteria are not subject to nutritional inhibition by iron deprivation, but that iron depletion in the vacuole, via the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, inhibits the bactericidal effect of oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Miryoung Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University and Korea mouse phenotype center (KMPC), Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.,AnyGen, Gwangju Technopark, Gwangju, 61008, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Bumann
- Focal Area Infection Biology, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61468, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Johnstone TC, Nolan EM. Determination of the Molecular Structures of Ferric Enterobactin and Ferric Enantioenterobactin Using Racemic Crystallography. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15245-15250. [PMID: 28956921 PMCID: PMC5748154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterobactin is a secondary metabolite produced by Enterobacteriaceae for acquiring iron, an essential metal nutrient. The biosynthesis and utilization of enterobactin permits many Gram-negative bacteria to thrive in environments where low soluble iron concentrations would otherwise preclude survival. Despite extensive work carried out on this celebrated molecule since its discovery over 40 years ago, the ferric enterobactin complex has eluded crystallographic structural characterization. We report the successful growth of single crystals containing ferric enterobactin using racemic crystallization, a method that involves cocrystallization of a chiral molecule with its mirror image. The structures of ferric enterobactin and ferric enantioenterobactin obtained in this work provide a definitive assignment of the stereochemistry at the metal center and reveal secondary coordination sphere interactions. The structures were employed in computational investigations of the interactions of these complexes with two enterobactin-binding proteins, which illuminate the influence of metal-centered chirality on these interactions. This work highlights the utility of small-molecule racemic crystallography for obtaining elusive structures of coordination complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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39
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Galvão CE, Fragoso SP, de Oliveira CE, Forner O, Pereira RRB, Soares CO, Rosinha GMS. Identification of new Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antigens by immunoscreening of gene expression library. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:202. [PMID: 28934943 PMCID: PMC5609009 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a disease that affects sheep, goats and occasionally humans. The etiologic agent is the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacillus. The objective of this study was to build a gene expression library from C. pseudotuberculosis and use immunoscreening to identify genes that encode potential antigenic proteins for the development of DNA and subunit vaccines against CLA. Results A wild strain of C. pseudotuberculosis was used for extraction and partial digestion of genomic DNA. Sequences between 1000 and 5000 base pairs (bp) were excised from the gel, purified, and the digested DNA fragments were joined to bacteriophage vector ZAP Express, packaged into phage and transfected into Escherichia coli. For immunoscreening a positive sheep sera pool and a negative sera pool for CLA were used. Four clones were identified that strongly reacted to sera. The clones were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing for genomic comparison of C. pseudotuberculosis in GenBank. The genes identified were dak2, fagA, fagB, NlpC/P60 protein family and LPxTG putative protein family. Conclusion Proteins of this type can be antigenic which could aid in the development of subunit or DNA vaccines against CLA as well as in the development of serological tests for diagnosis. Immunoscreening of the gene expression library was shown to be a sensitive and efficient technique to identify probable immunodominant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Odinéia Forner
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Cleber Oliveira Soares
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Animal Health - Animal Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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40
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A Serendipitous Mutation Reveals the Severe Virulence Defect of a Klebsiella pneumoniae fepB Mutant. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00341-17. [PMID: 28861522 PMCID: PMC5566837 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00341-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered a significant public health threat because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and the challenge associated with treating life-threatening infections. Capsule, siderophores, and adhesins have been implicated as virulence determinants of K. pneumoniae, yet we lack a clear understanding of how this pathogen causes disease. In a previous screen for virulence genes, we identified a potential new virulence locus and constructed a mutant (smr) with this locus deleted. In this study, we characterize the smr mutant and show that this mutation renders K. pneumoniae avirulent in a pneumonia model of infection. The smr mutant was expected to have a deletion of three genes, but subsequent genome sequencing indicated that a much larger deletion had occurred. Further analysis of the deleted region indicated that the virulence defect of the smr mutant could be attributed to the loss of FepB, a periplasmic protein required for import of the siderophore enterobactin. Interestingly, a ΔfepB mutant was more attenuated than a mutant unable to synthesize enterobactin, suggesting that additional processes are affected. As FepB is highly conserved among the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, therapeutic targeting of FepB may be useful for the treatment of Klebsiella and other bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE In addition to having a reputation as the causative agent of several types of hospital-acquired infections, Klebsiella pneumoniae has gained widespread attention as a pathogen with a propensity for acquiring antibiotic resistance. It is capable of causing a range of infections, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis. Because of the rapid emergence of carbapenem resistance among Klebsiella strains, there is a dire need for a better understanding of virulence mechanisms and identification of new drug targets. Here, we identify the periplasmic transporter FepB as one such potential target.
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41
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Oshota O, Conway M, Fookes M, Schreiber F, Chaudhuri RR, Yu L, Morgan FJE, Clare S, Choudhary J, Thomson NR, Lio P, Maskell DJ, Mastroeni P, Grant AJ. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium systemic infection of wild type and immune-deficient mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181365. [PMID: 28796780 PMCID: PMC5552096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica are a threat to public health. Current vaccines are not fully effective. The ability to grow in infected tissues within phagocytes is required for S. enterica virulence in systemic disease. As the infection progresses the bacteria are exposed to a complex host immune response. Consequently, in order to continue growing in the tissues, S. enterica requires the coordinated regulation of fitness genes. Bacterial gene regulation has so far been investigated largely using exposure to artificial environmental conditions or to in vitro cultured cells, and little information is available on how S. enterica adapts in vivo to sustain cell division and survival. We have studied the transcriptome, proteome and metabolic flux of Salmonella, and the transcriptome of the host during infection of wild type C57BL/6 and immune-deficient gp91-/-phox mice. Our analyses advance the understanding of how S. enterica and the host behaves during infection to a more sophisticated level than has previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Oshota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Max Conway
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fookes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Schreiber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roy R. Chaudhuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. E. Morgan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Lio
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan J. Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Mastroeni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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42
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Li B, Li N, Yue Y, Liu X, Huang Y, Gu L, Xu S. An unusual crystal structure of ferric-enterobactin bound FepB suggests novel functions of FepB in microbial iron uptake. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1049-53. [PMID: 27539322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron acquisition by siderophores is critical for the survival of most bacteria. Enterobactin is a kind of catechol siderophore that exhibits the highest affinity to iron atoms secreted by E. coli and several other species of Enterobacteriaceae. The periplasmic binding protein (PBP) FepB can transport ferric-enterobactin (Fe-Ent) from the outer membrane to the membrane-associated ATP-binding cassette transport system in E. coli. To elucidate this process, we solved the crystal structure of FepB in complex with Fe-Ent at a resolution of 1.8 Å. Consistent with previously reported NMR results, our crystal structure shows that, similar to the other type III PBPs, the FepB structure was folded with separated globular N- and C-termini linked by a long α-helix. Additionally, the structure showed that the Fe-Ent bound to the cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. Exceptionally, FepB differs from the other known siderophore binding PBPs in that it forms a trimer by capturing four Fe-Ents that can each contribute to FepB trimerization. Dynamic light-scattering experiments are consistent with the structural observations and indicate that FepB forms a trimer in a Fe-Ent-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang K, Shi X, Wang C, Wang F, Fan J, Shen F, Xu J, Bao W, Liu M, Yu L. Critical role of bacterial isochorismatase in the autophagic process induced by Acinetobacter baumannii in mammalian cells. FASEB J 2016; 30:3563-3577. [PMID: 27432399 PMCID: PMC5024702 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500019r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A recent study reported that Acinetobacter baumannii could induce
autophagy, but the recognition and clearance mechanism of intracytosolic A.
baumannii in the autophagic process and the molecular mechanism of
autophagy induced by the pathogen remains unknown. In this study, we first
demonstrated that invading A. baumannii induced a complete,
ubiquitin-mediated autophagic response that is dependent upon septins SEPT2 and SEPT9
in mammalian cells. We also demonstrated that autophagy induced by A.
baumannii was Beclin-1 dependent via the
AMPK/ERK/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Of interest, we found that the
isochorismatase mutant strain had significantly decreased siderophore-mediated ferric
iron acquisition ability and had a reduced the ability to induce autophagy. We
verified that isochorismatase was required for the recognition of intracytosolic
A. baumannii mediated by septin cages, ubiquitinated proteins,
and ubiquitin-binding adaptor proteins p62 and NDP52 in autophagic response. We also
confirmed that isochorismatase was required for the clearance of invading A.
baumannii by autophagy in vitro and in the mouse model
of infection. Together, these findings provide insight into the distinctive
recognition and clearance of intracytosolic A. baumannii by
autophagy in host cells, and that isochorismatase plays a critical role in the
A. baumannii–induced autophagic process.—Wang, Y.,
Zhang, K., Shi, X., Wang, C., Wang, F., Fan, J., Shen, F., Xu, J., Bao, W., Liu, M.,
Yu, L. Critical role of bacterial isochorismatase in the autophagic process induced
by Acinetobacter baumannii in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Junwen Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengge Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanguo Bao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; and
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Ministry of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Silva-Herzog E, McDonald EM, Crooks AL, Detweiler CS. Physiologic Stresses Reveal a Salmonella Persister State and TA Family Toxins Modulate Tolerance to These Stresses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141343. [PMID: 26633172 PMCID: PMC4669091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persister cells are considered a basis for chronic infections and relapse caused by bacterial pathogens. Persisters are phenotypic variants characterized by low metabolic activity and slow or no replication. This low metabolic state increases pathogen tolerance to antibiotics and host immune defenses that target actively growing cells. In this study we demonstrate that within a population of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, a small percentage of bacteria are reversibly tolerant to specific stressors that mimic the macrophage host environment. Numerous studies show that Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems contribute to persister states, based on toxin inhibition of bacterial metabolism or growth. To identify toxins that may promote a persister state in response to host-associated stressors, we analyzed the six TA loci specific to S. enterica serotypes that cause systemic infection in mammals, including five RelBE family members and one VapBC member. Deletion of TA loci increased or decreased tolerance depending on the stress conditions. Similarly, exogenous expression of toxins had mixed effects on bacterial survival in response to stress. In macrophages, S. Typhimurium induced expression of three of the toxins examined. These observations indicate that distinct toxin family members have protective capabilities for specific stressors but also suggest that TA loci have both positive and negative effects on tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Silva-Herzog
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin M. McDonald
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Crooks
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corrella S. Detweiler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Haschka D, Dichtl S, Sonnweber T, Theurl I, Theurl M, Lindner E, Demetz E, Aßhoff M, Bellmann-Weiler R, Müller R, Gerner RR, Moschen AR, Baumgartner N, Moser PL, Talasz H, Tilg H, Fang FC, Weiss G. Lipocalin-2 ensures host defense against Salmonella Typhimurium by controlling macrophage iron homeostasis and immune response. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3073-86. [PMID: 26332507 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) is an innate immune peptide with pleiotropic effects. Lcn2 binds iron-laden bacterial siderophores, chemo-attracts neutrophils and has immunomodulatory and apoptosis-regulating effects. In this study, we show that upon infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Lcn2 promotes iron export from Salmonella-infected macrophages, which reduces cellular iron content and enhances the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lcn2 represses IL-10 production while augmenting Nos2, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression. Lcn2(-/-) macrophages have elevated IL-10 levels as a consequence of increased iron content. The crucial role of Lcn-2/IL-10 interactions was further demonstrated by the greater ability of Lcn2(-/-) IL-10(-/-) macrophages and mice to control intracellular Salmonella proliferation in comparison to Lcn2(-/-) counterparts. Overexpression of the iron exporter ferroportin-1 in Lcn2(-/-) macrophages represses IL-10 and restores TNF-α and IL-6 production to the levels found in wild-type macrophages, so that killing and clearance of intracellular Salmonella is promoted. Our observations suggest that Lcn2 promotes host resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium infection by binding bacterial siderophores and suppressing IL-10 production, and that both functions are linked to its ability to shuttle iron from macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Malte Aßhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphael Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadja Baumgartner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia L Moser
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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MavN is a Legionella pneumophila vacuole-associated protein required for efficient iron acquisition during intracellular growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5208-17. [PMID: 26330609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511389112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for the growth and virulence of most intravacuolar pathogens. The mechanisms by which microbes bypass host iron restriction to gain access to this metal across the host vacuolar membrane are poorly characterized. In this work, we identify a unique intracellular iron acquisition strategy used by Legionella pneumophila. The bacterial Icm/Dot (intracellular multiplication/defect in organelle trafficking) type IV secretion system targets the bacterial-derived MavN (more regions allowing vacuolar colocalization N) protein to the surface of the Legionella-containing vacuole where this putative transmembrane protein facilitates intravacuolar iron acquisition. The ΔmavN mutant exhibits a transcriptional iron-starvation signature before its growth is arrested during the very early stages of macrophage infection. This intracellular growth defect is rescued only by the addition of excess exogenous iron to the culture medium and not a variety of other metals. Consistent with MavN being a translocated substrate that plays an exclusive role during intracellular growth, the mutant shows no defect for growth in broth culture, even under severe iron-limiting conditions. Putative iron-binding residues within the MavN protein were identified, and point mutations in these residues resulted in defects specific for intracellular growth that are indistinguishable from the ΔmavN mutant. This model of a bacterial protein inserting into host membranes to mediate iron transport provides a paradigm for how intravacuolar pathogens can use virulence-associated secretion systems to manipulate and acquire host iron.
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47
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Nagy TA, Moreland SM, Detweiler CS. Salmonella acquires ferrous iron from haemophagocytic macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:1314-26. [PMID: 25081030 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria harbour both ferrous and ferric iron transporters. We now report that infection of macrophages and mice with a Salmonella enterica Typhimurium strain containing an inactivated feoB-encoded ferrous iron transporter results in increased bacterial replication, compared to infection with wild type. Inactivation of other cation transporters, SitABCD or MntH, did not increase bacterial replication. The feoB mutant strain does not have an intrinsically faster growth rate. Instead, increased replication correlated with increased expression in macrophages of the fepB-encoded bacterial ferric iron transporter and also required siderophores, which capture ferric iron. Co-infection of mice with wild type and a feoB mutant strain yielded a different outcome: FeoB is clearly required for tissue colonization. In co-infected primary mouse macrophages, FeoB is required for S. Typhimurium replication if the macrophages were IFNγ treated and contain phagocytosed erythrocytes, a model for haemophagocytosis. Haemophagocytes are macrophages that have engulfed erythrocytes and/or leucocytes and can harbour Salmonella in mice. These observations suggest that Salmonella acquires ferrous iron from haemophagocytic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni A Nagy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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48
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Zheng T, Nolan EM. Enterobactin-mediated delivery of β-lactam antibiotics enhances antibacterial activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9677-91. [PMID: 24927110 PMCID: PMC4353011 DOI: 10.1021/ja503911p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and characterization of enterobactin-antibiotic conjugates, hereafter Ent-Amp/Amx, where the β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin (Amp) and amoxicillin (Amx) are linked to a monofunctionalized enterobactin scaffold via a stable poly(ethylene glycol) linker are reported. Under conditions of iron limitation, these siderophore-modified antibiotics provide enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli strains, including uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 and UTI89, enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7, and enterotoxigenic E. coli O78:H11, compared to the parent β-lactams. Studies with E. coli K-12 derivatives defective in ferric enterobactin transport reveal that the enhanced antibacterial activity observed for this strain requires the outer membrane ferric enterobactin transporter FepA. A remarkable 1000-fold decrease in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value is observed for uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 relative to Amp/Amx, and time-kill kinetic studies demonstrate that Ent-Amp/Amx kill this strain more rapidly at 10-fold lower concentrations than the parent antibiotics. Moreover, Ent-Amp and Ent-Amx selectively kill E. coli CFT073 co-cultured with other bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, and Ent-Amp exhibits low cytotoxicity against human T84 intestinal cells in both the apo and iron-bound forms. These studies demonstrate that the native enterobactin platform provides a means to effectively deliver antibacterial cargo across the outer membrane permeability barrier of Gram-negative pathogens utilizing enterobactin for iron acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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