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Shirani M, Shariati S, Bazdar M, Sojoudi Ghamnak F, Moradi M, Shams Khozani R, Taki E, Arabsorkhi Z, Heidary M, Eskandari DB. The immunopathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: a narrative review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395403. [PMID: 39035439 PMCID: PMC11258019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a well-established risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC). Understanding the immunopathogenesis underlying this association is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review comprehensively explores the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC by delving into several key aspects, emphasizing the pivotal roles played by H. pylori virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA), blood group antigen-binding adhesin (babA), and sialic acid binding adhesin (sabA). Moreover, the review focuses on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in the complex interplay between chronic infection and gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, the study examines the association between H. pylori evasion of the innate and adaptive immune response and development of GC. A comprehensive understanding of the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC is essential for designing targeted interventions to prevent and manage this disease. Further research is warranted to elucidate the intricate immune responses involved and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Monireh Bazdar
- School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Elahe Taki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Arabsorkhi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Druffner SR, Venkateshwaraprabu S, Khadka S, Duncan BC, Morris MT, Sen-Kilic E, Damron FH, Liechti GW, Busada JT. Comparison of gastric inflammation and metaplasia induced by Helicobacter pylori or Helicobacter felis colonization in mice. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0001524. [PMID: 38682907 PMCID: PMC11237807 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00015-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most diagnosed cancer in the world. Infection by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (HP) is associated with approximately 75% of gastric cancer cases. HP infection induces chronic gastric inflammation, damaging the stomach and fostering carcinogenesis. Most mechanistic studies on gastric cancer initiation are performed in mice and utilize either mouse-adapted strains of HP or the natural mouse pathogen Helicobacter felis (HF). Here, we identified the differences in gastric inflammation, atrophy, and metaplasia associated with HP and HF infection in mice. PMSS1 HP strain or the CS1 HF strain were co-cultured with mouse peritoneal macrophages to assess their immunostimulatory effects. HP and HF induced similar cytokine production from cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages revealing that both bacteria exhibit similar immunostimulatory effects in vitro. Next, C57BL/6J mice were infected with HP or HF and were assessed 2 months post-infection. HP-infected mice caused modest inflammation within both the gastric corpus and antrum, and did not induce significant atrophy within the gastric corpus. In contrast, HF induced significant inflammation throughout the gastric corpus and antrum. Moreover, HF infection was associated with significant atrophy of the chief and parietal cell compartments and induced the expression of pyloric metaplasia (PM) markers. HP is poorly immunogenic compared to HF. HF induces dramatic CD4+ T cell activation, which is associated with increased gastric cancer risk in humans. Thus, HP studies in mice are better suited for studies on colonization, while HF is more strongly suited for studies on the effects of gastric inflammation on tumorigenesis. . IMPORTANCE Mouse infection models with Helicobacter species are widely used to study Helicobacter pathogenesis and gastric cancer initiation. However, Helicobacter pylori is not a natural mouse pathogen, and mouse-adapted H. pylori strains are poorly immunogenic. In contrast, Helicobacter felis is a natural mouse pathogen that induces robust gastric inflammation and is often used in mice to investigate gastric cancer initiation. Although both bacterial strains are widely used, their disease pathogenesis in mice differs dramatically. However, few studies have directly compared the pathogenesis of these bacterial species in mice, and the contrasting features of these two models are not clearly defined. This study directly compares the gastric inflammation, atrophy, and metaplasia development triggered by the widely used PMSS1 H. pylori and CS1 H. felis strains in mice. It serves as a useful resource for researchers to select the experimental model best suited for their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Druffner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shrinidhi Venkateshwaraprabu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Stuti Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Duncan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Maeve T. Morris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Fredrick H. Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - George W. Liechti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Busada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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3
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Anthofer M, Windisch M, Haller R, Ehmann S, Wrighton S, Miller M, Schernthanner L, Kufferath I, Schauer S, Jelušić B, Kienesberger S, Zechner EL, Posselt G, Vales-Gomez M, Reyburn HT, Gorkiewicz G. Immune evasion by proteolytic shedding of natural killer group 2, member D ligands in Helicobacter pylori infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1282680. [PMID: 38318189 PMCID: PMC10839011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1282680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) uses various strategies that attenuate mucosal immunity to ensure its persistence in the stomach. We recently found evidence that H. pylori might modulate the natural killer group 2, member 2 (NKG2D) system. The NKG2D receptor and its ligands are a major activation system of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, which are important for mucosal immunity and tumor immunosurveillance. The NKG2D system allows recognition and elimination of infected and transformed cells, however viruses and cancers often subvert its activation. Here we aimed to identify a potential evasion of the NKG2D system in H. pylori infection. Methods We analyzed expression of NKG2D system genes in gastric tissues of H. pylori gastritis and gastric cancer patients, and performed cell-culture based infection experiments using H. pylori isogenic mutants and epithelial and NK cell lines. Results In biopsies of H. pylori gastritis patients, NKG2D receptor expression was reduced while NKG2D ligands accumulated in the lamina propria, suggesting NKG2D evasion. In vitro, H. pylori induced the transcription and proteolytic shedding of NKG2D ligands in stomach epithelial cells, and these effects were associated with specific H. pylori virulence factors. The H. pylori-driven release of soluble NKG2D ligands reduced the immunogenic visibility of infected cells and attenuated the cytotoxic activity of effector immune cells, specifically the anti-tumor activity of NK cells. Conclusion H. pylori manipulates the NKG2D system. This so far unrecognized strategy of immune evasion by H. pylori could potentially facilitate chronic bacterial persistence and might also promote stomach cancer development by allowing transformed cells to escape immune recognition and grow unimpeded to overt malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Anthofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Windisch
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rosa Haller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Ehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Miller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Iris Kufferath
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Jelušić
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Kienesberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen L. Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mar Vales-Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T. Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregor Gorkiewicz
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Oriuchi M, Lee S, Uno K, Sudo K, Kusano K, Asano N, Hamada S, Hatta W, Koike T, Imatani A, Masamune A. Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Damages Mucosal Barrier to Promote Gastritis-Associated Carcinogenesis. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:95-111. [PMID: 37943385 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological studies suggested correlation between gastric cancer (GC) and periodontal disease. AIMS We aim to clarify involvement of lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg.), one of the red complex periodontal pathogens, in the GC development. METHODS To evaluate barrier function of background mucosa against the stimulations, we applied biopsy samples from 76 patients with GC using a Ussing chamber system (UCs). K19-Wnt1/C2mE transgenic (Gan) mice and human GC cell-lines ± THP1-derived macrophage was applied to investigate the role of Pg. lipopolysaccharide in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. RESULTS In the UCs, Pg. lipopolysaccharide reduced the impedance of metaplastic and inflamed mucosa with increases in mRNA expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and apoptotic markers. In vitro, Pg. lipopolysaccharide promoted reactive oxidative stress (ROS)-related apoptosis as well as activated TLR2-β-catenin-signaling on MKN7, and it increased the TNFα production on macrophages, respectively. TNFα alone activated TLR2-β-catenin-signaling in MKN7, while it further increased ROS and TNFα in macrophages. Under coculture with macrophages isolated after stimulation with Pg. lipopolysaccharide, β-catenin-signaling in MKN7 was activated with an increase in supernatant TNFα concentration, both of which were decreased by adding a TNFα neutralization antibody into the supernatant. In Gan mice with 15-week oral administration of Pg. lipopolysaccharide, tumor enlargement with β-catenin-signaling activation were observed with an increase in TNFα with macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Local exposure of Pg. lipopolysaccharide may increase ROS on premalignant gastric mucosa to induce apoptosis-associated barrier dysfunction and to secrete TNFα from activated macrophages, and both stimulation of Pg. lipopolysaccharide and TNFα might activate TLR2-β-catenin-signaling in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Oriuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Sujae Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Kaname Uno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Sudo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kusano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Naoki Asano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Waku Hatta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Imatani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
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Druffner SR, Venkateshwaraprabu S, Khadka S, Duncan BC, Morris MT, Sen-Kilic E, Damron FH, Liechti GW, Busada JT. Comparison of gastric inflammation and metaplasia induced by Helicobacter pylori or Helicobacter felis colonization in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573128. [PMID: 38187587 PMCID: PMC10769338 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer is the fifth most diagnosed cancer in the world. Infection by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (HP) is associated with approximately 75% of gastric cancer cases. HP infection induces chronic gastric inflammation, damaging the stomach and fostering carcinogenesis. Most mechanistic studies on Helicobacter- induced gastric cancer initiation are performed in mice and utilize either mouse-adapted strains of HP or the natural mouse pathogen Helicobacter felis (HF). Each of these infection models is associated with strengths and weaknesses. Here, we identified the differences in immunogenicity and gastric pathological changes associated with HP and HF infection in mice. Material and Methods PMSS1 HP strain or with the CS1 HF strain were co-cultured with mouse peritoneal macrophages to assess their immunostimulatory effects. C57BL/6J mice were infected with HP or HF, and gastric inflammation, atrophy, and metaplasia development were assessed 2 months post-infection. Results HP and HF induced similar cytokine production from cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. HP-infected mice caused modest inflammation within both the gastric corpus and antrum and did not induce significant atrophy within the gastric corpus. In contrast, HF induced significant inflammation throughout the gastric corpus and antrum. Moreover, HF infection was associated with significant atrophy of the chief and parietal cell compartments and induced expression of pyloric metaplasia markers. Conclusions HP is poorly immunogenic compared to HF. HF induces dramatic CD4+ T cell activation, which is associated with increased gastric cancer risk in humans. Thus, HP studies in mice are better suited for studies on colonization, while HF is more strongly suited for pathogenesis and cancer initiation studies.
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Jung MS, Piazuelo MB, Brackman LC, McClain MS, Algood HMS. Essential role of Helicobacter pylori apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) in stomach colonization. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036923. [PMID: 37937999 PMCID: PMC10715074 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00369-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are post-translationally modified with acyl chains, anchoring these proteins to bacterial membranes. In Gram-negative bacteria, three enzymes complete the modifications. Lgt (which adds two acyl chains) and LspA (which removes the signal peptide) are essential. Lnt (which adds a third acyl chain) is not essential in certain bacteria including Francisella tularensis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Deleting lnt results in mild to severe physiologic changes. We previously showed lnt is not essential for Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. Here, the physiologic consequences of deleting lnt in H. pylori and the role of Lnt in the host response to H. pylori were examined using in vitro and in vivo models. Comparing wild-type, Δlnt, and complemented mutant H. pylori, no changes in growth rates or sensitivity to acid or antibiotics were observed. Since deleting lnt changes the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins and the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins impacts the innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, primary human gastric epithelial cells were treated with a purified lipoprotein from wild-type or lnt mutant H. pylori. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that lipoprotein from the lnt mutant induced a more robust TLR2 response. In a complementary approach, we infected wild-type and Tlr2-/- mice and found that both the wild-type and complemented mutant strains successfully colonized the animals. However, the lnt mutant strain was unable to colonize either mouse strain. These results show that lnt is essential for H. pylori colonization and identifies lipoprotein synthesis as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Jung
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lee C. Brackman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark S. McClain
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Neusch A, Italiani P, Himly M. Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098395. [PMID: 37176105 PMCID: PMC10179214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Fux
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sara Michelini
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Swartzwelter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Neusch
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Innate immune activation and modulatory factors of Helicobacter pylori towards phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102301. [PMID: 36933362 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an intriguing obligate host-associated human pathogen with a specific host interaction biology, which has been shaped by thousands of years of host-pathogen coevolution. Molecular mechanisms of interaction of H. pylori with the local immune cells in the human system are less well defined than epithelial cell interactions, although various myeloid cells, including neutrophils and other phagocytes, are locally present or attracted to the sites of infection and interact with H. pylori. We have recently addressed the question of novel bacterial innate immune stimuli, including bacterial cell envelope metabolites, that can activate and modulate cell responses via the H. pylori Cag type IV secretion system. This review article gives an overview of what is currently known about the interaction modes and mechanisms of H. pylori with diverse human cell types, with a focus on bacterial metabolites and cells of the myeloid lineage including phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells.
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9
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Fuchs S, Gong R, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Immune Biology and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:83-115. [PMID: 38231216 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent pathogen, which affects more than 40% of the global population. It colonizes the human stomach and persists in its host for several decades or even a lifetime, if left untreated. The persistent infection has been linked to various gastric diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and an increased risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori infection triggers a strong immune response directed against the bacterium associated with the infiltration of innate phagocytotic immune cells and the induction of a Th1/Th17 response. Even though certain immune cells seem to be capable of controlling the infection, the host is unable to eliminate the bacteria as H. pylori has developed remarkable immune evasion strategies. The bacterium avoids its killing through innate recognition mechanisms and manipulates gastric epithelial cells and immune cells to support its persistence. This chapter focuses on the innate and adaptive immune response induced by H. pylori infection, and immune evasion strategies employed by the bacterium to enable persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fuchs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruolan Gong
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Fernández-Alonso M, Aguirre Camorlinga A, Messiah SE, Marroquin E. Effect of adding probiotics to an antibiotic intervention on the human gut microbial diversity and composition: a systematic review. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Millions of antibiotic prescriptions are written annually in the USA.
Gap Statement. Probiotics reduce antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal side effects; however, the effect of probiotics on preserving gut microbial composition in response to antibiotics is not well understood.
Aim. To evaluate whether the addition of probiotics is capable of reverting the changes in alpha diversity and gut microbial composition commonly observed in adult participants receiving antibiotics.
Methodology. A search was conducted by two researchers following the PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane and Embase from January to December 2021 with the following inclusion criteria: (i) randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of antibiotics, probiotics or antibiotics+probiotics; (ii) 16S rRNA; (iii) adult participants; and (iv) in English. Once data was extracted in tables, a third researcher compared, evaluated and merged the collected data. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) rating system was utilized to analyse risk of bias.
Results. A total of 29 articles (n=11 antibiotics, n=11 probiotics and n=7 antibiotics+probiotics) met the inclusion criteria. The lack of standardization of protocols to analyse the gut microbial composition and the wide range of selected antibiotics/probiotics complicated data interpretation; however, despite these discrepancies, probiotic co-administration with antibiotics seemed to prevent some, but not all, of the gut microbial diversity and composition changes induced by antibiotics, including restoration of health-related bacteria such as
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
.
Conclusion. Addition of probiotics to antibiotic interventions seems to preserve alpha diversity and ameliorate the changes to gut microbial composition caused by antibiotic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Fernández-Alonso
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Sarah E. Messiah
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas Campus, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elisa Marroquin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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11
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Helicobacter pylori Infection Elicits Type I Interferon Response in Human Monocytes via Toll-Like Receptor 8 Signaling. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:3861518. [PMID: 36317079 PMCID: PMC9617731 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3861518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonization and persistence could precede gastric adenocarcinoma. Elucidating immune recognition strategies of H. pylori is therefore imperative to curb chronic persistence in the human host. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 are widely known as viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) sensors yet less studied in the bacteria context. Here, we investigated the involvement of these receptors in the immunity to H. pylori. Human THP-1 monocytic cells were infected with H. pylori, and the expression levels of human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were examined. The roles of TLR7 and TLR8 in response to H. pylori infection were further investigated using receptor antagonists. Among all TLR transcripts examined, TLR8 exhibited the most prominent upregulation, followed by TLR7 in the THP-1 cells infected with H. pylori J99 or SS1 strains. H. pylori infection-mediated IFN-α and IFN-β transactivation was significantly abrogated by the TLR7/8 (but not TLR7) antagonist. Additionally, TLR7/8 antagonist treatment reduced H. pylori infection-mediated phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Our study suggests a novel role of TLR8 signaling in host immunity against H. pylori through sensing live bacteria to elicit the production of type I interferon.
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12
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Gauthier AE, Rotjan RD, Kagan JC. Lipopolysaccharide detection by the innate immune system may be an uncommon defence strategy used in nature. Open Biol 2022; 12:220146. [PMID: 36196535 PMCID: PMC9533005 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the Janeway's Pattern Recognition hypothesis in 1989, study of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their immuno-stimulatory activities has accelerated. Most studies in this area have been conducted in model organisms, which leaves many open questions about the universality of PAMP biology across living systems. Mammals have evolved multiple proteins that operate as receptors for the PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, but LPS is not immuno-stimulatory in all eukaryotes. In this review, we examine the history of LPS as a PAMP in mammals, recent data on LPS structure and its ability to activate mammalian innate immune receptors, and how these activities compare across commonly studied eukaryotes. We discuss why LPS may have evolved to be immuno-stimulatory in some eukaryotes but not others and propose two hypotheses about the evolution of PAMP structure based on the ecology and environmental context of the organism in question. Understanding PAMP structures and stimulatory mechanisms across multi-cellular life will provide insights into the evolutionary origins of innate immunity and may lead to the discovery of new PAMP variations of scientific and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Gauthier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randi D. Rotjan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, and Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, USA
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13
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Yinhang W, Wei W, Jing Z, Qing Z, Yani Z, Yangyanqiu W, Shuwen H. Biological roles of toll-like receptors and gut microbiota in colorectal cancer. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1071-1089. [PMID: 35916158 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most considerably common malignancies of the alimentary system, with high mortality and incidence rates. The present study suggested that the occurrence of CRC is closely related to bacteria, as the large intestine is a gathering place for human micro-organisms. However, the nosogenesis of bacteria leading to tumorigenesis is still obscure. Recently, many studies have reported that toll-like receptors and their related molecular pathways are involved in the process of gut micro-organisms generating CRC. Gut micro-organisms can promote or inhibit the development of CRC via binding to special toll-like receptors. In this paper, the authors review the relationship among toll-like receptors, gut micro-organisms and CRC in order to provide a reference for future tumor immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yinhang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Wu Wei
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhou Qing
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Zhou Yani
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Graduate School of Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Wang Yangyanqiu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Graduate School of Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital, Huzhou University, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.,Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research & Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou,1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
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14
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Beyaz S, Chung C, Mou H, Bauer-Rowe KE, Xifaras ME, Ergin I, Dohnalova L, Biton M, Shekhar K, Eskiocak O, Papciak K, Ozler K, Almeqdadi M, Yueh B, Fein M, Annamalai D, Valle-Encinas E, Erdemir A, Dogum K, Shah V, Alici-Garipcan A, Meyer HV, Özata DM, Elinav E, Kucukural A, Kumar P, McAleer JP, Fox JG, Thaiss CA, Regev A, Roper J, Orkin SH, Yilmaz ÖH. Dietary suppression of MHC class II expression in intestinal epithelial cells enhances intestinal tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1922-1935.e5. [PMID: 34529935 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how interactions of diet, intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and immune cells affect early-stage intestinal tumorigenesis. We show that a high-fat diet (HFD) reduces the expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) genes in intestinal epithelial cells, including ISCs. This decline in epithelial MHC class II expression in a HFD correlates with reduced intestinal microbiome diversity. Microbial community transfer experiments suggest that epithelial MHC class II expression is regulated by intestinal flora. Mechanistically, pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) signaling regulates epithelial MHC class II expression. MHC class II-negative (MHC-II-) ISCs exhibit greater tumor-initiating capacity than their MHC class II-positive (MHC-II+) counterparts upon loss of the tumor suppressor Apc coupled with a HFD, suggesting a role for epithelial MHC class II-mediated immune surveillance in suppressing tumorigenesis. ISC-specific genetic ablation of MHC class II increases tumor burden cell autonomously. Thus, HFD perturbs a microbiome-stem cell-immune cell interaction that contributes to tumor initiation in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Charlie Chung
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Haiwei Mou
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Khristian E Bauer-Rowe
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael E Xifaras
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilgin Ergin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Lenka Dohnalova
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Moshe Biton
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Onur Eskiocak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Kadir Ozler
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mohammad Almeqdadi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian Yueh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Miriam Fein
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Damodaran Annamalai
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eider Valle-Encinas
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aysegul Erdemir
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karoline Dogum
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vyom Shah
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Hannah V Meyer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Deniz M Özata
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alper Kucukural
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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15
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Swartzwelter BJ, Michelini S, Frauenlob T, Barbero F, Verde A, De Luca AC, Puntes V, Duschl A, Horejs-Hoeck J, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Innate Memory Reprogramming by Gold Nanoparticles Depends on the Microbial Agents That Induce Memory. Front Immunol 2021; 12:751683. [PMID: 34804037 PMCID: PMC8600232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory, the ability of innate cells to react in a more protective way to secondary challenges, is induced by exposure to infectious and other exogeous and endogenous agents. Engineered nanoparticles are particulate exogenous agents that, as such, could trigger an inflammatory reaction in monocytes and macrophages and could therefore be also able to induce innate memory. Here, we have evaluated the capacity of engineered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to induce a memory response or to modulate the memory responses induced by microbial agents. Microbial agents used were in soluble vs. particulate form (MDP and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus; β-glucan and the β-glucan-producing fungi C. albicans), and as whole microrganisms that were either killed (S. aureus, C. albicans) or viable (the gram-negative bacteria Helicobacter pylori). The memory response was assessed in vitro, by exposing human primary monocytes from 2-7 individual donors to microbial agents with or without AuNPs (primary response), then resting them for 6 days to allow return to baseline, and eventually challenging them with LPS (secondary memory response). Primary and memory responses were tested as production of the innate/inflammatory cytokine TNFα and other inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. While inactive on the response induced by soluble microbial stimuli (muramyl dipeptide -MDP-, β-glucan), AuNPs partially reduced the primary response induced by whole microorganisms. AuNPs were also unable to directly induce a memory response but could modulate stimulus-induced memory in a circumscribed fashion, limited to some agents and some cytokines. Thus, the MDP-induced tolerance in terms of TNFα production was further exacerbated by co-priming with AuNPs, resulting in a less inflammatory memory response. Conversely, the H. pylori-induced tolerance was downregulated by AuNPs only relative to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which would lead to an overall more inflammatory memory response. These effects of AuNPs may depend on a differential interaction/association between the reactive particle surfaces and the microbial components and agents, which may lead to a change in the exposure profiles. As a general observation, however, the donor-to-donor variability in memory response profiles and reactivity to AuNPs was substantial, suggesting that innate memory depends on the individual history of exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Swartzwelter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Michelini
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Frauenlob
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Verde
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
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16
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Faass L, Stein SC, Hauke M, Gapp M, Albanese M, Josenhans C. Contribution of Heptose Metabolites and the cag Pathogenicity Island to the Activation of Monocytes/Macrophages by Helicobacter pylori. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632154. [PMID: 34093525 PMCID: PMC8174060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori activates human epithelial cells by a particular combination of mechanisms, including NOD1 and ALPK1-TIFA activation. These mechanisms are characterized by a strong participation of the bacterial cag pathogenicity island, which forms a type IV secretion system (CagT4SS) that enables the bacteria to transport proteins and diverse bacterial metabolites, including DNA, glycans, and cell wall components, into human host cells. Building on previous findings, we sought to determine the contribution of lipopolysaccharide inner core heptose metabolites (ADP-heptose) in the activation of human phagocytic cells by H. pylori. Using human monocyte/macrophage-like Thp-1 cells and human primary monocytes and macrophages, we were able to determine that a substantial part of early phagocytic cell activation, including NF-κB activation and IL-8 production, by live H. pylori is triggered by bacterial heptose metabolites. This effect was very pronounced in Thp-1 cells exposed to bacterial purified lysates or pure ADP-heptose, in the absence of other bacterial MAMPs, and was significantly reduced upon TIFA knock-down. Pure ADP-heptose on its own was able to strongly activate Thp-1 cells and human primary monocytes/macrophages. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of Thp-1 cells co-incubated with live H. pylori or pure ADP-heptose confirmed a signature of ADP-heptose-dependent transcript activation in monocyte/macrophages. Bacterial enzyme-treated lysates (ETL) and pure ADP-heptose–dependent activation differentiated monocytes into macrophages of predominantly M1 type. In Thp-1 cells, the active CagT4SS was less required for the heptose-induced proinflammatory response than in epithelial cells, while active heptose biosynthesis or pure ADP-heptose was required and sufficient for their early innate response and NF-κB activation. The present data suggest that early activation and maturation of incoming and resident phagocytic cells (monocytes, macrophages) in the H. pylori–colonized stomach strongly depend on bacterial LPS inner core heptose metabolites, also with a significant contribution of an active CagT4SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Faass
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia C Stein
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Hauke
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Gapp
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Virology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Virology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Josenhans
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZIF, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Sarmikasoglou E, Faciola AP. Ruminal Lipopolysaccharides Analysis: Uncharted Waters with Promising Signs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010195. [PMID: 33467503 PMCID: PMC7831013 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacterial cell wall made of three covalently linked regions: the O-antigen, the core oligosaccharide, and the endotoxin lipid A moiety, which carries the endotoxic activity of LPS. Among Gram-negative bacteria there is significant structural diversity in the lipid A region. Specifically, the number of lipid A acyl chains directly correlates with the ability to induce cytokine production whereas the hexa-acylated forms usually are the most immunostimulant ones, contrary to penta- or tetra- acylated forms that result in weak inflammatory host responses. Ruminal bacteria are predominantly Gram-negative, and their respective LPS presence has been suggested to be associated with ruminal acidosis, a metabolic disorder of cattle with negative effects on health and production. In the rumen, the most predominant phylum is Bacteroidetes which exhibit weak host immunological response compared to widely used Escherichia coli LPS. This review aims to present accumulated knowledge regarding ruminal LPS, pointing out the differences in ruminal LPS compared to widely known LPS, and introduce hypotheses that could contribute to further understanding and planning strategies to tackle ruminal acidosis. Abstract The objective of this review is to present the need for the development of a comprehensive ruminal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extraction, purification and analysis protocol and state hypotheses that could contribute to planning novel strategies against ruminal acidosis. Lipopolysaccharide is an immunostimulatory molecule of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes and has been reported to contribute to ruminal acidosis in cattle. Bacterial death and lysis are normal processes, and thus LPS is normally present in ruminal fluid. However, ruminal LPS concentration is much greater during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Contrary to the widely known LPSs, ruminal LPS seems to be composed of a variety of LPS chemotypes that may interact with each other resulting in an LPS “mixture”. Hypotheses regarding the influence of each specific ruminal bacterial specie to innate immunity during SARA, and the representativeness of the exclusive use of the Escherichia coli LPS to rumen epithelial tissue challenges, could expand our knowledge regarding SARA. In addition, possible correlation between the monomeric Toll-like Receptor 4 (TRL4) and the antagonistic penta-acylated lipid A of LPS could contribute to novel strategies to tackle this nutrition disorder.
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18
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) represents one of the most widespread bacterial infections globally. Infection causes chronic gastritis and increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The pioneering discovery of H. pylori by Marshall and Warren in the early 1980s has initiated fervent research into H. pylori as a pathogen ever since. This chapter aims to provide an overview of our understanding of H. pylori infection and its management, with a focus on current options for diagnosis, the challenges associated with H. pylori eradication, and the need for alternative therapeutic strategies based on furthering our understanding of host: H. pylori interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinéad M Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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19
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Dong Y, Shen X, Zhang Z. Vicenin-2 inhibits the Helicobacterium pylori infection associated gastric carcinogenic events through modulation of PI3K/AKT and Nrf2 signaling in GES-1 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22680. [PMID: 33325628 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a microbial carcinogen of Gram-negative bacteria, has been recognized to be the highest risk factor for the growth of human gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, the inhibition of the growth rate of H. pylori has been considered an effective vital strategy to prevent GC development. This study highlights the inhibitory effect of vicenin-2 against H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogen signaling in human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). In vitro cytotoxicity studies reported that 40 µM of vicenin-2 remarkably protects the gastric cells and this concentration shows 85% cell viability also does not produce toxicity. In addition, vicenin-2 prevents H. pylori-infected increased depletion of antioxidants mediated by reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, malondialdehyde, and nuclear fragmentation. Here, we noticed that vicenin-2 remarkably suppressed the expression range of the phosphorylated form of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, phosphorylated p38 kinases, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2 in GES-1 infected with H. pylori. Moreover, we observed that vicenin-2 enhanced the antioxidants protein nuclear factor erythroid factor-2 and phosphatase and tensin homolog expression in H. pylori-infected cells. Thus, vicenin-2 prevents the H. pylori-associated infection, and its resistance might be a potential strategy in preventing GC induced by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoran Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Unique responses of Helicobacter pylori to exogenous hydrophobic compounds. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 229:104908. [PMID: 32259519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen responsible for peptic ulcers and gastric cancers in human. One of the unique biological features of this bacterium is a membrane lipid composition significantly differed from that of typical Gram-negative bacteria. Due to its unique lipid composition, the responses of H. pylori to various exogenous lipophilic compounds significantly differ from the responses of typical Gram-negative bacteria to the same lipophilic compounds. For instance, some steroidal compounds are incorporated into the biomembranes of H. pylori through the intermediation of the myristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In addition, H. pylori shows high susceptibility to bacteriolytic action of lipids such as 3-carbonyl steroids, vitamin D, and indene compounds. These lipids are also considered to interact with myristoyl-PE of H. pylori membranes, and to ultimately confer the bactericidal action to this bacterium. In this study we summarize the lipids concerned with H. pylori and suggest the possibility of the development of chemotherapeutic medicines that act on the membrane lipid component of H. pylori.
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Balic JJ, Saad MI, Dawson R, West AJ, McLeod L, West AC, D'Costa K, Deswaerte V, Dev A, Sievert W, Gough DJ, Bhathal PS, Ferrero RL, Jenkins BJ. Constitutive STAT3 Serine Phosphorylation Promotes Helicobacter-Mediated Gastric Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1256-1270. [PMID: 32201262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is associated with chronic inflammation (gastritis) triggered by persistent Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of the latent transcription factor STAT3 is a feature of gastric cancer, including H. pylori-infected tissues, and aligns with nuclear transcriptional activity. However, the transcriptional role of STAT3 serine phosphorylation, which promotes STAT3-driven mitochondrial activities, is unclear. Here, by coupling serine-phosphorylated (pS)-STAT3-deficient Stat3SA/SA mice with chronic H. felis infection, which mimics human H. pylori infection in mice, we reveal a key role for pS-STAT3 in promoting Helicobacter-induced gastric pathology. Immunohistochemical staining for infiltrating immune cells and expression analyses of inflammatory genes revealed that gastritis was markedly suppressed in infected Stat3SA/SA mice compared with wild-type mice. Stomach weight and gastric mucosal thickness were also reduced in infected Stat3SA/SA mice, which was associated with reduced proliferative potential of infected Stat3SA/SA gastric mucosa. The suppressed H. felis-induced gastric phenotype of Stat3SA/SA mice was phenocopied upon genetic ablation of signaling by the cytokine IL-11, which promotes gastric tumorigenesis via STAT3. pS-STAT3 dependency by Helicobacter coincided with transcriptional activity on STAT3-regulated genes, rather than mitochondrial and metabolic genes. In the gastric mucosa of mice and patients with gastritis, pS-STAT3 was constitutively expressed irrespective of Helicobacter infection. Collectively, these findings suggest an obligate requirement for IL-11 signaling via constitutive pS-STAT3 in Helicobacter-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohamed I Saad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruby Dawson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice J West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise McLeod
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison C West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kimberley D'Costa
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginie Deswaerte
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anouk Dev
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Sievert
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prithi S Bhathal
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Simpson BW, Trent MS. Pushing the envelope: LPS modifications and their consequences. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 17:403-416. [PMID: 31142822 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The defining feature of the Gram-negative cell envelope is the presence of two cellular membranes, with the specialized glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exclusively found on the surface of the outer membrane. The surface layer of LPS contributes to the stringent permeability properties of the outer membrane, which is particularly resistant to permeation of many toxic compounds, including antibiotics. As a common surface antigen, LPS is recognized by host immune cells, which mount defences to clear pathogenic bacteria. To alter properties of the outer membrane or evade the host immune response, Gram-negative bacteria chemically modify LPS in a wide variety of ways. Here, we review key features and physiological consequences of LPS biogenesis and modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent W Simpson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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23
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Zhao Y, Lu F, Ye J, Ji M, Pang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Li G, Sun T, Li J, Ma D, Ji C. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and γδT17 Cells Contribute to the Development of Gastric MALT Lymphoma in H. felis-Infected Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3104. [PMID: 32063899 PMCID: PMC6998799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter-induced chronic inflammation and immune disorders are closely associated with the development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) exhibit strong immunosuppressive properties and promote the growth of various solid tumors. However, the role of MDSCs in the development of MALT lymphoma has not been elucidated so far. We detected significant infiltration and enrichment of MDSCs in patients with MALT lymphoma, as well in Helicobacter felis-infected mouse model of gastric MALT lymphoma. In addition, the expression of arginase-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase was significantly elevated both in gastric MALT lymphoma tissues and H. felis-infected stomach. Persistent H. felis infection closely reproduced the development of gastric MALT lymphoma and was accompanied by increased numbers of γδT17 cells. Accumulation of γδT17 cells was also validated in the human gastric MALT lymphoma tissues. Furthermore, the elevated cytokines interleukin-23 and interleukin-1β, as well as chemokines CCL20/CCR6, may be involved in the accumulation of γδT17 cells and the subsequent immunosuppression. These findings highlight the role of MDSCs and γδT17 cells in immune dysregulation during gastric MALT lymphoma development and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yihua Pang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Lingbo Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medicine School of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Maerz JK, Trostel C, Lange A, Parusel R, Michaelis L, Schäfer A, Yao H, Löw HC, Frick JS. Bacterial Immunogenicity Is Critical for the Induction of Regulatory B Cells in Suppressing Inflammatory Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3093. [PMID: 32038631 PMCID: PMC6993086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells fulfill multifaceted functions that influence immune responses during health and disease. In autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, depletion of functional B cells results in an aggravation of disease in humans and respective mouse models. This could be due to a lack of a pivotal B cell subpopulation: regulatory B cells (Bregs). Although Bregs represent only a small proportion of all immune cells, they exhibit critical properties in regulating immune responses, thus contributing to the maintenance of immune homeostasis in healthy individuals. In this study, we report that the induction of Bregs is differentially triggered by the immunogenicity of the host microbiota. In comparative experiments with low immunogenic Bacteroides vulgatus and strong immunogenic Escherichia coli, we found that the induction and longevity of Bregs depend on strong Toll-like receptor activation mediated by antigens of strong immunogenic commensals. The potent B cell stimulation via E. coli led to a pronounced expression of suppressive molecules on the B cell surface and an increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10. These bacteria-primed Bregs were capable of efficiently inhibiting the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), preventing the proliferation and polarization of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells while simultaneously promoting Th2 cell differentiation in vitro. In addition, Bregs facilitated the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) resulting in a possible feedback cooperation to establish immune homeostasis. Moreover, the colonization of germfree wild type mice with E. coli but not B. vulgatus significantly reduced intestinal inflammatory processes in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis associated with an increase induction of immune suppressive Bregs. The quantity of Bregs directly correlated with the severity of inflammation. These findings may provide new insights and therapeutic approaches for B cell-controlled treatments of microbiota-driven autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kevin Maerz
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Trostel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lange
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Parusel
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Michaelis
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schäfer
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans Yao
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna-Christine Löw
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia-Stefanie Frick
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfacultary Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Eed EM, Hawash YA, Khalifa AS, Alsharif KF, Alghamdi SA, Almalki AA, Almehmadi MM, Ismail KA, Taha AA, Saber T. Association of toll-like receptors 2, 4, 9 and 10 genes polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori-related gastric diseases in Saudi patients. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:94-100. [PMID: 32719215 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent human pathogens worldwide. However, the outcomes of H. pylori infection are markedly variable from asymptomatic mild lesion to malignant transformation. Many factors are suggested to influence these infection outcomes, including host immunity and genetic susceptibility. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can recognise different microbial components and play an essential role in the mucosal immune response against H. pylori infection. Materials and Methods The association between the common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes of TLR2, 4, 9 and 10 and H. pylori-related gastric diseases were investigated by molecular methods after the confirmation of H. pylori infection. The study included 210 patients in three groups; chronic gastritis (n = 90), peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (n = 75) and gastric carcinoma (n = 45). Results The results showed a significant association between TLR4 SNPs (rs 4986790 and rs 4986791) and the presence of H. pylori infection, especially in chronic gastritis patient group. Furthermore, TLR9-rs352140 TT genotype was more prevalent among chronic gastritis patient group. TLR10-rs 10004195 TT genotype was found to be less prevalent among H. pylori-related chronic gastritis and PUD and was suspected to have a protective effect. TLR2 SNPs (rs3804099 and rs3804100) showed no significant statistical difference between H. pylori-infected patients and the controls. Conclusion TLR genes polymorphisms may play a role in H. pylori infection susceptibility and may influence its outcomes; however, the ethnic and other factors may modify this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousry A Hawash
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular and Clinical Parasitology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany S Khalifa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem A Almalki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen M Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadiga A Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza A Taha
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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26
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Blaser N, Backert S, Pachathundikandi SK. Immune Cell Signaling by Helicobacter pylori: Impact on Gastric Pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:77-106. [PMID: 31049845 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori represents a highly successful colonizer of the human stomach. Infections with this Gram-negative bacterium can persist lifelong, and although in the majority of cases colonization is asymptomatic, it can trigger pathologies ranging from chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration to gastric cancer. The interaction of the bacteria with the human host modulates immune responses in different ways to enable bacterial survival and persistence. H. pylori uses various pathogenicity-associated factors such as VacA, NapA, CGT, GGT, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, heptose 1,7-bisphosphate, ADP-heptose, cholesterol glucosides, urease and a type IV secretion system for controlling immune signaling and cellular functions. It appears that H. pylori manipulates multiple extracellular immune receptors such as integrin-β2 (CD18), EGFR, CD74, CD300E, DC-SIGN, MINCLE, TRPM2, T-cell and Toll-like receptors as well as a number of intracellular receptors including NLRP3, NOD1, NOD2, TIFA and ALPK1. Consequently, downstream signaling pathways are hijacked, inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells, inhibiting effector T cell responses and changing the gastrointestinal microbiota. Here, we discuss in detail the interplay of bacterial factors with multiple immuno-regulatory cells and summarize the main immune evasion and persistence strategies employed by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaser
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Suneesh Kumar Pachathundikandi
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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27
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The relationship between TLR4 rs4986790 and rs4986791 gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection in children with gastritis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152692. [PMID: 31690518 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TLR4 is involved in H. pylori lipopolysaccharide recognition and its SNPs might be related to increased risk of developing premalignant conditions and gastric cancer. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the associations between both TLR4 rs4986790 and rs4986791 gene polymorphisms and H. pylori infection in children with gastritis. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study on 150 children admitted in a Tertiary Centre from Romania, between March 2016 and July 2018 in order to evaluate them regarding demographic, endoscopic, histopathological and TLR4 gene polymorphisms. RESULTS Our final sample consisted of 50 children with H.pylori associated gastritis (group 1-Ghp group) and 97 children with gastritis without H.pylori infection (group 2). Poor socioeconomic status was a significant risk factor for H.pylori infection. We found no significant differences regarding the clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters between the two groups. Concordant results were found between the histopathological exam and rapid urease test. Variant genotypes of TLR4rs4986790 and TLR4rs4986791 gene polymorphisms acted as protective factors against H. pylori infection, without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The variant genotype of the TLR4 gene polymorphisms might be protective factors for H.pylori infection, while socioeconomic status is an risk factor for H. pylori infection. Urease test is a usefull diagnostic tool for H. pylori infection.
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28
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Han X, Huang T, Han J. Cytokines derived from innate lymphoid cells assist Helicobacter hepaticus to aggravate hepatocellular tumorigenesis in viral transgenic mice. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:23. [PMID: 31123503 PMCID: PMC6521485 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, intestinal microbiome has been involved in hepatic diseases due to the immunologic and metabolic communication between liver and intestine. Initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently attributes to conspiracy between immune cells and infectious carcinogens. Here, the hypothesis that the tumorigenesis of HCC with HBV infection will be aggravated by specific intestinal bacteria was verified in viral transgenic mouse models. Methods Comparative 16S rRNA sequencing was adopted to observe the intestinal enrichment of Helicobacter hepaticus in HCC. Oral administration of Helicobacter hepaticus was carried out to evaluate its hepatic carcinogenic effect in HBV transgenic mice or wildtype C57BL/6. The livers of experimental mice were collected and examined for the degree of tumorigenesis. Results We found that Helicobacter hepaticus more likely colonized at lower colon of HBV-infected mice with HCC, compared with C57BL/6 and HBV-infected mice without neoplasm. Pretreatment of Helicobacter hepaticus in transgenic mice aggravated tumor formation, with higher incidence, more tumor nodule and higher serum AFP. Then, a cytokines expression patterns with inclined IFN-γ, IFN-γR1, IL-17 and IL-23 was found in HBV-infected mice with Helicobacter hepaticus. Furthermore, innate lymphoid cells, especially Th17 and NK cells which can secret IL-17 and IFN-γ respectively, might be recruited by Helicobacter hepaticus cooperated with HBV. Besides, increased expression of CD69, NKG2D and IFN-γ showed activation of cytokine production in intrahepatic NK cells. Finally, IFN-γ decreased E-cadherin expression through p-STAT1 pathway, resulting in epithelial–mesenchymal transition with inclined expression of Snail2, SIP1 and CXCR4 in vitro. p-STAT1 inhibitor was able to reverse the expression of E-cadherin and EMT resulted from IFN-γ function on HBsAg-positive hepatocytes. Conclusions Helicobacter hepaticus generate a detrimental immune microenvironment by IFN-γ/p-STAT1 axis which can promote the tumorigenesis of hepatitis B via recruiting innate lymphoid cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-019-0302-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- 1Department of Experiment, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, 71# Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Tianren Huang
- 1Department of Experiment, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, 71# Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Junqing Han
- 2Department of Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324# Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021 China
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29
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Aldapa-Vega G, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Berlanga-Taylor AJ, Jiménez-Uribe AP, Nieto-Velazquez G, López-Ortega O, Mancilla-Herrera I, Cortés-Malagón EM, Gunn JS, Isibasi A, Wong-Baeza I, López-Macías C, Pastelin-Palacios R. Structural variants of Salmonella Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide induce less dimerization of TLR4/MD-2 and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human monocytes. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:43-52. [PMID: 30959420 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) changes the structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in response to the environment. The two main LPS variants found in S. Typhimurium correspond to LPS with a hepta-acylated lipid A (LPS 430) and LPS with modified phosphate groups on its lipid A (LPS 435). We have previously shown that these modified LPS have a lower capacity than wild type (WT) LPS to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice. Nevertheless, it is not know if LPS 430 and LPS 435 could also subvert the innate immune responses in human cells. In this study, we found that LPS 430 and LPS 435 were less efficient than WT LPS to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes, in addition we found a decreased dimerization of the TLR4/MD-2 complex in response to LPS 430, suggesting that structurally modified LPS are sensed differently than WT LPS by this receptor; however, LPS 430 and 435 induced similar activation of the transcription factors NF-κB p65, IRF3, p38 and ERK1/2 than WT LPS. Microarray analysis of LPS 430- and LPS 435-activated monocytes revealed a gene transcription profile with differences only in the expression levels of microRNA genes compared to the profile induced by WT LPS, suggesting that the lipid A modifications present in LPS 430 and LPS 435 have a moderate effect on the activation of the human TLR4/MD-2 complex. Our results are relevant to understand LPS modulation of immune responses and this knowledge could be useful for the development of novel adjuvants and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Aldapa-Vega
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Programa de Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario Adán Moreno-Eutimio
- Unidad de Investigación de Inmunidad e Inflamación, División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio J Berlanga-Taylor
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Alexis P Jiménez-Uribe
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Goreti Nieto-Velazquez
- Unidad de Investigación de Inmunidad e Inflamación, División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Orestes López-Ortega
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Enoc Mariano Cortés-Malagón
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Cáncer, División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular II, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Visiting Professor of Immunology. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford. UK; Mexican Translational Immunology Research Group, FOCIS Centres of Excellence, Mexico.
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The Relationship between Toll-like Receptors and Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastropathies: Still a Controversial Topic. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8197048. [PMID: 30863783 PMCID: PMC6378784 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8197048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first barrier against bacterial invasion. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and their activation leads to the induction of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, antigen-presenting molecules, and costimulatory molecules. Recent studies have focused on identifying the association between TLRs and Helicobacter pylori- (H. pylori-) related diseases. Therefore, this minireview focuses on assessing the role of these TLRs in the development of H. pylori-related gastropathies. Both TLR2 and TLR were found to be involved in H. pylori LPS recognition, with contradictory results most likely due to both the inability to obtain pure LPS in experimental studies and the heterogeneity of the bacterial LPS. In addition, TLR2 was found to be the most extensively expressed gene among all the TLRs in gastric tumors. High levels of TLR4 were also associated with a higher risk of gastric cancer. TLR5 was initially associated with the recognition of H. pylori flagellin, but it seems that this bacterium has developed mechanisms to escape this recognition representing an important factor involved in the persistence of this infection and subsequent carcinogenesis. TLR9, the only TLR with both anti- and proinflammatory roles, was involved in the recognition of H. pylori DNA. The dichotomous role of TLR9, promoting or suppressing the infection, depends on the gastric environment. Recently, TLR7 and TLR8 were shown to recognize purified H. pylori RNA, thereby inducing proinflammatory cytokines. TLR1 and TLR10 gene polymorphisms were associated with a higher risk for gastric cancer in H. pylori-infected individuals. Different gene polymorphisms of these TLRs were found to be associated with gastric cancer depending mostly on ethnicity. Further studies are required in order to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies against H. pylori infections based on the functions of TLRs.
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Ying L, Ferrero RL. Role of NOD1 and ALPK1/TIFA Signalling in Innate Immunity Against Helicobacter pylori Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:159-177. [PMID: 31123889 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori interacts intimately with gastric epithelial cells to induce inflammatory responses that are a hallmark of the infection. This inflammation is a critical precursor to the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. A major driver of this inflammation is a type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), present in a subpopulation of more virulent H. pylori strains. The cagPAI T4SS specifically activates signalling pathways in gastric epithelial cells that converge on the transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which in turn upregulates key immune and inflammatory genes, resulting in various host responses. It is now clear that H. pylori possesses several mechanisms to activate NF-κB in gastric epithelial cells and, moreover, that multiple signalling pathways are involved in these responses. Two of the dominant signalling pathways implicated in NF-κB-dependent responses in epithelial cells are nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain 1 (NOD1) and a newly described pathway involving alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-interacting protein with forkhead-associated domain (TIFA). Although the relative roles of these two pathways in regulating NF-κB-dependent responses still need to be clearly defined, it is likely that they work cooperatively and non-redundantly. This chapter will give an overview of the various mechanisms and pathways involved in H. pylori induction of NF-κB-dependent responses in gastric epithelial cells, including a 'state-of-the-art' review on the respective roles of NOD1 and ALPK1/TIFA pathways in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Mechanisms of Inflammasome Signaling, microRNA Induction and Resolution of Inflammation by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:267-302. [PMID: 31123893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome-controlled transcription and subsequent cleavage-mediated activation of mature IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines exemplify a crucial innate immune mechanism to combat intruding pathogens. Helicobacter pylori represents a predominant persistent infection in humans, affecting approximately half of the population worldwide, and is associated with the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β plays a central role in gastric tumorigenesis. Infection by H. pylori was recently reported to stimulate the inflammasome both in cells of the mouse and human immune systems. Using mouse models and in vitro cultured cell systems, the bacterial pathogenicity factors and molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation have been analyzed. On the one hand, it appears that H. pylori-stimulated IL-1β production is triggered by engagement of the immune receptors TLR2 and NLRP3, and caspase-1. On the other hand, microRNA hsa-miR-223-3p is induced by the bacteria, which controls the expression of NLRP3. This regulating effect by H. pylori on microRNA expression was also described for more than 60 additionally identified microRNAs, indicating a prominent role for inflammatory and other responses. Besides TLR2, TLR9 becomes activated by H. pylori DNA and further TLR10 stimulated by the bacteria induce the secretion of IL-8 and TNF, respectively. Interestingly, TLR-dependent pathways can accelerate both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses during H. pylori infection. Balancing from a pro-inflammation to anti-inflammation phenotype results in a reduction in immune attack, allowing H. pylori to persistently colonize and to survive in the gastric niche. In this chapter, we will pinpoint the role of H. pylori in TLR- and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent signaling together with the differential functions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the impact of microRNAs on H. pylori-host interaction will be discussed, and its role in resolution of infection versus chronic infection, as well as in gastric disease development.
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Nagashima H, Yamaoka Y. Importance of Toll-like Receptors in Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Responses by Helicobacter pylori Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:139-158. [PMID: 31123888 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have been paramount among the threats to human health and survival throughout evolutionary history. Bacterial cell-surface molecules are key factors in the microorganism-host crosstalk, as they can interact with host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The best-studied PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs). Because TLRs play an important key role in host defense, they have received increasing interest in the evolutionary and population genetics literature, and their variation represents a potential target of adaptive evolution. Helicobacter pylori is one of the commensal bacteria in our body and can have pathogenic properties in a subset of infected people. The history of H. pylori research indicated that humans and bacteria co-evolved during evolution. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) has opened the way for investigating the genomic evolution of bacterial pathogens during the colonization and infection of humans. Recent GWAS research emphasized the importance of TLRs, especially TLR10 during pathogenesis in H. pylori infection. We demonstrated that TLR10, whose ligand was unknown for a long time, can recognize H. pylori LPS. Our results of H. pylori research suggest that TLR10 might play an important role to also recognize other commensal bacteria. In this review, we discuss the importance of TLRs in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses by H. pylori infection. Especially, we highlight the TLR10 interaction with H. pylori infection, providing new insights about TLR10 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Danne C, Ryzhakov G, Martínez-López M, Ilott NE, Franchini F, Cuskin F, Lowe EC, Bullers SJ, Arthur JSC, Powrie F. A Large Polysaccharide Produced by Helicobacter hepaticus Induces an Anti-inflammatory Gene Signature in Macrophages. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:733-745.e5. [PMID: 29241040 PMCID: PMC5734933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the host and its microbiota are of mutual benefit and promote health. Complex molecular pathways underlie this dialog, but the identity of microbe-derived molecules that mediate the mutualistic state remains elusive. Helicobacter hepaticus is a member of the mouse intestinal microbiota that is tolerated by the host. In the absence of an intact IL-10 signaling, H. hepaticus induces an IL-23-driven inflammatory response in the intestine. Here we investigate the interactions between H. hepaticus and host immune cells that may promote mutualism, and the microbe-derived molecule(s) involved. Our results show that H. hepaticus triggers early IL-10 induction in intestinal macrophages and produces a large soluble polysaccharide that activates a specific MSK/CREB-dependent anti-inflammatory and repair gene signature via the receptor TLR2. These data identify a host-bacterial interaction that promotes mutualistic mechanisms at the intestinal interface. Further understanding of this pathway may provide novel prevention and treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease. Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) activates a specific anti-inflammatory program in macrophages This activity is driven by an Hh polysaccharide inducing high IL-10/IL-6 ratio in BMDMs The polysaccharide-specific response is dependent on the TLR2/MSK/CREB pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Danne
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Grigory Ryzhakov
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III" (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fanny Franchini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Cuskin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elisabeth C Lowe
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samuel J Bullers
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Cairns MT, Gupta A, Naughton JA, Kane M, Clyne M, Joshi L. Glycosylation-related gene expression in HT29-MTX-E12 cells upon infection by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6817-6832. [PMID: 29085225 PMCID: PMC5645615 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i37.6817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify glycosylation-related genes in the HT29 derivative cell line, HT29-MTX-E12, showing differential expression on infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). METHODS Polarised HT29-MTX-E12 cells were infected for 24 h with H. pylori strain 26695. After infection RNA was isolated from both infected and non-infected host cells. Sufficient infections were carried out to provide triplicate samples for microarray analysis and for qRT-PCR analysis. RNA was isolated and hybridised to Affymetrix arrays. Analysis of microarray data identified genes significantly differentially expressed upon infection. Genes were grouped into gene ontology functional categories. Selected genes associated with host glycan structure (glycosyltransferases, hydrolases, lectins, mucins) were validated by real-time qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS Infection of host cells was confirmed by the isolation of live bacteria after 24 h incubation and by PCR amplification of bacteria-specific genes from the host cell RNA. H. pylori do not survive incubation under the adopted culture conditions unless they associate with the adherent mucus layer of the host cell. Microarray analysis identified a total of 276 genes that were significantly differentially expressed (P < 0.05) upon H. pylori infection and where the fold change in expression was greater than 2. Six of these genes are involved in glycosylation-related processes. Real-time qRT-PCR demonstrated significant downregulation (1.8-fold, P < 0.05) of the mucin MUC20. REG4 was heavily expressed and significantly downregulated (3.1-fold, P < 0.05) upon infection. Gene ontology analysis was consistent with previous studies on H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION Gene expression data suggest that infection with H. pylori causes a decrease in glycan synthesis, resulting in shorter and simpler glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Cairns
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Ananya Gupta
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Julie A Naughton
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marian Kane
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Marguerite Clyne
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
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Functional Changes in the Gut Microbiome Contribute to Transforming Growth Factor β-Deficient Colon Cancer. mSystems 2017; 2:mSystems00065-17. [PMID: 28951889 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00065-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most treatable cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of ~64%, yet over 50,000 deaths occur yearly in the United States. In 15% of cases, deficiency in mismatch repair leads to null mutations in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) type II receptor, yet genotype alone is not responsible for tumorigenesis. Previous work in mice shows that disruptions in TGF-β signaling combined with Helicobacter hepaticus cause tumorigenesis, indicating a synergistic effect between genotype and microbial environment. Here, we examine functional shifts in the gut microbiome in CRC using integrated -omics approaches to untangle the role of host genotype, inflammation, and microbial ecology. We profile the gut microbiome of 40 mice with/without deficiency in TGF-β signaling from a Smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-3) knockout and with/without inoculation with H. hepaticus. Clear functional differences in the microbiome tied to specific bacterial species emerge from four pathways related to human colon cancer: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, polyamine synthesis, butyrate metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Specifically, an increase in Mucispirillum schaedleri drives LPS production, which is associated with an inflammatory response. We observe a commensurate decrease in butyrate production from Lachnospiraceae bacterium A4, which could promote tumor formation. H. hepaticus causes an increase in OXPHOS that may increase DNA-damaging free radicals. Finally, multiple bacterial species increase polyamines that are associated with colon cancer, implicating not just diet but also the microbiome in polyamine levels. These insights into cross talk between the microbiome, host genotype, and inflammation could promote the development of diagnostics and therapies for CRC. IMPORTANCE Most research on the gut microbiome in colon cancer focuses on taxonomic changes at the genus level using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Here, we develop a new methodology to integrate DNA and RNA data sets to examine functional shifts at the species level that are important to tumor development. We uncover several metabolic pathways in the microbiome that, when perturbed by host genetics and H. hepaticus inoculation, contribute to colon cancer. The work presented here lays a foundation for improved bioinformatics methodologies to closely examine the cross talk between specific organisms and the host, important for the development of diagnostics and pre/probiotic treatment.
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Helicobacter pylori modulates host cell responses by CagT4SS-dependent translocation of an intermediate metabolite of LPS inner core heptose biosynthesis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006514. [PMID: 28715499 PMCID: PMC5531669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly virulent Helicobacter pylori cause proinflammatory signaling inducing the transcriptional activation and secretion of cytokines such as IL-8 in epithelial cells. Responsible in part for this signaling is the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) that codetermines the risk for pathological sequelae of an H. pylori infection such as gastric cancer. The Cag type IV secretion system (CagT4SS), encoded on the cagPAI, can translocate various molecules into cells, the effector protein CagA, peptidoglycan metabolites and DNA. Although these transported molecules are known to contribute to cellular responses to some extent, a major part of the cagPAI-induced signaling leading to IL-8 secretion remains unexplained. We report here that biosynthesis of heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP), an important intermediate metabolite of LPS inner heptose core, contributes in a major way to the H. pylori cagPAI-dependent induction of proinflammatory signaling and IL-8 secretion in human epithelial cells. Mutants defective in the genes required for synthesis of HBP exhibited a more than 95% reduction of IL-8 induction and impaired CagT4SS-dependent cellular signaling. The loss of HBP biosynthesis did not abolish the ability to translocate CagA. The human cellular adaptor TIFA, which was described before to mediate HBP-dependent activity in other Gram-negative bacteria, was crucial in the cagPAI- and HBP pathway-induced responses by H. pylori in different cell types. The active metabolite was present in H. pylori lysates but not enriched in bacterial supernatants. These novel results advance our mechanistic understanding of H. pylori cagPAI-dependent signaling mediated by intracellular pattern recognition receptors. They will also allow to better dissect immunomodulatory activities by H. pylori and to improve the possibilities of intervention in cagPAI- and inflammation-driven cancerogenesis. The Cag Type IV secretion system, which contributes to inflammation and cancerogenesis during chronic infection, is one of the major virulence and fitness factors of the bacterial gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Up to now, the mechanisms leading to cagPAI-dependent signal transduction and cytokine secretion were not completely understood. We report here that HBP, an intermediate metabolite in LPS core heptose biosynthesis, is translocated into host cells dependent on the CagT4SS, and is a major factor leading to the activation of cellular responses. This response is connected to the human cellular adaptor protein TIFA. The knowledge of this specific response pathway is a major advance in understanding CagT4SS-dependent signaling and will enable us to understand better how H. pylori modulates the immune response repertoire in its human host.
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Tran LS, Chonwerawong M, Ferrero RL. Regulation and functions of inflammasome-mediated cytokines in Helicobacter pylori infection. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:449-458. [PMID: 28690082 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent stomach infection with Helicobacter pylori causes chronic mucosal inflammation (gastritis), which is widely recognized as an essential precursor to gastric cancer. The IL-1 interleukin family cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 have emerged as central mediators of mucosal inflammation. Here, we review the regulation and functions of these cytokines in H. pylori-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Son Tran
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Chonwerawong
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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39
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West AC, Tang K, Tye H, Yu L, Deng N, Najdovska M, Lin SJ, Balic JJ, Okochi-Takada E, McGuirk P, Keogh B, McCormack W, Bhathal PS, Reilly M, Oshima M, Ushijima T, Tan P, Jenkins BJ. Identification of a TLR2-regulated gene signature associated with tumor cell growth in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:5134-5144. [PMID: 28481875 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of innate immune responses, and their dysregulation is observed in numerous inflammation-associated malignancies, including gastric cancer (GC). However, the identity of specific TLRs and their molecular targets which promote the pathogenesis of human GC is ill-defined. Here, we sought to determine the clinical utility of TLR2 in human GC. TLR2 mRNA and protein expression levels were elevated in >50% of GC patient tumors across multiple ethnicities. TLR2 was also widely expressed among human GC cell lines, and DNA microarray-based expression profiling demonstrated that the TLR2-induced growth responsiveness of human GC cells corresponded with the up-regulation of six anti-apoptotic (BCL2A1, BCL2, BIRC3, CFLAR, IER3, TNFAIP3) and down-regulation of two tumor suppressor (PDCD4, TP53INP1) genes. The TLR2-mediated regulation of these anti-apoptotic and tumor suppressor genes was also supported by their increased and reduced expression, respectively, in two independent genetic GC mouse models (gp130F/F and Gan) characterized by high tumor TLR2 expression. Notably, enrichment of this TLR2-regulated gene signature also positively correlated with augmented TLR2 expression in human GC tumors, and served as an indicator of poor patient survival. Furthermore, treatment of gp130F/F and cell line-derived xenograft (MKN1) GC mouse models with a humanized anti-TLR2 antibody suppressed gastric tumor growth, which was coincident with alterations to the TLR2-driven gene signature. Collectively, our study demonstrates that in the majority of GC patients, elevated TLR2 expression is associated with a growth-potentiating gene signature which predicts poor patient outcomes, thus supporting TLR2 as a promising therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Tang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Tye
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Yu
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Deng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Najdovska
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - S J Lin
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J J Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Okochi-Takada
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P McGuirk
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Keogh
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - P S Bhathal
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Reilly
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - T Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Sciences Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - B J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Wang F, Mao Z, Liu D, Yu J, Wang Y, Ye W, Lin D, Zhou N, Xie Y. Overexpression of Tim-3 reduces Helicobacter pylori-associated inflammation through TLR4/NFκB signaling in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3252-3258. [PMID: 28339054 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB) signaling in Helicobacter pylori-infected RAW264.7 macrophage cells. RAW264.7 cells were co‑cultured with H. pylori SS1 at different bacteria/cell ratios, and subsequently the mRNA expression of Tim‑3, TLR4, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). Furthermore, the effect of Tim‑3 overexpression was examined by transfection of RAW264.7 with pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen-Tim-3 and co‑culturing with H. pylori. mRNA and protein expression levels were then analyzed for Tim‑3, TLR4, MyD88, and phosphorylated (p‑) NF‑κB by RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis respectively. The concentrations of pro‑inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ) and interleukin 10 (IL‑10)] released in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. H. pylori stimulation resulted in a significant increase of Tim‑3, TLR4, and MyD88 mRNA expression in RAW264.7 cells. H. pylori stimulation upregulated Tim‑3 expression even in the Tim‑3‑overexpressing RAW264.7 cells compared with unstimulated cells. TLR4, MyD88, and pNF‑κB protein expression and pro‑inflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α, IL‑6, and IFN‑γ) release levels were increased in the control RAW264.7 cells following H. pylori infection, but not in the Tim-3-overexpressing RAW264.7 cells. By contrast, IL‑10 levels were decreased following H. pylori infection in both control and Tim‑3‑overexpressing RAW264.7 cells. Overexpression of Tim-3 reduced H. pylori-associated inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages, by downregulating expression of proteins in the TLR4 pathway and release of pro‑inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that Tim‑3 serves a crucial role in the negative regulation of H. pylori-associated inflammation and may be a novel therapeutic target for H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Youhua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Dongjia Lin
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Nanjin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and Biological Therapy, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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41
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Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci 2017; 178:17-29. [PMID: 28427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an essential subset of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which identify the microbial components and contribute in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against the infectious agents. The TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, participate in the induction of immune response against H. pylori. TLR2 is expressed on a number of immune and non-immune cells and recognizes a vast broad of microbial components due to its potential to form heterodimers with other TLRs, including TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10. A number of H. pylori-related molecules may contribute to TLR2-dependent responses, including HP-LPS, HP-HSP60 and HP-NAP. TLR2 plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune response to H. pylori through activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine expression in epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. The TLR2-related immune response that is induced by H. pylori-derived components may play an important role regarding the outcome of the infection toward bacterial elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. The immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory roles of TLR2 during H. pylori infection were considered in this review. TLR2 could be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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42
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Smith SM, Freeley M, Moynagh PN, Kelleher DP. Differential modulation of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide-mediated TLR2 signaling by individual Pellino proteins. Helicobacter 2017; 22. [PMID: 27302665 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eradication rates for current H. pylori therapies have fallen in recent years, in line with the emergence of antibiotic resistant infections. The development of therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics, such as immunomodulatory therapy and vaccines, requires a more lucid understanding of host-pathogen interactions, including the relationships between the organism and the innate immune response. Pellino proteins are emerging as key regulators of immune signaling, including the Toll-like receptor pathways known to be regulated by H. pylori. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of Pellino proteins in the innate immune response to H. pylori lipopolysaccharide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were utilized to elucidate the role of individual Pellino proteins in the Toll-like receptor 2-mediated response to H. pylori LPS by monitoring NF-ĸB activation and the induction of proinflammatory chemokines. Expression of Pellino family members was investigated in gastric epithelial cells and gastric tissue biopsy material. RESULTS Pellino1 and Pellino2 positively regulated Toll-like receptor 2-driven responses to H. pylori LPS, whereas Pellino3 exerted a negative modulatory role. Expression of Pellino1 was significantly higher than Pellino3 in gastric epithelial cells and gastric tissue. Furthermore, Pellino1 expression was further augmented in gastric epithelial cells in response to infection with H. pylori or stimulation with H. pylori LPS. CONCLUSIONS The combination of low Pellino3 levels together with high and inducible Pellino1 expression may be an important determinant of the degree of inflammation triggered upon Toll-like receptor 2 engagement by H. pylori and/or its components, contributing to H. pylori-associated pathogenesis by directing the incoming signal toward an NF-kB-mediated proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad M Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Freeley
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dermot P Kelleher
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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43
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Li H, Liao T, Debowski AW, Tang H, Nilsson HO, Stubbs KA, Marshall BJ, Benghezal M. Lipopolysaccharide Structure and Biosynthesis in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2016; 21:445-461. [PMID: 26934862 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the current knowledge and gaps in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure and biosynthesis. H. pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium which colonizes the luminal surface of the human gastric epithelium. Both a constitutive alteration of the lipid A preventing TLR4 elicitation and host mimicry of the Lewis antigen decorated O-antigen of H. pylori LPS promote immune escape and chronic infection. To date, the complete structure of H. pylori LPS is not available, and the proposed model is a linear arrangement composed of the inner core defined as the hexa-saccharide (Kdo-LD-Hep-LD-Hep-DD-Hep-Gal-Glc), the outer core composed of a conserved trisaccharide (-GlcNAc-Fuc-DD-Hep-) linked to the third heptose of the inner core, the glucan, the heptan and a variable O-antigen, generally consisting of a poly-LacNAc decorated with Lewis antigens. Although the glycosyltransferases (GTs) responsible for the biosynthesis of the H. pylori O-antigen chains have been identified and characterized, there are many gaps in regard to the biosynthesis of the core LPS. These limitations warrant additional mutagenesis and structural studies to obtain the complete LPS structure and corresponding biosynthetic pathway of this important gastric bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tingting Liao
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Aleksandra W Debowski
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hong Tang
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hans-Olof Nilsson
- Ondek Pty Ltd., School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mohammed Benghezal
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,Swiss Vitamin Institute, Route de la Corniche 1, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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44
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Moran AP, Khamri W, Walker MM, Thursz MR. Role of surfactant protein D (SP-D) in innate immunity in the gastric mucosa: evidence of interaction with Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519050110061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a collagenous glycoprotein, a collectin, which functions as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition receptor in the innate immune response. Although originally identified in the lung as a component of surfactant, SP-D also occurs in the gastric mucosa at the luminal surface and within gastric pits of mucus-secreting cells. Infection with the gastroduodenal pathogen Helicobacter pylori up-regulates expression of SP-D in human patients with gastritis, and its influence on colonization has been demonstrated in a Helicobacter SP-D-deficient (SP-D—/ —) mouse model. SP-D binds and agglutinates H. pylori cells in a lectin-specific manner, and has been shown to bind H. pylori lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, evidence indicates that H. pylori varies LPS O-chain structure to evade SP-D binding which is speculated aids persistence of this chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,
| | - Wafa Khamri
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | | | - Mark R. Thursz
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
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45
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Durkin E, Moran AP, Hanson PJ. Apoptosis induction in gastric mucous cells in vitro: lesser potency of Helicobacter pylori than Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, but positive interaction with ibuprofen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause peptic ulcer disease, but whether they interact with Helicobacter pylori to promote damage is controversial. Moreover, the reported induction of apoptosis in gastric cells by H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10—9 g/ml) contrasts with studies showing low immunological potency of this LPS. Therefore, the effects of LPS from H. pylori NCTC 11637 and Escherichia coli O111:B4 on apoptosis in a primary culture of guinea-pig gastric mucous cells were investigated in the presence and absence of the NSAID, ibuprofen. Cell loss was estimated by a crystal violet assay, and apoptosis determined from caspase activity and from condensation and fragmentation of nuclei. Exposure to E. coli LPS for 24 h caused cell loss and enhanced apoptotic activity at concentrations ≥ 10—9 g/ml, but similar effects were only obtained with H. pylori LPS at concentrations ≥ 10— 6 g/ml. Although ibuprofen (250 µM) caused cell loss and apoptosis, addition of either E. coli or H. pylori LPSs further enhanced these effects. In conclusion, LPS and ibuprofen interact to enhance gastric cell loss and apoptosis. In such interactions, E. coli LPS is more potent than that of H. pylori. The low potency of H. pylori LPS may contribute to a chronic low-grade gastritis that can be enhanced by the use of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Durkin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anthony P. Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter J. Hanson
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK,
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46
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The contribution of toll-like receptor 2 on Helicobacter pylori activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in gastric epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2016; 98:63-8. [PMID: 27364547 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral shaped gram-negative bacterium that induces immune responses in the gastric mucosa. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in mediating inflammatory cytokines by recognition of conserved molecular patterns on bacteria. Changes in the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and the relative inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in normal gastric epithelial GES-1 cells following treatment with H. pylori or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS) in order to investigate the contribution of TLRs in recognizing and mediating the inflammatory response to H. pylori, and study the differences in TLRs' performance between H. pylori and E. coli. Specific inhibitors for the declines in TLR2 and TLR4 were also employed. The results showed that H. pylori infection increased TLR2 expression in GES-1 cells, but TLR4 remained unchanged regardless of H. pylori or TLR2 small interfering RNA treatment. Furthermore, the secretion of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced by H. pylori was inhibited by declines in TLR2, but not in TLR4. In conclusion, TLR2 plays an even more important role than TLR4 not only in recognizing H. pylori, but also in the induction of inflammatory cytokines initiated by H. pylori. However, both TLR2 and TLR4 are necessary in mediating the inflammatory response to E. coli LPS.
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47
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Maeda Y, Echizen K, Oshima H, Yu L, Sakulsak N, Hirose O, Yamada Y, Taniguchi T, Jenkins BJ, Saya H, Oshima M. Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Signaling in Bone Marrow–Derived Cells Promotes Gastric Tumorigenesis by Generation of Inflammatory Microenvironment. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:253-63. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Kronsteiner B, Bassaganya-Riera J, Philipson C, Viladomiu M, Carbo A, Abedi V, Hontecillas R. Systems-wide analyses of mucosal immune responses to Helicobacter pylori at the interface between pathogenicity and symbiosis. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:3-21. [PMID: 26939848 PMCID: PMC4856448 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1116673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the dominant member of the gastric microbiota in over half of the human population of which 5-15% develop gastritis or gastric malignancies. Immune responses to H. pylori are characterized by mixed T helper cell, cytotoxic T cell and NK cell responses. The presence of Tregs is essential for the control of gastritis and together with regulatory CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes and immune-evasion strategies they enable life-long persistence of H. pylori. This H. pylori-induced regulatory environment might contribute to its cross-protective effect in inflammatory bowel disease and obesity. Here we review host-microbe interactions, the development of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses and how the latter contribute to H. pylori's role as beneficial member of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we present the integration of existing and new data into a computational/mathematical model and its use for the investigation of immunological mechanisms underlying initiation, progression and outcomes of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kronsteiner
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Monica Viladomiu
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Vida Abedi
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA, USA
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49
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West AC, Jenkins BJ. Investigating the Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Mouse Models of Gastric Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:427-49. [PMID: 26803643 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most lethal cancer world-wide, and the poor overall 5-year survival rate of <25 % for GC is largely due to both the late detection of this aggressive disease and limited effectiveness of current treatment options. Collectively, these observations underscore the need to identify new molecular targets (i.e., genes) to serve as biomarkers for early detection and/or treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes. While GC represents a growing number of cancers whereby deregulation of the immune system is linked to tumor initiation and progression, the identity of innate immune regulators with oncogenic potential in the host gastric mucosal epithelium remains obscure. Over the last couple of decades experimental mouse models for many cancer types have been widely used with great success to identify genes whose expression and/or mutation status influences tumorigenesis. Considering the recent mounting evidence for the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated cancers such as GC, much attention has focused on members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, which are key components of the innate immune system primarily known to trigger inflammatory responses upon pathogen detection. Here, we describe techniques used on genetic mouse models for GC to examine the role of specific TLR family members in the pathogenesis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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50
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Deen NS, Gong L, Naderer T, Devenish RJ, Kwok T. Analysis of the Relative Contribution of Phagocytosis, LC3-Associated Phagocytosis, and Canonical Autophagy During Helicobacter pylori Infection of Macrophages. Helicobacter 2015; 20:449-59. [PMID: 25864465 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings have suggested that Helicobacter pylori induces autophagic processes and subsequently takes refuge in autophagosomes, thereby contributing to persistent infection. Recently, a noncanonical form of autophagy, LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP), has been shown to be required for efficient clearance of some intracellular bacteria. Whether H. pylori infection induces LAP had not been examined previously. In this study, we determined the extent to which H. pylori infection induces canonical autophagy or LAP in macrophages, and the involvement of the H. pylori cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) with these processes. METHODS Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to analyze the formation of GFP-LC3 puncta and their colocalization with H. pylori. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the ultrastructure of H. pylori-containing compartments. RESULTS The majority of intracellular bacteria (85-95%) were found in phagosomes that were LC3-negative, with a small proportion (4-14%) appearing "free" in the cytosol. Only a very small percentage (0.5-6%) of intracellular H. pylori was sequestered in autophagosomes. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference in the relative distribution of H. pylori in the various compartments was observed between wild-type and cagPAI-mutant bacteria. CONCLUSIONS In macrophages, H. pylori infection does not induce LAP, but can induce canonical autophagy, which entraps a very small fraction of intracellular bacteria. We propose that this subpopulation of intracellular H. pylori might have escaped from phagosomes into the cytosol before being sequestered by autophagosomes. The cagPAI of H. pylori has only minor influence, if any, on the extent of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia S Deen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Lan Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Rodney J Devenish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Terry Kwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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