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Bharadwaj S, Groza Y, Mierzwicka JM, Malý P. Current understanding on TREM-2 molecular biology and physiopathological functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112042. [PMID: 38703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a glycosylated receptor belonging to the immunoglobin superfamily and especially expressed in the myeloid cell lineage, is frequently explained as a reminiscent receptor for both adaptive and innate immunity regulation. TREM-2 is also acknowledged to influence NK cell differentiation via the PI3K and PLCγ signaling pathways, as well as the partial activation or direct inhibition of T cells. Additionally, TREM-2 overexpression is substantially linked to cell-specific functions, such as enhanced phagocytosis, reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory cytokine production, increased transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaped T cell function. Whereas TREM-2-deficient cells exhibit diminished phagocytic function and enhanced proinflammatory cytokines production, proceeding to inflammatory injuries and an immunosuppressive environment for disease progression. Despite the growing literature supporting TREM-2+ cells in various diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, substantial facets of TREM-2-mediated signaling remain inadequately understood relevant to pathophysiology conditions. In this direction, herein, we have summarized the current knowledge on TREM-2 biology and cell-specific TREM-2 expression, particularly in the modulation of pivotal TREM-2-dependent functions under physiopathological conditions. Furthermore, molecular regulation and generic biological relevance of TREM-2 are also discussed, which might provide an alternative approach for preventing or reducing TREM-2-associated deformities. At last, we discussed the TREM-2 function in supporting an immunosuppressive cancer environment and as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, summarized knowledge of TREM-2 might provide a window to overcome challenges in clinically effective therapies for TREM-2-induced diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna M Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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2
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Li C, Cai C, Xu D, Chen X, Song J. TREM1: Activation, signaling, cancer and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107212. [PMID: 38749377 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) is a cell surface receptor expressed on neutrophils, monocytes and some tissue macrophages, where it functions as an immunoregulator that controls myeloid cell responses. The activation of TREM1 is suggested to be an upregulation-based, ligands-induced and structural multimerization-mediated process, in which damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns play important roles. Activated TREM1 initiates an array of downstream signaling pathways that ultimately result in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, whereby it functions as an amplifier of inflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammation-associated diseases. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence for the involvement of TREM1 overactivation in tumor stroma inflammation and cancer progression. Indeed, it was shown that TREM1 promotes tumor progression, immunosuppression, and resistance to therapy by activating tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. TREM1-deficiency or blockade provide protection against tumors and reverse the resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and arginine-deprivation therapy in preclinical models. Here, we first review the structure, activation modes and signaling pathways of TREM1 and emphasize the role of soluble TREM1 as a biomarker of infection and cancer. We then focus on the role of TREM1 in cancer and systematically summarize its expression patterns, upregulation mechanisms and functions in tumor development and progression. Lastly, we discuss the therapeutic prospects of TREM1 inhibition, via effective pharmacological inhibitors, in treating cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Clinical Medicine Research Centre for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chujun Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis(Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dafeng Xu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Clinical Medicine Research Centre for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Clinical Medicine Research Centre for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, National Health Commission, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Jia Song
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Clinical Medicine Research Centre for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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3
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Matos ADO, Dantas PHDS, Queiroz HAGDB, Silva-Sales M, Sales-Campos H. TREM-2: friend or foe in infectious diseases? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:1-19. [PMID: 36403150 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2146481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is an immune receptor expressed on immune and non-immune cells, more frequently investigated in neurodegenerative disorders and considered a marker for microglia activation. In infectious diseases, the receptor was initially believed to be an anti-inflammatory molecule, opposing the inflammation triggered by TREM-1. Currently, TREM-2 is associated with different aspects in response to infectious stimuli, including the induction of bacterial phagocytosis and clearance, containment of exacerbated pro-inflammatory responses, induction of M2 differentiation and activation of Th1 lymphocytes, besides of neurological damage after viral infection. Here, we present and discuss results published in the last two decades regarding the expression, activation and functions of TREM-2 during the course of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. A surprisingly plasticity was observed regarding the roles of the receptor in the aforementioned contexts, which largely varied according to the cell/organ and pathogen type, besides influencing disease outcome. Therefore, our review aimed to critically overview the role of TREM-2 in infectious diseases, highlighting its potential to be used as a clinical biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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4
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Abstract
Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) encompass a family of cell-surface receptors chiefly expressed by granulocytes, monocytes and tissue macrophages. These receptors have been implicated in inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, bone remodelling, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and cancer. Here, I review the structure, ligands, signalling modes and functions of TREMs in humans and mice and discuss the challenges that remain in understanding TREM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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de Oliveira Matos A, dos Santos Dantas PH, Colmenares MTC, Sartori GR, Silva-Sales M, Da Silva JHM, Neves BJ, Andrade CH, Sales-Campos H. The CDR3 region as the major driver of TREM-1 interaction with its ligands, an in silico characterization. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2579-2590. [PMID: 37122631 PMCID: PMC10130352 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a pattern recognition receptor heavily investigated in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Because of its role in amplifying inflammation, TREM-1 has been explored as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. Further, as the receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases, therapies aiming at modulating its activity represent a promising strategy to constrain uncontrolled inflammatory or infectious diseases. Despite this, several aspects concerning its interaction with ligands and activation process, remain unclear. Although many molecules have been suggested as TREM-1 ligands, only five have been confirmed to interact with the receptor: actin, eCIRP, HMGB1, Hsp70 and PGLYRP1. However, the domains involved in the interaction between the receptor and these proteins are not clarified yet. Therefore, here we used in silico approaches to investigate the putative binding domains in the receptor, using hot spots analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations between TREM-1 and its five known ligands. Our results indicated the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the receptor as the main mediators of antigen recognition, especially the CDR3 loop. We believe that our study could be used as structural basis for the elucidation of TREM-1's recognition process, and may be useful for prospective in silico and biological investigations exploring the receptor in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Junior Neves
- LabMol – Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol – Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Correspondence to: Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública – IPTSP, Rua 235, S/N, sala 332, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás 746050-05, Brazil.
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Lu L, Liu X, Fu J, Liang J, Hou Y, Dou H. sTREM-1 promotes the phagocytic function of microglia to induce hippocampus damage via the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7047. [PMID: 35487953 PMCID: PMC9054830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) is a soluble form of TREM-1 released during inflammation. Elevated sTREM-1 levels have been found in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) patients; yet, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the role of sTREM-1 in brain damage and its underlying mechanism. The sTREM-1 recombinant protein (2.5 μg/3 μL) was injected into the lateral ventricle of C57BL/6 female mice. After intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, the damage in hippocampal neurons increased, and the loss of neuronal synapses and activation of microglia increased compared to the control mice (treated with saline). In vitro. after sTREM-1 stimulation, the apoptosis of BV2 cells decreased, the polarization of BV2 cells shifted to the M1 phenotype, the phagocytic function of BV2 cells significantly improved, while the PI3K-AKT signal pathway was activated in vivo and in vitro. PI3K-AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 reversed the excessive activation and phagocytosis of microglia caused by sTREM-1 in vivo and in vitro, which in turn improved the hippocampus damage. These results indicated that sTREM-1 activated the microglial by the PI3K-AKT signal pathway, and promoted its excessive phagocytosis of the neuronal synapse, thus inducing hippocampal damage. sTREM-1 might be a potential target for inducing brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanhua Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Filipello F, Goldsbury C, Feng YS, Locca A, Karch CM, Piccio L. Soluble TREM2: Innocent bystander or active player in neurological diseases? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 165:105630. [PMID: 35041990 PMCID: PMC10108835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 has attracted a lot of interest in the past decade for its critical role in modulating microglia functions under homeostatic conditions and in neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variation in TREM2 is sufficient to cause Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare pre-senile dementia with bone cysts, and to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Beyond the role played by TREM2 genetic variants in these diseases, TREM2 engagement is a key step in microglia activation in response to different types of tissue injury (e.g. β-Amyloid deposition, demyelination, apoptotic cell death) leading to enhanced microglia metabolism, phagocytosis, proliferation and survival. TREM2 also exists as a soluble form (sTREM2), generated from receptor shedding or alternative splicing, which is detectable in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Genetic variation, physiological conditions and disease status impact CSF sTREM2 levels. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that targeting and/or monitoring sTREM2 could have clinical and therapeutic implications. Despite the critical role of sTREM2 in neurologic disease, its function remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current literature on sTREM2 regarding its origin, genetic variation, and possible functions as a biomarker in neurological disorders and as a potential active player in CNS diseases and target for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Goldsbury
- Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - You Shih Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Locca
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Matos ADO, Dantas PHDS, Silva-Sales M, Sales-Campos H. TREM-1 isoforms in bacterial infections: to immune modulation and beyond. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:290-306. [PMID: 33522328 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1878106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is an innate immunity receptor associated with the amplification of inflammation in sterile and non-sterile inflammatory disorders. Since its first description, the two isoforms of the receptor, membrane and soluble (mTREM-1 and sTREM-1, respectively) have been largely explored in the immunopathogenesis of several bacterial diseases and sepsis. The role of the receptor in these scenarios seems to be at least partly dependent on the source/type of bacteria, host and context. As uncontrolled inflammation is a result of several bacterial infections, the inhibition of the receptor has been considered as a promising approach to treat such conditions. Further, sTREM-1 has been explored as a biomarker for diagnosis and/or prognosis of several bacterial diseases. Therefore, this review aims to provide an updated insight into how the receptor influences and is influenced by bacterial infections, highlighting the advances regarding the use/manipulation of TREM-1 isoforms in biomedical research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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9
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Toraih EA, Sedhom JA, Dokunmu TM, Hussein MH, Ruiz EML, Muthusamy K, Zerfaoui M, Kandil E. Hidden in plain sight: The effects of BCG vaccination in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 93:1950-1966. [PMID: 33289122 PMCID: PMC7753709 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between Bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vaccination and SARS‐CoV‐2 by a bioinformatics approach, two datasets for the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection group and BCG‐vaccinated group were downloaded. Differentially Expressed Genes were identified. Gene ontology and pathways were functionally enriched, and networking was constructed in NetworkAnalyst. Lastly, the correlation between post‐BCG vaccination and COVID‐19 transcriptome signatures was established. A total of 161 DEGs (113 upregulated DEGs and 48 downregulated genes) were identified in the SARS‐CoV‐2 group. In the pathway enrichment analysis, a cross‐reference of upregulated Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways in SARS‐CoV‐2 with downregulated counterparts in the BCG‐vaccinated group, resulted in the intersection of 45 common pathways, accounting for 86.5% of SARS‐CoV‐2 upregulated pathways. Of these intersecting pathways, a vast majority were immune and inflammatory pathways with top significance in interleukin‐17, tumor necrosis factor, NOD‐like receptors, and nuclear factor‐κB signaling pathways. Given the inverse relationship of the specific differentially expressed gene pathways highlighted in our results, the BCG‐vaccine may play a protective role against COVID‐19 by mounting a nonspecific immunological response and further investigation of this relationship is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Toraih
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Jessica A Sedhom
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Titilope M Dokunmu
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,College of Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Mohammad H Hussein
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emmanuelle M L Ruiz
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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de Oliveira Matos A, Dos Santos Dantas PH, Figueira Marques Silva-Sales M, Sales-Campos H. The role of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in non-bacterial infections. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:237-252. [PMID: 32326783 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1751060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is a receptor of the innate immune system, expressed mostly by myeloid cells and primarily associated with pro- inflammatory responses. Although the exact nature of its ligands has not yet been fully elucidated, many microorganisms or danger signals have been proposed as inducers of its activation or the secretion of sTREM-1, the soluble form with putative anti-inflammatory effects. In the course of the 20 years since its first description, several studies have investigated the involvement of TREM-1 in bacterial infections. However, the number of studies describing the role of TREM-1 in fungal, viral and parasite-associated infections has only increased in the last few years, showing a diverse contribution of the receptor in these scenarios, with beneficial or detrimental activities depending on the context. Therefore, this review aims to discuss how TREM-1 may influence viral, fungal and parasitic infection outcomes, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target and biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of non-bacterial infectious diseases.
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Soluble TREM1 concentrations are increased and positively correlated with total tau levels in the plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1801-1805. [PMID: 30637597 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recently, we showed that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) was involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) since it modulated microglial phagocytic functions and thus affected amyloid-β clearance in the brain. Interestingly, a soluble form of TREM1 (sTREM1) can be detected in the plasma of human. To date, whether sTREM1 concentrations were altered in the plasma under AD context remained unclear. METHODS In this study, we compared the plasma concentrations of sTREM1 between 110 AD patients and 128 age- and gender-matched controls. Meanwhile, the relationship of sTREM1 concentrations with total tau levels in the plasma of AD patients was also assessed. RESULTS We revealed that the concentrations of sTREM1 were significantly increased in AD patients. Meanwhile, the sTREM1 concentrations were gradually increased during disease progression. More importantly, we showed that the sTREM1 concentrations were positively correlated with the levels of total tau in the plasma of AD patients (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). The subsequent subgroup analysis indicated that this correlation was more pronounced in patients with severe dementia (Mini-Mental State Exam score < 10, r = 0.81, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These findings indicate a potential association between sTREM1 and tau pathology, and further confirm an involvement of this immune receptor in AD pathogenesis.
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Zhong L, Chen XF. The Emerging Roles and Therapeutic Potential of Soluble TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:328. [PMID: 32038221 PMCID: PMC6988790 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ)-containing plaques, the formation of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles as well as neuroinflammatory changes. As the key player in the brain innate immune system, microglia has now taken a center stage in AD research. A large number of AD risk loci identified by genome-wide association studies are located in or near the genes highly expressed in microglia. Among them, the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has drawn much attention. A rare variant in TREM2 increases AD risk with an odds ratio comparable to the strongest genetic risk factor apolipoprotein ε4 allele. In the past 6 years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which TREM2 and its variants modulate microglial functions impacting amyloid and tau pathologies in both animal models and human studies. In addition to the full-length TREM2, research on the soluble form of TREM2 (sTREM2) has facilitated the translation of preclinical findings on TREM2. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the biology and pathobiology of sTREM2 including its origin, its emergence as a disease biomarker, and its potential neuroprotective functions. These aspects are important for understanding the involvement of sTREM2 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into applying sTREM2 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Cell wall fraction of Mycobacterium indicus pranii shows potential Th1 adjuvant activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:408-416. [PMID: 30856391 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Very few adjuvants inducing Th1 immune response have been developed and are under clinical investigation. Hence, there is the need to find an adjuvant that elicits strong Th1 immune response which should be safe when injected in the host along with vaccines. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), a non-pathogenic vaccine candidate, has shown strong immunomodulatory activity in leprosy/tuberculosis/cancer and in genital warts patients where its administration shifted the host immune response towards Th1 type. These findings prompted us to study the components of MIP in detail for their Th1 inducing property. Since mycobacterial cell wall is very rich in immunostimulatory components and is known to play important role in immune modulation, we investigated the activity of MIP cell wall using Ovalbumin antigen (OVA) as model antigen. 'Whole cell wall' (CW) and 'aqueous soluble cell wall fractions' (ACW) induced significant Th1 immune response while 'cell wall skeleton' (CWS) induced strong Th2 type of immune response. Finally, functional activity of fractions having Th1 inducing activity was evaluated in mouse model of melanoma. CW demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity similar to whole MIP. Anti-tumor activity of CW could be correlated with enhanced tumor antigen specific Th1 immune response observed in tumor draining lymph nodes.
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Rivera CA, Palavecino CE, Céspedes PF, Rey-Jurado E, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Recombinant BCG Vaccines Reduce Pneumovirus-Caused Airway Pathology by Inducing Protective Humoral Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2875. [PMID: 30581437 PMCID: PMC6293239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) and the Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two pneumoviruses that are leading agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) affecting young infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients worldwide. Since these pathogens were first discovered, many approaches for the licensing of safe and effective vaccines have been explored being unsuccessful to date. We have previously described that immunization with recombinant strains of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing the hRSV nucleoprotein (rBCG-N) or the hMPV phosphoprotein (rBCG-P) induced immune protection against each respective virus. These vaccines efficiently promoted viral clearance without significant lung damage, mainly through the induction of a T helper 1 cellular immunity. Here we show that upon viral challenge, rBCG-immunized mice developed a protective humoral immunity, characterized by production of antibodies specific for most hRSV and hMPV proteins. Further, isotype switching from IgG1 to IgG2a was observed in mice immunized with rBCG vaccines and correlated with an increased viral clearance, as compared to unimmunized animals. Finally, sera obtained from animals immunized with rBCG vaccines and infected with their respective viruses exhibited virus neutralizing capacity and protected naïve mice from viral replication and pulmonary disease. These results support the notion that the use of rBCG strains could be considered as an effective vaccination approach against other respiratory viruses with similar biology as hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian E Palavecino
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Céspedes
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Li JT, Zhang Y. TREM2 regulates innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:107. [PMID: 29655369 PMCID: PMC5899410 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in microglia is closely related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanism of this relationship, however, remains unclear. TREM2 is part of the TREM family of receptors, which are expressed primarily in myeloid cells, including monocytes, dendritic cells, and microglia. The TREM family members are cell surface glycoproteins with an immunoglobulin-like extracellular domain, a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail region. The present article reviews the following: (1) the structure, function, and variant site analysis of the Trem2 gene; (2) the metabolism of TREM2 in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid; and (3) the possible underlying mechanism by which TREM2 regulates innate immunity and participates in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Li
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuan Residence, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuan Residence, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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16
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Bekris LM, Khrestian M, Dyne E, Shao Y, Pillai JA, Rao SM, Bemiller SM, Lamb B, Fernandez HH, Leverenz JB. Soluble TREM2 and biomarkers of central and peripheral inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:19-27. [PMID: 29685286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been genetically and pathologically associated with neuroinflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial receptor involved in innate immunity. TREM2 rare protein coding genetic variants have been linked to AD. A soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) cleavage product is elevated in AD. It is unclear whether there is a relationship between elevated sTREM2 and markers of inflammation. The hypothesis of this investigation was that central and peripheral inflammation play a role in sTREM2 levels in AD. A consistent association of peripheral or central markers of inflammation and CSF sTREM2 levels was not found, suggesting a limited impact of general inflammation on sTREM2 levels. An association between peripheral sTREM2 levels and CSF sTREM2, as well as an association between CSF sTREM2 and a marker of blood brain barrier integrity, was observed in AD, suggesting a potential role of peripheral TREM2 in central TREM2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bekris
- Cleveland Clinic, Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - M Khrestian
- Cleveland Clinic, Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - E Dyne
- Kent State University, Departoment of Biomedicine, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Y Shao
- Cleveland Clinic, Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - J A Pillai
- Cleveland Clinic, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - S M Rao
- Cleveland Clinic, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - S M Bemiller
- Indiana University, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - B Lamb
- Indiana University, Department of Neuroscience, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - H H Fernandez
- Cleveland Clinic, Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - J B Leverenz
- Cleveland Clinic, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, United States
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17
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Interferon-stimulated gene of 20 kDa protein (ISG20) degrades RNA of hepatitis B virus to impede the replication of HBV in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68179-68193. [PMID: 27626689 PMCID: PMC5356548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) barely induces host interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), which allows efficient HBV replication in the immortalized mouse hepatocytes as per human hepatocytes. Here we found that transfection of Isg20 plasmid robustly inhibits the HBV replication in HBV-infected hepatocytes irrespective of IRF3 or IFN promoter activation. Transfection of Isg20 is thus effective to eradicate HBV in the infected hepatocytes. Transfection of HBV genome or ε-stem of HBV pgRNA (active pgRNA moiety) failed to induce Isg20 in the hepatocytes, while control polyI:C (a viral dsRNA analogue mimic) activated MAVS pathway leading to production of type I IFN and then ISGsg20 via the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR). Consistently, addition of IFN-α induced Isg20 and partially suppressed HBV replication in hepatocytes. Chasing HBV RNA, DNA and proteins by blotting indicated that ISG20 expression decreased HBV RNA and replicative DNA in HBV-transfected cells, which resulted in low HBs antigen production and virus titer. The exonuclease domains of ISG20 mainly participated in HBV-RNA decay. In vivo hydrodynamic injection, ISG20 was crucial for suppressing HBV replication without degrading host RNA in the liver. Taken together, ISG20 acts as an innate anti-HBV effector that selectively degrades HBV RNA and blocks replication of infectious HBV particles. ISG20 would be a critical effector for ameliorating chronic HBV infection in the IFN therapy.
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18
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Ito T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, Koyama-Nasu R, Yano I, Nakayama T. Anti-tumor immunity via the superoxide-eosinophil axis induced by a lipophilic component of Mycobacterium lipomannan. Int Immunol 2017; 29:411-421. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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19
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Lardone RD, Chan AA, Lee AF, Foshag LJ, Faries MB, Sieling PA, Lee DJ. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Alters Melanoma Microenvironment Favoring Antitumor T Cell Responses and Improving M2 Macrophage Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:965. [PMID: 28848560 PMCID: PMC5554507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intralesional Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has long been a relatively inexpensive therapy for inoperable cutaneous metastatic melanoma (CMM), although intralesional BCG skin mechanisms remain understudied. We analyzed intralesional BCG-treated CMM lesions combined with in vitro studies to further investigate BCG-altered pathways. Since macrophages play a pivotal role against both cancer and mycobacterial infections, we hypothesized BCG regulates macrophages to promote antitumor immunity. Tumor-associated macrophages (M2) infiltrate melanomas and impair antitumor immunity. BCG-treated, in vitro-polarized M2 (M2-BCG) showed transcriptional changes involving inflammation, immune cell recruitment, cross talk, and activation pathways. Mechanistic network analysis indicated M2-BCG potential to improve interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses. Accordingly, frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells responding to M2-BCG vs. mock-treated M2 increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, conditioned media from M2-BCG vs. M2 elevated the frequency of granzyme B-producing CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) facing autologous melanoma cell lines (p < 0.01). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of intralesional BCG-injected CMM relative to uninjected lesions showed immune function prevalence, with the most enriched pathways representing T cell activation mechanisms. In vitro-infected MM-derived cell lines stimulated higher frequency of IFN-γ-producing TIL from the same melanoma (p < 0.05). Our data suggest BCG favors antitumor responses in CMM through direct/indirect effects on tumor microenvironment cell types including macrophages, T cells, and tumor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D Lardone
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Alfred A Chan
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States.,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Agnes F Lee
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Leland J Foshag
- Division of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Mark B Faries
- Melanoma Research Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Peter A Sieling
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Delphine J Lee
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States.,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
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20
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Jay TR, von Saucken VE, Landreth GE. TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:56. [PMID: 28768545 PMCID: PMC5541421 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 variants have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The expression, signaling and function of TREM2 in NDDs have been extensively investigated in an effort to understand the role of immune function in disease pathogenesis and progression. We provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of TREM2 biology, including new insights into the regulation of TREM2 expression, and TREM2 signaling and function across NDDs. While many open questions remain, the current body of literature provides clarity on several issues. While it is still often cited that TREM2 expression is decreased by pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is now clear that this is true in vitro, but inflammatory stimuli in vivo almost universally increase TREM2 expression. Likewise, while TREM2 function is classically described as promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype, more than half of published studies demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for TREM2, suggesting that its role in inflammation is much more complex. Finally, these components of TREM2 biology are applied to a discussion of how TREM2 impacts NDD pathologies and the latest assessment of how these findings might be applied to immune-directed clinical biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Jay
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Victoria E. von Saucken
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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21
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Huante MB, Gupta S, Calderon VC, Koo SJ, Sinha M, Luxon BA, Garg NJ, Endsley JJ. Differential inflammasome activation signatures following intracellular infection of human macrophages with Mycobacterium bovis BCG or Trypanosoma cruzi. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S35-S44. [PMID: 27733245 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens frequently exploit or evade inflammasome activation in order to survive and proliferate. Alternatively, inadequate inflammasome activation by attenuated microorganisms or adjuvanted subunit vaccines may contribute to poor longevity of protection. To further understand these pathways, we determined the differential inflammasome transcriptome of human THP monocyte-derived macrophages in response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG, as compared to LPS or Trypanosoma cruzi. The results identify the highly specific innate recognition programs associated with inflammasome activation by human macrophages exposed to these microbial stimuli. BCG, T. cruzi, and LPS strongly induced expression of both unique and overlapping genes downstream of TLR signaling pathways including cytokines and chemokines that mediate inflammation and regulate cell death pathways. Compared to LPS, BCG failed to directly activate anti-apoptotic molecules and multiple NLR and inflammasome complex components including caspase-1, and actively repressed important signaling intermediates in AP-1 and NFκB transcription factor pathways. Both BCG and T. cruzi repressed expression of TXNIP, an anti-oxidant inhibitor that recruits caspase-1 to the NLRP3 inflammasome, while T. cruzi infection uniquely failed to activate TNF-α. These results identify unique pathogen specific strategies to activate inflammation and modulate cell death that may drive inflammatory outcomes and suggest avenues of investigation to optimize host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - S J Koo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - M Sinha
- Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, Office of Biostatistics, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - B A Luxon
- Department of Pathology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, Office of Biostatistics, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - N J Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - J J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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22
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Nallar SC, Kalvakolanu DV. GRIM-19: A master regulator of cytokine induced tumor suppression, metastasis and energy metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:1-18. [PMID: 27659873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines induce cell proliferation or growth suppression depending on the context. It is increasingly becoming clear that success of standard radiotherapy and/or chemotherapeutics to eradicate solid tumors is dependent on IFN signaling. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of tumor growth suppression by a gene product isolated in our laboratory using a genome-wide expression knock-down strategy. Gene associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality -19 (GRIM-19) functions as non-canonical tumor suppressor by antagonizing oncoproteins. As a component of mitochondrial respiratory chain, GRIM-19 influences the degree of "Warburg effect" in cancer cells as many advanced and/or aggressive tumors show severely down-regulated GRIM-19 levels. In addition, GRIM-19 appears to regulate innate and acquired immune responses in mouse models. Thus, GRIM-19 is positioned at nodes that favor cell protection and/or prevent aberrant cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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23
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Takeda Y, Azuma M, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Tumoricidal efficacy coincides with CD11c up-regulation in antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells during vaccine immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:143. [PMID: 27619885 PMCID: PMC5020536 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) mount tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and the double-stranded RNA adjuvant Poly(I:C) stimulates Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signal in DC, which in turn induces type I interferon (IFN) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), then cross-primes cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Proliferation of CTLs correlates with tumor regression. How these potent cells expand with high quality is crucial to the outcome of CTL therapy. However, good markers reflecting the efficacy of DC-target immunotherapy have not been addressed. Methods Using an EG7 (ovalbumin, OVA-positive) tumor-implant mouse model, we examined what is a good marker for active CTL induction in treatment with Poly(I:C)/OVA. Results Simultaneous administration of Poly(I:C) and antigen (Ag) OVA significantly increased a minor population of CD8+ T cells, that express CD11c in lymphoid and tumor sites. The numbers of the CD11c+ CD8+ T cells correlated with those of induced Ag-specific CD8+ T cells and tumor regression. The CD11c+ CD8+ T cell moiety was characterized by its high killing activity and IFN-γ-producing ability, which represent an active phenotype of the effector CTLs. Not only a TLR3-specific (TICAM-1-dependent) signal but also TLR2 (MyD88) signal in DC triggered the expansion of CD11c+ CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing mice. Notably, human CD11c+ CD8+ T cells also proliferated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) Ag. Conclusions CD11c expression in CD8+ T cells reflects anti-tumor CTL activity and would be a marker for immunotherapeutic efficacy in mouse models and probably cancer patients as well. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0416-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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24
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Nallar SC, Xu DQ, Kalvakolanu DV. Bacteria and genetically modified bacteria as cancer therapeutics: Current advances and challenges. Cytokine 2016; 89:160-172. [PMID: 26778055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria act as pro- or anti- tumorigenic agents. Whole bacteria or cytotoxic or immunogenic peptides carried by them exert potent anti-tumor effects in the experimental models of cancer. The use of attenuated microorganism(s) e.g., BCG to treat human urinary bladder cancer was found to be superior compared to standard chemotherapy. Although the phase-I clinical trials with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, has shown limited benefits in human subjects, a recent pre-clinical trial in pet dogs with tumors reported some subjects benefited from this treatment strain. In addition to the attenuated host strains derived by conventional mutagenesis, recombinant DNA technology has been applied to a few microorganisms that have been evaluated in the context of tumor colonization and eradication using mouse models. There is an enormous surge in publications describing bacterial anti-cancer therapies in the past 15years. Vectors for delivering shRNAs that target oncogenic products, express tumor suppressor genes and immunogenic proteins have been developed. These approaches have showed promising anti-tumor activity in mouse models against various tumors. These can be potential therapeutics for humans in the future. In this review, some conceptual and practical issues on how to improve these agents for human applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - De-Qi Xu
- Dalian Hissen Biopharm Co Ltd. E&T Development Zone, Dalian 116600, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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25
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Roe K, Gibot S, Verma S. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1): a new player in antiviral immunity? Front Microbiol 2014; 5:627. [PMID: 25505454 PMCID: PMC4244588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) family of protein receptors is rapidly emerging as a critical regulator of a diverse array of cellular functions, including amplification of inflammation. Although the ligand(s) for TREM have not yet been fully identified, circumstantial evidence indicates that danger- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs) can induce cytokine production via TREM-1 activation. The discovery of novel functions of TREM, such as regulation of T-cell proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells, suggests a larger role of TREM proteins in modulation of host immune responses to microbial pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi. However, the significance of TREM signaling in innate immunity to virus infections and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. The nature and intensity of innate immune responses, specifically production of type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines is a crucial event in dictating recovery vs. adverse outcomes from virus infections. In this review, we highlight the emerging roles of TREM-1, including synergy with classical pathogen recognition receptors. Based on the literature using viral PAMPs and other infectious disease models, we further discuss how TREM-1 may influence host-virus interactions and viral pathogenesis. A deeper conceptual understanding of the mechanisms associated with pathogenic and/or protective functions of TREM-1 in antiviral immunity is essential to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the control of virus infection by modulating innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Roe
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sébastien Gibot
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, University Hospital of Nancy Nancy, France
| | - Saguna Verma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI, USA
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26
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Bostanci N, Oztürk VÖ, Emingil G, Belibasakis GN. Elevated oral and systemic levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in periodontitis. J Dent Res 2012; 92:161-5. [PMID: 23242230 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512470691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is a cell-surface receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, involved in the propagation of the inflammatory response to bacterial challenge. Soluble (s)TREM-1 is released from the cell surface during the course of infection and is a useful inflammatory biomarker in the early diagnosis of systemic sepsis. The hypothesis of this study was that oral and systemic levels of sTREM-1 are elevated in periodontitis. Therefore, the aim was to investigate, by ELISA, the sTREM-1 concentrations in saliva and serum of individuals without periodontitis (control) and persons with chronic or generalized aggressive periodontitis. In saliva, sTREM-1 concentrations were higher in chronic and aggressive periodontitis than in the control group, by 3.3-fold and 5.6-fold, respectively. In serum, these differences were 1.7-fold and 2-fold, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between the two forms of periodontitis, neither in saliva nor in serum. Salivary and serum sTREM-1 levels positively correlated with full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters. In conclusion, the increased oral and systemic levels of sTREM-1 in periodontitis denote a value for this molecule as a biomarker for the disease and may also have implications in the association between periodontal infections and systemic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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IL23R(Arg381Gln) functional polymorphism is associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis severity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1188-92. [PMID: 22695161 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00135-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the interleukin-23 receptor gene (IL23R; rs11209026, 1142 G(wild type) → A(reduced function), Arg381Gln) and disease severity outcome in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in the Tunisian population. SNP was investigated in a population of 168 patients with active pulmonary TB (cases were stratified into patients with minimal/moderate lung involvement, i.e., patients with minimal/moderate disease [Pmd], and patients with extensive lung involvement, i.e., patients with active disease [Pad]) and 150 healthy subjects. Genotype analyses were carried out using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. We have found that the IL23R reduced-function allele 1142A and genotypes AA and AG were overrepresented, especially in the Pad subgroup compared with the control group (51% versus 18% [P = 10(-8)], 33% versus 5% [P = 10(-8)], and 36% versus 26% [P = 5 × 10(-3)], respectively). Additionally, comparison of the Pad and the Pmd groups showed that the A allele and AA genotype seemed to be associated with 2.79-fold (P = 4 × 10(-5)) and 7.74-fold (P = 10(-5)) increased risks of TB with minimal/moderate lung involvement, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the reduced-function polymorphism 1142G → A encoded by IL23R influences the outcome of disease severity of active pulmonary TB in Tunisian patients.
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Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. Doxycycline inhibits TREM-1 induction by Porphyromonas gingivalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich; Switzerland
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Xiaoxia Z, Weihua N, Qingyong Z, Fengli W, Yingying L, Xiaxia S, Zhonghui L, Guixiang T. Maltose-binding protein isolated from Escherichia coli induces Toll-like receptor 2-mediated viability in U937 cells. Clin Transl Oncol 2011; 13:509-18. [PMID: 21775279 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-011-0689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial products has been utilised to potentiate immune responses against haematologic malignancies. The maltose-binding protein (MBP) of Escherichia coli could induce the activation of immune cells via TLR4. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether TLRs mediated the biological effects of MBP on U937 and Jurkat cells in vitro. METHODS We observed the effect of MBP on U937 and Jurkat cells by using the WST, cell cycle analysis and morphological observation. Further, cells were stimulated with MBP for indicated times and doses, and detected by RT-PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining to investigate the mechanisms involved in cell viability. RESULTS MBP enhanced the viability of U937 and Jurkat cells, and the effects were blocked by anti-TLR2, but not anti-TLR4 in U937 cells. Further studies confirmed that MBP was able to directly bind to U937 and Jurkat cells and modulate TLR expression. The effects of MBP depended on the activation of NF-κB and MAP kinase in U937 and Jurkat cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that MBP could directly promote U937 cell viability via TLR2. It suggested that MBP may be used as an adjuvant for participating in the immunotherapy of haematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xiaoxia
- Department of Immunology, Jilin University, 2 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Ji Lin 130021, People's Republic of China
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Involvement of the TREM-1/DAP12 pathway in the innate immune responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:387-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yannam GR, Gutti T, Poluektova LY. IL-23 in infections, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer: possible role in HIV-1 and AIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:95-112. [PMID: 21947740 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing family of interleukin (IL)-12-like cytokines produced by activated macrophages and dendritic cells became the important players in the control of infections, development of inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. However, the role of one of them-heterodimer IL-23, which consists of IL12p40 and the unique p19 subunit in HIV-1 infection pathogenesis and progression to AIDS, represent special interest. We overviewed findings of IL-23 involvement in control of peripheral bacterial pathogens and opportunistic infection, central nervous system (CNS) viral infections and autoimmune disorders, and tumorogenesis, which potentially could be applicable to HIV-1 and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhana Rao Yannam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Stappenbeck TS, Rioux JD, Mizoguchi A, Saitoh T, Huett A, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Wileman T, Mizushima N, Carding S, Akira S, Parkes M, Xavier RJ. Crohn disease: a current perspective on genetics, autophagy and immunity. Autophagy 2011; 7:355-74. [PMID: 20729636 PMCID: PMC3842289 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.2.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic and debilitating inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Prevalence in Western populations is 100-150/100,000 and somewhat higher in Ashkenazi Jews. Peak incidence is in early adult life, although any age can be affected and a majority of affected individuals progress to relapsing and chronic disease. Medical treatments rely significantly on empirical corticosteroid therapy and immunosuppression, and intestinal resectional surgery is frequently required. Thus, 80% of patients with CD come to surgery for refractory disease or complications. It is hoped that an improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, for example by studying the genetic basis of CD and other forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), will lead to improved therapies and possibly preventative strategies in individuals identified as being at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - John D. Rioux
- Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute; Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- Laboratory of Host Defense; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center; Osaka University; Suita, Osaka Japan
- Department of Host Defense Osaka; Japan
| | - Alan Huett
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Tom Wileman
- Infection and Immunity; School of Medicine; Faculty of Health; University of East Anglia; East Anglia, Norfolk UK
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology at Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center; Osaka University; Suita, Osaka Japan
- Department of Host Defense Osaka; Japan
| | - Miles Parkes
- IBD Research Group; Addenbrooke’s Hospital; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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Stappenbeck TS, Rioux JD, Mizoguchi A, Saitoh T, Huett A, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Wileman T, Mizushima N, Carding S, Akira S, Parkes M, Xavier RJ. Crohn disease: a current perspective on genetics, autophagy and immunity. Autophagy 2011. [PMID: 20729636 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.4.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic and debilitating inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Prevalence in Western populations is 100-150/100,000 and somewhat higher in Ashkenazi Jews. Peak incidence is in early adult life, although any age can be affected and a majority of affected individuals progress to relapsing and chronic disease. Medical treatments rely significantly on empirical corticosteroid therapy and immunosuppression, and intestinal resectional surgery is frequently required. Thus, 80% of patients with CD come to surgery for refractory disease or complications. It is hoped that an improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, for example by studying the genetic basis of CD and other forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), will lead to improved therapies and possibly preventative strategies in individuals identified as being at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Paik TH, Lee JS, Kim KH, Yang CS, Jo EK, Song CH. Mycobacterial cell-wall skeleton as a universal vaccine vehicle for antigen conjugation. Vaccine 2010; 28:7873-80. [PMID: 20937311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial cell-wall skeleton (CWS) is an immunoactive and biodegradable particulate adjuvant and has been used for immunotherapy in patients with cancer. The CWS of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG-CWS) was studied as a universal vaccine vehicle for antigen conjugation, to develop potentially effective and safe vaccines. Here, we describe experiments in which protein antigens, such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), ovalbumin (OVA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were highly efficiently coupled to 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS)-activated carboxyl groups of BCG-CWS, and tested the immunogenicity of OVA-conjugated BCG-CWS vaccine. We found that a strong immune response was induced in mice immunised with OVA-conjugated BCG-CWS, which was similar to the enhancement of the immune responses in mice immunised with OVA and complete Freund's adjuvant. Covalent conjugation of OVA to BCG-CWS was essential for Th1-skewed immune responses, with prominent expression of IFN-γ. Furthermore, antigen-conjugated BCG-CWS vaccine is simple to manufacture, safe, and easy to use. Our results suggest that mycobacterial CWS as a universal vaccine vehicle for conjugation of a wide variety of antigens constitutes a breakthrough for development of the most promising vaccines for infections, allergic diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyun Paik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea.
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Akazawa T, Inoue N, Shime H, Kodama K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Adjuvant engineering for cancer immunotherapy: Development of a synthetic TLR2 ligand with increased cell adhesion. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1596-603. [PMID: 20507323 PMCID: PMC11158911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective immunoadjuvants for tumor immunotherapy is of fundamental importance. The use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) in tumor immunotherapy has been examined in various clinical applications. Because BCG-CWS is a macromolecule that cannot be chemically synthesized, the development of an alternative synthetic molecule is necessary to ensure a constant supply of adjuvant. In the present study, a new adjuvant was designed based on the structure of macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP)-2, which is a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 ligand similar to BCG-CWS. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2, [S-(2,3-bispalmitoyloxypropyl)Cys (P2C) - GNNDESNISFKEK], originally identified in a Mycoplasma species, is a lipopeptide that can be chemically synthesized. A MALP-2 peptide was substituted with a functional motif, RGDS, creating a novel molecule named P2C-RGDS. RGDS was selected because its sequence constitutes an integrin-binding motif and various integrins are expressed in immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, this motif adds functionality to the ligand. P2C-RGDS activated DCs and splenocytes more efficiently than MALP-2 over short incubation times in vitro, and the RGDS motif contributed to their activation. Furthermore, P2C-RGDS showed higher activity than MALP-2 in inducing migration of DCs to draining lymph node, and in inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. This process of designing and developing synthetic adjuvants has been named "adjuvant engineering," and the evaluation and improvement of P2C-RGDS constitutes a first step in the development of stronger synthetic adjuvants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
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Kalvakolanu DV, Nallar SC, Kalakonda S. Cytokine-induced tumor suppressors: a GRIM story. Cytokine 2010; 52:128-42. [PMID: 20382543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines belonging to the IFN family are potent growth suppressors. In a number of clinical and preclinical studies, vitamin A and its derivatives like retinoic acid (RA) have been shown to exert synergistic growth-suppressive effects on several tumor cells. We have employed a genome-wide expression-knockout approach to identify the genes critical for IFN/RA-induced growth suppression. A number of novel genes associated with Retinoid-Interferon-induced Mortality (GRIM) were isolated. In this review, we will describe the molecular mechanisms of actions of one, GRIM-19, which participates in multiple pathways for exerting growth control and/or cell death. This protein is emerging as a new tumor suppressor. In addition, GRIM-19 appears to participate in innate immune responses as its activity is modulated by several viruses and bacteria. Thus, GRIMs seem to couple with multiple biological responses by acting at critical nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Fletcher HA, Keyser A, Bowmaker M, Sayles PC, Kaplan G, Hussey G, Hill AVS, Hanekom WA. Transcriptional profiling of mycobacterial antigen-induced responses in infants vaccinated with BCG at birth. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:10. [PMID: 19239680 PMCID: PMC2654906 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccines recently tested in humans have been designed to boost immunity induced by the current vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Because BCG vaccination is used extensively in infants, this population group is likely to be the first in which efficacy trials of new vaccines will be conducted. However, our understanding of the complexity of immunity to BCG in infants is inadequate, making interpretation of vaccine-induced immune responses difficult. Methods To better understand BCG-induced immunity, we performed gene expression profiling in five 10-week old infants routinely vaccinated with BCG at birth. RNA was extracted from 12 hour BCG-stimulated or purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD)-stimulated PBMC, isolated from neonatal blood collected 10 weeks after vaccination. RNA was hybridised to the Sentrix® HumanRef-8 Expression BeadChip (Illumina) to measure expression of >16,000 genes. Results We found that ex vivo stimulation of PBMC with PPD and BCG induced largely similar gene expression profiles, except that BCG induced greater macrophage activation. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, including PPAR-γ, involved in activation of the alternative, anti-inflammatory macrophage response was down-regulated following stimulation with both antigens. In contrast, up-regulation of genes associated with the classic, pro-inflammatory macrophage response was noted. Further analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including integrin alpha M (ITGAM), which is known to be important for entry of mycobacteria into the macrophage. Interestingly, more leukocyte genes were down-regulated than up-regulated. Conclusion Our results suggest that a combination of suppressed and up-regulated genes may be key in determining development of protective immunity to TB induced by vaccination with BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A Fletcher
- Jenner Institute, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Menon R, Fortunato SJ. Induction of triggering receptors of myeloid cell (TREM-1) expression in fetal membranes and higher concentration of soluble TREM-1 in amniotic fluid with spontaneous preterm birth. Reprod Sci 2009; 15:825-30. [PMID: 19017817 DOI: 10.1177/1933719108320090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document triggering receptors of myeloid cells (TREM-1) expression in fetal membranes and to estimate soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) concentrations in the amniotic fluid (AF) from spontaneous preterm birth (PTB). METHODS Fetal membranes at term not in labor placed in an organ explant system were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Membranes were also collected from PTB with and without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC).TREM-1 expression and sTREM-1 concentration (in culture media and in AF from PTB) were documented using RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS LPS and preterm labor induced fetal membrane TREM-1 expression. Higher sTREM-1 concentration was documented in membranes stimulated with LPS compared with unstimulated controls. In AF,sTREM-1 concentration was higher in PTB than normal term deliveries. PTB with MIAC had higher sTREM-1 concentration compared with PTB with no MIAC. CONCLUSIONS TREM-1 is inducible in amniochorion by LPS and preterm labor. Higher sTREM-1 in PTB and in cases with MIAC suggests a role for TREM in infection-associated PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Menon
- Perinatal Research Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA.
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Piccio L, Buonsanti C, Cella M, Tassi I, Schmidt RE, Fenoglio C, Rinker J, Naismith RT, Panina-Bordignon P, Passini N, Galimberti D, Scarpini E, Colonna M, Cross AH. Identification of soluble TREM-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid and its association with multiple sclerosis and CNS inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:3081-91. [PMID: 18790823 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) is a membrane-bound receptor expressed by microglia and macrophages. Engagement of TREM-2 on these cells has been reported to reduce inflammatory responses and, in microglial cells, to promote phagocytosis. TREM-2 function is critical within the CNS, as its genetic deficiency in humans causes neurodegeneration with myelin and axonal loss. Blockade of TREM-2 worsened the mouse model for multiple sclerosis. In the present study, a soluble form of TREM-2 protein has been identified by immunoprecipitation and by ELISA. Soluble TREM-2 protein (sTREM-2) was detected in human CSF, and was compared among subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS; n = 52), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PP-MS; n = 21), other inflammatory neurologic diseases (OIND; n = 19), and non-inflammatory neurologic diseases (NIND; n = 41). Compared to NIND subjects, CSF sTREM-2 levels were significantly higher in RR-MS (P = 0.004 by ANOVA) and PP-MS (P < 0.001) subjects, as well as in OIND (P < 0.001) subjects. In contrast, levels of sTREM-2 in blood did not differ among the groups. Furthermore, TREM-2 was detected on a subset of CSF monocytes by flow cytometry, and was also highly expressed on myelin-laden macrophages in eight active demyelinating lesions from four autopsied multiple sclerosis subjects. The elevated levels of sTREM-2 in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients may inhibit the anti-inflammatory function of the membrane-bound receptor suggesting sTREM-2 to be a possible target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Shime H, Yabu M, Akazawa T, Kodama K, Matsumoto M, Seya T, Inoue N. Tumor-secreted lactic acid promotes IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7175-83. [PMID: 18490716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 is a proinflammatory cytokine consisting of a p19 subunit and a p40 subunit that is shared with IL-12. IL-23 is overexpressed in and around tumor tissues, where it induces local inflammation and promotes tumor development. Many tumor cells produce large amounts of lactic acid by altering their glucose metabolism. In this study, we show that lactic acid secreted by tumor cells enhances the transcription of IL-23p19 and IL-23 production in monocytes/macrophages and in tumor-infiltrating immune cells that are stimulated with TLR2 and 4 ligands. DNA elements responsible for this enhancing activity of lactic acid were detected in a 2.7-kb 5'-flanking region of the human IL-23p19 gene. The effect of lactic acid was strictly regulated by extracellular pH. Furthermore, by inducing IL-23 overproduction, lactic acid facilitated the Ag-dependent secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 but not IFN-gamma by TLR ligand-stimulated mouse splenocytes. Interestingly, this effect was observed even in the absence of TLR ligand stimulation. These results suggest that rather than just being a terminal metabolite, lactic acid is a proinflammatory mediator that is secreted by tumor cells to activate the IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway but not the Th1 pathway. Targeting the lactic acid-induced proinflammatory response may be a useful approach for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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TREM-2 binds to lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is expressed on reproductive tract epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:229-38. [PMID: 19079182 PMCID: PMC2614303 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is an innate immune receptor that initiates cellular activation upon ligation. In this study, we examined the interaction of TREM-2 with Neisseria gonorrhoeae using murine TREM-2A, as it has been reported to recognize bacterial ligands. Using a whole-bacteria enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), TREM-2A bound to all six strains in variable degrees. Far-western blots of gonococcal outer membranes revealed TREM-2A binding to lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and opacity (Opa) protein, with predominant binding to LOS. Binding of TREM-2A to LOS was confirmed by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. O-deacylation of the lipid A significantly reduced binding. Flow cytometry and reporter cell assays showed that gonococci bound to TREM-2A-transfected cells and induced transmembrane signaling. In humans, TREM-2 was constitutively expressed by genitourinary and fallopian tube epithelial cells, both of which are primary targets of gonococcal invasion. Ligation of TREM-2 by LOS induced interleukin-6 production in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the expression of human TREM-2 by cells deriving from a non-myeloid lineage. We conclude that gonococci can interact with TREM-2 receptors through binding to LOS and Opa protein and initiate cell signaling and cytokine production.
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Gustafsson C, Mjösberg J, Matussek A, Geffers R, Matthiesen L, Berg G, Sharma S, Buer J, Ernerudh J. Gene expression profiling of human decidual macrophages: evidence for immunosuppressive phenotype. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2078. [PMID: 18446208 PMCID: PMC2323105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although uterine macrophages are thought to play an important regulatory role at the maternal-fetal interface, their global gene expression profile is not known. Methodology/Principal Findings Using micro-array comprising approximately 14,000 genes, the gene expression pattern of human first trimester decidual CD14+ monocytes/macrophages was characterized and compared with the expression profile of the corresponding cells in blood. Some of the key findings were confirmed by real time PCR or by secreted protein. A unique gene expression pattern intrinsic of first trimester decidual CD14+ cells was demonstrated. A large number of regulated genes were functionally related to immunomodulation and tissue remodelling, corroborating polarization patterns of differentiated macrophages mainly of the alternatively activated M2 phenotype. These include known M2 markers such as CCL-18, CD209, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, mannose receptor c type (MRC)-1 and fibronectin-1. Further, the selective up-regulation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2, alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and prostaglandin D2 synthase (PGDS) provides new insights into the regulatory function of decidual macrophages in pregnancy that may have implications in pregnancy complications. Conclusions/Significance The molecular characterization of decidual macrophages presents a unique transcriptional profile replete with important components for fetal immunoprotection and provides several clues for further studies of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
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Nallar SC, Kalakonda S, Sun P, Kalvakolanu DV. GRIM-19: A Double-edged Sword that Regulates Anti-Tumor and Innate Immune Responses. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2008; 3:67-79. [PMID: 21566745 PMCID: PMC3022361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene associated with retinoid-interferon-β-induced mortality (GRIM)-19, was originally identified as a critical regulatory protein necessary for Interferon-β-Retinoic acid-induced cell death. Overexpression of GRIM-19 activates cell death and its suppression or inactivation promotes cell growth. GRIM-19 targets multiple proteins/pathways for exerting growth control and cell death. However, GRIM-19 is also required for normal cellular processes. In addition, viruses 'hijack' GRIM-19 for their survival. Intracellular bacterial infections and bacterial products have been reported to induce the expression of GRIM-19. In this review, we will discuss the current status of GRIM-19 in growth control and innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C. Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sudhakar Kalakonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Peng Sun
- Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Dhan V. Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201,Correspondence: Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201. Tel: 410-328-1396; Fax: 410-706-6609;
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Zhang H, Massey D, Tremelling M, Parkes M. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: clues to pathogenesis. Br Med Bull 2008; 87:17-30. [PMID: 18753178 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldn031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION OR BACKGROUND It has long been recognized from epidemiological data that inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), have a strong genetic predisposition, interacting with unknown environmental drivers to render susceptible individuals at risk for relapsing intestinal inflammation. Substantial progress has been made in the last 2 years in characterizing the susceptibility genes involved. SOURCES OF DATA The recent acceleration in understanding has resulted from the use of new technologies of genome-wide association scanning in large panels of cases and controls. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Genome scans have robustly identified 11 susceptibility genes and loci and highlighted a number of new, previously unsuspected pathways as playing an important role in IBD pathogenesis-including the IL23 pathway in IBD overall and specific aspects of innate immunity (particularly NOD2 and the autophagy genes ATG16L1 and IRGM) in CD. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The next challenge is to identify specific causal variants at each of the confirmed susceptibility loci and then characterize their biological impact on gene expression and function of the protein product. GROWING POINTS To date, most attention has focused on CD. A recent meta-analysis has increased the number of confirmed susceptibility loci to 32-more than for any other common disease to date. Attention is now turning to the use of the same techniques in UC to identify new, disease-specific genes and understand areas of overlap. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH This review explores genetic clues to the pathogenesis of IBD derived from the growing list of confirmed IBD susceptibility genes, and briefly elaborates some of the important themes and overlaps that are becoming evident both within IBD and also with other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- IBD Genetics Research Group, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University, UK
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Uenishi Y, Fujita Y, Kusunose N, Yano I, Sunagawa M. Comprehensive analysis of mycolic acid subclass and molecular species composition of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172 cell wall skeleton (SMP-105). J Microbiol Methods 2007; 72:149-56. [PMID: 18178279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell envelope consists of a characteristic cell wall skeleton (CWS), a mycoloyl arabinogalactan peptidoglycan complex, and related hydrophobic components that contribute to the cell surface properties. Since mycolic acids have recently been reported to play crucial roles in host immune response, detailed molecular characterization of mycolic acid subclasses and sub-subclasses of CWS from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172 (SMP-105) was performed. Mycolic acids were liberated by alkali hydrolysis from SMP-105, and their methyl esters were separated by silica gel TLC into three subclasses: alpha-, methoxy-, and keto-mycolates. Each mycolate subclass was further separated by silver nitrate (AgNO(3))-coated silica gel TLC into sub-subclasses. Molecular weights of individual mycolic acid were determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. alpha-Mycolates were sub-grouped into cis, cis-dicyclopropanoic (alpha1), and cis-monocyclopropanoic-cis-monoenoic (alpha2) series; methoxy-mycolates were sub-grouped into cis-monocyclopropanoic (m1), trans-monocyclopropanoic (m2), trans-monoenoic (m3), cis-monocyclopropanoic-trans-monoenoic (m4), cis-monoenoic (m5), and cis-monocyclopropanoic-cis-monoenoic (m6) series; and keto-mycolates were sub-grouped into cis-monocyclopropanoic (k1), trans-monocyclopropanoic (k2), trans-monoenoic (k3), cis-monoenoic (k4), and cis-monocyclopropanoic-cis-monoenoic (k5) series. The position of each functional group, including cyclopropane rings and methoxy and keto groups, was determined by analysis of the meromycolates with fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry and FAB mass-mass spectrometry, and the cis/trans ratio of cyclopropane rings and double bonds were determined by NMR analysis of methyl mycolates. Mycolic acid subclass and molecular species composition of SMP-105 showed characteristic features including newly-identified cis-monocyclopropanoic-trans-monoenoic mycolic acid (m4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Uenishi
- Technology Research & Development Center, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., 1-3-45, Kurakakiuchi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan.
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Abstract
Genetics may not provide all the answers but it will, in highlighting the pathways relevant to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and other inflammatory conditions, at least indicate which questions need answering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunecan Massey
- IBD Genetics Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology, Box 201A, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Gómez-Piña V, Soares-Schanoski A, Rodríguez-Rojas A, Del Fresno C, García F, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Fernández-Ruiz I, Arnalich F, Fuentes-Prior P, López-Collazo E. Metalloproteinases Shed TREM-1 Ectodomain from Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4065-73. [PMID: 17785845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) proteins are a family of cell surface receptors that participate in diverse cellular processes such as inflammation, coagulation, and bone homeostasis. TREM-1, in particular, is expressed on neutrophils and monocytes and is a potent amplifier of inflammatory responses. LPS and other microbial products induce up-regulation of cell surface-localized TREM-1 and the release of its soluble form, sTREM-1. Two hypotheses have been advanced to explain the origin of sTREM-1: alternative splicing of TREM-1 mRNA and proteolytic cleavage(s) of mature, membrane-anchored TREM-1. In this report, we present conclusive evidence in favor of the proteolytic mechanism of sTREM-1 generation. No alternative splicing forms of TREM-1 were detected in monocytes/macrophages. Besides, metalloproteinase inhibitors increased the stability of TREM-1 at the cell surface while significantly reducing sTREM-1 release in cultures of LPS-challenged human monocytes and neutrophils. We conclude that metalloproteinases are responsible for shedding of the TREM-1 ectodomain through proteolytic cleavage of its long juxtamembrane linker.
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Abstract
Granulomatous lung diseases, such as sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and chronic beryllium disease, along with granulomatous diseases of known infectious etiologies, such as tuberculosis, are major causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Clinical manifestations of these diseases are highly heterogeneous, and the determinants of disease susceptibility and clinical course (e.g., resolution vs. chronic, progressive fibrosis) are largely unknown. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases also remain poorly understood. Within this context, these diseases have been approached using genomic and proteomic technologies to allow us to identify patterns of gene/protein expression that track with clinical disease or to identify new pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. The results from these initial studies highlight the potential for these "-omics" approaches to reveal novel insights into the pathogenesis of granulomatous lung disease and provide new tools to improve diagnosis, clinical classification, course prediction, and response to therapy. Realizing this potential will require collaboration among multidisciplinary groups with expertise in the respective technologies, bioinformatics, and clinical medicine for these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Uenishi Y, Okada T, Okabe S, Sunagawa M. Study on the Cell Wall Skeleton Derived from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172 (SMP-105): Establishment of Preparation and Analytical Methods. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:843-52. [PMID: 17541180 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial cell walls have diverse adjuvant activities, and in particular, cell wall skeleton (CWS) of Mycobacterium bovis BCG has been expected as a drug for tumor immunotherapy. However, its molecular structure-biological activity relationship has not been fully elucidated despite more than 30 years of intensive research. Since it is important to secure purified CWS for such investigation, we established a preparation method of CWS from M. bovis BCG Tokyo 172 (SMP-105) and developed accurate, precise, and reliable analytical methods, based on previous reports. Furthermore, we confirmed that SMP-105 is composed of mycolic acids; arabinogalactan consisting of arabinose, galactose, and rhamnose; and peptidoglycan consisting of alanine, glutamic acid, diaminopimeric acid, muramic acid, glucosamine, and galactosamine. We also determined the levels of potential impurities that might be contaminated in the original bacterium or arise during the manufacturing process, such as glucose, mannose, non-constituted amino acids, as well as nucleic acid, trehaolse di-mycolate, and bacterial endotoxins. These results demonstrated that the prepared SMP-105 was of sufficient quality for research into the chemistry, bioactivity, and structure-activity relationship of CWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Uenishi
- Technology Research & Development Center, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.
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Abstract
The immune response to evolving prostate cancer is a complex and carefully orchestrated process. Such a response is initiated when immature dendritic cells take up and process tumor-associated antigens. These dendritic cells must then be activated in order to present peptides to helper (CD4) T cells. Cytolytic (CD8) T cells are next "licensed" to achieve full effector function by interacting with both antigen presenting cells and tumor-specific CD4 T cells. Finally, activated CD8 T cells traffic to sites of neoplasia and mediate killing by multiple mechanisms. This article provides a basic overview of these processes, and discusses the manner by which current clinical interventions seek to augment or initiate an antitumor immune response. Various compensatory mechanisms which serve to down-regulate an antitumor response are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Drake
- Oncology, Immunology, and Urology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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