Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition

A comprehensive evaluation of risk factors for mortality, infection and colonization associated with CRGNB in adult solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The burden of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients has not been systematically explored. Here, we discern the risk factors associated with CRGNB infection and colonization in SOT recipients.

METHODS

This study included observational studies conducted among CRGNB-infected SOT patients, which reported risk factors associated with mortality, infection or colonization. Relevant records will be searched in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for the period from the time of database construction to 1 March 2023.

RESULTS

A total of 23 studies with 13,511 participants were included, enabling the assessment of 27 potential risk factors. The pooled prevalence of 1-year mortality among SOT recipients with CRGNB was 44.5%. Prolonged mechanical ventilation, combined transplantation, reoperation and pre-transplantation CRGNB colonization are salient contributors to the occurrence of CRGNB infections in SOT recipients. Renal replacement therapy, post-LT CRGNB colonization, pre-LT liver disease and model for end-stage liver disease score increased the risk of infection. Re-transplantation, carbapenem use before transplantation and ureteral stent utilization increaesd risk of CRGNB colonization.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that SOT recipients with CRGNB infections had a higher mortality risk. Invasive procedure may be the main factor contribute to CRGNB infection.

Association between inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy and mortality in Gram-negative bloodstream infections in patients with febrile neutropenia and hematological malignancy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy has been associated with high mortality in patients with gram-negative bacilli bloodstream infections during febrile neutropenia following chemotherapy for hematological malignancies. The aim of this study is to determine this association in our hospital.

METHODS

A single center, retrospective, cohort study of bloodstream infection due to gram-negative bacilli and febrile neutropenia was conducted. Clinical characteristics, microbiological etiology, antimicrobial resistance profile, empirical and targeted antibiotic therapy, intensive care unit admission, persistent bacteremia and mortality were analyzed.

RESULTS

Of the 171 episodes of bloodstream infection due to gram-negative bacilli, empirical antimicrobial therapy was inappropriate in 43 episodes (25.1%). There was a significant difference in mortality at 7 and 30 days between patients who received appropriate versus inappropriate empirical treatment (4.6% versus 13.9%, p= 0.04; 15.6% versus 32.5%, p= 0.016). Inappropriate empirical treatment (RR, 2.97 [95% CI, 1.01 - 8.74]), shock at the time of febrile neutropenia diagnosis (RR, 6.5 [95% CI, 1.83 - 23.05]) carbapenem-resistant microorganism (RR, 3.73 [95% CI, 1.14 - 12.24]) and persistent bacteremia (RR, 84.6 [95% CI, 11.3 - 629.4]) were associated with an increased mortality at 7 and 30 days. In the multivariate analysis, shock (RR, 4.85 [95% CI, 2.10 - 11.65]) and persistent bacteremia was independently associated with increased 30-day mortality, but inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy was not an independent prognostic determinant (RR, 1.66 [0.53 - 4.82]).

CONCLUSION

Shock at the time of febrile neutropenia diagnosis contributes to mortality in patients with gram-negative bacilli bloodstream infection, in this scenario, appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy should be encouraged.

Bactericidal and anti-quorum sensing activity of repurposing drug visomitin against staphylococcus aureus

With the growing antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, it is imperative to develop innovative therapeutic strategies against new targets to reduce selective survival pressures and incidence of resistance. In S. aureus, interbacterial communication relies on a quorum sensing system that regulates gene expression and physiological activities. Here, we identified that Visomitin, an antioxidant small molecule, exhibited bactericidal efficacy against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and its high tolerance phenotypes like intracellular bacteria and persister cells without inducing resistance. Critically, sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of Visomitin could serve as a potent quorum-quencher reducing virulence production (such as haemolysin and staphyloxanthin), along with inhibiting biofilm formation, self-aggregation, and colony spreading of S. aureus. These effects were probably mediated by interfering with the S. aureus accessory gene regulator quorum sensing system. In summary, our findings suggest that Visomitin shows dual antimicrobial effects, including bactericidal effects at the concentrations above MIC and quorum sensing inhibition effects at sub-MICs, which holds promise for treating MRSA-related refractory infections.

In vitro and in vivo activities of scutellarein, a novel polyphosphate kinase 1 inhibitor against Acinetobacter baumannii infection

BACKGROUND

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP)-targeted polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1) has attracted much attention by virtue of its importance in bacterial pathogenicity and persistence, as well as its exclusive presence in microorganisms. However, only very few drugs have been found to be efficacious in inhibiting the Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) PPK1 protein.

RESULTS

In this study, we identified Scutellarein (Scu), a potent PPK1 inhibitor that could significantly influence PPK1-regulated motility, biofilm formation, and bacterial persistence, which was further validated by the results of transcriptome analysis. Mechanistic explorations revealed that Scu achieved its enzyme inhibitory activity predominantly through direct engagement with the active center of PPK1. Moreover, the survival rate of Galleria mellonella larvae was increased by about 35% with 20 mg/kg of Scu treatment. The remarkable therapeutic benefits of Scu were also observed in the mouse pneumonia model, shown mainly by reduced bacterial colonization, pathological lesions, and inflammatory factors.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed that Scu could attenuate the pathogenicity and persistence of A. baumannii by interfering with its important kinase PPK1.

Maximally precise combinations to overcome metallo-β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Gram-negatives harboring metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) pose a substantial risk to the public health landscape. In ongoing efforts to combat these "superbugs," we explored the clinical combination of aztreonam and ceftazidime/avibactam together with varying dosages of polymyxin B and imipenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp CDC Nevada) in a 9-day hollow fiber infection model (HFIM). As previously reported by our group, although the base of aztreonam and ceftazidime/avibactam alone leads to 3.34 log10 fold reductions within 72 hours, addition of polymyxin B or imipenem to the base regimen caused maximal killing of 7.55 log10 and 7.4 log10 fold reduction, respectively, by the 72-hour time point. Although low-dose polymyxin B and imipenem enhanced the bactericidal activity as an adjuvant to aztreonam +ceftazidime/avibactam, regrowth to ~9 log10CFU/mL by 216 hours rendered these combinations ineffective. When aztreonam +ceftazidime/avibactam was supplemented with high-dose polymyxin B and or low-dose polymyxin B + imipenem, it resulted in effective long-term clearance of the bacterial population. Time lapse microscopy profiled the emergence of long filamentous cells in response to PBP3 binding due to aztreonam and ceftazidime. The emergence of spheroplasts via imipenem and damage to the outer membrane via polymyxin B was visualized as a mechanism of persister killing. Despite intrinsic mgrB and blaNDM-1 resistance, polymyxin B and β-lactam combinations represent a promising strategy. Future studies using an integrated molecularly precise pharmacodynamic approach are warranted to unravel the mechanistic details to propose optimal antibiotic combinations to combat untreatable, pan-drug-resistant Gram-negatives.

Sensitivity of dairy calf Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro isolates to infection-relevant stressors

Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro (S. Cerro) is an emerging Salmonella serotype isolated from cattle, but the association of S. Cerro with disease is not well understood. While comparative genomic analyses of bovine S. Cerro isolates have indicated mutations in elements associated with virulence, the correlation of S. Cerro fecal shedding with clinical disease in cattle varies between epidemiologic studies. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the infection-relevant phenotypes of S. Cerro fecal isolates obtained from neonatal calves born on a dairy farm in Wisconsin, USA. The S. Cerro isolates varied in biofilm production and sensitivity to the bile salt deoxycholate. All S. Cerro isolates were sensitive to sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and acidic shock. However, S. Cerro isolates were resistant to nitric oxide stress. Two S. Cerro isolates were unable to compete with S. Typhimurium during infection of calf ligated intestinal loops, indicating decreased fitness in vivo. Together, our data suggest that S. Cerro is sensitive to some innate antimicrobial defenses present in the gut, many of which are also used to control Salmonella in the environment. The observed phenotypic variation in S. Cerro isolates from a single farm suggest phenotypic plasticity that could impact infectious potential, transmission, and persistence on a farm.IMPORTANCESalmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen that threatens both human and animal health. Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro is being isolated from cattle at increasing frequency over the past two decades; however, its association with clinical disease is unclear. The goal of this study was to characterize infection-relevant phenotypes of S. Cerro isolates obtained from dairy calves from a single farm. Our work shows that there can be variation among temporally related S. Cerro isolates and that these isolates are sensitive to killing by toxic compounds of the innate immune system and those used for environmental control of Salmonella. This work contributes to our understanding of the pathogenic potential of the emerging pathogen S. Cerro.

Characterization of azithromycin-resistant Shigella flexneri serotype 2a isolates using whole genome sequencing in Ontario from 2016 to 2018

Azithromycin-resistant shigellosis is increasing globally. This retrospective analysis of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a isolates from 2016 to 2018 in Ontario found nearly half were azithromycin (47.7%, 72/151) and ciprofloxacin (50.7%, 77/152) resistant. Moreover, 34.7% (25/72) of azithromycin-resistant isolates were also ciprofloxacin-resistant. Four isolates were ceftriaxone-resistant, although all azithromycin-resistant isolates were ceftriaxone-susceptible. Overall, 83.6% (127/152) of all S. flexneri 2a isolates were recovered from males and 97.2% (70/72) of the azithromycin-resistant cases were males. Among the azithromycin-resistant cases, some (8/72) reported international travel. Phylogenetic analysis of azithromycin-resistant isolates revealed two large male-dominated clusters, and one cluster may have been due to importation of resistant strain. Comparison of plasmids isolated from the clusters in Ontario revealed the presence of incFII plasmid with high percentage of similarity to plasmids present in global outbreaks affecting mostly males including men who have sex with men (MSM). These two large azithromycin-resistant clusters are suggestive of an outbreak among MSM, though disease exposure or sexual orientation of patients was unknown. The presence of plasmid-borne azithromycin resistance in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates is a public health concern. Antimicrobial surveillance is important for patient management, understanding the spread of novel resistance types in local communities which sometimes is introduced by travel. We found ongoing multidrug-resistant outbreaks spanning multiple years affecting males. Reduction of future outbreaks in high-risk communities like MSM requires consorted information flow between laboratory, public health, and physicians. We impart genomic and antimicrobial characteristics of multidrug S. flexneri 2a which may serve as reference by clinicians and public health.IMPORTANCEOral ciprofloxacin and azithromycin are generally considered as the first-line therapy of shigellosis. Here, we report the emergence and transmission of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. flexneri serotype 2a among male adults in Ontario during 2016-2018. The percentage of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin resistance among S. flexneri 2a is higher compared to previous reports from Canada and United States. Here, we show the genetic basis of the antimicrobial resistance among these unique groups of S. flexneri 2a isolates. We describe a domestically acquired azithromycin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. flexneri 2a lineage in Ontario. Combining whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data with travel-associated data helped in understanding dissemination and transmission. We employed WGS, which not only helped us in understanding the genetic-relationship between isolates but also mine information regarding plasmids. In the future, linking WGS, travel-related data, and clinical data can provide enhanced contact tracing and improve public-health management.

Mobile Genetic Elements Contributing to Horizontal Gene Transfer of blaNDM among Escherichia coli in the community setting

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the distribution of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in the community and to describe the genomic characteristics.

METHODS

CRE screened from fecal samples in healthy people at the health examination center of a tertiary hospital in China underwent Whole genome sequencing (WGS) to analyze genotypic characteristics of CRE. The flanking DNA sequence of blaNDM-5 and mcr1.1 genes were analyzed by Gcluster software.

RESULTS

A total of 7187 fecal samples were screened, and CRE carriage was detected in 0.4% of the sampled population. In total, 30 Escherichia coli, one Citrobacter freundii and one Klebsiella aerogene were screened. The 30 carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) isolates displayed slight resistance to amikacin (13.3%) and aztreonam (20.0%). All the CRE isolates contained blaNDM, and blaNDM-5 (84.4%) was the most common one. B1 (n=11) and A (n=7) were predominant phylogroups. Furthermore, 34 distinct plasmid replicons, 67 different VFs, 22 distinct STs, 17 different FimH types, 26 O:H serotypes as well as 74 MGEs including 61 insertion sequences and 13 transposons were identified. The flanking DNA sequence analysis of blaNDM-5 and mcr1.1 genes indicates the key role of horizontal transfer of blaNDM-5 in the CRE development evidenced by diverse STs and phylogenetic tree.

CONCLUSION

E. coli was the most predominant CRE isolates in community setting, and blaNDM (blaNDM-5) was the main CHßL encoding genes. The high prevalence of ARGs was associated with high resistance to commonly used antimicrobials. Besides, the genetic diversity of these isolates suggested the key role of blaNDM horizontal transfer in the CRE development. Thus, active screening of blaNDM in communities is particularly important for the prevention and control of CRE.

Antibacterial gelatin/tragacanth gum films containing galbanum essential oil for in vitro scratch-healing

Natural substances and bioactive agents possess great potential in wound care based on their ability to promote healing and prevent infection. This study focused on the fabrication of antibacterial wound dressings by combining gelatin (G), tragacanth gum (TG), and galbanum essential oil (GEO) as a loaded drug. TG addition resulted in more elastic and flexible films besides enabling encapsulation of the hydrophobic GEO into the biopolymeric matrix. GEO was utilized as an antibacterial and a wound-healing enhancer for open wounds such as incisions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis revealed a porous film structure after GEO incorporation. Higher GEO concentration caused reduced swelling and slower degradation. Water vapor transfer rate varied from 596 to 894 g/m2.day, making the films suitable for wound dressings. GEO release exhibited a two-phase profile with prolonged diffusion-controlled release for a higher content of GEO. The films demonstrated dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli strains. Effectiveness and noteworthy application of this research were approved by scratch assay on human dermal fibroblast cells, and films with 3 % GEO showed 79.42 % wound closure, which is significantly higher than the control sample (55.15 %), indicating promoted cell migration and promising wound healing properties.

Advances in the clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens using polymyxins

OBJECTIVES

Polymyxins are a vital class of antibiotics used to combat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, their use is limited due to potential nephrotoxicity and the availability of alternative antibiotics. This review aims to examine the properties of polymyxins and the clinical advances in their use for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB).

METHODS

This review analyses literature on polymyxin properties and various clinical approaches, including intravenous drip infusion, nebulized or dry powder inhalation, and ointment application. Treatment efficacy in terms of bacterial eradication, cure rate and mortality rate are reviewed and evaluated.

RESULTS

Polymyxins have been reintroduced to treat critical infections due to the increasing prevalence of CR-GNB. Clinical trials and studies have confirmed that polymyxins can effectively treat CR-GNB infections when the formulation and administration are appropriate, with acceptable levels of nephrotoxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

In the future, the development of polymyxin formulations will aim to improve their clinical effectiveness while reducing toxicity and side effects and preventing the emergence of polymyxin-resistant strains. Enhanced efficacy and minimized potential side effects can be achieved by developing new polymyxin-delivery systems that provide a smart and controlled release or customized patient administration.

Determining the Disinfectants Resistance Genes and the Susceptibility to Common Disinfectants of Extensively Drug-Resistant Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains at a Tertiary Hospital in China

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infection has become a significant threat to global health. The application of chemical disinfectants is an effective infection control strategy to prevent the spread of CRKP in hospital environments. However, bacteria have shown reduced sensitivity to clinical disinfectants in recent years. Furthermore, bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance due to the induction of disinfectants, posing a considerable challenge to hospital infection prevention and control. This study collected 68 CRKP strains from the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University in China from 2023 to 2024. These strains were isolated from the sputum, urine, and whole blood samples of patients diagnosed with CRKP infection. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on CRKP strains. Concurrently, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of disinfectants (benzalkonium bromide, 1% iodophor disinfectant, alcohol, and chlorine-containing disinfectant) against the test isolates were determined by the broth microdilution method. The efflux pump genes (cepA, qacE, qacEΔ1, qacEΔ1-SUL1, oqxA, and oqxB) were detected using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that 21 out of the 68 CRKP strains exhibited extensive drug resistance, whereas 47 were nonextensively drug-resistant. The MIC value for benzalkonium bromide disinfectants displayed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and non-XDR strains. Additionally, the MBC values for benzalkonium bromide disinfectants and 1% iodophor disinfectants displayed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between XDR and non-XDR strains. The detection rates for the efflux pump genes were as follows: cepA 52.9%, qacE 39.7%, qacEΔ1 35.2%, qacEΔ1-SUL1 52.9%, oqxA 30.8%, and oqxB 32.3%. The detection rate of the qacEΔ1-SUL1 gene in XDR CRKP strains was significantly higher than in non-XDR CRKP strains (p < 0.05). This indicates a potential link between CRKP bacterial disinfectant efflux pump genes and CRKP bacterial resistance patterns. Ongoing monitoring of the declining sensitivity of XDR strains against disinfectants is essential for the effective control and prevention of superbug.

The synergy effect of matrine and berberine hydrochloride on treating colibacillosis caused by an avian highly pathogenic multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Infection by multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in chickens always leads to the uselessness of antibiotics, highlighting the need for alternative antibacterial agents. Sophora flavescens and Coptis chinensis have been a classical combination used together in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas to treat diseases with similar symptoms to colibacillosis for an extended period, but the effect of their active ingredients' combination on APEC infection remains unstudied. The objective of this study was to explore the synergistic effect of matrine and berberine hydrochloride on colibacillosis caused by an isolated multidrug-resistant APEC. In this study, a highly pathogenic E. coli was isolated from the liver of a diseased chicken in a farm suspected of colibacillosis, and it was resistant to multiple antibiotics. The LD50 of the strain was approximately 3.759×108 CFU/mL. The strain harbored several antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes. Matrine and berberine hydrochloride have synergistic antibacterial effect against the isolated strain in vitro. The combined use of matrine and berberine hydrochloride exhibited synergistic effects in the treatment of APEC infection by regulating the organ indices, improving the pathological situation, decreasing the bacterial load, and regulating the inflammatory factors to enhance the survival rate of chickens in vivo. These results provided a foundation for revealing the effective effects and possible mechanisms of matrine and berberine hydrochloride as potential antimicrobial agents on diseases caused by multidrug-resistant APEC in chickens.

Inhibition of the ATP synthase increases sensitivity of Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1 to polymyxin B

Bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative strains carrying the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 are serious threats to world public health due to the lack of effective treatments. Inhibition of the ATP synthase makes bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae more sensitive to polymyxin. This provides new strategies for treating infections caused by polymyxins-resistant bacteria carrying mcr-1. Six mcr-1-positive strains were isolated from clinical samples, and all were identified as Escherichia coli. Here we investigated several ATP synthase inhibitors, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), resveratrol, and piceatannol, for their antibacterial effects against the mcr-1-positive strains combined with polymyxin B (POL). Checkerboard assay, time-kill assay, biofilm inhibition and eradication assay indicated the significant synergistic effect of ATP synthase inhibitors/POL combination in vitro. Meanwhile, mouse infection model experiment was also performed, showing a 5 log10 reduction of the pathogen after treatment with the resveratrol/POL combination. Moreover, adding adenosine disodium triphosphate (Na2ATP) could inhibit the antibacterial effect of the ATP synthase inhibitors/POL combination. In conclusion, our study confirmed that inhibition of ATP production could increase the susceptibility of bacteria carrying mcr-1 to polymyxins. This provides a new strategy against polymyxins-resistant bacteria infection.

Immunomodulator AS101 restores colistin susceptibility of clinical colistin-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVES

Colistin (COL) was once considered to be the last line of defence against multidrug-resistant bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Due to the misuse of COL, COL-resistant (COL-R) Enterobacteriaceae have emerged. To address this clinical issue and combat COL resistance, novel approaches are urgently needed.

METHODS

In this study, the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of the immunomodulator AS101 were investigated in combination with COL against COL-R Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae).

RESULTS

Checkerboard assay, time-kill assay, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the in vitro antimicrobial phenotype, whereas, crystal violet staining and multidimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy with live/dead staining confirmed the antibiofilm capability of the combination therapy. Moreover, the Galleria mellonella infection model and the mouse infection model indicated the high in vivo efficacy of the combination therapy. Additionally, cytotoxicity experiments performed using human kidney-derived HK-2 cells and haemolysis assays performed using human erythrocytes collectively demonstrated safety at effective combination concentrations. Furthermore, quantification of the expression of inflammatory cytokines via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the anti-inflammatory advantage of combination therapy. At the mechanistic level, changes in outer and inner membrane permeability and accumulation of ROS levels, which might be potential mechanisms for synergistic antimicrobial effects.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that AS101 can restore COL susceptibility in clinical COL-R E. coli and K. pneumoniae and also has synergistic antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory capabilities. This study provided a novel strategy to combat clinical infections caused by COL-R E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

Public health implications of antibiotic resistance in sewage water: an epidemiological perspective

The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance pose a major threat to global health, attributing to misuse and overuse of antibiotics resulting in antibiotics-resistant bacteria through natural mutation or transfer of resistance genes. A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which a total of 36 samples were systematically collected; of these, 26 were derived from the wastewater efflux and 10 from the receiving waters at several critical junctures along the Sutlej River. Herein, this study elucidated elevated levels of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates sourced from urban wastewater. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the highest at 90% among the isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) at 58%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) at 55%, and Salmonella spp. at 53%. Many antibiotics were found to be more resistant including Ciproflaxacin, Co-Trimaxazole, Ampicillin and Tetracycline. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were found in isolated bacterial spp., such as Aminoglycosides (aadA), Sulfonamides (Sul1, Sul3), Tetracyclines (Tet (A/B/D)) and Cephalosporins (Bla_CTM X) at 41%, 35%, 29% and 12% respectively. Furthermore, the development of innovative wastewater treatment models and surveillance programs are crucial to counteract the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. To investigate the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance, molecular analysis was performed, including DNA isolation, PCR amplification, and sequence analysis. The study helps investigate a diverse range of ARBs and ARGs in wastewater, which highlights the need of better laws for antibiotic usage and wastewater treatment processes. This investigation also stresses on regular monitoring of ARBs and ARGs in sewage wastewater. Through proactive interventions and sustained scientific inquiry, we can strive toward preserving environmental integrity and public health for successive generations.

Nosocomial, Healthcare-Associated, and Community-Acquired Acinetobacter baumannii in China: Clinical Characteristics, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Risk Factors Associated with Carbapenem Resistance

Background

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an widespread pathogen and carbapenem-resistant strains are great threat to hospitalized patients. This study is aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and risk factors associated with carbapenem resistance in nosocomial, healthcare-associated (HCA), and community-acquired (CA) A. baumannii infections.

Methods

This study retrospectively reviewed cases in a tertiary hospital in southern China between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identified the risk factors of carbapenem resistance in nosocomial, HCA and CA A. baumannii infections.

Results

A total of 391 patients with A. baumannii infection were included. Of these patients, 96 (24.6%) had nosocomial infections, 215 (55.0%) had HCA infections, and 80 (20.5%) had CA infections. The overall 30-day mortality rates of nosocomial and HCA infection patients was significantly higher than that of CA infection (P<0.05). The incidence of antimicrobial resistance was also higher in nosocomial and HCA bacteremia than that in CA bacteremia (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified age ≥60 years, urethral catheterization, and exposure to two or more antibiotics as the independent risk factors for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) infection in the nosocomial infection group and exposure to two or more antibiotics and endotracheal intubation in the HCA infection group. However, malignant tumors and hematological diseases were identified as protective factors against CRAB infection in the HCA group.

Conclusion

These data suggest that HCA A. baumannii infection is quite different from CA infection, with antimicrobial resistance and 30-day mortality rates similar to those of nosocomial infections. Additionally, the risk factors for CRAB development in the CA, HCA, and nosocomial groups were not the same, which may provides the help for controlling practices and instruction empirical clinical medication.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Two Short Linear Peptides YI12 and FK13 against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

The accelerating spread of antibiotic resistance has significantly weakened the clinical efficacy of existing antibiotics, posing a severe threat to public health. There is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial alternatives that can bypass the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and effectively kill multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the most promising candidates to treat MDR pathogenic infections since they display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and are less prone to achieve drug resistance. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial capability and mechanisms of two machine learning-driven linear peptide compounds termed YI12 and FK13. We reveal that YI12 and FK13 exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial properties against clinically significant bacterial pathogens, inducing no or minimal hemolysis in mammalian red blood cells. We further ascertain that YI12 and FK13 are resilient to heat and acid-base conditions, and exhibit susceptibility to hydrolytic enzymes and divalent cations under physiological conditions. Initial mechanistic investigations reveal that YI12 and FK13 compromise bacterial membrane integrity, leading to membrane potential dissipation and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Collectively, our findings highlight the prospective utility of these two cationic amphiphilic peptides as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus mazEF expression promotes infections by influencing cellular growth, antibiotic sensitivity, and formation of biofilms

Staphylococcus aureus infections are hard to treat due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, as well as their ability to form biofilms. The MazEF toxin-antitoxin system is thought play a role in bacterial biofilm phenotype as well as antibiotic resistance. In S. aureus, the physiologic function of the mazEF gene in the disease transition from acute to chronic infection is not well understood. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), loss of mazF expression results in loss of resistance to first generation cephalosporins. mazF::tn displayed sensitivity while the isogenic wild type (WT) remained resistant. mazF::tn displayed significantly increased growth of biofilms on metal implants over 48 h compared to WT and the complemented transposon mutant. mazF::tn biofilms displayed significantly decreased antibiotic tolerance to vancomycin and cefazolin in comparison to WT and complement biofilms. Mice given mazF::tn in a sepsis model displayed less abscess burden and increased survival (100%) when treated with cefazolin compared to WT bacteremia treated with cefazolin (20%). mazF::tn periprosthetic joint infections displayed increased biofilm burden at acute time points and decreased biofilm burden at chronic time points. Our data suggests MazEF in MRSA is responsible for controlling growth of biofilms, antibiotic tolerance, and influence chronic infections in vivo.

Cytotoxicity assessment and antimicrobial effects of cell-free supernatants from probiotic lactic acid bacteria and yeast against multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli

The antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxicity activity of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from probiotics, including Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli evaluated in current research. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the CFSs were determined by analyzing inhibition zone formation using agar disk diffusion for antibacterial activity, microtiter plate for biofilm analysis, and auto-aggregation were done. CFSs substances were analyzed by GC-MS. The MTT assay on HEK293 cells investigated CFS's influence on cell viability. CFSs were examined for biofilm-related virulence genes, including aggR and fimH using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). All CFSs had bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. The B. bifidum exhibited the highest antibiofilm activity compared to the others. Bifidobacterium bifidum, L. plantarum, and S. cerevisiae produce 19, 16, and 11 mm inhibition zones against E. coli, respectively. GC-MS indicated that Hydroxyacetone, 3-Hydroxybutyric acid, and Oxime-methoxy-phenyl-dominated CFSs from L. plantarum, B. bifidum, and S. cerevisiae CFSs, respectively. The MTT test demonstrated a cell viability rate of over 90%. Statistically, adding all CFSs lowered the relative expression of both aggR and fimH virulence genes.

Laurocapram, a transdermal enhancer, boosts cephalosporin's antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a notorious bacterium with high drug resistance and easy recurrence after surgery, has posed significant clinical treatment challenges. In the current scarcity of new antibiotics, the identification of adjuvants to existing antibiotics is a promising approach to combat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. The in vitro synergy test, which included a MIC assay, time-kill curve, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and live/dead bacteria staining assay, revealed that laurocapram, a widely used chemical transdermal enhancer, could potentiate the antibacterial activity of cephalosporins against MRSA. In vitro, laurocapram combined with cefixime showed an excellent synergistic activity against MRSA (FICI = 0.28 ± 0.00). In addition, the combination of laurocapram and cefixime may inhibited the formation of MRSA biofilm and caused cell membrane damage. Following that, we discovered that combining laurocapram with cefixime could alleviate the symptoms of mice in the MRSA skin infection model and the MRSA pneumonia model. In conclusion, laurocapram is a promising and low-cost antibacterial adjuvant, providing a new strategy for further exploring the use of lower doses of cephalosporins to combat MRSA infection.

Analysis of the Pathogen Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance after Plastic Surgery of the Urogenital System

Background

We aimed to summarize the distribution of pathogenic bacteria for postoperative infection of different genitourinary plastic surgery and the antimicrobial resistance of the major pathogens.

Methods

Between January 2011 and December 2021, following plastic surgery of the urogenital system, microbial strains from infected patients were collected, identified, and counted. The antibiotic sensitivity and distribution characteristics of common pathogens in relation with the surgical procedures were studied by WHONET 5.6, along with the main bacteria accounting for early infection.

Results

A total of 76 cases were included in the study. Among these, 53 Gram-negative bacteria were detected, with Escherichia coli (18 of 53) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (nine of 53) accounting for the majority. There were also 23 Gram-positive bacteria, among which Staphylococcus aureus (six of 23) and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (five of 23) were the most common. In terms of antimicrobial resistance, E. coli was highly sensitive to amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, and imipenem, whereas P. aeruginosa was highly sensitive to gentamicin, amikacin, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin. Procedures for urethral repair, urethral reconstruction, and lump resection were most commonly associated with infection. Among these, urethral repair was responsible for the majority of infections. The pathogenic bacteria involved in postoperative infections varied overall, but the most prevalent was E. coli.

Conclusions

Gram-negative bacteria are the major cause of infection following genitourinary plastic surgery. The specific bacterial strains, degrees of antimicrobial resistance, and length of infection varied among the various procedures. The results of this study may provide references for clinical medication and the prevention and control of such infections.

The Prognostic Nutritional Index and Mortality in Patients With Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infection

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between mortality and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in the pediatric patient group with ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infection. A total of 63 pediatric patients with a VPS infection and positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture were retrospectively registered. The CSF specimens were analyzed to conduct culture and microscopic evaluation. A total of 44.4% of the cases were men and 55.6% of the cases were women. Patients were divided into 2 groups (survivor and non-survivor patients). When survivor and non-survivor patients were compared, it was found that CSF leukocytes, CSF glucose, CSF protein, CSF/blood glucose ratio, lymphocyte, albumin, and PNI levels were lower in the non-survivor patients' group. Nevertheless, blood glucose and CRP (C-reactive protein) were significantly higher in the non-survivor patients' group than in the survivor patients' group. In our investigation, we suggested that low PNI was related to high mortality in cases of VPS infection.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) patient under hemodialysis

Background

Today, one of the important challenges related to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among hospital-acquired infections is Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE). The identification of the hospital transfer pattern and accurate laboratory diagnosis can be effective in preventing or selecting the appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of these types of infections, especially in hemodialysis patients.

Case report

This report discusses the hospitalization of a 2.5-year-old boy with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) at a nephrology center in a tertiary hospital. The patient received hemodialysis treatment, followed by an abdominal tap, which revealed an infection. Peritoneal and blood cultures were conducted using the BACT/ALERT®3D instrument, and the results indicated a bacterial infection during the hospital stay. Further analysis confirmed that the infection was caused by enterococci, and susceptibility testing revealed that the isolated strain was resistant to vancomycin. Fortunately, the enterococci infection responded well to linezolid antibiotic treatment, administered at a dose of 600 mg PO/IV q12hr for 14 days.

Conclusions

This report highlights the importance of healthcare workers being aware of the transmission routes of VRE among patients. It emphasizes the need for appropriate hand hygiene, sterility of extracorporeal devices, and proper catheter care in medical centers.

Ceftazidime-avibactam: Combination therapy versus monotherapy in the challenge of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

This research focused on evaluating the clinical results of patients suffering from pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), who received treatment with either ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) alone or in combination with other antibiotics. From January 2020 to December 2023, we retrospectively analyzed CRKP-related pneumonia patients treated in two Chinese tertiary hospitals. Mortality was measured at 14 and 30 days as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the 14-day microbiological cure rate and the 14-day clinical cure rate. Factors contributing to clinical failure were evaluated via both univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. To account for confounding factors, propensity score matching (PSM) was utilized. Among the 195 patients with CRKP infections, 103 (52.8 %) received CZA combination therapy, and 92 (47.2 %) patients received CZA monotherapy. The combination therapy group exhibited superior clinical and microbiological cure rates compared to the monotherapy group, with a 14-day clinical cure rate of 60.1 % vs. 45.7 % (P = 0.042) and a 14-day microbiological cure rate of 72.8 % vs. 58.6 % (P = 0.038), respectively. Combination therapy reduced mortality rates at 14 days (7.8 % vs. 17.4 %, P = 0.041), but not at 30 days (14.6 % vs. 25.0 %, P = 0.066). Even after using PSM, the group treated with the CZA combination continued to had a lower mortality rate at 14 days (5.9 % vs. 17.6 %, P = 0.039). The 14-day clinical cure rate for the combination therapy group was 63.2 %, and the 14-day microbial cure rate was 77.9 %. Both of these statistics were notably greater than those observed in the monotherapy group. Furthermore, the multivariate logistic regression model indicated a significant link between combination therapy and a decrease in clinical failure. Carbapenems were noted to be the most effective class of concomitant agents. Our findings indicate that patients with pneumonia due to CRKP benefit from combination treatment of CZA rather than monotherapy; administering carbapenem in combination with CZA in the early stages could provide considerable survival benefits.

Sequencing Methods to Study the Microbiome with Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Patients with Pulmonary Infections

Various antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are known to induce repeated pulmonary infections and increase morbidity and mortality. A thorough knowledge of antibiotic resistance is imperative for clinical practice to treat resistant pulmonary infections. In this study, we used a reads-based method and an assembly-based method according to the metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) data to reveal the spectra of ARB and corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in samples from patients with pulmonary infections. A total of 151 clinical samples from 144 patients with pulmonary infections were collected for retrospective analysis. The ARB and ARGs detection performance was compared by the reads-based method and assembly-based method with the culture method and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), respectively. In addition, ARGs and the attribution relationship of common ARB were analyzed by the two methods. The comparison results showed that the assembly-based method could assist in determining pathogens detected by the reads-based method as true ARB and improve the predictive capabilities (46% > 13%). ARG-ARB network analysis revealed that assembly-based method could promote determining clear ARG-bacteria attribution and 101 ARGs were detected both in two methods. 25 ARB were obtained by both methods, of which the most predominant ARB and its ARGs in the samples of pulmonary infections were Acinetobacter baumannii (ade), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mex), Klebsiella pneumoniae (emr), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (sme). Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the assembly-based method could be a supplement to the reads-based method and uncovered pulmonary infection-associated ARB and ARGs as potential antibiotic treatment targets.

Screening and Characterization of Probiotics Isolated from Traditional Fermented Products of Ethnic-Minorities in Northwest China and Evaluation Replacing Antibiotics Breeding Effect in Broiler

In this study, Lactobacillus fermentum DM7-6 (DM7-6), Lactobacillus plantarum DM9-7 (DM9-7), and Bacillus subtilis YF9-4 (YF9-4) were isolated from traditional fermented products. The survival rate of DM7-6, DM9-7, and YF9-4 in simulated intestinal gastric fluid reached 61.29%, 44.82%, and 55.26%, respectively. These strains had inhibition ability against common pathogens, and the inhibition zone diameters were more than 7 mm. Antioxidant tests showed these strains had good scavenging capacity for superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and DPPH, and the total reduction capacity reached 65%. Then DM7-6, DM9-7 and YF9-4 were fed to broilers to study the effects on antioxidant capacity, immune response, biochemical indices, tissue morphology, and gut microbiota. 180 healthy broilers were allocated randomly into six experimental groups. SOD, GSH-Px, and T-AOC in broilers serum were detected, and the results showed probiotics significantly improve antioxidant capacity compared to CK group, while antibiotics showed the opposite result. Besides, IgA, IgM, IgG, TNF-α, and IL-2 indicated it could significantly improve immunity by adding probiotics in broilers diets. However, antibiotics reduced immunoglobulin levels and enhanced inflammation index. Biochemical indicators and tissue morphology showed probiotics had a protective effect on metabolic organs. Gut microbiota analysis proved antibiotics could significantly decrease microbial community diversity and increase the proportion of opportunistic pathogens, while probiotics could improve the diversity of gut microbiota and promote the colonization of beneficial microorganisms. In summary, probiotics DM7-6, DM9-7, and YF9-4 can improve the broiler's health by improving antioxidant capacity and immune function, regulating gut microbiota, and can be used as alternative probiotics for antibiotics-free breeding of broilers.

Rapid Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Approaches for Use in the Clinical Laboratory

The rapid rise in increasingly resistant bacteria has become a major threat to public health. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is crucial in guiding appropriate therapeutic decisions and infection prevention practices for patient care. However, conventional culture-based AST methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, rapid AST approaches exist to address the delayed gap in time to actionable results. There are two main types of rapid AST technologies- phenotypic and genotypic approaches. In this review, we provide a summary of all commercially available rapid AST platforms for use in clinical microbiology laboratories. We describe the technologies utilized, performance characteristics, acceptable specimen types, types of resistance detected, turnaround times, limitations, and clinical outcomes driven by these rapid tests. We also discuss crucial factors to consider for the implementation of rapid AST technologies in a clinical laboratory and what the future of rapid AST holds.

Salmonella Typhimurium alters galactitol metabolism under ciprofloxacin treatment to balance resistance and virulence

Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) causes a significant health burden worldwide. A wealth of studies has been published on the contributions of different mechanisms to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella spp. But we still lack a deep understanding of the physiological responses and genetic changes that underlie ciprofloxacin exposure. This study aims to know how phenotypic and genotypic characteristics are impacted by ciprofloxacin exposure, from ciprofloxacin-susceptible to ciprofloxacin-resistant strains in vitro. Here, we investigated the multistep evolution of resistance in replicate populations of S. Typhimurium during 24 days of continuously increasing ciprofloxacin exposure and assessed how ciprofloxacin impacts physiology and genetics. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RamA is a global transcriptional regulator that prominently perturbs the transcriptional landscape of S. Typhimurium, resulting in a ciprofloxacin-resistant phenotype appearing first; the quinolone resistance-determining region mutation site can only be detected later. Comparing the microbial physiological changes and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) results of ancestral and selectable mutant strains, the selectable mutant strains had some fitness costs, such as decreased virulence, an increase of biofilm-forming ability, a change of "collateral" sensitivity to other drugs, and inability to utilize galactitol. Importantly, in the ciprofloxacin induced, RamA directly binds and activates the gatR gene responsible for the utilization of galactitol, but RamA deletion strains could not activate gatR. The elevated levels of RamA, which inhibit the galactitol metabolic pathway through the activation of gatR, can lead to a reduction in the growth rate, adhesion, and colonization resistance of S. Typhimurium. This finding is supported by studies conducted in M9 medium as well as in vivo infection models.

IMPORTANCE

Treatment of antibiotic resistance can significantly benefit from a deeper understanding of the interactions between drugs and genetics. The physiological responses and genetic mechanisms in antibiotic-exposed bacteria are not well understood. Traditional resistance studies, often retrospective, fail to capture the entire resistance development process and typically exhibit unpredictable dynamics. To explore how clinical isolates of S. Typhimurium respond to ciprofloxacin, we analyzed their adaptive responses. We found that S. Typhimurium RamA-mediated regulation disrupts microbial metabolism under ciprofloxacin exposure, affecting genes in the galactitol metabolic pathways. This disruption facilitates adaptive responses to drug therapy and enhances the efficiency of intracellular survival. A more comprehensive and integrated understanding of these physiological and genetic changes is crucial for improving treatment outcomes.

Resistance to cephalosporins and quinolones in Escherichia coli isolated from irrigation water from the Rímac river in east Lima, Peru

OBJECTIVES.

To evaluate the presence and sensitivity to antimicrobials of Escherichia coli strains isolated from 24 irrigation water samples from the Rimac river of East Lima, Peru.

MATERIALS AND METHODS.

The E. coli strains were identified by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility was processed by the disk diffusion method. Genes involved in extended spectrum beta-lactamases (BLEE), quinolones and virulence were determined by PCR.

RESULTS.

All samples exceeded the acceptable limits established in the Environmental Quality Standards for vegetable irrigation. Of the 94 isolates, 72.3% showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, 24.5% were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 2.1% were extremely resistant. The highest percentages of resistance were observed for ampicillin-sulbactam (57.1%), nalidixic acid (50%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (35.5%) and ciprofloxacin (20.4%). Among the isolates, 3.2% had a BLEE phenotype related to the bla CTX-M-15 gene. qnrB (20.4%) was the most frequent transferable mechanism of resistance to quinolones, and 2.04% had qnrS. It was estimated that 5.3% were diarrheagenic E. coli and of these, 60% were enterotoxigenic E. coli, 20% were enteropathogenic E. coli and 20% were enteroaggregative E. coli.

CONCLUSIONS.

The results show the existence of diarrheogenic pathotypes in the water used for irrigation of fresh produce and highlight the presence of BLEE- and MDR-producing E. coli, demonstrating the role played by irrigation water in the dissemination of resistance genes in Peru.

Motivation for the study. Aquatic systems, including irrigation water, have been identified as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance, with few studies in Peru on the presence of Escherichia coli and their levels of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Main findings. Our results show the presence of E. coli above the established standard for vegetable irrigation water, some with very high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Implications. The presence of ESBL-producing strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and multidrug-resistant E. coli in irrigation water could contribute to the dissemination of resistance genes in Peru, posing a significant threat to public health.

Associations between maternal bacteremia during the peripartum period and early-onset neonatal sepsis: a retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) significantly impacts neonatal morbidity and mortality, with maternal bacteremia during the peripartum period being a potential risk factor. This study aims to explore the association between peripartum maternal bacteremia and EONS.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study at the Women's Wellness and Research Center in Doha, Qatar (2015-2019) compared women with and without bacteremia, based on blood cultures taken from up to seven days before to 48 h after delivery, examining the association with EONS.

RESULTS

Among the 536 maternal blood cultures analyzed, 102 (19.0%) were positive. The most prevalent organisms were Group B streptococcus (GBS) (39.2%), followed by Escherichia coli (14.7%) and anaerobes (10.8%). Neonates from bacteremic mothers had lower birth weights (2913 ± 86 g vs. 3140 ± 745 g; MD 227.63 g; 95% CI 61.72 - 393.55; p = 0.007), required more resuscitation (27.5% vs. 13.2%; OR 2.48; 95% CI 1.48 - 4.17; p < 0.001), and received antibiotics for ≥ 7 days more frequently (41.2% vs. 16.6%; OR 3.51; 95% CI 2.20 - 5.62; p < 0.001) compared to those from non-bacteremic mothers. Maternal Gram-positive (GP) organisms were more commonly isolated in term gestation (67.9%) compared to Gram-negative (GN) (22.2%) and anaerobic bacteremias (9.9%). During intrapartum, GP bacteremia was predominant (67.1%) vs. GN (21.4%) and Anaerobes (11.4%), with GN bacteremia being more common in postpartum samples. Culture-proven EONS occurred in 0.75% of the cohort, affecting 3.9% of infants from bacteremic mothers vs. none in controls (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.27 - 4.31; p < 0.001). Culture-negative EONS appeared in 14.7% of infants from bacteremic mothers vs. 7.8% in controls (OR 2.02; 95% CI, 1.05 - 3.88; p = 0.03). Among 40 cases of maternal GBS bacteremia, culture-proven GBS EONS occurred in 3 neonates (7.5%), all from mothers with negative GBS screening, compared to none in the control group. A strong association was found between EONS and maternal bacteremia due to any organism (aOR 2.34; 95% CI, 1.24 - 4.41; p = 0.009), GP bacteremia (aOR 3.66; 95% CI, 1.82 - 7.34; p < 0.001), or GBS (aOR 5.74; 95% CI, 2.57 - 12.81; p < 0.001). Bacteremia due to GN and Anaerobic organisms were not associated with EONS. Chorioamnionitis and antepartum fever were independent predictors for EONS associated with significant bacterial isolates.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the significant impact of maternal GP bacteremia, particularly from GBS, on EONS. The strong association highlights the need for vigilant monitoring and interventions in pregnancies complicated by bacteremia to reduce adverse neonatal outcomes.

Potential Convergence to Accommodate Pathogenicity Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance Revealed in Salmonella Mbandaka

Salmonella species are causal pathogens instrumental in human food-borne diseases. The pandemic survey related to multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella genomics enables the prevention and control of their dissemination. Currently, serotype Mbandaka is notorious as a multiple host-adapted non-typhoid Salmonella. However, its epidemic and MDR properties are still obscure, especially its genetic determinants accounting for virulence and MD resistance. Here, we aim to characterize the genetic features of a strain SMEH pertaining to Salmonella Mbandaka (S. Mbandaka), isolated from the patient's hydropericardium, using cell infections, a mouse model, antibiotic susceptibility test and comparative genomics. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that it could tolerate four antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, tetracycline, fisiopen and doxycycline by Kirby-Bauer (K-B) testing interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Both the reproducibility in RAW 264.7 macrophages and invasion ability to infect HeLa cells with strain SMEH were higher than those of S. Typhimurium strain 14028S. In contrast, its attenuated virulence was determined in the survival assay using a mouse model. As a result, the candidate genetic determinants responsible for antimicrobial resistance, colonization/adaptability and their transferability were comparatively investigated, such as bacterial secretion systems and pathogenicity islands (SPI-1, SPI-2 and SPI-6). Moreover, collective efforts were made to reveal a potential role of the plasmid architectures in S. Mbandaka as the genetic reservoir to transfer or accommodate drug-resistance genes. Our findings highlight the essentiality of antibiotic resistance and risk assessment in S. Mbandaka. In addition, genomic surveillance is an efficient method to detect pathogens and monitor drug resistance. The genetic determinants accounting for virulence and antimicrobial resistance underscore the increasing clinical challenge of emerging MDR Mbandaka isolates, and provide insights into their prevention and treatment.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales sepsis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality and the development of a nomogram based on a retrospective cohort

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become a routine endoscopic procedure that is essential for diagnosing and managing various conditions, including gallstone extraction and the treatment of bile duct and pancreatic tumors. Despite its efficacy, post-ERCP infections - particularly those caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) - present significant risks. These risks highlight the need for accurate predictive models to enhance postprocedural care, reduce the mortality risk associated with post-ERCP CRE sepsis, and improve patient outcomes in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the risk factors for 30-day mortality in patients with CRE sepsis following ERCP and to develop a nomogram for accurately predicting 30-day mortality risk.

METHODS

Data from 195 patients who experienced post-ERCP CRE sepsis between January 2010 and December 2022 were analyzed. Variable selection was optimized via the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then employed to develop a predictive model, which was evaluated in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. Internal validation was achieved through bootstrapping.

RESULTS

The nomogram included the following predictors: age > 80 years (hazard ratio [HR] 2.61), intensive care unit (ICU) admission within 90 days prior to ERCP (HR 2.64), hypoproteinemia (HR 4.55), quick Pitt bacteremia score ≥ 2 (HR 2.61), post-ERCP pancreatitis (HR 2.52), inappropriate empirical therapy (HR 3.48), delayed definitive therapy (HR 2.64), and short treatment duration (< 10 days) (HR 5.03). The model demonstrated strong discrimination and calibration.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified significant risk factors associated with 30-day mortality in patients with post-ERCP CRE sepsis and developed a nomogram to accurately predict this risk. This tool enables healthcare practitioners to provide personalized risk assessments and promptly administer appropriate therapies against CRE, thereby reducing mortality rates.

Antibacterial characteristics and mechanistic insights of combined tea polyphenols, Nisin, and epsilon-polylysine against feline oral pathogens: a comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis

AIMS

This study evaluates the antibacterial characteristics and mechanisms of combined tea polyphenols (TPs), Nisin, and ε-polylysine (PL) against Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus minor, Streptococcus mutans, and Actinomyces oris, common zoonotic pathogens in companion animals.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Pathogenic strains were isolated from feline oral cavities and assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, inhibition zone assays, growth kinetics, and biofilm inhibition studies. Among single agents, PL exhibited the lowest MIC values against all four pathogens. TP showed significant resistance against S. minor, and Nisin against S. mutans. The combination treatment (Comb) of TP, Nisin, and PL in a ratio of 13:5:1 demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, maintaining low MIC values, forming large inhibition zones, prolonging the bacterial lag phase, reducing growth rates, and inhibiting biofilm formation. RNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis indicated that TP, Nisin, and PL inhibited various membrane-bound carbohydrate-specific transferases through the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in S. canis, disrupting carbohydrate uptake. They also downregulated glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, inhibiting cellular energy metabolism. Additionally, they modulated the activities of peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases and d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase, interfering with peptidoglycan cross-linking and bacterial cell wall stability.

CONCLUSIONS

The Comb therapy significantly enhances antibacterial efficacy by targeting multiple bacterial pathways, offering potential applications in food and pharmaceutical antimicrobials.

Anti-virulence potential of iclaprim, a novel folic acid synthesis inhibitor, against Staphylococcus aureus

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus pose a significant global public problem. Therefore, new antibiotics and therapeutic strategies are needed to combat this pathogen. This investigation delves into the effects of iclaprim, a newly discovered inhibitor of folic acid synthesis, on S. aureus virulence. The phenotypic and genotypic effects of iclaprim were thoroughly examined in relation to virulence factors, biofilm formation, and dispersal, as well as partial virulence-encoding genes associated with exoproteins, adherence, and regulation in S. aureus MW2, N315, and ATCC 25923. Then, the in vivo effectiveness of iclaprim on S. aureus pathogenicity was explored by a Galleria mellonella larvae infection model. The use of iclaprim at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) resulted in a reduction of α-hemolysin (Hla) production and a differential effect on the activity of coagulase in S. aureus strains. The results of biofilm formation and eradication assay showed that iclaprim was highly effective in depolymerizing the mature biofilm of S. aureus strains at concentrations of 1 MIC or greater, however, inhibited the biofilm-forming ability of only strains N315 and ATCC 25923 at sub-MICs. Interestingly, treatment of strains with sub-MICs of iclaprim resulted in significant stimulation or suppression of most virulence-encoding genes expression. Iclaprim did not affect the production of δ-hemolysin or staphylococcal protein A (SpA), nor did it impact the total activity of proteases, nucleases, and lipases. In vivo testing showed that sub-MICs of iclaprim significantly improves infected larvae survival. The present study offered valuable insights towards a better understating of the influence of iclaprim on different strains of S. aureus. The findings suggest that iclaprim may have potential as an anti-virulence and antibiofilm agent, thus potentially mitigating the pathogenicity of S. aureus and improving clinical outcomes associated with infections caused by this pathogen. KEY POINTS: • Iclaprim effectively inhibits α-hemolysin production and biofilm formation in a strain-dependent manner and was an excellent depolymerizing agent of mature biofilm • Iclaprim affected the mRNA expression of virulence-encoding genes associated with exoproteins, adherence, and regulation • In vivo study in G. mellonella larvae challenged with S. aureus exhibited that iclaprim improves larvae survival.

Effect of Mentha longifolia essential oil on oqxA efflux pump gene expression and biofilm formation in ciprofloxacin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains

Background and Objectives

Today, medicinal plants and their derivatives are considered to reduce the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Mentha longifolia essential oil on oqxA efflux pump gene expression and biofilm formation in ciprofloxacin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains.

Materials and Methods

A total of 50 clinical strains of K. pneumoniae resistant to ciprofloxacin were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. longifolia essential oil and its synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin were determined using the microbroth dilution method and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) method. Minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) of M. longifolia essential oil was detected. The effect of essential oils on the expression level of the oqxA gene was detected by Real-time PCR.

Results

M. longifolia essential oil showed inhibitory activity against ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae. When M. longifolia essential oil was combined with ciprofloxacin, the MIC was reduced 2-4 times. In 28% of the strains, M. longifolia with ciprofloxacin showed a synergistic effect. M. longifolia essential oil reduces the strength of biofilm formation and alters the biofilm phenotype. A significant decrease in oqxA gene expression was observed in all isolates after treatment with M. longifolia essential oil.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, it was observed that supplementing M. longifolia essential oil can help reduce ciprofloxacin resistance and inhibit biofilm formation in fluoroquinolone-resistant K. pneumoniae strains.

The alleviative effect of Bacillus subtilis-supplemented diet against Vibrio cholerae infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Bacterial illness causes detrimental impacts on fish health and survival and finally economic losses for the aquaculture industry. Antibiotic medication causes microbial resistance, so alternative control strategies should be applied. In this work, we investigated the probiotic-medicated diet as an alternative control approach for antibiotics in treating Vibrio cholerae infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). One hundred eighty fish (50 ± 2.5 g Mean ± SD) were allocated into six groups in glass aquariums (96 L) in triplicate for 10 days. Groups 1 (G1), G2, and G 3 were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with 0.5 mL sterilized tryptic soy broth and fed on a basal diet, basal diet contained B. subtilis (BS) (1 × 10 5 CFU/ kg-1 diet), and basal diet contained trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (1.5 g/kg-1 diet), respectively. Additionally, G4, G5, and G6 were IP challenged with 0.5 mL of V. cholerae (1.5 × 107 CFU) and received the same feeding regime as G 1 to 3, respectively. The results exhibited that the V. cholera-infected fish exhibited skin hemorrhage, fin rot, and the lowest survival (63.33%). Additionally, lowered immune-antioxidant biomarkers (white blood cells count, serum bactericidal activity, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and lysozymes) with higher lipid peroxidation marker (malondialdehyde) were consequences of V. cholerae infection. Noteworthy, fish-fed therapeutic diets fortified with BS and TMP-SMX showed a substantial amelioration in the clinical signs and survival. The BS diet significantly improved (P < 0.05) the immune-antioxidant indices of the infected fish compared to the TMP-SMX diet. The current findings supported the use of a BS-enriched diet as an eco-friendly approach for the control of V. cholerae in O. niloticus.

Twenty-five years of sentinel laboratory-based surveillance of shigellosis in a high-income country endemic for the disease, Israel, 1998 to 2022

BackgroundShigella is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea worldwide and diarrhoeal deaths in children in low- and-middle-income countries.AimWe investigated trends and characteristics of shigellosis and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella sonnei in Israel.MethodsWe analysed data generated by the Sentinel Laboratory-Based Surveillance Network for Enteric Pathogens that systematically collects data on detection of Shigella at sentinel laboratories, along with the characterisation of the isolates at the Shigella National Reference Laboratory. Trends in the shigellosis incidence were assessed using Joinpoint regression and interrupted time-series analyses.ResultsThe average incidence of culture-confirmed shigellosis in Israel declined from 114 per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval (CI): 112-115) 1998-2004 to 80 per 100,000 population (95% CI: 79-82) 2005-2011. This rate remained stable 2012-2019, being 18-32 times higher than that reported from the United States or European high-income countries. After decreasing to its lowest values during the COVID-19 pandemic years (19/100,000 in 2020 and 5/100,000 in 2021), the incidence of culture-confirmed shigellosis increased to 39 per 100,000 population in 2022. Shigella sonnei is the most common serogroup, responsible for a cyclic occurrence of propagated epidemics, and the proportion of Shigella flexneri has decreased. Simultaneous resistance of S. sonnei to ceftriaxone, ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim increased from 8.5% (34/402) in 2020 to 92.0% (801/876) in 2022.ConclusionsThese findings reinforce the need for continuous laboratory-based surveillance and inform the primary and secondary prevention strategies for shigellosis in Israel and other endemic high-income countries or communities.

Utilizing Silk Sericin as a Biomaterial for Drug Encapsulation in a Hydrogel Matrix with Polycaprolactone: Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity

Hydrogels have emerged as a potential tool for enhancing bioavailability and regulating the controlled release of therapeutic agents. Owing to its excellent biocompatibility, silk sericin-based hydrogels have garnered interest in biomedical applications. This study focuses on synthesizing a soft hydrogel by blending silk sericin (SS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) at room temperature. The physicochemical characteristics of the hydrogels have been estimated by different analytical techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rheological studies demonstrate the non-Newtonian behavior of the hydrogels. Further, the porosity analysis indicates a commendable absorption capacity of the hydrogels. The swelling degree of the hydrogels has been checked in both distilled water and buffer solutions of different pHs (2-10). Moreover, the drug release profile of the hydrogels, using diclofenac sodium (DS) as a model drug, has revealed a substantial release of approximately 67% within the first 130 min with a drug encapsulation efficiency of 60.32%. Moreover, both the empty and the drug-loaded hydrogels have shown antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the drug-loaded hydrogels displaying enhanced effectiveness. Additionally, the prepared hydrogels are biodegradable, demonstrating their future prospects in biomedical applications.

Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility among Chinese neonates from 2012 to 2021: a multicenter study

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic resistance is a serious global public health issue. However, there are few reports on trends in antimicrobial susceptibility in Chinese neonates, and most of the existing evidence has been derived from adult studies. We aimed to assess the trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of common pathogens in full-term neonates with invasive bacterial infections (IBIs) in China.

METHODS

This cross-sectional survey study analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibility in Chinese neonates with IBIs from 17 hospitals, spanning from January 2012 to December 2021. Joinpoint regression model was applied to illustrate the trends and calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Using Mantel-Haenszel linear-by-linear association chi-square test, we further compared the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by pathogens between 2019 and 2021 to provide precise estimates of changes.

RESULTS

The proportion of Escherichia coli with extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-negative strains increased from 0.0 to 88.5% (AAPC = 62.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 44.3%, 82.9%), with two breakpoints in 2014 and 2018 (p-trend < 0.001). The susceptibility of group B Streptococcus (GBS) to erythromycin and clindamycin increased by 66.7% and 42.8%, respectively (AAPC = 55.2%, 95% CI: 23.2%, 95.5%, p-trend = 0.002; AAPC = 54.8%, 95% CI: 9.6%, 118.6%, p-trend < 0.001), as did Staphylococcus aureus to penicillin (AAPC = 56.2%; 95% CI: 34.8%, 81.0%, p-trend < 0.001). However, the susceptibility of Enterococcus spp. to ampicillin declined from 100.0 to 25.0% (AAPC = - 11.7%, 95% CI: - 15.2%, - 8.1%, p-trend < 0.001), and no significant improvement was observed in the antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli to ampicillin, gentamicin, and cephalosporin. Additionally, the proportion of GBS/Staphylococcus aureus with relatively low MIC values for relevant antibiotics also increased in 2021 compared to 2019.

CONCLUSIONS

Antimicrobial susceptibility of the most prevalent pathogens in full-term neonates seemed to have improved or remained stable over the last decade in China, implying the effectiveness of policies and practice of antibiotic stewardship had gradually emerged.

Alahmadi R, Raman G, Idhayadhulla A. Typical pneumonia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in public hospitals in southern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Typical pneumonia is a pressing issue in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where it remains a significant menace. Addressing this problem is crucial in improving health outcomes and the reduction of the burden of diseases in this vulnerable category of patients.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of community-acquired typical pneumonia among HIV patients in Public Hospitals in southern Ethiopia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was done among 386 HIV patients clinically suspected of typical pneumonia attending the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinics of two hospitals from March to September 2022. A pretested structured questionnaire was employed to collect the demographic, clinical, and behavioral data. Sputum samples were collected and inspected for bacteria following standard procedures, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed employing the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Besides, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria were inspected by the double disk synergy test and modified carbapenem inactivation method. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were also done.

RESULTS

Overall, 39.1% (151/386) of sputum cultures (95% Confidence Interval: 32.4-44) were bacteriologically positive. A total of 151 bacteria were identified, comprising 72.8% (n = 110) of Gram-negative bacteria. The predominant isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.8%, n = 39), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.9%, n = 27); 59.6% (n = 90) of the entire isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Forty percent (11/27) of S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 28.1% (n = 31) and 20.9% (n = 23) of Gram-negative bacteria were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemase producers, respectively. Occupational status, alcohol consumption, cluster of differentiation4 (CD4) Thymocyte cell count < 350, interruption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral treatment, and recent viral load ≥ 150 were found statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

The higher rates of MDR, MRSA, ESBL, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) indicate that bacterial pneumonia is a vexing problem among HIV patients and therefore it is advisable to implement an antimicrobial stewardship program in the study area.

Whole Genome Sequencing of Bacillus velezensis AMR25, an Effective Antagonist Strain against Plant Pathogens

The most serious problems for cultivated grapes are pathogenic microorganisms, which reduce the yield and quality of fruit. One of the most widespread disease of grapes is "gray mold", caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Some strains of Bacillus, such as Bacillus halotolerans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus velezensis, are known to be active against major post-harvest plant rots. In this study, we showed that the endophytic bacteria B. velezensis strain AMR25 isolated from the leaves of wild grapes Vitis amurensis Rupr. exhibited antimicrobial activity against grape pathogens, including B. cinerea. The genome of B. velezensis AMR25 has one circular chromosome with a length of 3,909,646 bp. with 3689 open reading frames. Genomic analysis identified ten gene clusters involved in the nonribosomal synthesis of polyketides (macrolactin, bacillene, and difficidin), lipopeptides (surfactin, fengycin, and bacillizin), and bacteriocins (difficidin). Also, the genome under study contains a number of genes involved in root colonization, biofilm formation, and biosynthesis of phytohormones. Thus, the endophytic bacteria B. velezensis strain AMR25 shows great promise in developing innovative biological products for enhancing plant resistance against various pathogens.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Salmonella Serovars in Indigenous Poultry and Their Drinking Water Sources in North Central Nigeria

There is scant information on Salmonella in indigenous poultry in Nigeria. We investigated the occurrence and characterized Salmonella serovars in indigenous poultry and their drinking water sources to enhance the monitoring of the infection in poultry and to promote public health. We collected 1208 samples, poultry droppings (n = 1108), and water (n = 100) across 15 markets in North Central Nigeria. Salmonella spp. were isolated following World Organisation for Animal Health guidelines. Salmonella spp., confirmed through invA gene detection by a polymerase chain reaction assay, were 6.8% (75/1108) droppings and 3% (3/100) water. Susceptibility testing against 13 antimicrobials showed 60.3% (47/78) susceptibility to all the antimicrobials tested while 14.1% (11/78) were multidrug resistant. Serotyping and whole-genome sequencing were carried out on 44 of the isolates, and 23 different serovars were identified. Genomes of serovars Luedinghausen, Laredo, Widemarsh, and Lansing are being documented in Africa for the first time. Twenty (20) antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene markers encoding for resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, quinolones, trimethoprim, penicillins and phenicols were found. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed close relatedness among isolates from different sources. This study shows both low Salmonella prevalence and AMR, but since uncommon serovars are circulating, continuous monitoring is recommended so as to ensure food safety and poultry health.

Prevotella copri alleviates hyperglycemia and regulates gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in mice

Prevotella copri is the dominant species of the Prevotella genus in the gut, which is genomically heterogeneous and difficult to isolate; hence, scarce research was carried out for this species. This study aimed to investigate the effect of P. copri on hyperglycemia. Thirty-nine strains were isolated from healthy individuals, and three strains (HF2123, HF1478, and HF2130) that had the highest glucose consumption were selected to evaluate the effects of P. copri supplementation on hyperglycemia. Microbiomics and non-target metabolomics were used to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Oral administration of P. copri in diabetic db/db mice increased the expression and secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), significantly improved hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and lipid accumulation, and alleviated the pathological morphology in the pancreas, liver, and colon. P. copri changed the composition of the gut microbiota of diabetic db/db mice, which was characterized by increasing the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and increasing the relative abundance of genera Bacteroides, Akkermansia, and Faecalibacterium. After intervention with P. copri, fecal metabolic profiling showed that fumaric acid and homocysteine contents decreased, and glutamine contents increased. Furthermore, amino acid metabolism and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways were enriched. Our findings indicate that P. copri improved glucose metabolism abnormalities in diabetic db/db mice. Especially, one of the P. copri strains, HF2130, has shown superior performance in improving hyperglycemia, which may have the potential as a probiotic against hyperglycemia.

IMPORTANCE

As a core member of the human intestinal ecosystem, Prevotelal copri has been associated with glucose metabolic homeostasis in previous studies. However, these results have often been derived from metagenomic studies, and the experimental studies have been based solely on the type of strain DSM 18205T. Therefore, more experimental evidence from additional isolates is needed to validate the results according to their high genomic heterogeneity. In this study, we isolated different branches of strains and demonstrated that P. copri could improve the metabolic profile of hyperglycemic mice by modulating microbial activity. This finding supports the causal contribution of P. copri in host glucose metabolism.

Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Lesions

Background/Objectives: Antibiotic (AB) therapy is the first step in managing hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Knowledge of the local patterns of antimicrobial resistance is paramount for the appropriate selection of antimicrobials. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in patients with HS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 patients with HS seen at the Dermatology Department at the University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, from January 2019 to December 2023, who were not on any antibiotics in the last three months. Results: A total of 103 patients with HS participated in this study. Purulent material from 139 skin lesions of these patients was swabbed, and 79.86% (111/139) tested positive for bacteria. Gram-positive isolates accounted for 73%, whereas Gram-negative isolates comprised 27%. Among the isolates, 85.1% were aerobes, and 14.9% were anaerobic. The most common bacterial families isolated were Staphylococcaceae (48.27%), Enterobacteriaceae (14.94%), and Streptococcaceae (6.89%). The antibiogram profiles of bacterial cultures revealed a 57.1% resistance to levofloxacin and a 53.3% resistance to penicillin in Staphylococcus lugdunensis, whereas Staphylococcus aureus showed a 76.9% resistance to penicillin and a 58.3% resistance to fusidic acid. High resistance rates of 63.5% for tigecycline, 63.3% for ampicillin, and 40.5% for colistin were observed for Gram-negative isolates. Resistances of 62.5%, 61.5%, and 53.8% to erythromycin, clindamycin, and penicillin, respectively, were observed in the anaerobes. Conclusions: Patients with HS displayed considerable resistance to bacterial proliferation. The revised therapeutic guidelines for HS should incorporate the latest insights into bacterial antibiotic resistance.

Some virulence genes are associated with antibiotic susceptibility in Enterobacter cloacae complex

BACKGROUND

Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) including different species are isolated from different human clinical samples. ECC is armed by many different virulence genes (VGs) and they were also classified among ESKAPE group by WHO recently. The present study was designed to find probable association between VGs and antibiotic susceptibility in different ECC species.

METHODS

Forty-five Enterobacter isolates that were harvested from different clinical samples were classified in four different species. Seven VGs were screened by PCR technique and antibiotic susceptibility assessment was performed by disk-diffusion assay.

RESULT

Four Enterobacter species; Enterobacter cloacae (33.3%), Enterobacter hormaechei (55.6%), Enterobacter kobei (6.7%) and Enterobacter roggenkampii (4.4%) were detected. Minimum antibiotic resistance was against carbapenem agents and amikacin even in MDR isolates. 33.3% and 13.3% of isolates were MDR and XDR respectively. The rpoS (97.8%) and csgD (11.1%) showed maximum and minimum frequency respectively. Blood sample isolated were highly virulent but less resistant in comparison to the other sample isolates. The csgA, csgD and iutA genes were associated with cefepime sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

The fepA showed a predictory role for differentiating of E. hormaechei from other species. More evolved iron acquisition system in E. hormaechei was hypothesized. The fepA gene introduced as a suitable target for designing novel anti-virulence/antibiotic agents against E. hormaechei. Complementary studies on other VGs and ARGs and with bigger study population is recommended.

TagP, a PAAR-domain containing protein, plays roles in the fitness and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii

Background

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is widely present in Gram-negative bacteria and directly mediates antagonistic prokaryote interactions. PAAR (proline-alanine-alanine-arginine repeats) proteins have been proven essential for T6SS-mediated secretion and target cell killing. Although PAAR proteins are commonly found in A. baumannii, their biological functions are not fully disclosed yet. In this study, we investigated the functions of a PAAR protein termed TagP (T6SS-associated-gene PAAR), encoded by the gene ACX60_RS09070 outside the core T6SS locus of A. baumannii strain ATCC 17978.

Methods

In this study, tagP null and complement A. baumannii ATCC 17978 strains were constructed. The influence of TagP on T6SS function was investigated through Hcp detection and bacterial competition assay; the influence on environmental fitness was studied through in vitro growth, biofilm formation assay, surface motility assay, survivability in various simulated environmental conditions; the influence on pathogenicity was explored through cell adhesion and invasion assays, intramacrophage survival assay, serum survival assay, and G. melonella Killing assays. Quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were utilized to observe the global impact of TagP on bacterial status.

Results

Compared with the wildtype strain, the tagP null mutant was impaired in several tested phenotypes such as surface motility, biofilm formation, tolerance to adverse environments, adherence to eukaryotic cells, endurance to serum complement killing, and virulence to Galleria melonella. Notably, although RNA-Seq and proteomics analysis revealed that many genes were significantly down-regulated in the tagP null mutant compared to the wildtype strain, there is no significant difference in their antagonistic abilities. We also found that Histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) was significantly upregulated in the tagP null mutant at both mRNA and protein levels.

Conclusions

This study enriches our understanding of the biofunction of PAAR proteins in A. baumannii. The results indicates that TagP involved in a unique modulation of fitness and virulence control in A. baumannii, it is more than a classic PAAR protein involved in T6SS, while how TagP play roles in the fitness and virulence of A. baumannii needs further investigation to clarify.

Multidrug Resistant Enteric Bacteria from Cancer Patients Admitted in Douala Laquintinie Hospital, Littoral Region of Cameroon

Patients with cancer have weakened immune systems, making them more vulnerable to infections. This study was carried out to determine the bacterial origins of enteric disorders in cancer patients and noncancer patients at the Oncology Department of Laquintinie Hospital in Douala. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to March 2023. Stool samples from 307 cancer patients with enteric disorders and 200 noncancer patients with enteric disorders were examined to diagnose the presence of bacteria using various techniques. Among all participants in this study, 62.13% were female and 37.87% were male. The average age of the participants was 46.38 ± 15.81 years, with a minimum age of 10 years and a maximum age of 84 years. The average age of participants was significantly higher (p < 0.000) in cancer patients (49.54 ± 14.65 years) compared to noncancer patients (41.53 ± 16.33 years). Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia intemedia, and Klebsiella oxytoca were more frequently isolated in cancer patients than in noncancer patients, with the respective percentages of 56.25% versus 43.75%, 50.00% versus 50.00%, 61.66% versus 38.34%, 66.66% versus 33.34%, 72.22% versus 27.78%, 80.00 versus 20.00%, and 100% versus 0.00%. Most isolates were sensitive to imipenem (IMP), gentamicin (GEN), and amikacin (AMK). Proteus vulgaris, the most prevalent isolate, showed significantly high resistance (with p < 0.05) in cancer patients compared to noncancer patients at amoxicillin/clavuranic acid (AMC) (89.13% versus 41.30%), ceftriaxone (CTR) (63.04% versus 39.13%), ciprofloxacin (CIP) (65.22% versus 34.18%), and tetracycline (TET) (93.48% versus 63.04%). Multidrug resistance was observed in cancer patients compared to noncancer patients for Klebsiella pneumoniae (85.00% versus 60.00%), Salmonella typhi (84.62% versus 60.00%), and Klebsiella oxytoca (86.49% versus 43.48%). The increase in the number of Gram-negative infections among cancer patients, as shown in the present study, highlights the need for broad-spectrum therapy and effective planning of control programs to reduce bacterial diseases among cancer patients.

Coexistence of a novel NDM-1-encoding MDR plasmid and an IMP-4-encoding IncN-IncU hybrid plasmid in a clinical isolate of Citrobacter freundii BC73

Objectives

To investigate the genetic characteristics and transmission mechanism of the NDM-1-, IMP-4-, and SHV-12-producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolate, Citrobacter freundii BC73.

Methods

C. freundii BC73 was isolated from a urine specimen of a urological patient diagnosed with bladder cancer at a Chinese teaching hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using DL-120E susceptibility cards and DL-96A system. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the isolate was performed using the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms to analyze the genetic context of drug resistance genes and plasmid characteristics. The phylogenetic tree was constructed and visualized by KSNP3.0 software and iTOL5.0 online database.

Results

C. freundii isolate BC73 co-carrying bla NDM-1, bla IMP-4 and bla SHV-12 were multidrug-resistant. bla NDM-1 and bla IMP-4 were located on a novel IncFIB-like plasmid, pCFBC1, and an IncN-IncU hybrid plasmid, pCFBC2, respectively. The transferability of bla NDM-1 and bla IMP-4 from C. freundii BC73 to E. coli J53 was successfully demonstrated. The genetic context of the bla NDM-1 and bla IMP-4 genes were ISCR27-groEL-∆groES-cutA-dsbD-trpF-ble MBL-bla NDM-1-∆ISAba125-IS3000 and intI1-bla IMP-4-Kl.pn.13-mobC-IS6100, respectively. Additionally, two extensive transposition units (MGE1 in pCFBC1, MGE2 in pCFBC2) were identified and numerous antimicrobial resistance genes were discovered on it.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, our study represents the first characterization of a ST22 C. freundii isolate co-harboring bla NDM-1, bla IMP-4, and bla SHV-12, obtained from a urine sample. The dissemination of this MDR isolate should be of close concern in future clinical surveillance.