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de Lima LF, Ferreira AL, Awasthi S, Torres MD, Friedman HM, Cohen GH, de Araujo WR, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Rapid and accurate detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 using a low-cost electrochemical biosensor. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2023; 4:101513. [PMID: 38239491 PMCID: PMC10795591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, which is almost exclusively sexually transmitted, causes genital herpes. Although this lifelong and incurable infection is extremely widespread, currently there is no readily available diagnostic device that accurately detects HSV-2 antigens to a satisfactory degree. Here, we report an ultrasensitive electrochemical device that detects HSV-2 antigens within 9 min and costs just $1 (USD) to manufacture. The electrochemical biosensor is biofunctionalized with the human cellular receptor nectin-1 and detects the glycoprotein gD2, which is present within the HSV-2 viral envelope. The performance of the device is tested in a guinea pig model that mimics human biofluids, yielding 88.9% sensitivity, 100.0% specificity, and 95.0% accuracy under these conditions, with a limit of detection of 0.019 fg mL-1 for gD2 protein and 0.057 PFU mL-1 for titered viral samples. Importantly, no cross-reactions with other viruses were detected, indicating the adequate robustness and selectivity of the sensor. Our low-cost technology could facilitate more frequent testing for HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F. de Lima
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally
| | - André L. Ferreira
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sita Awasthi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo D.T. Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William R. de Araujo
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Sã o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lead contact
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2
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Cora M, Buruk CK, Ünsal S, Kaklikkaya N, Kolayli S. Chemical Analysis and in Vitro Antiviral Effects of Northeast Türkiye Propolis Samples against HSV-1. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300669. [PMID: 37340993 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Propolis is one of the mixtures with the widest biological activity among natural products used in complementary medicine. HSV-1 is a highly contagious and endemic virus. Available drugs are insufficient for recurrent HSV-1 infections. Therefore, new approaches to treat HSV-1 infections are still being developed. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the inhibition effect of ethanolic Anatolian propolis extracts obtained from the Eastern Black Sea Region (Pazar, Ardahan, and Uzungöl) on HSV-1. In addition to the total phenolic (TPC) and the total flavonoid content (TFC), the phenolic profiles of the extracts were analyzed by HPLC-UV. The antiviral activity of the extracts were tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), and plaque reduction tests, and the results were evaluated statistically. It was determined that the total amount of phenolic substances varied between 44.12 and 166.91 mg GAE/g, and the total flavonoid content of the samples varied between 12.50 and 41.58 (mg QUE/g). It was shown that all propolis samples used in the current study were effective against HSV-1, but the higher phenolic compounds contained in the samples showed the higher activity. The results show that ethanolic propolis extracts are promising candidates for HSV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Cora
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye
| | - C Kurtuluş Buruk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye
| | - Serbülent Ünsal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Informatics, Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye
| | - Neşe Kaklikkaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye
| | - Sevgi Kolayli
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye
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3
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Hegazy GE, Abu-Serie MM, Abou-Elela GM, Ghozlan H, Sabry SA, Soliman NA, Teleb M, Abdel-Fattah YR. Bioprocess development for biosurfactant production by Natrialba sp. M6 with effective direct virucidal and anti-replicative potential against HCV and HSV. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16577. [PMID: 36195643 PMCID: PMC9531635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophilic archaea is considered an promising natural source of many important metabolites. This study focused on one of the surface-active biomolecules named biosurfactants produced by haloarchaeon Natrialba sp. M6. The production trend was optimized and the product was partially purified and identified using GC-Mass spectrometry. Sequential optimization approaches, Plackett-Burman (PB) and Box-Behnken Designs (BBD) were applied to maximize the biosurfactants production from M6 strain by using 14 factors; pH, NaCl, agitation and glycerol; the most significant factors that influenced the biosurfactant production were used for Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The final optimal production conditions were agitation (150 rpm), glycerol (3%), NaCl (20.8%), pH (12) and cultivation temperature (37°C). GC-Mass spectrometry for the recovered extract revealed the presence of a diverse group of bipolar nature, hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain and charged function group. The majority of these compounds are fatty acids. Based on results of GC-MS, compositional analysis content and Zetasizer, it was proposed that the extracted biosurfactant produced by haloarchaeon Natrialba sp. M6 could be a cationic lipoprotein. The antiviral activity of such biosurfactant was investigated against hepatitis C (HCV) and herpes simplex (HSV1) viruses at its maximum safe doses (20 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively). Its mode of antiviral action was declared to be primarily via deactivating viral envelopes thus preventing viral entry. Moreover, this biosurfactant inhibited RNA polymerase- and DNA polymerase-mediated viral replication at IC50 of 2.28 and 4.39 μg/mL, respectively also. Molecular docking studies showed that surfactin resided well and was bound to the specified motif with low and accepted binding energies (ΔG = - 5.629, - 6.997 kcal/mol) respectively. Therefore, such biosurfactant could be presented as a natural safe and effective novel antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada E Hegazy
- National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, NIOF-Egypt, Qaitbay Sq, El-Anfousy, Alexandria, 11865, Egypt.
| | - Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - G M Abou-Elela
- National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, NIOF-Egypt, Qaitbay Sq, El-Anfousy, Alexandria, 11865, Egypt
| | - Hanan Ghozlan
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soraya A Sabry
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nadia A Soliman
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Universities & Research Institutes Zone, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yasser R Abdel-Fattah
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Universities & Research Institutes Zone, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
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4
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Inhibitory Effects of Bacterial Silk-like Biopolymer on Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, Adenovirus Type 7 and Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13010017. [PMID: 35225980 PMCID: PMC8883917 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial polymeric silk is produced by Bacillus sp. strain NE and is composed of two proteins, called fibroin and sericin, with several biomedical and biotechnological applications. In the current study and for the first time, the whole bacterial silk proteins were found capable of exerting antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), adenovirus type 7 (AD7), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The direct interaction between bacterial silk-like proteins and both HSV-1 and AD7 showed potent inhibitory activity against viral entry with IC50 values determined to be 4.1 and 46.4 μg/mL of protein, respectively. The adsorption inhibitory activity of the bacterial silk proteins showed a blocking activity against HSV-1 and AD7 with IC50 values determined to be 12.5 and 222.4 ± 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. However, the bacterial silk proteins exhibited an inhibitory effect on HSV-1 and AD7 replication inside infected cells with IC50 values of 9.8 and 109.3 μg/mL, respectively. All these results were confirmed by the ability of the bacterial silk proteins to inhibit viral polymerases of HSV-1 and AD7 with IC50 values of 164.1 and 11.8 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the inhibitory effect on HCV replication in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) was determined to be 66.2% at concentrations of 100 μg/mL of the bacterial silk proteins. This antiviral activity against HCV was confirmed by the ability of the bacterial silk proteins to reduce the ROS generation inside the infected cells to be 50.6% instead of 87.9% inside untreated cells. The unique characteristics of the bacterial silk proteins such as production in large quantities via large-scale biofermenters, low costs of production, and sustainability of bacterial source offer insight into its use as a promising agent in fighting viral infection and combating viral outbreaks.
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5
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Shaha M, Roy B, Islam MA. Detection of herpes simplex virus 2: a SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR assay. F1000Res 2021; 10:655. [PMID: 34900232 PMCID: PMC8634051 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53541.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) is increasing at an alarming rate in the world. Most of the HSV2 cases are not diagnosed properly, although a range of molecular and serological diagnoses exist. Herein, we have reported a very rapid detection method specific for HSV2 using real-time PCR. The primers specific for HSV2 were designed using the Primer-BLAST tool and 120 base pairs of the polymerase gene were amplified using real-time PCR with SYBR Green dye. The designed primer pair was found highly efficient in detecting only HSV2 DNA, but not HSV1. The threshold cycle (Ct) value for HSV2 reactions by designed primers was found to be an average of 22.55 for a standard copy number of viral DNA that may denote the efficiency of the primers. The melting temperature (Tm) of the amplicon using designed primers (82.6
0C) was also higher than that using reference primers (about 78
0C), indicating the high GC content of the amplified template. The designed primer pair will help clinicians to detect the HSV2 DNA specifically and diagnose the associated disease rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modhusudon Shaha
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bithi Roy
- Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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6
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Otmani Idrissi M, Baudoin JP, Chateau AL, Aherfi S, Bedotto-Buffet M, Latil A, Lepidi H, Chiaroni J, Picard C, Mege JL, La Scola B, Mezouar S. Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Cornea Transplant. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080934. [PMID: 34451398 PMCID: PMC8401771 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has impacted tissue transplantation procedures since conjunctivas were found to be associated with coronavirus infection. Here, we investigated infection of a cornea graft from a COVID-19-positive donor. Methods: In order to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the cornea graft we first carried out a qRT-PCR and then we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Conclusions: Although the cornea graft was found to be negative by qRT-PCR, we were able to show the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in corneal cells expressing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2. Taken together, our findings may have important implications for the use of corneal tissue in graft indications and open the debate on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriem Otmani Idrissi
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Line Chateau
- EFS Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur Corse, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.-L.C.); (J.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Bedotto-Buffet
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alain Latil
- CH d’Antibes-Juan Les Pins, 06160 Antibes, France;
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Chiaroni
- EFS Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur Corse, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.-L.C.); (J.C.); (C.P.)
- Aix-Marseille University, EFS, CNRS, ADES, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Picard
- EFS Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur Corse, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.-L.C.); (J.C.); (C.P.)
- Aix-Marseille University, EFS, CNRS, ADES, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- CH d’Antibes-Juan Les Pins, 06160 Antibes, France;
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (B.L.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +33-4-13-73-24-01 (B.L.S.)
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IRD, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.O.I.); (J.-P.B.); (S.A.); (M.B.-B.); (H.L.); (J.-L.M.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (B.L.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +33-4-13-73-24-01 (B.L.S.)
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Liu L, Deng CJ, Duan YL, Ye CJ, Gong DH, Guo XL, Lee WH, Zhou J, Li SA, Zhang Y. An Aerolysin-like Pore-Forming Protein Complex Targets Viral Envelope to Inactivate Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:888-901. [PMID: 34290105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Because most of animal viruses are enveloped, cytoplasmic entry of these viruses via fusion with cellular membrane initiates their invasion. However, the strategies in which host cells counteract cytoplasmic entry of such viruses are incompletely understood. Pore-forming toxin aerolysin-like proteins (ALPs) exist throughout the animal kingdom, but their functions are mostly unknown. In this study, we report that βγ-crystallin fused aerolysin-like protein and trefoil factor complex (βγ-CAT), an ALP and trefoil factor complex from the frog Bombina maxima, directly blocks enveloped virus invasion by interfering with cytoplasmic entry. βγ-CAT targeted acidic glycosphingolipids on the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) envelope to induce pore formation, as indicated by the oligomer formation of protein and potassium and calcium ion efflux. Meanwhile, βγ-CAT formed ring-like oligomers of ∼10 nm in diameter on the liposomes and induced dye release from liposomes that mimic viral envelope. Unexpectedly, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the βγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 was visibly as intact as the vehicle-treated HSV-1, indicating that βγ-CAT did not lyse the viral envelope. However, the cytoplasmic entry of the βγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 into HeLa cells was totally hindered. In vivo, topical application of βγ-CAT attenuated the HSV-1 corneal infection in mice. Collectively, these results uncovered that βγ-CAT possesses the capacity to counteract enveloped virus invasion with its featured antiviral-acting manner. Our findings will also largely help to illustrate the putative antiviral activity of animal ALPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Li Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen-Jun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dao-Hua Gong
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jumin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China;
| | - Sheng-An Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; and
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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8
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Alhamlan FS, Al-Qahtani AA, Bakheet DM, Bohol MF, Althawadi SI, Mutabagani MS, Almaghrabi RS, Obeid DA. Development and validation of an in-house, low-cost SARS-CoV-2 detection assay. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1139-1143. [PMID: 34343964 PMCID: PMC8280604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One major challenge for detecting the virus that causes COVID-19 is commercial SARS-CoV-2 testing kit or reagent availability. To allow every laboratory or hospital access to an in-house assay, we developed a low-cost SARS-CoV-2 detection assay protocol using in-house primers and reagents/equipment on hand in most biology or diagnostic laboratories: a SYBR Green-based RT-PCR. RNA extraction has also become a major bottleneck due to limited supplies and the required labor. Thus, we validated an alternative RNA extraction protocol. METHODS We designed and synthesized in-house primers according to SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences retrieved from GISAID database. One hundred and ninety patient samples were collected by nasopharyngeal swab, coded, and used to develop and validate the assay protocol. RNA extraction was performed using TRI reagent-based RNA protocol to inactivate the virus; thus, testing was conducted in a conventional biosafety level 2 laboratory. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of the primers were evaluated using 190 patient samples previously tested for SARS-CoV-2. The positive amplicons were sequenced to confirm the results. The assay protocol was developed, and the specificity of each RT-PCR product was confirmed using melting curve analyses. Of 190 samples, the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR assay detected SARS-CoV-2 target genes in 88 samples, with no false-positive results. These findings indicate that the sensitivity of our assay was 97.7% and specificity of 100% with those of the diagnostic laboratory that tested the same samples using a Rotor-Gene PCR cycler with an Altona Diagnostics SARS-CoV-2 kit (R2 = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS These approaches are reliable, repeatable, specific, sensitive, simple, and low-cost tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a conventional biosafety level 2 laboratory, offering alternative approaches when commercial kits are unavailable or not affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah S Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana M Bakheet
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marie F Bohol
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar I Althawadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon S Mutabagani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S Almaghrabi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia A Obeid
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Nath P, Kabir MA, Doust SK, Ray A. Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus: Laboratory and Point-of-Care Techniques. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:518-539. [PMID: 34199547 PMCID: PMC8293188 DOI: 10.3390/idr13020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes is a widespread viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that has no permanent cure to date. There are two subtypes, HSV-1 and HSV-2, that are known to cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from acute to chronic. HSV is highly contagious and can be transmitted via any type of physical contact. Additionally, viral shedding can also happen from asymptomatic infections. Thus, early and accurate detection of HSV is needed to prevent the transmission of this infection. Herpes can be diagnosed in two ways, by either detecting the presence of the virus in lesions or the antibodies in the blood. Different detection techniques are available based on both laboratory and point of care (POC) devices. Laboratory techniques include different biochemical assays, microscopy, and nucleic acid amplification. In contrast, POC techniques include microfluidics-based tests that enable on-spot testing. Here, we aim to review the different diagnostic techniques, both laboratory-based and POC, their limits of detection, sensitivity, and specificity, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aniruddha Ray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (P.N.); (M.A.K.); (S.K.D.)
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10
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Chorlton SD. Reanalysis of Alzheimer's brain sequencing data reveals absence of purported HHV6A and HHV7. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2021; 18:2050012. [PMID: 32336252 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720020500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Readhead et al. recently reported in Neuron the detection and association of human herpesviruses 6A (HHV6A) and 7 (HHV7) with Alzheimer's disease by shotgun sequencing. I was skeptical of the specificity of their modified Viromescan bioinformatics method and subsequent analysis for numerous reasons. Using their supplementary data, the prevalence of variola virus, the etiological agent of the eradicated disease smallpox, can be calculated at 97.5% of their Mount Sinai Brain Bank dataset. Reanalysis of Readhead et al.'s data using highly sensitive and specific alternative methods finds no HHV7 reads in their samples; HHV6A reads were found in only 2 out of their top 15 samples sorted by reported HHV6A abundance. Finally, recreation of Readhead et al.'s modified Viromescan method identifies reasons for its low specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Chorlton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Bruehl FK, Ramsey C, Koval CE, Procop GW. Routine testing for herpes simplex virus in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens is unwarranted. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115400. [PMID: 34030103 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of the lung are rare, but HSV is occasionally detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens. We assessed whether routinely performing HSV PCR tests in BAL specimens is warranted. HSV was detected in 7% (52/722) of BALs. In 47% of HSV-positive patients a typical respiratory virus or pathologic microorganism was identified. Oral HSV reactivation was identified in 27%; however, anti-HSV therapy was initiated in just three patients following the positive HSV test. Patients undergoing BAL for transplant surveillance received anti-HSV prophylaxis more often than those with acute respiratory failure, but both groups did not differ significantly in terms of patient outcome or co-infections. No patient was diagnosed with HSV pneumonia. These findings suggest that positive HSV PCR results in BAL specimens most commonly represents contamination from oral HSV reactivation, and that HSV PCR should be ordered selectively, rather than routinely, as part of a test panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frido K Bruehl
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christine Ramsey
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christine E Koval
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary W Procop
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Ruzsics Z, Hoffmann K, Riedl A, Krawczyk A, Widera M, Sertznig H, Schipper L, Kapper-Falcone V, Debreczeny M, Ernst W, Grabherr R, Hengel H, Harant H. A Novel, Broad-Acting Peptide Inhibitor of Double-Stranded DNA Virus Gene Expression and Replication. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:601555. [PMID: 33281801 PMCID: PMC7705112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.601555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a global disease burden with only a limited number of antiviral agents available. Due to newly emerging viral pathogens and increasing occurrence of drug resistance, there is a continuous need for additional therapeutic options, preferably with extended target range. In the present study, we describe a novel antiviral peptide with broad activity against several double-stranded DNA viruses. The 22-mer peptide TAT-I24 potently neutralized viruses such as herpes simplex viruses, adenovirus type 5, cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, and simian virus 40 in cell culture models, while being less active against RNA viruses. The peptide TAT-I24 therefore represents a novel and promising drug candidate for use against double-stranded DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Riedl
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Universitätsmedizin Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helene Sertznig
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Leonie Schipper
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Valeria Kapper-Falcone
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monika Debreczeny
- VIBT Imaging Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Ernst
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Prakash S, Roy S, Srivastava R, Coulon PG, Dhanushkodi NR, Vahed H, Jankeel A, Geertsema R, Amezquita C, Nguyen L, Messaoudi I, Burkhardt AM, BenMohamed L. Unique molecular signatures of antiviral memory CD8 + T cells associated with asymptomatic recurrent ocular herpes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13843. [PMID: 32796943 PMCID: PMC7427992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of antiviral CD8+ T cells associated with protective and pathogenic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections remains unclear. We compared the transcriptome, phenotype, and function of memory CD8+ T cells, sharing the same HSV-1 epitope-specificities, from infected HLA-A*0201 positive symptomatic (SYMP) vs. asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals and HLA-A*0201 transgenic rabbits. Compared to higher frequencies of multifunctional effector memory CD8+ TEM cells in ASYMP individuals, the SYMP individuals presented dysfunctional CD8+ TEM cells, expressing major exhaustion pathways. Compared to protected ASYMP HLA transgenic rabbits, the trigeminal ganglia of non-protected SYMP HLA transgenic rabbits had higher frequencies of dysfunctional tissue-resident CD8+ TRM cells. Moreover, blockade of T cell exhaustion pathways restored the function of CD8+ T cells, reduced virus reactivation, and diminished recurrent disease in HLA transgenic rabbits. These findings reveal unique molecular signatures of protective CD8+ T cells and pave the way for T-cell-based immunotherapy to combat recurrent ocular herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Roger Geertsema
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Cassandra Amezquita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Amanda M Burkhardt
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2032; 843 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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14
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The Mutation of the Genes Related to Neurovirulence in HSV-2 Produces an Attenuated Phenotype in Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070770. [PMID: 32708847 PMCID: PMC7412103 DOI: 10.3390/v12070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-2 (Herpes simplex virus type 2) is a critical viral agent that mainly causes genital herpes and life-long latent infection in the dorsal root ganglia. Gene modification via CRISPR/Cas9 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences/CRISPR associated 9) was used here to construct HSV-2 mutant strains through the deletion of fragments of the RL1 (Repeat Long element 1) and/or LAT (Latency-associated Transcript) genes. The HSV-2 mutant strains LAT-HSV-2 and RL1-LAT-HSV-2 present different biological properties. The proliferation of RL1-LAT-HSV-2 in nerve cells was decreased significantly, and the plaques induced by RL1-LAT-HSV-2 in Vero cells were smaller than those induced by LAT-HSV-2 mutant and wild-type strains. The observation of mice infected with these two mutants compared to mice infected with the wild-type strain indicated that the mutant RL1-LAT-HSV-2 has an attenuated phenotype with reduced pathogenicity during both acute and latent infections and induces a stronger specific immune response than the wild-type strain, whereas the attenuation effect was not found in mice infected with the LAT-HSV-2 mutant containing the LAT gene deletion. However, the simultaneous mutation of both the RL1 and LAT genes did not completely restrict viral proliferation in nerve cells, indicating that multiple HSV genes are involved in viral replication in the neural system. This work suggests that the HSV-2 genes RL1 and/or LAT might be involved in the virulence mechanisms in mouse infections.
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15
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Viral Loads in Ocular Fluids of Acute Retinal Necrosis Eyes Infected by Varicella-Zoster Virus Treated with Intravenous Acyclovir Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041204. [PMID: 32331430 PMCID: PMC7230916 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare viral endophthalmitis, and human herpesvirus is the principal pathogen. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to avoid visual impairment by ARN, and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is required in advanced cases. In this study, we evaluated the transition of viral load in ocular fluids of ARN eyes with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) after intravenous acyclovir treatment. Fourteen eyes of 13 patients were analyzed retrospectively. All patients received intravenous acyclovir treatment, and eventually, all eyes underwent PPV. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test showed a 100% detection rate in all aqueous humor samples collected before the treatment (Pre-AH), as well as aqueous humor (Post-AH) and vitreous fluid samples (VF), collected during PPV conducted after the treatment. Within eight days or less of acyclovir treatment, viral loads both in AH and VF did not decrease significantly. Furthermore, the viral load of Pre-AH had a strong correlation with that of VH. These data suggest that in ARN eyes with VZV infection, the AH sample for the PCR test was reliable to confirm the pathogen. We propose that short-term treatment of intravenous acyclovir may be insufficient for reducing intraocular viral load, and the Pre-AH sample could be a predictor of viral activity in the eyes after acyclovir treatment.
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16
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Dubot-Pérès A, Mayxay M, Phetsouvanh R, Lee SJ, Rattanavong S, Vongsouvath M, Davong V, Chansamouth V, Phommasone K, Moore C, Dittrich S, Lattana O, Sirisouk J, Phoumin P, Panyanivong P, Sengduangphachanh A, Sibounheuang B, Chanthongthip A, Simmalavong M, Sengdatka D, Seubsanith A, Keoluangkot V, Phimmasone P, Sisout K, Detleuxay K, Luangxay K, Phouangsouvanh I, Craig SB, Tulsiani SM, Burns MA, Dance DAB, Blacksell SD, de Lamballerie X, Newton PN. Management of Central Nervous System Infections, Vientiane, Laos, 2003-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:898-910. [PMID: 31002063 PMCID: PMC6478220 DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.180914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2003–2011, we recruited 1,065 patients of all ages admitted to Mahosot Hospital (Vientiane, Laos) with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infection. Etiologies were laboratory confirmed for 42.3% of patients, who mostly had infections with emerging pathogens: viruses in 16.2% (mainly Japanese encephalitis virus [8.8%]); bacteria in 16.4% (including Orientia tsutsugamushi [2.9%], Leptospira spp. [2.3%], and Rickettsia spp. [2.3%]); and Cryptococcus spp. fungi in 6.6%. We observed no significant differences in distribution of clinical encephalitis and meningitis by bacterial or viral etiology. However, patients with bacterial CNS infection were more likely to have a history of diabetes than others. Death (26.3%) was associated with low Glasgow Coma Scale score, and the mortality rate was higher for patients with bacterial than viral infections. No clinical or laboratory variables could guide antibiotic selection. We conclude that high-dependency units and first-line treatment with ceftriaxone and doxycycline for suspected CNS infections could improve patient survival in Laos.
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17
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Xu X, He Y, Fan S, Feng M, Jiang G, Wang L, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Li Q. Reducing Viral Inhibition of Host Cellular Apoptosis Strengthens the Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of an Attenuated HSV-1 Strain. Virol Sin 2019; 34:673-687. [PMID: 31506828 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a member of α herpesviruses, shows a high infectivity rate of 30%-60% in populations of various ages. Some herpes simplex (HSV) vaccine candidates evaluated during the past 20 years have not shown protective efficacy against viral infection. An improved understanding of the immune profile of infected individuals and the associated mechanism is needed. HSV uses an immune evasion strategy during viral replication, and various virus-encoded proteins, such as ICP47 and Vhs, participate in this process through limiting the ability of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes to recognize target cells. Other proteins, e.g., Us3 and Us5, also play a role in viral immune evasion via interfering with cellular apoptosis. In this work, to study the mechanism by which HSV-1 strain attenuation interferes with the viral immune evasion strategy, we constructed a mutant strain, M5, with deletions in the Us3 and Us5 genes. M5 was shown to induce higher neutralizing antibody titers and a stronger cellular immune response than our previously reported M3 strain, and to prevent virus infection more effectively than the M3 strain in an in vivo mouse challenge test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Min Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
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18
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Xiu L, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang F, Peng J. Simultaneous detection of eleven sexually transmitted agents using multiplexed PCR coupled with MALDI-TOF analysis. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2671-2682. [PMID: 31695443 PMCID: PMC6717854 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s219580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), representing a major global health problem, are caused by different microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Unfortunately, infections of different sexually transmitted pathogens often present similar clinical symptoms, so it is almost impossible to distinguish them clinically. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop a sensitive, multitarget, and high-throughput method that can detect various agents responsible for STIs. Methods We developed and tested a 23-plex PCR coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) assay (sexually transmitted infection-mass spectrometry, STI-MS) that simultaneously targets 11 different agents, including 8 most common clinical pathogens related to STIs (HSV-1, HSV-2, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Haemophilus ducreyi) and 3 controversial microorganisms as pathogens (Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum). Results The results showed that the STI-MS approach can accurately detect the expected agents, without cross-reaction with other organisms. The limit of detection of each STI-MS assay was ranged from 1.739 to 10.009 copies/reaction, using probit analyses. The verification rate for each target organism of the STI-MS ranged from a minimum of 89.3% to a maximum of 100%, using conventional assays and ultrasensitive digital PCR to confirm the STI-MS-positive results. To further evaluate the clinical performance of this assay, 241 clinical specimens (124 urethral/cervical swabs and 117 urine) were tested in parallel using the STI-MS assay and monoplex real-time PCR for each agent. The overall validation parameters of STI-MS were extremely high including sensitivity (from 85.7% to 100%), specificity (from 92.3% to 100%), PPV (from 50% to 100%), and NPV (from 99.1% to 100%) for each target. Conclusion STI-MS is a useful high-throughput screening tool for detecting mixed infections of STIs and has great potential for application in large-scale epidemiological programs for specific microorganisms of STI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshan Xiu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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19
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McGuire JL, Tuite NV, Swami SK, Avery RA. Assessment of Diagnostic Yield of Nonculture Infection Testing on Cerebrospinal Fluid in Immune-Competent Children. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e197307. [PMID: 31322691 PMCID: PMC6646983 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nonculture infection tests of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples using polymerase chain reaction and antigen or antibody assays are frequently ordered on lumbar puncture specimens concurrently with routine CSF cell counts, but the value of CSF infection testing in otherwise healthy children is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the value of nonculture CSF infection testing in immune-competent children with normal CSF cell counts. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study reviewed screening and diagnostic tests in the electronic medical record system of a large academic tertiary care children's hospital. Records of children aged 0.5 to 18.9 years (n = 4083) who underwent lumbar puncture (n = 4811 procedures) in an inpatient or outpatient facility of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2016, were reviewed. Those with indwelling CSF shunts or catheters; those with active or past oncologic, immunologic, or rheumatologic conditions; or those taking immune-suppressing medications were excluded from analysis. This study was conducted from July 20, 2017, to March 13, 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcome variables included frequency of nonculture CSF infection testing and frequency of positive results in the entire cohort, and among those with normal cell counts. Normal cell counts were defined as CSF white blood cell counts lower than 5 cells/μL and CSF red blood cell counts lower than 500 cells/μL. RESULTS In total, 4811 lumbar puncture procedures were performed on 4083 unique children, with a median (range) age of 7.4 (0.5-18.9) years, 2537 boys (52.7%), and 3331 (69.2%) with normal CSF cell counts. At least 1 nonculture CSF infection test was performed on 1270 lumbar puncture specimens with normal cell counts (38.1%; 95% CI, 36%-40%), and more tests were performed in the summer months. Only 18 (1.4%; 95% CI, 0.9%-2.2%) of 1270 lumbar puncture specimens with normal cell counts had at least 1 nonculture infection test with a positive result; 2 of these 18 children required clinical intervention for their positive results, but each also had other clear clinical signs of infection. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Nonculture CSF infection testing appeared to be common in immune-competent children with normal CSF cell counts, but positive results were uncommon and were not independently associated with clinical care; delaying the decision to send nonculture infection tests until CSF cell counts are available could reduce unnecessary diagnostic testing and medical costs, which may improve value-based care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. McGuire
- Division of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nichole V. Tuite
- Division of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjeev K. Swami
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A. Avery
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Division of Ophthalmology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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The etiology of acute meningitis and encephalitis syndromes in a sentinel pediatric hospital, Shenzhen, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:560. [PMID: 31242869 PMCID: PMC6595616 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute meningitis and encephalitis syndromes (AMES) is a severe neurological infection which causes high case fatality and severe sequelae in children. To determine the etiology of childhood AMES in Shenzhen, a hospital-based study was undertaken. Methods A total of 240 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 171 children meeting the case definition were included and screened for 12 common causative organisms. The clinical data and conventional testing results were collected and analyzed. Whole genome sequencing was performed on a Neisseria meningitidis isolate. Results A pathogen was found in 85 (49.7%) cases; Group B Streptococcus (GBS) was detected in 17 cases, Escherichia coli in 15, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 14, enterovirus (EV) in 13, herpes simplex virus (HSV) in 3, N. meningitidis in 1, Haemophilus influenzae in 1, and others in 23. Notably, HSV was found after 43 days of treatment. Twelve GBS and 6 E. coli meningitis were found in neonates aged less than 1 month; 13 pneumococcal meningitis in children aged > 3 months; and 12 EV infections in children aged > 1 year old. The multilocus sequence typing of serogroup B N. meningitidis isolate was ST-3200/CC4821. High resistance rate to tetracycline (75%), penicillin (75%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (75%) was found in 4 of S. pneumoniae isolates; clindamycin (100%) and tetracycline (100%) in 9 of GBS; and ampicillin (75%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (67%) in 12 of E. coli. Conclusions The prevalence of N. meningitidis and JEV was very low and the cases of childhood AMES were mainly caused by other pathogens. GBS and E. coli were the main causative organisms in neonates, while S. pneumoniae and EV were mainly found in older children. HSV could be persistently found in the CSF samples despite of the treatment. A better prevention strategy for GBS, the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine, and incorporation of PCR methods were recommended.
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21
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Dunbar S, Das S. Amplification chemistries in clinical virology. J Clin Virol 2019; 115:18-31. [PMID: 30953805 PMCID: PMC7106405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic methods have evolved and matured considerably over the last several decades and are constantly being evaluated and adopted by clinical laboratories for the identification of infectious pathogens. Advancement in other technologies such as fluorescence, electronics, instrumentation, automation, and sensors have made the overall diagnostic process more accurate, sensitive, and rapid. Nucleic acid based detection procedures, which rely on the fundamental principles of DNA replication have emerged as a popular and standard diagnostic method, and several commercial assays are currently available based on different nucleic acid amplification techniques. This review focuses on the major amplification chemistries that are used for developing commercial assays and discusses their application in the clinical virology laboratory.
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22
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Mohseni AH, Taghinezhad-S S, Keyvani H, Ghobadi N. Comparison of Acyclovir and Multistrain Lactobacillus brevis in Women with Recurrent Genital Herpes Infections: a Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:740-747. [PMID: 28852985 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We performed a randomized double-blind controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of multistrain probiotic and acyclovir in women patients with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections. Eighty-one patients enrolled in the study were being treated with multistrain Lactobacillus brevis one vaginal capsule every 12 h and oral acyclovir 400 mg twice daily for 6 months. Of 53 patients who completed both treatment courses, no important differences were identified between acyclovir and probiotic for the primary and secondary efficacy endpoint, resolution of episode (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.3429 to 1.0663; P = 0.08), lesion healing time (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.3034 to 1.0717, P = 0.08), viral shedding (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.3027 to 0.9750, P = 0.04), and percentage of pain (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.2708 to 0.8545, P = 0.01). The median time to first and second recurrence after treatment were 43 and 121 days in patients receiving acyclovir and 33 and 118 days in patients receiving probiotic (HR 2.61; 95% CI, 1.4427 to 4.7546, P = 0.001, and HR 0.62; 95% CI, 0.3500 to 1.1133, P = 0.1, respectively). No clinically important effects happened during the probiotic treatment but some of adverse events reported in patients taking acyclovir. Easy availability, low cost, and no side effect of L. brevis are valuable properties of probiotic therapy compared with acyclovir. Therefore, we concluded that multistrain L. brevis could play an important role in suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mohseni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Research and Development (R&D) Department, Keyvan Virology Specialty Laboratory (KVSL), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development (R&D) Department, Keyvan Virology Specialty Laboratory (KVSL), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Research and Development (R&D) Department, Keyvan Virology Specialty Laboratory (KVSL), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Narges Ghobadi
- Research and Development (R&D) Department, Keyvan Virology Specialty Laboratory (KVSL), Tehran, Iran
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23
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Hartline CB, Conner RL, James SH, Potter J, Gray E, Estrada J, Tector M, Tector AJ, Prichard MN. Xenotransplantation panel for the detection of infectious agents in pigs. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12427. [PMID: 30264882 PMCID: PMC6166664 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent advances in xenotransplantation have produced organs from pigs that are well tolerated in primate models because of genetic changes engineered to delete major antigens from donor animals. To ensure the safety of human transplant recipients, it will be essential to understand both the spectrum of infectious agents in donor pigs and their potential to be transmitted to immunocompromised transplant recipients. Equally important will be the development of new highly sensitive diagnostic methods for use in the detection of these agents in donor animals and for the monitoring of transplant recipients. Methods Herein, we report the development of a panel of 30 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for infectious agents with the potential to be transmitted to the human host. The reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity of each assay were evaluated and were found to exhibit analytic sensitivity that was similar to that of quantitative assays used to perform viral load testing of human viruses in clinical laboratories. Results This analytical approach was used to detect nucleic acids of infectious agents present in specimens from 9 sows and 22 piglets derived by caesarean section. The most commonly detected targets in adult animals were Mycoplasma species and two distinct herpesviruses, porcine lymphotrophic herpesvirus 2 and 3. A total of 14 piglets were derived from three sows infected with either or both herpesviruses, yet none tested positive for the viruses indicating that vertical transmission of these viruses is inefficient. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate that procedures in place are highly sensitive and can specifically detect nucleic acids from target organisms in the panel, thus ensuring the safety of organs for transplantation as well as the monitoring of patients potentially receiving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroll B Hartline
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ra'Shun L Conner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward Gray
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jose Estrada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mathew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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24
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Schildgen O, Gräper S, Blümel J, Külshammer M, Matz B. Temperature-sensitive origin-binding protein as a tool for investigations of herpes simplex virus activities in vivo. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:105-117. [PMID: 30520714 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is fairly clear that herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA replication requires at least seven virus-encoded proteins in concert with various host cell factors, the mode of this process in infected cells is still poorly understood. Using HSV-1 mutants bearing temperature-sensitive (ts) lesions in the UL9 gene, we previously found that the origin-binding protein (OBP), a product of the UL9 gene, is only needed in the first 6 hours post-infection. As this finding was just a simple support for the hypothesis of a biphasic replication mode, we became convinced through these earlier studies that the mutants tsR and tsS might represent suitable tools for more accurate investigations in vivo. However, prior to engaging in highly sophisticated research projects, knowledge of the biochemical features of the mutated versions of OBP appeared to be essential. The results of our present study demonstrate that (i) tsR is most appropriate for cell biological studies, where only immediate early and early HSV gene products are being expressed without the concomital viral DNA replication, and (ii) tsS is a prime candidate for the analysis of HSV DNA replication processes because of its reversibly thermosensitive OBP-ATPase, which allows one to switch on the initiation of DNA synthesis precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schildgen
- †Present address: Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Krankenhaus Merheim, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke, Institut für Pathologie, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, D-51109 Köln, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sascha Gräper
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,‡Present address: Sanofi-Aventis, Industriepark Hoechst, Bldg. D681, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Blümel
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,§Present address: Paul-Ehrlich-Institu, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | | | - Bertfried Matz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Zida S, Kolia-Diafouka P, Kania D, Sotto A, Foulongne V, Bolloré K, Ouangraoua S, Méda N, Carrère-Kremer S, Van de Perre P, Tuaillon E. Combined testing for herpes simplex virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aseptic meningitis in Burkina Faso, West Africa. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 33:e22719. [PMID: 30474140 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the involvement of herpes simplex virus (HSV) or Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as potentially curable causes of central nervous system (CNS) infections in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE In this study, we developed a PCR assay dedicated to simultaneous testing of HSV1/HSV2 and MTB in Burkina Faso, a country where HSV is neglected as a cause of CNS infection and where TB prevalence is high. METHODS A consensus HSV1/HSV2 set of primers and probe were designed and combined to primers and probe targeting the IS6110 repetitive insertion sequence of MTB. Analytical performances of the assay were evaluated on reference materials. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from subjects with aseptic meningitis was tested for HSV1/HSV2 and MTB DNA. RESULTS The UL29 gene was chosen as a highly conserved region targeted by the HSV1/HSV2 nucleic acid test. The lower limits of detection were estimated to be 2.45 copies/µL for HSV1, 1.72 copies/µL for HSV2, and 2.54 IS6110 copies per µL for MTB. The PCR was used in 202 CSF collected from subjects suspected of aseptic meningitis. Five samples (2.46%) tested positive, including two children positive for HSV1 (0.99%) and three adults tested positive for MTB (1.47%). CONCLUSION Using an in-house real-time PCR assay, we showed that both HSV and MTB are etiologic pathogens contributing to aseptic meningitis in Burkina Faso. This molecular test may have clinical utility for early diagnosis for those treatable CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Zida
- UMR 1058, INSERM/EFS/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Centre MURAZ, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Karine Bolloré
- UMR 1058, INSERM/EFS/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nicolas Méda
- Ministère de la santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Edouard Tuaillon
- UMR 1058, INSERM/EFS/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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26
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Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE): Molecularly Homogeneous Distribution of Acyclovir in a Bioerodable Polymer Matrix for Long-Term Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infections. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2018; 2018:6161230. [PMID: 30356432 PMCID: PMC6178155 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6161230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and -2) patients who suffer from recurrent outbreaks consists of multiple daily doses of the antiviral drugs acyclovir (ACV), penciclovir, or their more orally bioavailable derivatives valacyclovir or famciclovir. Drug troughs caused by missed doses may result in viral replication, which can generate drug-resistant mutants along with clinical sequelae. We developed a molecularly homogeneous mixture of ACV with the bioerodable polymer polycaprolactone. Through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, 1H NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry, our method of combining drug and polymer, termed Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE), does not compromise the integrity of polymer or drug. Furthermore, VASE creates materials that deliver therapeutic amounts of drug consistently for approximately two months. Devices with high enough drug loads diminish primary infection of HSV-1 in Vero cells to the same level as seen with a single dose of ACV. Our data will lead to further experiments in animal models, demonstrating efficacy in preventing reactivation of these viruses with a single intervention, and with other antiviral drugs amenable to such manipulation. Additionally, this type of treatment would leave no trace after its useful lifetime, as drug is released and polymer matrix is degraded in vivo.
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27
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Behzadi MA, Davarpanah MA, Namayandeh M, Pourabbas B, Allahyari S, Ziyaeyan M. Molecular diagnosis of genital tract infections among HIV-positive women in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 10:233-241. [PMID: 30483375 PMCID: PMC6243152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are usually at a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than others. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and associated risk factors among HIV-infected women in Fars province, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, cervical swab samples were collected from 71 HIV-infected women, aged 17-45 years (mean ± standard deviation: 31.11 ± 6.58 years), and tested for HPV, HSV, CT, and NG using PCR assays. RESULTS Overall, 77.5% of patients were positive for the tested STIs with the following distribution: 36 (50.7%) HPV, 7 (9.9%) HSV, 4 (5.6%) NG, and 27 (38%) CT. From those, 39 (55%) were positive for only one infection, while 16 (22.5%) were positive for multiple infections. We observed that the prevalence of all tested STIs increased by age, except for HSV which showed a slight decrease, although not statistically significant. Socio-economic factors such as low educational level, multiple sex partners, and being a sex worker significantly correlated with higher positive prevalence of STIs in the studied population. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of STIs was observed among HIV-infected women in this region. These data might prompt policy makers and STI experts to focus on providing a comprehensive sex education, including participation in screening programs for STIs among high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Namayandeh
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Pourabbas
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheyla Allahyari
- HIV Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Corresponding author: Mazyar Ziyaeyan, Ph.D, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Tel: +98-71-36474304, Fax: +98-71-36474303,
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28
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Gao YL, Gao Z, He M, Liao P. Infection status of human parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex Virus-1/2 in women with first-trimester spontaneous abortions in Chongqing, China. Virol J 2018; 15:74. [PMID: 29688863 PMCID: PMC5913817 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Parvovirus B19 (B19V), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Herpes Simplex Virus-1/2 (HSV-1/2) may cause fetal loses including spontaneous abortion, intrauterine fetal death and non-immune hydrops fetalis. Few comprehensive studies have investigated first-trimester spontaneous abortions caused by virus infections in Chongqing, China. Our study intends to investigate the infection of B19V, CMV and HSV-1/2 in first-trimester spontaneous abortions and the corresponding immune response. METHODS 100 abortion patients aged from 17 to 47 years were included in our study. The plasma samples (100) were analyzed qualitatively for specific IgG/IgM for B19V, CMV and HSV-1/2 (Virion\Serion, Germany) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. B19V, CMV and HSV-1/2 DNA were quantification by Real-Time PCR. RESULTS No specimens were positive for B19V, CMV, and HSV-1/2 DNA. By serology, 30.0%, 95.0%, 92.0% of patients were positive for B19V, CMV and HSV-1/2 IgG respectively, while 2% and 1% for B19V and HSV-1/2 IgM. CONCLUSION The low rate of virus DNA and a high proportion of CMV and HSV-1/2 IgG for most major of abortion patients in this study suggest that B19V, CMV and HSV-1/2 may not be the common factor leading to the spontaneous abortion of early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Gao
- Clinical Medical School, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610052, China.,The Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, 610052, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610052, China. .,The Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu, 610052, China.
| | - Pu Liao
- The People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400000, China.
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29
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Rajčáni J, Bánáti F, Szenthe K, Szathmary S. The potential of currently unavailable herpes virus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:239-248. [PMID: 29313728 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1425620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite overwhelming experimental work, there are no licensed vaccines against the most frequent Alphaherpesviruses, namely herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV1 and 2) nor against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirus. AREAS COVERED Since the DNAs of both HSVs reside in the regional sensory ganglia in a latent state (i.e. as circularized episomal molecules), a corresponding vaccine might be useful for immunotherapy rather than for prevention of primary infection. Here we describe the design of a purified subunit vaccine as well as the preparation and efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein consisting of the gD ectodomain from our domestic attenuated HSV1 strain HSZP. The EBV vaccines considered so far, were destined for prevention of infectious mononucleosis (IM) or to prevent formation of EBV related tumors. To design the EBV peptide vaccine, at least 15 carefully selected immunogenic epitopes coming from 12 virus coded proteins were bound to synthetic micro-particle carriers along with a non-specific pathogen recognizing receptor (PRR) stimulating both the T as well as B lymphocytes. EXPERT COMMENTARY The efficacy of a novel EBV peptide in the rabbit model was based on criteria such as antibody formation (EA-D detected by ELISA, early and capsid proteins tested by immunoblot), presence of LMP1 antigen and of viral DNA in peripheral white blood cells. Out of 19 peptide combinations used for vaccination, at least 6 showed a satisfactory protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Július Rajčáni
- a RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center , Mosonmagyaróvár , Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bánáti
- a RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center , Mosonmagyaróvár , Hungary
| | - Kálmán Szenthe
- a RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center , Mosonmagyaróvár , Hungary
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30
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Retamal-Díaz A, Weiss KA, Tognarelli EI, Freire M, Bueno SM, Herold BC, Jacobs WR, González PA. US6 Gene Deletion in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Enhances Dendritic Cell Function and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1523. [PMID: 29176979 PMCID: PMC5686121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) produce lifelong infections that are associated with frequent asymptomatic or clinically apparent reactivation. Importantly, HSV express multiple virulence factors that negatively modulate innate and adaptive immune components. Notably, HSV interfere with dendritic cell (DC) viability and function, likely hindering the capacity of the host to mount effective immunity against these viruses. Recently, an HSV-2 virus that was deleted in glycoprotein D was engineered (designated ΔgD-2). The virus is propagated on a complementing cell line that expresses HSV-1 gD, which permits a single round of viral replication. ΔgD-2 is safe, immunogenic, and provided complete protection against vaginal or skin challenges with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in murine models. Here, we sought to assess the interaction of ΔgD-2 with DCs and found that, in contrast to wild-type (WT) virus which induces DC apoptosis, ΔgD-2 promoted their migration and capacity to activate naïve CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, DCs exposed to the WT and ΔgD-2 virus experienced different unfolded protein responses. Mice primed with DCs infected with ΔgD-2 in vitro displayed significantly reduced infection and pathology after genital challenge with virulent HSV-2 compared to non-primed mice, suggesting that DCs play a role in the immune response to the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kayla A Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Freire
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Khumalo J, Nicol M, Hardie D, Muloiwa R, Mteshana P, Bamford C. Diagnostic accuracy of two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the diagnosis of meningitis in children in a resource-limited setting. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173948. [PMID: 28346504 PMCID: PMC5367690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate etiological diagnosis of meningitis is important, but difficult in resource-limited settings due to prior administration of antibiotics and lack of viral diagnostics. We aimed to develop and validate 2 real-time multiplex PCR (RT-PCR) assays for the detection of common causes of community-acquired bacterial and viral meningitis in South African children. METHODS We developed 2 multiplex RT- PCRs for detection of S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, enteroviruses, mumps virus and herpes simplex virus. We tested residual CSF samples from children presenting to a local paediatric hospital over a one-year period, whose CSF showed an abnormal cell count. Results were compared with routine diagnostic tests and the final discharge diagnosis. We calculated accuracy of the bacterial RT-PCR assay compared to CSF culture and using World Health Organisation definitions of laboratory-confirmed bacterial meningitis. RESULTS From 292 samples, bacterial DNA was detected in 12 (4.1%) and viral nucleic acids in 94 (32%). Compared to CSF culture, the sensitivity and specificity of the bacterial RT-PCR was 100% and 97.2% with complete agreement in organism identification. None of the cases positive by viral RT-PCR had a bacterial cause confirmed on CSF culture. Only 9/90 (10%) of patients diagnosed clinically as bacterial meningitis or partially treated bacterial meningitis tested positive with the bacterial RT-PCR. DISCUSSION In this population the use of 2 multiplex RT-PCRs targeting 6 common pathogens gave promising results. If introduced into routine diagnostic testing, these multiplex RT-PCR assays would supplement other diagnostic tests, and have the potential to limit unnecessary antibiotic therapy and hospitalisation.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus/genetics
- Enterovirus/isolation & purification
- Female
- Haemophilus influenzae/genetics
- Haemophilus influenzae/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Male
- Meningitis, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Bacterial/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Bacterial/microbiology
- Meningitis, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Viral/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Viral/virology
- Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Mumps virus/genetics
- Mumps virus/isolation & purification
- Neisseria meningitidis/genetics
- Neisseria meningitidis/isolation & purification
- Nucleic Acids/genetics
- Nucleic Acids/isolation & purification
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Simplexvirus/genetics
- Simplexvirus/isolation & purification
- South Africa
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification
- Viruses/genetics
- Viruses/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine Khumalo
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Diana Hardie
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rudzani Muloiwa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phindile Mteshana
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Colleen Bamford
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Haggiag S, Prosperini L, Galgani S, Pozzilli C, Pinnetti C. Extratemporal herpes encephalitis during natalizumab treatment: A case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 10:134-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Xu X, Fan S, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Che Y, Cai H, Wang L, Guo L, Liu L, Li Q. The mutated tegument protein UL7 attenuates the virulence of herpes simplex virus 1 by reducing the modulation of α-4 gene transcription. Virol J 2016; 13:152. [PMID: 27618986 PMCID: PMC5020468 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UL7, a tegument protein of Herpes Simplex Virus type I (HSV-1), is highly conserved in viral infection and proliferation and has an unknown mechanism of action. METHODS A HSV-1 UL7 mutant (UL7-MU) was constructed using the CRISPR-cas9 system. The replication rate and plaque morphology were used to analyze the biological characteristics of the wild-type (WT), UL7-MU and MU-complemented P1 viruses. The virulence of the viruses was evaluated in mice. Real-time RT-qPCR and ChIP assays were used to determine the expression levels of relevant genes. RESULTS The replication capacity of a recombinant virus (UL7-MU strain) was 10-fold lower than that of the WT strain. The neurovirulence and pathologic effect of the UL7-MU strain were attenuated in infected mice compared with the WT strain. In the latency model, the expression of latency-associated transcript (LAT) in the central nervous system (CNS) and trigeminal nerve was lower in UL7-MU-infected mice than in WT strain-infected mice. The transcription level of the immediate-early gene α-4 in UL7-MU-infected cells was reduced by approximately 2-fold compared with the clear transcriptional peak identified in WT strain-infected Vero cells within 7 h post-infection (p.i.). CONCLUSION By modulating the transcription of the α-4 gene, UL7 may be involved in transcriptional regulation through its interaction with the transcript complex structure of the viral genome during HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jienan Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongzhi Cai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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34
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Recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 strains with targeted mutations relevant for aciclovir susceptibility. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29903. [PMID: 27426251 PMCID: PMC4947914 DOI: 10.1038/srep29903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel reliable method to assess the significance of individual mutations within the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to nucleoside analogue resistance. Eleven defined single nucleotide polymorphisms that occur in the TK gene of clinical HSV-1 isolates and a fluorescence reporter were introduced into the HSV-1 strain 17+ that had been cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome. The susceptibility of these different strains to aciclovir, penciclovir, brivudin, and foscarnet was determined with a modified cytopathic effect reduction assay. The strains were also tested for their aciclovir susceptibility by measuring the relative fluorescence intensity as an indicator for HSV-1 replication and by quantifying the virus yield. Our data indicate that the amino acid substitutions R41H, R106H, A118V, L139V, K219T, S276R, L298R, S345P, and V348I represent natural polymorphisms of the TK protein, whereas G61A and P84L mediate broad cross-resistance against aciclovir, penciclovir, brivudin, and susceptibility to foscarnet. This method allows the definition of the resistance genotype of otherwise unclear mutations in the TK gene of HSV-1. Thus, it provides a scientific basis for antiviral testing in clinical isolates of patients suffering from serious diseases and will facilitate testing of new antivirals against HSV-1.
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35
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Feugeas J, Mory S, Jeulin H, Velay A, Pertek JP, Ladriere M, Losser MR. Herpes simplex virus type 1 hepatitis due to primary infection in a pancreas-kidney transplant recipient. J Clin Virol 2016; 80:57-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Saraya AW, Wacharapluesadee S, Petcharat S, Sittidetboripat N, Ghai S, Wilde H, Hemachudha T. Normocellular CSF in herpes simplex encephalitis. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:95. [PMID: 26879928 PMCID: PMC4753680 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis worldwide. The high mortality rate (70–80 %) of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) can be reduced to 20–30 % by antiviral therapy. However, normocellular CSF can lure physicians to look for non-infectious causes, resulting in delayed treatment. This study aimed to investigate, characterize and differentiate HSE patients, with normocellular and pleocytosis CSF, according to neuroimaging patterns, underlying disease, CSF viral load and clinical outcome. Patients with proven (by PCR positive CSF) or presumed viral infections of the CNS admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital between January 2002 and 2011 were analyzed. Results HSV was detected in the CSF of 43 patients but only 23 patients had encephalitis. Among these 23 patients, 6 cases (26.1 %) had normal CSF WBC (<5 cells/mm3). One patient in this normocellular CSF group had HIV infection. Although this patient had low CD4 counts (<200 cells/mm3), the peripheral WBC counts showed only mild leukopenia. The CSF HSV viral load in the pleocytosis group was higher than the normocellular group, with an average of 12,200 vs 3027 copies/ml respectively. There was no correlation between the viral load and the clinical outcome. With respect to neuroimaging, 4 (66.7 %) patients in the normocellular group had unremarkable/non-specific results. Conclusions Normocellular CSF in HSE is not rare, and can be seen in normal as well as immunocompromised hosts. Clinicians should not exclude CNS infection, especially HSE, merely based on the absence of CSF pleocytosis and/or unremarkable neuroimaging study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinbhen W Saraya
- WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sininat Petcharat
- WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nuntaporn Sittidetboripat
- WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Siriporn Ghai
- WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Henry Wilde
- WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- WHO-CC for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Centre for Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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37
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Vollbach S, Müller A, Drexler JF, Simon A, Drosten C, Eis-Hübinger AM, Panning M. Prevalence, type and concentration of human enterovirus and parechovirus in cerebrospinal fluid samples of pediatric patients over a 10-year period: a retrospective study. Virol J 2015; 12:199. [PMID: 26607060 PMCID: PMC4660665 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human enterovirus (EV) and parechovirus (HPeV) are significant causes of encephalitis and meningitis in children. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, type and viral RNA concentration of EV and HPeV in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in an unselected cohort of patients <18 years admitted to Bonn university hospital from 1998 to 2008. Methods A total of 327 CSF samples from 327 patients were retrospectively tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) for EV and HPeV, and by real-time PCR for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus 1/2 (HSV), and varizella zoster-virus (VZV). Samples had been submitted for routine virological work-up due to suspected meningitis or encephalitis and had been stored at −20 °C hereafter. Positive samples for EV and HPeV were sequenced within the gene encoding the VP1 region (EV), the VP2 and the VP3/VP1 junction region (HPeV). Results The overall prevalence was 4.3 % (14/327) for EV, 0.6 % (2/327) for HPeV, and 0.3 % (1/327) for HSV and VZV, respectively. CMV was not detected in this cohort. In children less than 3 months of age the prevalence was 7.7 % (2/26) for EV and 7.7 % (2/26) for HPeV, respectively. Frequency of EV detection ranged from 0 to 12 % per year and highest rates were observed from June to September. All typed EV belonged to species B. Both HPeV infections were detected in the fall of 2008 and were typed as HPeV genotype 3. Viral RNA concentrations were highest in patients with HPeV infection, followed by echovirus 30 and other EV. In total, 86 % (12/14) of EV infections presented as aseptic meningitis, whereas both HPeV infections presented as severe sepsis-like illness. Conclusions EV and HPeV were equally prevalent in children <3 months of age. Beyond the detection of EV and HPeV, the determination of viral RNA concentration and typing of EV and HPeV might prove beneficial for patient management and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Vollbach
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arne Simon
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany. .,Present address: Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany. .,Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 11, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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38
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Testing for Herpes Simplex Virus in Low-Volume Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples: Comparison of Three Protocols To Optimize Detection. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3897-9. [PMID: 26400783 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02386-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a medical emergency and requires rapid, sensitive testing. However, the volume of CSF received for microbiological studies may be limited, especially from young children. In this study, we compared three testing protocols to our routine real-time PCR method to determine the most sensitive approach for detecting HSV-1 and HSV-2 in low-volume (≤100 μl) CSF.
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39
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Guterres A, de Oliveira RC, Fernandes J, Schrago CG, de Lemos ERS. Detection of different South American hantaviruses. Virus Res 2015. [PMID: 26220480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are the etiologic agents of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in Old World, and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)/Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS), in the New World. Serological methods are the most common approach used for laboratory diagnosis of HCPS, however theses methods do not allow the characterization of viral genotypes. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been extensively used for diagnosis of viral infections, including those caused by hantaviruses, enabling detection of few target sequence copies in the sample. However, most studies proposed methods of PCR with species-specific primers. This study developed a simple and reliable diagnostic system by RT-PCR for different hantavirus detection. Using new primers set, we evaluated human and rodent hantavirus positive samples of various regions from Brazil. Besides, we performed computational analyzes to evaluate the detection of other South American hantaviruses. The diagnostic system by PCR proved to be a sensible and simple assay, allowing amplification of Juquitiba virus, Araraquara virus, Laguna Negra virus, Rio Mamore virus and Jabora virus, beyond of the possibility of the detecting Andes, Anajatuba, Bermejo, Choclo, Cano Delgadito, Lechiguanas, Maciel, Oran, Pergamino and Rio Mearim viruses. The primers sets designed in this study can detect hantaviruses from almost all known genetics lineages in Brazil and from others South America countries and also increases the possibility to detect new hantaviruses. These primers could easily be used both in diagnosis of suspected hantavirus infections in humans and also in studies with animals reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Guerra Schrago
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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40
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Lepiller Q, Sueur C, Solis M, Barth H, Glady L, Lefebvre F, Fafi-Kremer S, Schneider F, Stoll-Keller F. Clinical relevance of herpes simplex virus viremia in Intensive Care Unit patients. J Infect 2015; 71:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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41
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Zhou Y, Bian G, Zhou Q, Gao Z, Liao P, Liu Y, He M. Detection of cytomegalovirus, human parvovirus B19, and herpes simplex virus-1/2 in women with first-trimester spontaneous abortions. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1749-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Chengdu China
| | - Guohui Bian
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Chengdu China
| | - Qiongxiu Zhou
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Chengdu China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Chengdu China
| | - Pu Liao
- The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing; Chongqing China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Chengdu China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Chengdu China
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42
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Development and Validation of a Laboratory-Developed Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay on the BD Max System for Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Various Clinical Specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1921-6. [PMID: 25878344 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03692-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiplex real-time PCR (quantitative PCR [qPCR]) assay detecting herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA together with an internal control was developed on the BD Max platform combining automated DNA extraction and an open amplification procedure. Its performance was compared to those of PCR assays routinely used in the laboratory, namely, a laboratory-developed test for HSV DNA on the LightCycler instrument and a test using a commercial master mix for VZV DNA on the ABI7500fast system. Using a pool of negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples spiked with either calibrated controls for HSV-1 and VZV or dilutions of a clinical strain that was previously quantified for HSV-2, the empirical limit of detection of the BD Max assay was 195.65, 91.80, and 414.07 copies/ml for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV, respectively. All the samples from HSV and VZV DNA quality control panels (Quality Control for Molecular Diagnostics [QCMD], 2013, Glasgow, United Kingdom) were correctly identified by the BD Max assay. From 180 clinical specimens of various origins, 2 CSF samples were found invalid by the BD Max assay due to the absence of detection of the internal control; a concordance of 100% was observed between the BD Max assay and the corresponding routine tests. The BD Max assay detected the PCR signal 3 to 4 cycles earlier than did the routine methods. With results available within 2 h on a wide range of specimens, this sensitive and fully automated PCR assay exhibited the qualities required for detecting simultaneously HSV and VZV DNA on a routine basis.
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43
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Esposito L, Drexler JF, Braganza O, Doberentz E, Grote A, Widman G, Drosten C, Eis-Hübinger AM, Schoch S, Elger CE, Becker AJ, Niehusmann P. Large-scale analysis of viral nucleic acid spectrum in temporal lobe epilepsy biopsies. Epilepsia 2014; 56:234-43. [PMID: 25530314 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammatory processes are important promotors of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) development. Based on human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA detection in brain tissue from patients with TLE, an association of persistent viral infection with TLE has been discussed. Individual studies reported increased HHV-6 DNA in patients with clinical signs of previous inflammatory brain reaction, that is, febrile seizures or meningoencephalitis. However, detection rates vary considerably between different studies. Here we performed a large-scale analysis of viral DNA/RNA spectrum in high-quality TLE biopsies. In addition to all Herpesviridae, we addressed potentially relevant neurotropic RNA viruses. METHODS DNA and RNA were extracted from 346 fresh-frozen tissue samples removed by epilepsy surgery. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR were performed for Herpesviridae and RNA viruses, respectively. Clinical data were analyzed for earlier signs of inflammatory brain reactions. Fresh-frozen hippocampal tissue samples from patients without chronic central nervous system (CNS) disease served as controls (n = 62). Seven previous PCR studies with overall 178 TLE patients were additionally analyzed regarding a correlation of clinical parameters and HHV-6 detection. RESULTS PCR revealed HHV-6B DNA in 34 specimens (9.8%) from TLE patients. HHV-6B DNA was also present in eight control samples (12.9%; p > 0.05), but showed a lower virus concentration (p < 0.001). Other herpesviruses and RNA viruses were virtually absent. In patients with clinical signs of previous brain inflammation, HHV-6B DNA was observed in 15.0%, whereas only 6.3% of the samples from patients without febrile seizures or meningoencephalitis were positive for HHV-6B DNA (p < 0.05). A meta-analysis of the eight HHV-6 PCR studies revealed similar results. SIGNIFICANCE This biopsy-based study shows no differences in frequency of HHV-6B DNA detection between TLE patients and controls. These results do not support the hypothesis of a persistent HHV-6B infection as a major pathogenetic factor in TLE. However, the higher virus load in TLE patients and the increased detection rate of HHV-6B DNA in patients with previous inflammatory brain reactions require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Esposito
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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Rapid and direct detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid by use of a commercial real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4361-2. [PMID: 25274992 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02623-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infection due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy. In this study, we compared a routine real-time PCR assay for HSV types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) to a recently FDA-approved direct PCR assay (Simplexa HSV-1/2 Direct; Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA) using cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 100). The Simplexa HSV-1/2 assays demonstrated a combined sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% (50/52) and 97.9% (47/48), respectively. In addition, the Simplexa assay does not require nucleic acid extraction, and the results are available in 60 min.
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45
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Shannon B, Yi TJ, Thomas-Pavanel J, Chieza L, Janakiram P, Saunders M, Tharao W, Huibner S, Remis R, Rebbapragada A, Kaul R. Impact of asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 infection on mucosal homing and immune cell subsets in the blood and female genital tract. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5074-82. [PMID: 24760150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HSV-2 infection is common and generally asymptomatic, but it is associated with increased HIV susceptibility and disease progression. This may relate to herpes-mediated changes in genital and systemic immunology. Cervical cytobrushes and blood were collected from HIV-uninfected African/Caribbean women in Toronto, and immune cell subsets were enumerated blindly by flow cytometry. Immune differences between groups were assessed by univariate analysis and confirmed using a multivariate model. Study participants consisted of 46 women, of whom 54% were infected with HSV-2. T cell activation and expression of the mucosal homing integrin α4β7 (19.60 versus 8.76%; p < 0.001) were increased in the blood of HSV-2-infected women. Furthermore, expression of α4β7 on blood T cells correlated with increased numbers of activated (coexpressing CD38/HLA-DR; p = 0.004) and CCR5(+) (p = 0.005) cervical CD4(+) T cells. HSV-2-infected women exhibited an increase in the number of cervical CD4(+) T cells (715 versus 262 cells/cytobrush; p = 0.016), as well as an increase in the number and proportion of cervical CD4(+) T cells that expressed CCR5(+) (406 versus 131 cells, p = 0.001; and 50.70 versus 34.90%, p = 0.004) and were activated (112 versus 13 cells, p < 0.001; and 9.84 versus 4.86%, p = 0.009). Mannose receptor expression also was increased on cervical dendritic cell subsets. In conclusion, asymptomatic HSV-2 infection was associated with significant systemic and genital immune changes, including increased immune activation and systemic α4β7 expression; correlation of the latter with highly HIV-susceptible CD4(+) T cell subsets in the cervix may provide a mechanism for the increased HIV susceptibility observed in asymptomatic HSV-2-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Shannon
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Tae Joon Yi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jamie Thomas-Pavanel
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto M5B 7J3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisungu Chieza
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto M5B 7J3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Praseedha Janakiram
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto M5B 7J3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Saunders
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto M5B 7J3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wangari Tharao
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto M5B 7J3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanja Huibner
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert Remis
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada; Public Health Ontario - Toronto Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3T1, Canada; and
| | - Anu Rebbapragada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Public Health Ontario - Toronto Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3T1, Canada; and
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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46
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Yi TJ, Shannon B, Chieza L, Su D, Saunders M, Tharao W, Huibner S, Remis R, Raboud J, Kaul R. Valacyclovir Therapy Does Not Reverse Herpes-Associated Alterations in Cervical Immunology: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:708-12. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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47
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Biosensor based on nanocomposite material for pathogenic virus detection. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 115:176-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Stellrecht KA. Nucleic acid amplification technology for the diagnosis of genital herpes infection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 4:485-93. [PMID: 15225096 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.4.4.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification technologies are well-characterized methods for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of a wide variety of infectious diseases. Herpes simplex virus amplification is no exception, demonstrating as much as a ninefold enhancement in sensitivity over viral culture in some settings. Currently, there are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved systems for herpes simplex virus amplification; hence, most laboratories utilize in-house-developed PCR-based systems. Unfortunately, the utilization of herpes simplex virus amplification has been confined to the investigations of suspected herpes simplex virus encephalitis, largely due to cost and the need for appropriately trained technical staff. Recent methodological advances will help to render herpes simplex virus nucleic acid amplification technologies more applicable to routine practice. However, the use of nucleic acid amplification technologies for the diagnosis of genital herpes infection remains highly controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Stellrecht
- Albany Medical Center, Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, 43 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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49
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Bal A, Zandotti C, Nougairede A, Ninove L, Roquelaure B, Charrel RN. Fulminant Hepatitis Due to Father-to-Newborn Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. Open Virol J 2013; 7:96-7. [PMID: 24222807 PMCID: PMC3821095 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901307010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of a severe neonatal infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 acquired postnatally from his father. The delivery and the first days of life were normal. He developed liver failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation when he was 19 days old. He was treated with intravenous acyclovir and the outcome was favorable. This case underlines that prevention of post-natal transmission of HSV merits to be considered in educational pregnancy programs directed at mothers and fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bal
- IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
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50
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Light microscopy, culture, molecular, and serologic methods for detection of herpes simplex virus. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:2-8. [PMID: 24131689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01966-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) cause a variety of human diseases, ranging from acute to chronic and mild to severe. The absence of curative therapy results in lifelong carriage marked by recurrent outbreaks and allows transmission of the virus to uninfected individuals. Nonspecific lesions, variable presentation, and chronic carriage necessitate the use of different laboratory testing methods appropriate for each presentation. A thorough understanding of the performance characteristics and limitations of available tests is critical for selection of the appropriate test and interpretation of results. Clinical sensitivity, specificity, and selection of the appropriate methodology is paramount to avoid misdiagnosis and guide therapy. In this article we review the different methods for detection and typing of HSV, including light microscopy, culture, serology, and nucleic acid-based tests. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each method for diagnosing HSV infection, cite performance characteristics, and review appropriate clinical uses.
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