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Rabeeah I, Billington E, Nal B, Sadeyen JR, Pathan AA, Iqbal M, Temperton NJ, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Kishore U, Shelton H. Mapping the interaction sites of human and avian influenza A viruses and complement factor H. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352022. [PMID: 38698856 PMCID: PMC11064062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an innate immune mechanism against microbial infections. It involves a cascade of effector molecules that is activated via classical, lectin and alternative pathways. Consequently, many pathogens bind to or incorporate in their structures host negative regulators of the complement pathways as an evasion mechanism. Factor H (FH) is a negative regulator of the complement alternative pathway that protects "self" cells of the host from non-specific complement attack. FH has been shown to bind viruses including human influenza A viruses (IAVs). In addition to its involvement in the regulation of complement activation, FH has also been shown to perform a range of functions on its own including its direct interaction with pathogens. Here, we show that human FH can bind directly to IAVs of both human and avian origin, and the interaction is mediated via the IAV surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA). HA bound to common pathogen binding footprints on the FH structure, complement control protein modules, CCP 5-7 and CCP 15-20. The FH binding to H1 and H3 showed that the interaction overlapped with the receptor binding site of both HAs, but the footprint was more extensive for the H3 HA than the H1 HA. The HA - FH interaction impeded the initial entry of H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains but its impact on viral multicycle replication in human lung cells was strain-specific. The H3N2 virus binding to cells was significantly inhibited by preincubation with FH, whereas there was no alteration in replicative rate and progeny virus release for human H1N1, or avian H9N2 and H5N3 IAV strains. We have mapped the interaction between FH and IAV, the in vivo significance of which for the virus or host is yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Rabeeah
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Béatrice Nal
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Ansar A. Pathan
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Biomedical Sciences, U.A.E. University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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3
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Heggi MT, Nour El-Din HT, Morsy DI, Abdelaziz NI, Attia AS. Microbial evasion of the complement system: a continuous and evolving story. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1281096. [PMID: 38239357 PMCID: PMC10794618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental part of the innate immune system that plays a key role in the battle of the human body against invading pathogens. Through its three pathways, represented by the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, the complement system forms a tightly regulated network of soluble proteins, membrane-expressed receptors, and regulators with versatile protective and killing mechanisms. However, ingenious pathogens have developed strategies over the years to protect themselves from this complex part of the immune system. This review briefly discusses the sequence of the complement activation pathways. Then, we present a comprehensive updated overview of how the major four pathogenic groups, namely, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, control, modulate, and block the complement attacks at different steps of the complement cascade. We shed more light on the ability of those pathogens to deploy more than one mechanism to tackle the complement system in their path to establish infection within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam T. Heggi
- Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T. Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Rao A, Rule JA, Cerro-Chiang G, Stravitz RT, McGuire BM, Lee G, Fontana RJ, Lee WM. Role of Hepatitis C Infection in Acute Liver Injury/Acute Liver Failure in North America. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:304-311. [PMID: 35546205 PMCID: PMC9094131 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While hepatitis A and B are well-known causes of acute liver failure (ALF), few well-documented cases of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (absent preexisting liver disease or other liver insults) have been described that result in ALF. We reviewed the Acute Liver Failure Study Group registry for evidence of HCV as a primary or contributing cause to ALF. METHODS From January 1998 to January 2017, 2,332 patients with ALF (INR ≥ 1.5, any degree of hepatic encephalopathy) and 667 with acute liver injury (ALI; INR ≥ 2.0, no hepatic encephalopathy) were enrolled. Anti-HCV testing was done routinely, with confirmatory RT-PCR testing for HCV RNA where necessary. RESULTS A total of 136 patients were anti-HCV-antibody positive, as follows: 56 HCV RNA negative, 65 HCV RNA positive, and 8 with no result nor sera available for testing. Only three subjects with ALI/ALF were determined to represent acute HCV infection. Case 1: 47-year-old female with morbid obesity (BMI 52.4) developed ALF and recovered, experiencing anti-HCV seroconversion. Case 2: 37-year-old female using cocaine presented with ALI and fully recovered. Case 3: 54-year-old female developed ALF requiring transplantation and was anti-HCV negative but viremic prior to transplant experiencing anti-HCV seroconversion thereafter. Among 1636 APAP overdose patients, the 52 with concomitant chronic HCV had higher 3-week mortality than the 1584 without HCV (31% vs 17%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS ALI/ALF solely related to acute hepatitis C infection is very rare. Chronic HCV infection, found in at least 65 (2.2%) of ALI/ALF patients studied, contributed to more severe outcomes in APAP ALI/ALF; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT000518440. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT000518440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Rao
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5959 Harry Hines Blvd. Ste. 420, Dallas, TX, 75390-8887, USA
| | - Jody A Rule
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5959 Harry Hines Blvd. Ste. 420, Dallas, TX, 75390-8887, USA
| | - Giuliana Cerro-Chiang
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Stravitz
- Lee-Hume Transplant Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brendan M McGuire
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Goo Lee
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert J Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William M Lee
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5959 Harry Hines Blvd. Ste. 420, Dallas, TX, 75390-8887, USA.
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5
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Assem NM, Mohammed AI, Barry HMA, El Sayed IET, Elmadbouh I. Serum cystatin C is an early renal dysfunction biomarker in patients with hepatitis C virus. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2022; 12:67. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-022-00231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may induce extrahepatic manifestations as acute or chronic renal dysfunction. The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic role of some biomarkers as cystatin C, cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor (RF), and complement C3 for extrahepatic renal affection in newly diagnosed patients with HCV infection.
Methods
Blood and urine were collected from randomized individuals screened for new HCV infection (n=400). The studied populations were divided into 3 groups: control group I: thirty healthy individuals not suffering from either liver or kidney diseases, group IIa: thirty HCV patients who have positive HCV antibody test but showed negative PCR test, and group IIb: thirty HCV patients who showed positive results for both HCV antibody and PCR tests.
Results
In HCV group IIb, levels of serum total bilirubin, AST and ALT, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio were increased whereas serum albumin and creatinine clearance were decreased versus other groups. However, the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were still within the normal range in all groups. In HCV group IIb, cystatin C, cryoglobulins, and RF levels were increased; meanwhile, serum creatinine/cystatin C ratio and complement 3 levels were decreased compared to the other groups. HCV-infected patients significantly had higher serum cystatin C (>1.24 mg/L, P<0.001) and lower creatinine/cystatin C ratio (<70.1μMol/mg, P=0.002), and cystatin C was significantly correlated with liver and kidney parameters.
Conclusion
High serum cystatin C and low creatinine/cystatin C ratio may be early indicators of mild renal dysfunction with normal serum levels of creatinine in HCV-infected individuals.
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Baidya A, Khatun M, Mondal RK, Ghosh S, Chakraborty BC, Mallik S, Ahammed SKM, Chowdhury A, Banerjee S, Datta S. Hepatitis B virus suppresses complement C9 synthesis by limiting the availability of transcription factor USF-1 and inhibits formation of membrane attack complex: implications in disease pathogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:97. [PMID: 36376872 PMCID: PMC9664717 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complement system functions primarily as a first-line host defense against invading microbes, including viruses. However, the interaction of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) with the complement-components during chronic HBV infection remains largely unknown. We investigated the mechanism by which HBV inhibits the formation of cytolytic complement membrane-attack complex (MAC) and studied its impact on MAC-mediated microbicidal activity and disease pathogenesis. Methods Blood/liver tissues were collected from chronically HBV-infected patients and controls. HepG2hNTCP cells were infected with HBV particles and Huh7 cells were transfected with full-length linear HBV-monomer or plasmids containing different HBV-ORFs and expression of complement components or other host genes were evaluated. Additionally, ELISA, Real-time PCR, Western blot, bioinformatics analysis, gene overexpression/knock-down, mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, epigenetic studies, immunofluorescence, and quantification of serum HBV-DNA, bacterial-DNA and endotoxin were performed. Results Among the MAC components (C5b-C9), significant reduction was noted in the expression of C9, the major constituent of MAC, in HBV-infected HepG2hNTCP cells and in Huh7 cells transfected with full-length HBV as well as HBX. C9 level was also marked low in sera/liver of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and Immune-tolerant (IT) patients than inactive carriers and healthy controls. HBX strongly repressed C9-promoter activity in Huh7 cells but CpG-island was not detected in C9-promoter. We identified USF-1 as the key transcription factor that drives C9 expression and demonstrated that HBX-induced hypermethylation of USF-1-promoter is the leading cause of USF-1 downregulation that in turn diminished C9 transcription. Reduced MAC formation and impaired lysis of HBV-transfected Huh7 and bacterial cells were observed following incubation of these cells with C9-deficient CHB sera but was reversed upon C9 supplementation. Significant inverse correlation was noted between C9 concentration and HBV-DNA, bacterial-DNA and endotoxin content in HBV-infected patients. One-year Tenofovir therapy resulted in improvement in C9 level and decline in viral/bacterial/endotoxin load in CHB patients. Conclusion Collectively, HBX suppressed C9 transcription by restricting the availability of USF-1 through hypermethylation of USF-1-promoter and consequently hinder the formation and lytic functions of MAC. Early therapy is needed for both CHB and IT to normalize the aberrant complement profile and contain viral and bacterial infection and limit disease progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00876-1.
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7
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Ibrahim ST, Abdelhamid MR, Lewis N, Baddour N, Adam AG. Role of fluid-phase complement system regulation in the development of hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276017. [PMID: 36227893 PMCID: PMC9560510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is not known why only some hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients develop glomerulonephritis (GN). Therefore, we investigated the role of soluble complement regulators in the development of HCV associated GN. METHODS Patients with HCV associated GN who were admitted to our nephrology unit between July 2016 and July 2018 were recruited to the study (group 1). Two other age and sex matched groups were studied as control groups: patients with HCV without GN (group 2) and healthy HCV negative volunteers (group 3). There were 26 participants in each of the three groups at the end of the recruitment period. An assay of serum fluid-phase complement regulators was performed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. Three complement single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed using real time polymerase chain reaction (Taqman; thermo fisher scientific): rs2230199 and rs1047286 for complement 3 (C3) and rs800292 for complement factor H (CFH). RESULTS Serum levels of complement 4 binding protein (C4BP) were significantly lower in group 1 (median 70 ng/ml) than in groups 2 (median 88.8 ng/ml) and 3 (median 82.8 ng/ml) with p value of 0.007. The minor allele (allele A) of rs800292 for CFH was significantly higher in group 2 and group 3 (G 54% and A 46%) than in group 1 (G 73% and A 27%), p = 0.04. CONCLUSIONS Low C4BP levels are associated with GN in HCV infected patients. In addition, rs800292 SNP in CFH protects against GN in patients with HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T. Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt,* E-mail:
| | | | - Neveen Lewis
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nahed Baddour
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Adam
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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8
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Sharma A, Gupta S, Patil AB, Vijay N. Birth and death in terminal complement pathway. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:174-187. [PMID: 35908437 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic activity of the membrane attack complex (MAC) is pivotal in the complement-mediated elimination of pathogens. Terminal complement pathway (TCP) genes encode the proteins that form the MAC. Although the TCP genes are well conserved within most vertebrate species, the early evolution of the TCP genes is poorly understood. Based on the comparative genomic analysis of the early evolutionary history of the TCP homologs, we evaluated four possible scenarios that could have given rise to the vertebrate TCP. Currently available genomic data support a scheme of complex sequential protein domain gains that may be responsible for the birth of the vertebrate C6 gene. The subsequent duplication and divergence of this vertebrate C6 gene formed the C7, C8α, C8β, and C9 genes. Compared to the widespread conservation of TCP components within vertebrates, we discovered that C9 has disintegrated in the genomes of galliform birds. Publicly available genome and transcriptome sequencing datasets of chicken from Illumina short read, PacBio long read, and Optical mapping technologies support the validity of the genome assembly at the C9 locus. In this study, we have generated a > 120X coverage whole-genome Chromium 10x linked-read sequencing dataset for the chicken and used it to verify the loss of the C9 gene in the chicken. We find multiple CR1 (chicken repeat 1) element insertions within and near the remnant exons of C9 in several galliform bird genomes. The reconstructed chronology of events shows that the CR1 insertions occurred after C9 gene loss in an early galliform ancestor. Loss of C9 in galliform birds, in contrast to conservation in other vertebrates, may have implications for host-pathogen interactions. Our study of C6 gene birth in an early vertebrate ancestor and C9 gene death in galliform birds provides insights into the evolution of the TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saumya Gupta
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ajinkya Bharatraj Patil
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nagarjun Vijay
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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9
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Lipoteichoic Acid from Staphylococcus aureus Activates the Complement System via C3 Induction and CD55 Inhibition. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061135. [PMID: 34074052 PMCID: PMC8225101 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus inhibits complement activity by secreting a variety of toxins. However, the underlying mechanism of complement component regulation by lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component of S. aureus, has not been elucidated. In this study, we observed that aLTA (LTA of S. aureus) increased C3 expression in THP-1 cells. The mechanism of aLTA-mediated C3 induction includes an aLTA-toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 interaction, interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) 2 recruitment, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) activation. In HepG2 cells, C3 protein production begins to increase from 3 h and increases steadily until 48 h. On the other hand, CD55 levels increased up to 6 h after aLTA treatment and started to decrease after 24 h and levels were decreased at 48 h by more than 50% compared to untreated cells. The expression of CD55 in HepG2 cells was shown to be regulated by IRAK-M induced by aLTA. Serum C3 levels increased in mice injected with aLTA, which resulted in an increase in the amount and activity of the membrane attack complex (MAC). We also observed that CD55 mRNA was increased in the liver 24 h after aLTA injection, but was decreased 48 h after injection. These results suggest that aLTA increases complement levels via induction of C3 and inhibition of CD55, which may cause associated MAC-mediated liver damage.
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10
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Jang KO, Lee YW, Kim H, Chung DK. Complement Inactivation Strategy of Staphylococcus aureus Using Decay-Accelerating Factor and the Response of Infected HaCaT Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4015. [PMID: 33924622 PMCID: PMC8070078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a species of Gram-positive staphylococcus. It can cause sinusitis, respiratory infections, skin infections, and food poisoning. Recently, it was discovered that S. aureus infects epithelial cells, but the interaction between S. aureus and the host is not well known. In this study, we confirmed S. aureus to be internalized by HaCaT cells using the ESAT-6-like protein EsxB and amplified within the host over time by escaping host immunity. S. aureus increases the expression of decay-accelerating factor (CD55) on the surfaces of host cells, which inhibits the activation of the complement system. This mechanism makes it possible for S. aureus to survive in host cells. S. aureus, sufficiently amplified within the host, is released through the initiation of cell death. On the other hand, the infected host cells increase their surface expression of UL16 binding protein 1 to inform immune cells that they are infected and try to be eliminated. These host defense systems seem to involve the alteration of tight junctions and the induction of ligand expression to activate immune cells. Taken together, our study elucidates a novel aspect of the mechanisms of infection and immune system evasion for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ok Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.O.J.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Youn Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.O.J.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Hangeun Kim
- Research and Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Dae Kyun Chung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.O.J.); (Y.W.L.)
- Research and Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin 17104, Korea
- Skin Biotechnology Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 16229, Korea
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11
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Barberis E, Vanella VV, Falasca M, Caneapero V, Cappellano G, Raineri D, Ghirimoldi M, De Giorgis V, Puricelli C, Vaschetto R, Sainaghi PP, Bruno S, Sica A, Dianzani U, Rolla R, Chiocchetti A, Cantaluppi V, Baldanzi G, Marengo E, Manfredi M. Circulating Exosomes Are Strongly Involved in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:632290. [PMID: 33693030 PMCID: PMC7937875 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.632290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the host response to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 remains limited, hindering the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. During the course of a viral infection, host cells release exosomes and other extracellular vesicles carrying viral and host components that can modulate the immune response. The present study used a shotgun proteomic approach to map the host circulating exosomes’ response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We investigated how SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates exosome content, exosomes’ involvement in disease progression, and the potential use of plasma exosomes as biomarkers of disease severity. A proteomic analysis of patient-derived exosomes identified several molecules involved in the immune response, inflammation, and activation of the coagulation and complement pathways, which are the main mechanisms of COVID-19–associated tissue damage and multiple organ dysfunctions. In addition, several potential biomarkers—such as fibrinogen, fibronectin, complement C1r subcomponent and serum amyloid P-component—were shown to have a diagnostic feature presenting an area under the curve (AUC) of almost 1. Proteins correlating with disease severity were also detected. Moreover, for the first time, we identified the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the exosomal cargo, which suggests that the virus might use the endocytosis route to spread infection. Our findings indicate circulating exosomes’ significant contribution to several processes—such as inflammation, coagulation, and immunomodulation—during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study’s data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD021144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elettra Barberis
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,ISALIT, Novara, Italy
| | - Virginia V Vanella
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Valeria Caneapero
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Raineri
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Ghirimoldi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Veronica De Giorgis
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Puricelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Rosanna Vaschetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Departments, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Città della Salute e della Scienza and Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy.,ISALIT, Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,ISALIT, Novara, Italy
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12
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Sinha A, Singh AK, Kadni TS, Mullick J, Sahu A. Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020208. [PMID: 33573085 PMCID: PMC7912105 DOI: 10.3390/v13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sinha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Trupti Satish Kadni
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Polio Virology Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India;
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-20-2570-8083; Fax: +91-20-2569-2259
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13
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Evaluation of Serum and Gene Expression of Galectin-4, Interleukin-27, and Complement-7 in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Egyptian Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8879758. [PMID: 33381596 PMCID: PMC7758134 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8879758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered a major global public health problem. Recently, there are great advances in HCV therapy, but there are some limitations that are creating an urgent need for assessment of some cytokines that have a potent antiviral effect in the immune system and anti-inflammatory effects to provide a potential novel immunotherapeutic target in HCV infection. Objective This study was directed to assess the serum levels and gene expression levels of Galectin-4 (LEG4), Interleukin-27 (IL-27), and Complement-7 (C-7) and their correlation with the viral load in HCV infection. Subjects and Methods. This work was conducted on 80 subjects, Group 1 (n = 40) early detected HCV patients and Group 2 (n = 40) healthy controls. LEG4, IL-27, and C-7 were assessed at the protein levels by ELISA, and their gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. The viral load was measured by PCR. Results There were significant elevations in the mean levels of gene expression and serum levels of all studied parameters LEG4, IL-27, and C-7 in the HCV group compared to the control group. Significant negative correlations between the viral load and each of the serum proteins and gene expressions of both LEG4 and IL-27 in HCV patients were found. The gene expression levels of LEG4, IL-27, and C-7 were positively correlated with their corresponding serum proteins in HCV patients. Conclusion LEG4 and IL-27 showed significant negative correlations with the viral load, which could be an immune response to the control of the extent of hepatic inflammation, thus creating a potential novel immunotherapeutic approach in HCV infection for further studies or therapeutic clinical trials.
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Abstract
Liver cancer is a global problem and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 85% of this cancer. In the USA, etiologies and risk factors for HCC include chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity, excessive alcohol drinking, exposure to tobacco smoke, and genetic factors. Chronic HCV infection appears to be associated with about 30% of HCC. Chronic HCV infection induces multistep changes in liver, involving metabolic disorders, steatosis, cirrhosis and HCC. Liver carcinogenesis requires initiation of neoplastic clones, and progression to clinically diagnose malignancy. Tumor progression associates with profound exhaustion of tumor-antigen-specific CD8+T cells, and accumulation of PD-1hi CD8+T cells and Tregs. In this chapter, we provide a brief description of HCV and environmental/genetic factors, immune regulation, and highlight mechanisms of HCV associated HCC. We also underscore HCV treatment and recent paradigm of HCC progression, highlighted the current treatment and potential future therapeutic opportunities.
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15
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Kumar NA, Kunnakkadan U, Thomas S, Johnson JB. In the Crosshairs: RNA Viruses OR Complement? Front Immunol 2020; 11:573583. [PMID: 33133089 PMCID: PMC7550403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement, a part of the innate arm of the immune system, is integral to the frontline defense of the host against innumerable pathogens, which includes RNA viruses. Among the major groups of viruses, RNA viruses contribute significantly to the global mortality and morbidity index associated with viral infection. Despite multiple routes of entry adopted by these viruses, facing complement is inevitable. The initial interaction with complement and the nature of this interaction play an important role in determining host resistance versus susceptibility to the viral infection. Many RNA viruses are potent activators of complement, often resulting in virus neutralization. Yet, another facet of virus-induced activation is the exacerbation in pathogenesis contributing to the overall morbidity. The severity in disease and death associated with RNA virus infections shows a tip in the scale favoring viruses. Growing evidence suggest that like their DNA counterparts, RNA viruses have co-evolved to master ingenious strategies to remarkably restrict complement. Modulation of host genes involved in antiviral responses contributed prominently to the adoption of unique strategies to keep complement at bay, which included either down regulation of activation components (C3, C4) or up regulation of complement regulatory proteins. All this hints at a possible “hijacking” of the cross-talk mechanism of the host immune system. Enveloped RNA viruses have a selective advantage of not only modulating the host responses but also recruiting membrane-associated regulators of complement activation (RCAs). This review aims to highlight the significant progress in the understanding of RNA virus–complement interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Asok Kumar
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Umerali Kunnakkadan
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera and Biofilm Research Lab, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - John Bernet Johnson
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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16
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Ning G, Zhen LM, Xu WX, Li XJ, Wu LN, Liu Y, Xie C, Peng L. Suppression of complement component 2 expression by hepatitis B virus contributes to the viral persistence in chronic hepatitis B patients. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1071-1081. [PMID: 32384193 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we identified rare missense mutations of complement component 2 (C2) to be associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) by exome sequencing. However, up to now, little is known about the role of C2 in CHB. In the present study, we aimed to perform preliminary exploration about the underlying role of C2 in CHB. Serum samples from 113 CHB patients and 30 healthy controls, and liver biopsy samples from 5 CHB patients and 3 healthy controls were obtained from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2018 and January 2020. HepG2.2.15 and HepG2-NTCP cells infected with HBV were used to examine the influence of HBV infection on C2 expression. IFN-treated HepG2.2.15 cells were used to assess the effect of IFN on C2 expression. C2-overexpressing or C2-silencing HepG2.2.15 cells were constructed to evaluate the effect of C2 on HBV infection. Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to measure C2 expression in biopsy samples. HBeAg and HBsAg in culture medium and C2 of serum samples were measured by ELISA. HBV-DNA was measured by RT-qPCR. GSE84044, GSE54747 and GSE27555 were downloaded from GEO. C2 expression in liver tissue and serum was significantly lower in CHB patients compared to healthy controls, and significantly higher C2 expression was found in CHB patients with lower ALT, AST, Scheuer grade and stages compared to CHB patients with higher ALT, AST, Scheuer grades and Scheuer stage. Besides, HBV infection could decrease C2 expression by increasing expression of Sp1 and reducing expression of HDAC4. Moreover, C2 could enhance the anti-virus effect of IFN on HepG2.2.15 cells and also inhibit HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells by inhibition of p38-MAPK signalling pathway. In conclusion, HBV may promote viral persistence in CHB patients by inhibiting C2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Min Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Identification of potential mRNA panels for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) diagnosis and treatment using microarray dataset and bioinformatics methods. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:422. [PMID: 33251083 PMCID: PMC7679428 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present investigation is to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SARS-CoV-2 infected and normal control samples to investigate the molecular mechanisms of infection with SARS-CoV-2. The microarray data of the dataset E-MTAB-8871 were retrieved from the ArrayExpress database. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment study, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, modules, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network have been performed. Subsequently, the key genes were validated using an analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, a total of 324 DEGs (76 up- and 248 down-regulated genes) were identified and enriched in a number of associated SARS-CoV-2 infection pathways and GO terms. Hub and target genes such as TP53, HRAS, MAPK11, RELA, IKZF3, IFNAR2, SKI, TNFRSF13C, JAK1, TRAF6, KLRF2, CD1A were identified from PPI network, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network. Study of the ROC showed that ten genes (CCL5, IFNAR2, JAK2, MX1, STAT1, BID, CD55, CD80, HAL-B, and HLA-DMA) were substantially involved in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The present investigation identified key genes and pathways that deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and could be used for SARS-CoV-2 infection as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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18
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll M. Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32733480 PMCID: PMC7363932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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19
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Lee YC, Wang JL, Dong YH, Chen HC, Wu LC, Chang CH. Incidence of hospitalization for infection among patients with hepatitis B or C virus infection without cirrhosis in Taiwan: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002894. [PMID: 31518344 PMCID: PMC6743759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is a major complication in liver cirrhosis and causes major morbidity and mortality. However, the incidence and mortality related to these conditions in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are unclear, as is whether antiviral therapy could change their infection risk. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this community-based cohort study, a total of 115,336 adults (mean age 52.2 years; 35.6% men) without cirrhosis participating in the New Taipei City Health Screening in 2005-2008 were classified as having noncirrhotic HCV (NC-HCV) (n = 2,839), noncirrhotic hepatitis B virus (NC-HBV) (n = 8,316), or no HBV or HCV infection (NBNC) (n = 104,181). Participants were followed to their first hospitalization for infection or death after data linkage with the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) and Death Registry. A Cox proportional hazard regression model, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, education level, diabetes, renal function, systemic steroids, and history of hospitalization, was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall and individual sites of infection and infection-related mortality. The reference group was NBNC participants with normal to mildly elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (<1.5 times upper normal limit [UNL]) levels. To further address the impact of antiviral treatment on infection risk, we conducted analyses of data from the nationwide NHIRD and compared the risks for hospitalization because of infections and infection-related deaths between patients with HCV who received antiviral therapy (n = 20,264) and those who remained untreated (n = 104,360). During a median 8.2-year follow-up, the incidence of hospitalization for infection was substantially higher in NC-HCV patients. Compared to the reference group, NC-HCV was associated with a significantly higher risk for hospitalization because of overall infections (adjusted HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.12-1.33), but we observed no increased risk for patients in the NC-HBV (adjusted HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.88-1.01) or NBNC group with moderate to markedly elevated ALT levels (adjusted HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.93-1.14). For specific sites of infection, the NC-HCV group had increased risks for septicemia and lower respiratory tract, reproductive, and urinary tract infections. We noted no increased risk for infection-related death among patients with NC-HCV. Patients with HCV who received antiviral therapy had significantly reduced infection-related hospitalization and death risks (adjusted HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.73-0.84 for infection-related hospitalization and adjusted HR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04-0.16 for infection-related deaths). Study limitations include the exclusion of patients with cirrhosis from the cohort, the possibility of unmeasured confounding, and the lack of information on direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). CONCLUSIONS In this study, patients with NC-HCV were at increased risk for hospitalization for infection, while no increased risk was observed for NC-HBV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CHC); (JLW)
| | - Yaa-Hui Dong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Wu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuin Chang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CHC); (JLW)
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20
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Abstract
A prominent role for complement has been identified in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity. The liver is the main source of complement and hepatocytes are the primary sites for synthesis of complement components in vivo. We have discovered that hepatitis C virus (HCV) impairs C4 and C3 synthesis. Liver damage may diminish capacity of complement synthesis in patients. However, we observed that the changes in measured complement components in chronically HCV infected patients do not correlate with liver fibrosis or rheumatoid factor present in the blood, serum albumin, or alkaline phosphatase levels. Complement component C3 is of critical importance in B cell activation and T cell-dependent antibody responses. C3 activity is required for optimal expansion of CD8+T cells during a systemic viral infection. Deficiencies in complement may predispose patients to infections via ineffective opsonization, and defects in lytic activity via membrane attack complex. Interestingly, C9 is significantly reduced at the mRNA level in chronically HCV infected liver biopsy specimens, while many hepatocyte derived complement components (C6, C8, Factor B, MASP1, and MBL) and unrelated genes remain mostly unaffected. This implies an HCV specific effect, not a global effect from liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chan Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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21
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Akhtar-Schäfer I, Wang L, Krohne TU, Xu H, Langmann T. Modulation of three key innate immune pathways for the most common retinal degenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708259. [PMID: 30224384 PMCID: PMC6180304 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the role of three key immune pathways in the pathophysiology of major retinal degenerative diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration, and rare retinal dystrophies. We first discuss the mechanisms how loss of retinal homeostasis evokes an unbalanced retinal immune reaction involving responses of local microglia and recruited macrophages, activity of the alternative complement system, and inflammasome assembly in the retinal pigment epithelium. Presenting these key mechanisms as complementary targets, we specifically emphasize the concept of immunomodulation as potential treatment strategy to prevent or delay vision loss. Promising molecules are ligands for phagocyte receptors, specific inhibitors of complement activation products, and inflammasome inhibitors. We comprehensively summarize the scientific evidence for this strategy from preclinical animal models, human ocular tissue analyses, and clinical trials evolving in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Akhtar-Schäfer
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim U Krohne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Sasaki R, Meyer K, Moriyama M, Kato N, Yokosuka O, Ray RB, Aurora R, Ray R, Kanda T. Rapid hepatitis C virus clearance by antivirals correlates with immune status of infected patients. J Med Virol 2019; 91:411-418. [PMID: 30192392 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered immune parameters associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b infection and their correlation with virus eradication in direct-acting antivirals (DAA)-treated patients were examined. Thirty-one HCV-infected patients were treated with DAAs for 12 weeks. Pre-DAA-treatment and post-DAA-treatment sera were analyzed for cytokines/chemokines using MILLIPLEX MAP. Serum complement level and antibody neutralization activity were measured separately. Sera from 11 spontaneously cleared HCV subjects were included for comparison. Rapid virological responders (RVR) or end-of-treatment responders (EOTR) were defined as patients with HCV RNA negative at week 4 or positive at week 4 and negative at week 12, respectively. HCV RNA eradication and a decrease in liver fibrosis-related cytokines after treatment were observed when compared with pretreatment sera from RVR and EOTR. In pretreatment sera, interferons and T-helper 1 or 2 cell-associated cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher among RVR as compared with EOTR. Furthermore, serum complement and virus neutralizing antibody levels were higher in pretreatment RVR sera. Eradication of HCV RNA by DAA decreased liver fibrosis-related cytokines. Pretreatment sera from RVR displayed an enhanced cytokine/chemokine, complement and virus neutralizing antibody response as compared with EOTR sera. Our results suggested that enhanced host immune status may play an additive role on HCV RNA clearance by DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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23
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El-Shamy A, Branch AD, Schiano TD, Gorevic PD. The Complement System and C1q in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1001. [PMID: 29910796 PMCID: PMC5992393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system bridges innate and adaptive immunity against microbial infections, with viral infection being a major trigger. Activation of the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways have been reported in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and/or cryoglobulinemia. HCV infection leads to dysregulation of complement-mediated immune responses. Clinical and experimental evidence support involvement of complement in intra- and extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection, such as liver fibrosis and type II cryoglobulinemia. In this review, we summarize studies that have investigated the interplay between HCV and the complement system to establish chronic infection and autoimmunity, as well as the association between HCV pathogenesis and abnormal complement profiles. Several unanswered questions are highlighted which suggest additional informative lines of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Shamy
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Andrea D Branch
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas D Schiano
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter D Gorevic
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Bloch D, Murray K, Peterson E, Ngai S, Rubinstein I, Halse TA, Ezeoke I, Miller L, Arakaki L, Ramautar A, Antwi M, Del Rosso P, Dorsinville M, Clark S, Halbrook M, Kennedy J, Braunstein S, Weiss D. Sex Difference in Meningococcal Disease Mortality, New York City, 2008–2016. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:760-769. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bloch
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Kenya Murray
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Eric Peterson
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Stephanie Ngai
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | | | - Tanya A Halse
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Ifeoma Ezeoke
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Laura Miller
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Lola Arakaki
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | | | - Mike Antwi
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Paula Del Rosso
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | | | - Sandhya Clark
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Megan Halbrook
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | - Joseph Kennedy
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
| | | | - Don Weiss
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens
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Subramani C, Nair VP, Anang S, Mandal SD, Pareek M, Kaushik N, Srivastava A, Saha S, Shalimar, Nayak B, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M. Host-Virus Protein Interaction Network Reveals the Involvement of Multiple Host Processes in the Life Cycle of Hepatitis E Virus. mSystems 2018; 3:e00135-17. [PMID: 29404423 PMCID: PMC5781259 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00135-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of host-pathogen interactions is central to understand the life cycle of a pathogen and devise specific therapeutic strategies. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are key mediators of host-pathogen interactions. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis in humans. Recent reports also demonstrate its extrahepatic manifestations in the brain. Toward understanding the molecular details of HEV life cycle, we screened human liver and fetal brain cDNA libraries to identify the host interaction partners of proteins encoded by genotype 1 HEV and constructed the virus-host PPI network. Analysis of the network indicated a role of HEV proteins in modulating multiple host biological processes such as stress and immune responses, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, energy and iron metabolism, and protein translation. Further investigations revealed the presence of multiple host translation regulatory factors in the viral translation/replication complex. Depletion of host translation factors such as eIF4A2, eIF3A, and RACK1 significantly reduced the viral replication, whereas eIF2AK4 depletion had no effect. These findings highlight the ingenuity of the pathogen in manipulating the host machinery to its own benefit, a clear understanding of which is essential for the identification of strategic targets and development of specific antivirals against HEV. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Owing to the lack of an efficient laboratory model, the life cycle of the virus is poorly understood. During the course of infection, interactions between the viral and host proteins play essential roles, a clear understanding of which is essential to decode the life cycle of the virus. In this study, we identified the direct host interaction partners of all HEV proteins and generated a PPI network. Our functional analysis of the HEV-human PPI network reveals a role of HEV proteins in modulating multiple host biological processes such as stress and immune responses, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, energy and iron metabolism, and protein translation. Further investigations revealed an essential role of several host factors in HEV replication. Collectively, the results from our study provide a vast resource of PPI data from HEV and its human host and identify the molecular components of the viral translation/replication machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandru Subramani
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vidya P. Nair
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Saumya Anang
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Madhu Pareek
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Kaushik
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gautam Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gautam Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - C. T. Ranjith-Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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26
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Fernández FJ, Gómez S, Vega MC. Pathogens' toolbox to manipulate human complement. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:98-109. [PMID: 29221973 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The surveillance and pathogen fighting functions of the complement system have evolved to protect mammals from life-threatening infections. In turn, pathogens have developed complex molecular mechanisms to subvert, divert and evade the effector functions of the complement. The study of complement immunoevasion by pathogens sheds light on their infection drivers, knowledge that is essential to implement therapies. At the same time, complement evasion also acts as a discovery ground that reveals important aspects of how complement works under physiological conditions. In recent years, complex interrelationships between infection insults and the onset of autoimmune and complement dysregulation diseases have led to propose that encounters with pathogens can act as triggering factors for disease. The correct management of these diseases involves the recognition of their triggering factors and the development and administration of complement-associated molecular therapies. Even more recently, unsuspected proteins from pathogens have been shown to possess moonlighting functions as virulence factors, raising the possibility that behind the first line of virulence factors there be many more pathogen proteins playing secondary, helping and supporting roles for the pathogen to successfully establish infections. In an era where antibiotics have a progressively reduced effect on the management and control of infectious diseases worldwide, knowledge on the mechanisms of pathogenic invasion and evasion look more necessary and pressing than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Cristina Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Sun T, Liu L, Wu A, Zhang Y, Jia X, Yin L, Lu H, Zhang L. iTRAQ based investigation of plasma proteins in HIV infected and HIV/HBV coinfected patients - C9 and KLK are related to HIV/HBV coinfection. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 63:64-71. [PMID: 28823846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) share similar routes of transmission, and rapid progression of hepatic and immunodeficiency diseases has been observed in coinfected individuals. Our main objective was to investigate the molecular mechanism of HIV/HBV coinfections. METHODS We selected HIV infected and HIV/HBV coinfected patients with and without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Low abundance proteins enriched using a multiple affinity removal system (MARS) were labeled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) kits and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The differential proteins were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) database. RESULTS A total of 41 differential proteins were found in HIV/HBV coinfected patients as compared to HIV mono-infected patients with or without HAART treatment, including 7 common HBV-regulated proteins. The proteins involved in complement and coagulation pathways were significantly enriched, including plasma kallikrein (KLK) and complement component C9 (C9). C9 and KLK were verified to be down-regulated in HIV/HBV coinfected patients through ELISA analysis. CONCLUSION The present iTRAQ based proteomic analyses identified 7 proteins that are related to HIV/HBV coinfection. HBV might influence hepatic and immune functions by deregulating complement and coagulation pathways. C9 and KLK could potentially be used as targets for the treatment of HIV/HBV coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ao Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
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28
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Agrawal P, Nawadkar R, Ojha H, Kumar J, Sahu A. Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An Overview. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1117. [PMID: 28670306 PMCID: PMC5472698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major first line of immune defense, the complement system keeps a constant vigil against viruses. Its ability to recognize large panoply of viruses and virus-infected cells, and trigger the effector pathways, results in neutralization of viruses and killing of the infected cells. This selection pressure exerted by complement on viruses has made them evolve a multitude of countermeasures. These include targeting the recognition molecules for the avoidance of detection, targeting key enzymes and complexes of the complement pathways like C3 convertases and C5b-9 formation - either by encoding complement regulators or by recruiting membrane-bound and soluble host complement regulators, cleaving complement proteins by encoding protease, and inhibiting the synthesis of complement proteins. Additionally, viruses also exploit the complement system for their own benefit. For example, they use complement receptors as well as membrane regulators for cellular entry as well as their spread. Here, we provide an overview on the complement subversion mechanisms adopted by the members of various viral families including Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Agrawal
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Renuka Nawadkar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Hina Ojha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
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29
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Wang RY, Bare P, De Giorgi V, Matsuura K, Salam KA, Grandinetti T, Schechterly C, Alter HJ. Preferential association of hepatitis C virus with CD19 + B cells is mediated by complement system. Hepatology 2016; 64:1900-1910. [PMID: 27641977 PMCID: PMC5115962 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrahepatic disease manifestations are common in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The mechanism of HCV-related lymphoproliferative disorders is not fully understood. Recent studies have found that HCV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically infected patients is mainly associated with cluster of differentiation 19-positive (CD19+ ) B cells. To further elucidate this preferential association of HCV with B cells, we used in vitro cultured virus and uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy blood donors to investigate the necessary serum components that activate the binding of HCV to B cells. First, we found that the active serum components were present not only in HCV carriers but also in HCV recovered patients and HCV-negative, healthy blood donors and that the serum components were heat-labile. Second, the preferential binding activity of HCV to B cells could be blocked by anti-complement C3 antibodies. In experiments with complement-depleted serum and purified complement proteins, we demonstrated that complement proteins C1, C2, and C3 were required to activate such binding activity. Complement protein C4 was partially involved in this process. Third, using antibodies against cell surface markers, we showed that the binding complex mainly involved CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, CD20, and CD81; CD35 (complement receptor 1) was involved but had lower binding activity. Fourth, both anti-CD21 and anti-CD35 antibodies could block the binding of patient-derived HCV to B cells. Fifth, complement also mediated HCV binding to Raji cells, a cultured B-cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma. CONCLUSION In chronic HCV infection, the preferential association of HCV with B cells is mediated by the complement system, mainly through complement receptor 2 (CD21), in conjunction with the CD19 and CD81 complex. (Hepatology 2016;64:1900-1910).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y. Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patricia Bare
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kentaro Matsuura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazi Abdus Salam
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Teresa Grandinetti
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cathy Schechterly
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Harvey J. Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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30
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Kwon YC, Kim H, Meyer K, Di Bisceglie AM, Ray R. Distinct CD55 Isoform Synthesis and Inhibition of Complement-Dependent Cytolysis by Hepatitis C Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1127-36. [PMID: 27357152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CD55/DAF, one of the regulators of complement activation, is known to limit excess complement activation on the host cell surface by accelerating the decay of C3 convertase. We reported previously that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or virus core protein expression upregulates CD55 expression. CD55 associates with HCV particles, potentially protecting HCV from lysis in circulation. An increase in CD55 on the surface of HCV-infected cells may inhibit complement-mediated cell killing. In this study, we show that Abs against cancer cell surface proteins induce complement-dependent cytolysis or Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of immortalized human hepatocytes in the presence of CD55-blocking Ab. CD55 has a secreted isoform (sCD55) that is generated by alternative splicing. We observed that sCD55 is induced in HCV-infected or HCV replicon-harboring cells, as well as in liver biopsy samples from chronically HCV-infected patients. Conditioned medium from HCV-infected hepatoma cells (Huh7.5 cells) or immortalized human hepatocytes inhibited C3 convertase activity and complement-dependent cytolysis of sheep blood erythrocytes. Chronically HCV-infected patient sera inhibited C3 convertase activity, further implicating HCV-specific impairment of complement function in infected humans. CD55-blocking Ab inhibited erythrocyte lysis by conditioned medium, suggesting that CD55/sCD55 impairs convertase activity. Together, our data show that HCV infection induces sCD55 expression in HCV-infected cell culture-conditioned medium and inhibits C3 convertase activity. This may have implications for modulating complement-mediated immune function in the microenvironment and on HCV-harboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chan Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Hangeun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | | | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104; and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63140
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31
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Jeon B, Kim HR, Kim H, Chung DK. In vitro and in vivo downregulation of C3 by lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum K8 suppressed cytokine-mediated complement system activation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw140. [PMID: 27231239 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement component 3 (C3) is one of the proteins associated with complement cascades. C3 plays an essential role in three different pathways-the alternative, classical and lectin pathways. It is well known that cytokines activate complement system and increase complement component C3 production. In the current study, we found that lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum K8 (pLTA) inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) or interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated C3 mRNA and protein expression in HaCaT cells. pLTA inhibited C3 expression through the inhibition of the phosphorylation of p65 and p38 in the TNF-α-treated cells, while the inhibition of STAT1/2 and JAK2 phosphorylation by pLTA contributed to the reduction of C3 in IFN-γ-treated cells. When mice were pre-injected with pLTA followed by re-injection of TNF-α, serum C3 level was decreased as compared to TNF-α-injected only. Further studies revealed that membrane attack complex (MAC) increased by TNF-α injection was lessened in pLTA-pre-injected mice. A bactericidal assay using mouse sera showed that MAC activity in pLTA-pre-injected mice was lower than in TNF-α only-injected mice. These results suggest that pLTA can suppress inflammatory cytokine-mediated complement activation through the inhibition of C3 synthesis. pLTA application has the potential to alleviate complement-mediated diseases caused by excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, #308, Life Science Building, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, #308, Life Science Building, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangeun Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, #308, Life Science Building, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea Skin Biotechnology Center, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyun Chung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, #308, Life Science Building, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea Skin Biotechnology Center, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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32
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She S, Xiang Y, Yang M, Ding X, Liu X, Ma L, Liu Q, Liu B, Lu Z, Li S, Liu Y, Ran X, Xu X, Hu H, Hu P, Zhang D, Ren H, Yang Y. C-reactive protein is a biomarker of AFP-negative HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:543-54. [PMID: 26058824 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers worldwide and is associated with the high rates of morbidity and mortality. α-fetoprotein (AFP) is common used in diagnosis of HCC; however, a growing body of research is questioning the diagnostic power of AFP. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop additional novel non-invasive techniques for the early diagnosis of HCC, particularly for patients with AFP-negative [AFP(-)] HCC. Accordingly, in the present study, we employed iTRAQ-based mass spectro-metry to analyze the plasma proteins of subjects with AFP(-) HBV-related HCC, AFP(+) HBV-related HCC and non-malignant cirrhosis. We identified 14 aberrantly expressed proteins specific to the HCC patients, including 10 upregulated and 4 downregulated proteins. We verified C-reactive protein (CRP) overexpression by ELISA and immunohistochemical staining of clinical samples. Per ROC curve analyses, CRP was positive in 73.3% of patients with HBV-related HCC, and CRP overexpression had significant diagnostic power for AFP(-) HBV-related HCC. Furthermore, we found that silencing CRP caused a >2-fold decease in HBV replication. Additionally, we determined that this reduction in HBV replication involved the interferon-signaling pathway. However, silencing CRP also promoted HCC invasion and migration in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrated that CRP can serve as a diagnostic biomarker for AFP(-) HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha She
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangchun Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Ran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Huaidong Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Ferrín G, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Aguilar-Melero P, Ranchal I, Llamoza C, Linares CI, González-Rubio S, Muntané J, Briceño J, López-Cillero P, Montero-Álvarez JL, de la Mata M. Plasma protein biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV-infected alcoholic patients with cirrhosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118527. [PMID: 25789864 PMCID: PMC4366144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal cancers in the world, with limited options for treatment unless timely diagnosed. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and persistent heavy alcohol consumption are independent risk factors for HCC development, which may induce a specific protein expression pattern different from those caused separately. The aim of the study was to identify protein biomarkers for the detection of HCC in HCV-infected alcoholic patients with cirrhosis in order to improve survival. We compared protein expression profiles of plasma samples from 52 HCV-infected alcoholic patients with and without HCC, using 2-D DIGE coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The 2-D DIGE results were analyzed statistically using Decyder software, and verified by western-blot and ELISA. In plasma samples from HCV-infected alcoholic patients, we found significantly differential expression profiles of carboxypeptidase-N, ceruloplasmin (CP), complement component 4a (C4a), fibrinogen-alpha (FGA), immunoglobulin mu chain C region, serum albumin, and serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1). Deregulation of plasma/serum levels of the identified proteins was associated to HCV, ethanol consumption, and/or HCC progression. In the validation through ELISA, C4a serum concentration was increased in HCC patients (2.4±1 ng/mg vs 1.8±0.6 ng/mg; p = 0.029), being the only independent predictor of HCC in the multivariate analysis (OR = 2.15; p = 0.015), with an AUROC = 0.70. The combination of C4a, FGA, CP and PON1 improved slightly the predictive ability of C4a alone (AUROC 0.81). In conclusion, we identified proteins related to acute-phase response, oxidative stress, or immune response, whose differential expression in plasma may be attributed to the presence of HCC. Among them, C4a, and its combination with CP, FGA and PON1, could be considered as potentially reliable biomarkers for the detection of HCC in HCV-infected alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferrín
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Melero
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isidora Ranchal
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Camilo Llamoza
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Clara I. Linares
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sandra González-Rubio
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Briceño
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Cillero
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Luis Montero-Álvarez
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba (IMBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network, Digestive and Liver Diseases (CIBERehd), Córdoba, Spain
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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Kwon YC, Ray RB, Ray R. Hepatitis C virus infection: establishment of chronicity and liver disease progression. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:977-96. [PMID: 26417315 PMCID: PMC4464452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often causes persistent infection, and is an important factor in the etiology of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are no preventive or therapeutic vaccines available against HCV. Treatment strategies of HCV infection are likely to improve with recently discovered direct antiviral agents (DAAs). However, a proportion of patients still progress to liver failure and/or HCC despite having been cured of the infection. Thus, there is a need for early diagnosis and therapeutic modalities for HCV related end stage liver disease prevention. HCV genome does not integrate into its host genome, and has a predominantly cytoplasmic life cycle. Therefore, HCV mediated liver disease progression appears to involve indirect mechanisms from persistent infection of hepatocytes. Studying the underlying mechanisms of HCV mediated evasion of immune responses and liver disease progression is challenging due to the lack of a naturally susceptible small animal model. We and other investigators have used a number of experimental systems to investigate the mechanisms for establishment of chronic HCV infection and liver disease progression. HCV infection modulates immune systems. Further, HCV infection of primary human hepatocytes promotes growth, induces phenotypic changes, modulates epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) related genes, and generates tumor initiating stem-like cells (TISCs). HCV infection also modulates microRNAs (miRNAs), and influences growth by overriding normal death progression of primary human hepatocytes for disease pathogenesis. Understanding these ob-servations at the molecular level should aid in developing strategies for additional effective therapies against HCV mediated liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chan Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Missouri,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ranjit Ray, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Blvd, 8th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA, E-mail:
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Kim H, Meyer K, Di Bisceglie AM, Ray R. Inhibition of c3 convertase activity by hepatitis C virus as an additional lesion in the regulation of complement components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101422. [PMID: 24983375 PMCID: PMC4077819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that in vitro HCV infection of cells of hepatocyte origin attenuates complement system at multiple steps, and attenuation also occurs in chronically HCV infected liver, irrespective of the disease stage. However, none of these regulations alone completely impaired complement pathways. Modulation of the upstream proteins involved in proteolytic processing of the complement cascade prior to convertase formation is critical in promoting the function of the complement system in response to infection. Here, we examined the regulation of C2 complement expression in hepatoma cells infected in vitro with cell culture grown virus, and validated our observations using randomly selected chronically HCV infected patient liver biopsy specimens. C2 mRNA expression was significantly inhibited, and classical C3 convertase (C4b2a) decreased. In separate experiments for C3 convertase function, C3b deposition onto bacterial membrane was reduced using HCV infected patient sera as compared to uninfected control, suggesting impaired C3 convertase. Further, iC3b level, a proteolytically inactive form of C3b, was lower in HCV infected patient sera, reflecting impairment of both C3 convertase and Factor I activity. The expression level of Factor I was significantly reduced in HCV infected liver biopsy specimens, while Factor H level remained unchanged or enhanced. Together, these results suggested that inhibition of C3 convertase activity is an additional cumulative effect for attenuation of complement system adopted by HCV for weakening innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangeun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Adrian M. Di Bisceglie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li HC, Ma HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Production and pathogenicity of hepatitis C virus core gene products. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7104-7122. [PMID: 24966583 PMCID: PMC4064058 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases, including steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and its infection is also associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. HCV, belonging to the Flaviviridae family, is a small enveloped virus whose positive-stranded RNA genome encoding a polyprotein. The HCV core protein is cleaved first at residue 191 by the host signal peptidase and further cleaved by the host signal peptide peptidase at about residue 177 to generate the mature core protein (a.a. 1-177) and the cleaved peptide (a.a. 178-191). Core protein could induce insulin resistance, steatosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma through various mechanisms. The peptide (a.a. 178-191) may play a role in the immune response. The polymorphism of this peptide is associated with the cellular lipid drop accumulation, contributing to steatosis development. In addition to the conventional open reading frame (ORF), in the +1 frame, an ORF overlaps with the core protein-coding sequence and encodes the alternative reading frame proteins (ARFP or core+1). ARFP/core+1/F protein could enhance hepatocyte growth and may regulate iron metabolism. In this review, we briefly summarized the current knowledge regarding the production of different core gene products and their roles in viral pathogenesis.
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Ball JK, Tarr AW, McKeating JA. The past, present and future of neutralizing antibodies for hepatitis C virus. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:100-11. [PMID: 24583033 PMCID: PMC4034163 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. HCV establishes a chronic infection in the majority of cases. However, some individuals clear the virus, demonstrating a protective role for the host immune response. Although new all-oral drug combinations may soon replace traditional ribavirin-interferon therapy, the emerging drug cocktails will be expensive and associated with side-effects and resistance, making a global vaccine an urgent priority. T cells are widely accepted to play an essential role in clearing acute HCV infection, whereas the role antibodies play in resolution and disease pathogenesis is less well understood. Recent studies have provided an insight into viral neutralizing determinants and the protective role of antibodies during infection. This review provides a historical perspective of the role neutralizing antibodies play in HCV infection and discusses the therapeutic benefits of antibody-based therapies. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Hepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences and The Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences and The Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group and Centre for Human Virology, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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