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Gardner CL, Erwin-Cohen RA, Lewis BS, Bakken RR, Honnold SP, Glass PJ, Burke CW. Syrian Hamsters Model Does Not Reflect Human-like Disease after Aerosol Exposure to Encephalitic Alphaviruses. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:42. [PMID: 38804336 PMCID: PMC11130913 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan (VEE), eastern (EEE), and western (WEE) equine encephalitis viruses are encephalitic New World alphaviruses that cause periodic epizootic and epidemic outbreaks in horses and humans that may cause severe morbidity and mortality. Currently there are no FDA-licensed vaccines or effective antiviral therapies. Each year, there are a limited number of human cases of encephalitic alphaviruses; thus, licensure of a vaccine or therapeutic would require approval under the FDA animal rule. Approval under the FDA animal rule requires the disease observed in the animal model to recapitulate what is observed in humans. Currently, initial testing of vaccines and therapeutics is performed in the mouse model. Unfortunately, alphavirus disease manifestations in a mouse do not faithfully recapitulate human disease; the VEEV mouse model is lethal whereas in humans VEEV is rarely lethal. In an effort to identify a more appropriate small animal model, we evaluated hamsters in an aerosol exposure model of encephalitic alphavirus infection. The pathology, lethality, and viremia observed in the infected hamsters was inconsistent with what is observed in NHP models and humans. These data suggest that hamsters are not an appropriate model for encephalitic alphaviruses to test vaccines or potential antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Gardner
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.G.); (R.A.E.-C.); (R.R.B.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Rebecca A. Erwin-Cohen
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.G.); (R.A.E.-C.); (R.R.B.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Bridget S. Lewis
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.S.L.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Russell R. Bakken
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.G.); (R.A.E.-C.); (R.R.B.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Shelley P. Honnold
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.S.L.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Pamela J. Glass
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.G.); (R.A.E.-C.); (R.R.B.); (P.J.G.)
- Risk Management Office, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Crystal W. Burke
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.L.G.); (R.A.E.-C.); (R.R.B.); (P.J.G.)
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Adams LJ, Raju S, Ma H, Gilliland T, Reed DS, Klimstra WB, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Structural and functional basis of VLDLR usage by Eastern equine encephalitis virus. Cell 2024; 187:360-374.e19. [PMID: 38176410 PMCID: PMC10843625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) comprises eight LDLR type A (LA) domains and supports entry of distantly related alphaviruses, including Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Here, by resolving multiple cryo-electron microscopy structures of EEEV-VLDLR complexes and performing mutagenesis and functional studies, we show that EEEV uses multiple sites (E1/E2 cleft and E2 A domain) to engage more than one LA domain simultaneously. However, no single LA domain is necessary or sufficient to support efficient EEEV infection. Whereas all EEEV strains show conservation of two VLDLR-binding sites, the EEEV PE-6 strain and a few other EEE complex members feature a single amino acid substitution that enables binding of LA domains to an additional site on the E2 B domain. These structural and functional analyses informed the design of a minimal VLDLR decoy receptor that neutralizes EEEV infection and protects mice from lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Douglas S Reed
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Adams LJ, Raju S, Ma H, Gilliland T, Reed DS, Klimstra WB, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Structural and functional basis of VLDLR receptor usage by Eastern equine encephalitis virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567188. [PMID: 38014196 PMCID: PMC10680733 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is comprised of eight LDLR type A (LA) domains and supports entry of distantly related Eastern equine encephalitis (EEEV) and Semliki Forest (SFV) alphaviruses. Here, by resolving multiple cryo-electron microscopy structures of EEEV-VLDLR complexes and performing mutagenesis and functional studies, we show that EEEV uses multiple sites (E1/E2 cleft and E2 A domain) to engage different LA domains simultaneously. However, no single LA domain is necessary or sufficient to support efficient EEEV infection, highlighting complexity in domain usage. Whereas all EEEV strains show conservation of two VLDLR binding sites, the EEEV PE-6 strain and other EEE complex members feature a single amino acid substitution that mediates binding of LA domains to an additional site on the E2 B domain. These structural and functional analyses informed the design of a minimal VLDLR decoy receptor that neutralizes EEEV infection and protects mice from lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William B. Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Gilliland T, Dunn M, Liu Y, Alcorn MD, Terada Y, Vasilatos S, Lundy J, Li R, Nambulli S, Larson D, Duprex P, Wu H, Luke T, Bausch C, Egland K, Sullivan E, Wang Z, Klimstra WB. Transchromosomic bovine-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal human antibodies protects hACE2 transgenic hamsters against multiple variants. iScience 2023; 26:107764. [PMID: 37736038 PMCID: PMC10509298 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has undergone rapid evolution resulting in the emergence of many variants with mutations in the spike protein, some of which appear to evade antibody neutralization, transmit more efficiently, and/or exhibit altered virulence. This raises significant concerns regarding the efficacy of anti-S monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics which have failed against variant SARS-CoV-2 viruses. To address this concern, SAB-185, a human anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibody was generated in the DiversitAb platform. SAB-185 exhibited equivalent, robust in vitro neutralization for Munich, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Δ144-146 variants and, although diminished, retained PRNT50 and PRNT80 neutralization endpoints for Delta and Omicron variants. Human ACE2 transgenic Syrian hamsters, which exhibit lethal SARS-CoV-2 disease, were protected from mortality after challenge with the Munich, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Δ144-146 variants and clinical signs after non-lethal Omicron BA.1 infection. This suggests that SAB-185 may be an effective immunotherapy even in the presence of ongoing viral mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theron Gilliland
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Maria D.H. Alcorn
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yutaka Terada
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shauna Vasilatos
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jeneveve Lundy
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Sham Nambulli
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Deanna Larson
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Thomas Luke
- SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Kristi Egland
- SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Struble EB, Rawson JMO, Stantchev T, Scott D, Shapiro MA. Uses and Challenges of Antiviral Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051538. [PMID: 37242780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major public health concerns and ever-present risks for developing into future pandemics. Antiviral antibody therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other therapies, emerged as valuable preventative and treatment options, including during global emergencies. Here we will discuss polyclonal and monoclonal antiviral antibody therapies, focusing on the unique biochemical and physiological properties that make them well-suited as therapeutic agents. We will describe the methods of antibody characterization and potency assessment throughout development, highlighting similarities and differences between polyclonal and monoclonal products as appropriate. In addition, we will consider the benefits and challenges of antiviral antibodies when used in combination with other antibodies or other types of antiviral therapeutics. Lastly, we will discuss novel approaches to the characterization and development of antiviral antibodies and identify areas that would benefit from additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi B Struble
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jonathan M O Rawson
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dorothy Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Marjorie A Shapiro
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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6
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Biryukov SS, Wu H, Dankmeyer JL, Rill NO, Klimko CP, Egland KA, Shoe JL, Hunter M, Fetterer DP, Qiu J, Davies ML, Bausch CL, Sullivan EJ, Luke T, Cote CK. Polyclonal Antibodies Derived from Transchromosomic Bovines Vaccinated with the Recombinant F1-V Vaccine Increase Bacterial Opsonization In Vitro and Protect Mice from Pneumonic Plague. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020033. [PMID: 37218899 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague is an ancient disease that continues to be of concern to both the public health and biodefense research communities. Pneumonic plague is caused by hematogenous spread of Yersinia pestis bacteria from a ruptured bubo to the lungs or by directly inhaling aerosolized bacteria. The fatality rate associated with pneumonic plague is significant unless effective antibiotic therapy is initiated soon after an early and accurate diagnosis is made. As with all bacterial pathogens, drug resistance is a primary concern when developing strategies to combat these Yersinia pestis infections in the future. While there has been significant progress in vaccine development, no FDA-approved vaccine strategy exists; thus, other medical countermeasures are needed. Antibody treatment has been shown to be effective in animal models of plague. We produced fully human polyclonal antibodies in transchromosomic bovines vaccinated with the recombinant F1-V plague vaccine. The resulting human antibodies opsonized Y. pestis bacteria in the presence of RAW264.7 cells and afforded significant protection to BALB/c mice after exposure to aerosolized Y. pestis. These data demonstrate the utility of this technology to produce large quantities of non-immunogenic anti-plague human antibodies to prevent or possibly treat pneumonic plague in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei S Biryukov
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nathaniel O Rill
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher P Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kristi A Egland
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ju Qiu
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael L Davies
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Eddie J Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Thomas Luke
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Gardner CL, Sun C, Dunn MD, Gilliland TC, Trobaugh DW, Terada Y, Reed DS, Hartman AL, Klimstra WB. In Vitro and In Vivo Phenotypes of Venezuelan, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses Derived from cDNA Clones of Human Isolates. Viruses 2022; 15:5. [PMID: 36680046 PMCID: PMC9862562 DOI: 10.3390/v15010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Department of Defense recently began an effort to improve and standardize virus challenge materials and efficacy determination strategies for testing therapeutics and vaccines. This includes stabilization of virus genome sequences in cDNA form where appropriate, use of human-derived virus isolates, and noninvasive strategies for determination of challenge virus replication. Eventually, it is desired that these approaches will satisfy the FDA "Animal Rule" for licensure, which substitutes animal efficacy data when human data are unlikely to be available. To this end, we created and examined the virulence phenotype of cDNA clones of prototypic human infection-derived strains of the alphaviruses, Venezuelan (VEEV INH9813), eastern (EEEV V105) and western (WEEV Fleming) equine encephalitis viruses, and created fluorescent and luminescent reporter expression vectors for evaluation of replication characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Sequences of minimally passaged isolates of each virus were used to synthesize full-length cDNA clones along with a T7 transcription promoter-based bacterial propagation vector. Viruses generated from the cDNA clones were compared with other "wild type" strains derived from cDNA clones and GenBank sequences to identify and eliminate putative tissue culture artifacts accumulated in the cell passaged biological stocks. This was followed by examination of aerosol and subcutaneous infection and disease in mouse models. A mutation that increased heparan sulfate binding was identified in the VEEV INH9813 biological isolate sequence and eliminated from the cDNA clone. Viruses derived from the new human isolate cDNA clones showed similar mouse virulence to existing clone-derived viruses after aerosol or subcutaneous inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Gardner
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chengqun Sun
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Matthew D. Dunn
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Theron C. Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - Yutaka Terada
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William B. Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Ma H, Albe JR, Gilliland T, McMillen CM, Gardner CL, Boyles DA, Cottle EL, Dunn MD, Lundy JD, Salama N, O’Malley KJ, Pandrea I, Teichert T, Barrick S, Klimstra WB, Hartman AL, Reed DS. Long-term persistence of viral RNA and inflammation in the CNS of macaques exposed to aerosolized Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009946. [PMID: 35696423 PMCID: PMC9232170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a positively-stranded RNA arbovirus of the genus Alphavirus that causes encephalitis in humans. Cynomolgus macaques are a relevant model of the human disease caused by VEEV and are useful in exploring pathogenic mechanisms and the host response to VEEV infection. Macaques were exposed to small-particle aerosols containing virus derived from an infectious clone of VEEV strain INH-9813, a subtype IC strain isolated from a human infection. VEEV-exposed macaques developed a biphasic fever after infection similar to that seen in humans. Maximum temperature deviation correlated with the inhaled dose, but fever duration did not. Neurological signs, suggestive of virus penetration into the central nervous system (CNS), were predominantly seen in the second febrile period. Electroencephalography data indicated a statistically significant decrease in all power bands and circadian index during the second febrile period that returned to normal after fever resolved. Intracranial pressure increased late in the second febrile period. On day 6 post-infection macaques had high levels of MCP-1 and IP-10 chemokines in the CNS, as well as a marked increase of T lymphocytes and activated microglia. More than four weeks after infection, VEEV genomic RNA was found in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and cervical lymph nodes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines & chemokines, infiltrating leukocytes and pathological changes were seen in the CNS tissues of macaques euthanized at these times. These data are consistent with persistence of virus replication and/or genomic RNA and potentially, inflammatory sequelae in the central nervous system after resolution of acute VEEV disease. Although naturally transmitted by mosquito, Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV) can be highly infectious when aerosolized. In humans, VEEV are only rarely fatal but cause a severe, biphasic fever with neurological symptoms including severe headache, a stiff neck, and photophobia. We report here our efforts to further characterize the disease caused by VEEV in the cynomolgus macaque, using an infectious clone of a human VEEV isolate, to explore the long-term effects of VEEV infection, and the utility of radiotelemetry in continuous monitoring of electroencephalography and intracranial pressure to explore the relationship between fever, virus penetration of the brain, and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ma
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Albe
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theron Gilliland
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Gardner
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Devin A. Boyles
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Cottle
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeneveve D. Lundy
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noah Salama
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. O’Malley
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tobias Teichert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stacey Barrick
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Volokhov DV, Furtak V, Allen C, Pulle G, Zajac MD, Levin Y, Kochba E, Moore SM. Robust humoral immune response against rabies virus in rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with plasmid DNA vectors encoding rabies virus glycoproteins - An approach to the production of polyclonal antibody reagents. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 64:101833. [PMID: 35691598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-based immunization has been previously shown to be an efficient approach to induce robust immunity against infectious diseases in animals and humans. The advantages of DNA vaccines are simplicity of their construction and production, low cost, high stability, and ability to elicit a full spectrum of immune responses to target antigens. The goals of this study were (i) to assess the antibody immune response to rabies virus glycoproteins (rGPs) in rabbits and guinea pigs after intramuscular immunization with pTargeT and pVAC2-mcs mammalian expression vectors encoding either the wild-type (WT) or codon-optimized (cOPT) rGP genes; and (ii) to prepare in-house rabbit anti-rGP polyclonal antibody reagents suitable for in Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) assays. The maximum antibody responses against rabies virus in rabbits and guinea pigs were observed after immunization series with 500 μg/dose of pVAC2-mcs vector encoding either the WT or cOPT rGP genes adjuvanted with Emulsigen-D. No significant difference in the anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers was observed in rabbits immunized with the WT and cOPT rGPs. The in-house rabbit anti-rGP polyclonal antibody reagents reacted comparable to the current reference reagents in SRID and IFA assays. The results of the study demonstrated that the DNA immunization of animals with the WT or cOPT rGPs is a promising approach to either induction of high anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in vivo or for production of polyclonal antibody reagents against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Vyacheslav Furtak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Cynthia Allen
- Vaccine Quality Division, Center for Biologics Evaluation (CBE), Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate (BRDD), Health Canada, 100 Eglantine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Gayle Pulle
- Vaccine Quality Division, Center for Biologics Evaluation (CBE), Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate (BRDD), Health Canada, 100 Eglantine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michelle D Zajac
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yotam Levin
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., 3 Golda Meir St., Nes Ziona, 7403648, Israel
| | - Efrat Kochba
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., 3 Golda Meir St., Nes Ziona, 7403648, Israel
| | - Susan M Moore
- The University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (VMDL), One Health Laboratory, 1509 Rollins St., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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10
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Liu Z, Wu H, Egland KA, Gilliland TC, Dunn MD, Luke TC, Sullivan EJ, Klimstra WB, Bausch CL, Whelan SPJ. Human immunoglobulin from transchromosomic bovines hyperimmunized with SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen efficiently neutralizes viral variants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1940652. [PMID: 34228597 PMCID: PMC8290372 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1940652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with amino-acid substitutions and deletions in spike protein (S) can reduce the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and may compromise immunity induced by vaccines. We report a polyclonal, fully human, anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin produced in transchromosomic bovines (Tc-hIgG-SARS-CoV-2) hyperimmunized with two doses of plasmid DNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain S gene, followed by repeated immunization with S protein purified from insect cells. The resulting Tc-hIgG-SARS-CoV-2, termed SAB-185, efficiently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) SARS-CoV-2 chimeras in vitro. Neutralization potency was retained for S variants including S477N, E484K, and N501Y, substitutions present in recent variants of concern. In contrast to the ease of selection of escape variants with mAbs and convalescent human plasma, we were unable to isolate VSV-SARS-CoV-2 mutants resistant to Tc-hIgG-SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. This fully human immunoglobulin that potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection may provide an effective therapeutic to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- , SAB Biotherapeutics Inc, Sioux Fall, SD, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew D. Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Tharmalingam T, Han X, Wozniak A, Saward L. Polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin: A proven treatment and prophylaxis platform for passive immunization to address existing and emerging diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1886560. [PMID: 34010089 PMCID: PMC9090292 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1886560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin (HIG) therapy represents a proven strategy by transferring immunoglobulins to patients to confer immediate protection against a range of pathogens including infectious agents and toxins. Distinct from active immunization, the protection is passive and the immunoglobulins will clear from the system; therefore, administration of an effective dose must be maintained for prophylaxis or treatment until a natural adaptive immune response is mounted or the pathogen/agent is cleared. The current review provides an overview of this technology, key considerations to address different pathogens, and suggested improvements. The review will reflect on key learnings from development of HIGs in the response to public health threats due to Zika, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmala Tharmalingam
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ashley Wozniak
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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12
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Kafai NM, Williamson LE, Binshtein E, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Gardner CL, Liu J, Mackin S, Kim AS, Kose N, Carnahan RH, Jung A, Droit L, Reed DS, Handley SA, Klimstra WB, Crowe JE, Diamond MS. Neutralizing antibodies protect mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus aerosol challenge. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212532. [PMID: 35297953 PMCID: PMC9195047 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a risk for epidemic emergence or use as an aerosolized bioweapon. To develop possible countermeasures, we isolated VEEV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice and a human immunized with attenuated VEEV strains. Functional assays and epitope mapping established that potently inhibitory anti-VEEV mAbs bind distinct antigenic sites in the A or B domains of the E2 glycoprotein and block multiple steps in the viral replication cycle including attachment, fusion, and egress. A 3.2-Å cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of VEEV virus-like particles bound by a human Fab suggests that antibody engagement of the B domain may result in cross-linking of neighboring spikes to prevent conformational requirements for viral fusion. Prophylaxis or postexposure therapy with these mAbs protected mice against lethal aerosol challenge with VEEV. Our study defines functional and structural mechanisms of mAb protection and suggests that multiple antigenic determinants on VEEV can be targeted for vaccine or antibody-based therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lauren E. Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Christina L. Gardner
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Jaclyn Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ana Jung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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13
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Alobo M, Shah J, Sharun K, Dhama K. Bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies as biotherapeutic weapons against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants: A review article. Int J Surg 2022; 98:106233. [PMID: 35065260 PMCID: PMC8768012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected 305 million individuals worldwide and killed about 5.5 million people as of January 10, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 is the third major outbreak caused by a new coronavirus in the previous two decades, following SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Even though vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is considered a critical strategy for preventing virus spread in the population and limiting COVID-19 clinical manifestations, new therapeutic drugs, and management strategies are urgently needed, particularly in light of the growing number of SARS-CoV-2 variants (such as Delta and Omicron variants). However, the use of conventional antibodies has faced many challenges, such as viral escape mutants, increased instability, weak binding, large sizes, the need for large amounts of plasma, and high-cost manufacturing. Furthermore, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants in the human population and recurrent coronavirus spillovers highlight the need for broadly neutralizing antibodies that are not affected by an antigenic drift that could limit future zoonotic infection. Bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies are more potent and protective than conventional human antibodies, thanks to their inbuilt characteristics, and can be produced in large quantities. In addition, it was reported that these biotherapeutics are effective against a broad spectrum of epitopes, reducing the opportunity of viral pathogens to develop mutational escape. In this review, we focus on the potential benefits behind our rationale for using bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies in countering SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants and mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A. Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt,Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt,Corresponding author. Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt,Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Moses Alobo
- Grand Challenges Africa, Science for Africa Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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15
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Gilliland T, Liu Y, Li R, Dunn M, Cottle E, Terada Y, Ryckman Z, Alcorn M, Vasilatos S, Lundy J, Larson D, Wu H, Luke T, Bausch C, Egland K, Sullivan E, Wang Z, Klimstra WB. Protection of human ACE2 transgenic Syrian hamsters from SARS CoV-2 variants by human polyclonal IgG from hyper-immunized transchromosomic bovines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34341790 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.26.453840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic SARS CoV-2 has been undergoing rapid evolution during spread throughout the world resulting in the emergence of many Spike protein variants, some of which appear to either evade antibody neutralization, transmit more efficiently, or potentially exhibit increased virulence. This raises significant concerns regarding the long-term efficacy of protection elicited after primary infection and/or from vaccines derived from single virus Spike (S) genotypes, as well as the efficacy of anti-S monoclonal antibody based therapeutics. Here, we used fully human polyclonal human IgG (SAB-185), derived from hyperimmunization of transchromosomic bovines with DNA plasmids encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Wa-1 strain S protein or purified ectodomain of S protein, to examine the neutralizing capacity of SAB-185 in vitro and the protective efficacy of passive SAB-185 antibody (Ab) transfer in vivo . The Ab preparation was tested for neutralization against five variant SARS-CoV-2 strains: Munich (Spike D614G), UK (B.1.1.7), Brazil (P.1) and SA (B.1.3.5) variants, and a variant isolated from a chronically infected immunocompromised patient (Spike Δ144-146). For the in vivo studies, we used a new human ACE2 (hACE2) transgenic Syrian hamster model that exhibits lethality after SARS-Cov-2 challenge and the Munich, UK, SA and Δ144-146 variants. SAB-185 neutralized each of the SARS-CoV-2 strains equivalently on Vero E6 cells, however, a control convalescent human serum sample was less effective at neutralizing the SA variant. In the hamster model, prophylactic SAB-185 treatment protected the hamsters from fatal disease and minimized clinical signs of infection. These results suggest that SAB-185 may be an effective treatment for patients infected with SARS CoV-2 variants.
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16
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Williamson LE, Gilliland T, Yadav PK, Binshtein E, Bombardi R, Kose N, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Durie CL, Armstrong E, Carnahan RH, Walker LM, Kim AS, Fox JM, Diamond MS, Ohi MD, Klimstra WB, Crowe JE. Human Antibodies Protect against Aerosolized Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection. Cell 2020; 183:1884-1900.e23. [PMID: 33301709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is one of the most virulent viruses endemic to North America. No licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics are available to combat this infection, which has recently shown an increase in human cases. Here, we characterize human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from a survivor of natural EEEV infection with potent (<20 pM) inhibitory activity of EEEV. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of two highly neutralizing mAbs, EEEV-33 and EEEV-143, were solved in complex with chimeric Sindbis/EEEV virions to 7.2 Å and 8.3 Å, respectively. The mAbs recognize two distinct antigenic sites that are critical for inhibiting viral entry into cells. EEEV-33 and EEEV-143 protect against disease following stringent lethal aerosol challenge of mice with highly pathogenic EEEV. These studies provide insight into the molecular basis for the neutralizing human antibody response against EEEV and can facilitate development of vaccines and candidate antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - Pramod K Yadav
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clarissa L Durie
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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17
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Human Monoclonal Antibody Derived from Transchromosomic Cattle Neutralizes Multiple H1 Clades of Influenza A Virus by Recognizing a Novel Conformational Epitope in the Hemagglutinin Head Domain. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00945-20. [PMID: 32847862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00945-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a global health risk and challenge. Currently, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are extensively used to treat influenza, but their efficacy is compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Neutralizing antibodies targeting influenza A virus surface glycoproteins are critical components of influenza therapeutic agents and may provide alternative strategies to the existing countermeasures. However, the major hurdle for the extensive application of antibody therapies lies in the difficulty of generating nonimmunogenic antibodies in large quantities rapidly. Here, we report that one human monoclonal antibody (MAb), 53C10, isolated from transchromosomic (Tc) cattle exhibits potent neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition titers against different clades of H1N1 subtype influenza A viruses. In vitro selection of antibody escape mutants revealed that 53C10 recognizes a novel noncontinuous epitope in the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain involving three amino acid residues, glycine (G), serine (S), and glutamic acid (E) at positions 172, 207, and 212, respectively. The results of our experiments supported a critical role for substitution of arginine at position 207 (S207R) in mediating resistance to 53C10, while substitutions at either G172E or E212A did not alter antibody recognition and neutralization. The E212A mutation may provide structural stability for the epitope, while the substitution G172E probably compensates for loss of fitness introduced by S207R. Our results offer novel insights into the mechanism of action of MAb 53C10 and indicate its potential role in therapeutic treatment of H1 influenza virus infection in humans.IMPORTANCE Respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses still pose a serious concern to global health, and neutralizing antibodies constitute a promising area of antiviral therapeutics. However, the potential application of antibodies is often hampered by the challenge in generating nonimmunogenic antibodies in large scale. In the present study, transchromosomic (Tc) cattle were used for the generation of nonimmunogenic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and characterization of such MAbs revealed one monoclonal antibody, 53C10, exhibiting a potent neutralization activity against H1N1 influenza viruses. Further characterization of the neutralization escape mutant generated using this MAb showed that three amino acid substitutions in the HA head domain contributed to the resistance. These findings emphasize the importance of Tc cattle in the production of nonimmunogenic MAbs and highlight the potential of MAb 53C10 in the therapeutic application against H1 influenza virus infection in humans.
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18
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Baker WS, Negi S, Braun W, Schein CH. Producing physicochemical property consensus alphavirus protein antigens for broad spectrum vaccine design. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104905. [PMID: 32800880 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new vaccines against alphaviruses, which can cause fatal encephalitis (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and others) and severe arthralgia (e.g. Chikungunya virus, CHIKV). These positive-strand RNA viruses are diverse and evolve rapidly, meaning that the sequence of any vaccine should cover multiple strains that may be quite different from any previous isolate. Here, consensus proteins were produced to represent the common physicochemical properties (PCPs) of the epitope rich, B domain of the E2 envelope protein. PCP-consensus proteins were based on multiple strains of VEEV (VEEVcon) and CHIKV (CHIKVcon) or the conserved PCPs of 24 different alphaviruses (AllAVcon). The AllAVcon was altered to include binding sites for neutralizing antibodies of both VEEV and CHIKV strains (Mosaikcon). All four designed proteins were produced solubly in E. coli and purified. They formed the β-strand core expected from experimental structures of this region of the wild type E2 proteins as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Furthermore, the CHIKVcon protein bound to a structure dependent, CHIKV neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The AllAVcon and Mosaikcon proteins bound to polyclonal antibodies generated during natural infection with either VEEV or CHIKV, indicating they contained epitopes of both serotypes. The Mosaikcon antigen induced antibodies in rabbit sera that recognized both the VEEVcon and CHIKVcon spike proteins. These PCP-consensus antigens are promising starting points for novel, broad-spectrum alphavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Surendra Negi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Werner Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Raabe V, Lai L, Xu Y, Huerta C, Wang D, Pouch SM, Burke CW, Piper AE, Gardner CL, Glass PJ, Mulligan MJ. The Immune Response to Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Acquired Through Organ Transplantation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561530. [PMID: 33072022 PMCID: PMC7541818 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune response to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection is poorly characterized due to the rarity of infection. We examined the humoral and cellular immune response to EEEV acquired from an infected donor via liver transplantation. Both binding and highly neutralizing antibodies to EEEV as well as a robust EEEV-specific IgG memory B cell response were generated. Despite triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy, a virus-specific CD4+ T cell response, predominated by interferon-γ production, was generated. T cell epitopes on the E2 envelope protein were identified by interferon-γ ELISpot. Although these results are from a single person who acquired EEEV by a non-traditional mechanism, to our knowledge this work represents the first analysis of the human cellular immune response to EEEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Raabe
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lilin Lai
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris Huerta
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dongli Wang
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie M Pouch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Crystal W Burke
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christina L Gardner
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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20
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Perley CC, Brocato RL, Wu H, Bausch C, Karmali PP, Vega JB, Cohen MV, Somerville B, Kwilas SA, Principe LM, Shamblin J, Chivukula P, Sullivan E, Hooper JW. Anti-HFRS Human IgG Produced in Transchromosomic Bovines Has Potent Hantavirus Neutralizing Activity and Is Protective in Animal Models. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:832. [PMID: 32508764 PMCID: PMC7252588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored an emerging technology to produce anti-Hantaan virus (HTNV) and anti-Puumala virus (PUUV) neutralizing antibodies for use as pre- or post-exposure prophylactics. The technology involves hyperimmunization of transchomosomic bovines (TcB) engineered to express human polyclonal IgG antibodies with HTNV and PUUV DNA vaccines encoding GnGc glycoproteins. For the anti-HTNV product, TcB was hyperimmunized with HTNV DNA plus adjuvant or HTNV DNA formulated using lipid nanoparticles (LNP). The LNP-formulated vaccine yielded fivefold higher neutralizing antibody titers using 10-fold less DNA. Human IgG purified from the LNP-formulated animal (SAB-159), had anti-HTNV neutralizing antibody titers >100,000. SAB-159 was capable of neutralizing pseudovirions with monoclonal antibody escape mutations in Gn and Gc demonstrating neutralization escape resistance. SAB-159 protected hamsters from HTNV infection when administered pre- or post-exposure, and limited HTNV infection in a marmoset model. An LNP-formulated PUUV DNA vaccine generated purified anti-PUUV IgG, SAB-159P, with a neutralizing antibody titer >600,000. As little as 0.33 mg/kg of SAB-159P protected hamsters against PUUV infection for pre-exposure and 10 mg/kg SAB-159P protected PUUV-infected hamsters post-exposure. These data demonstrate that DNA vaccines combined with the TcB-based manufacturing platform can be used to rapidly produce potent, human, polyclonal, escape-resistant anti-HTNV, and anti-PUUV neutralizing antibodies that are protective in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Perley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Brocato
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | | | | | - Jerel B Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Melanie V Cohen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brandon Somerville
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lucia M Principe
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Joshua Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Eddie Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
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21
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Skidmore AM, Adcock RS, Jonsson CB, Golden JE, Chung DH. Benzamidine ML336 inhibits plus and minus strand RNA synthesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus without affecting host RNA production. Antiviral Res 2020; 174:104674. [PMID: 31816348 PMCID: PMC6935354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus that is endemic to the Americas. VEEV outbreaks occur periodically and cause encephalitis in both humans and equids. There are currently no therapeutics or vaccines for treatment of VEEV in humans. Our group has previously reported on the development of a benzamidine VEEV inhibitor, ML336, which shows potent antiviral activity in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. In cell culture experiments, ML336 inhibits viral RNA synthesis when added 2-4 h post-infection, and mutations conferring resistance occur within the viral nonstructural proteins (nsP2 and nsP4). We hypothesized that ML336 targets an activity of the viral replicase complex and inhibits viral RNA synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we employed various biochemical and cellular assays. Using structural analogues of ML336, we demonstrate that the cellular antiviral activity of these compounds correlates with their inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. For instance, the IC50 of ML336 for VEEV RNA synthesis inhibition was determined as 1.1 nM, indicating potent anti-RNA synthesis activity in the low nanomolar range. While ML336 efficiently inhibited VEEV RNA synthesis, a much weaker effect was observed against the Old World alphavirus Chikungunya virus (IC50 > 4 μM), agreeing with previous data from a cell based assay. Using a tritium incorporation assay, we demonstrated that there was no significant inhibition of cellular transcription. With a combination of fluorography, strand-specific qRT-PCR, and tritium incorporation, we demonstrated that ML336 inhibits the synthesis of the positive sense genomic, negative sense template, and subgenomic RNAs of VEEV. Based on these results, we propose that the mechanism of action for this class of antiviral compounds is inhibition of viral RNA synthesis through interaction with the viral replicase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Skidmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Room 642 C, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Robert S Adcock
- Center of Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Room 617, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Ave, Room 810 B, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Golden
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Dr, Room 7123, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Dong-Hoon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Room 642 C, Louisville, KY, USA; Center of Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Room 617, Louisville, KY, USA.
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22
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Reese H, Bordelon T, Shanahan C, Crapanzano M, Sly J, Menegatti S. Novel peptoid-based adsorbents for purifying IgM and IgG from polyclonal and recombinant sources. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1137:121909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ma H, Lundy JD, O’Malley KJ, Klimstra WB, Hartman AL, Reed DS. Electrocardiography Abnormalities in Macaques after Infection with Encephalitic Alphaviruses. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040240. [PMID: 31744158 PMCID: PMC6969904 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eastern (EEEV) and Venezuelan (VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses (EEVs) are related, (+) ssRNA arboviruses that can cause severe, sometimes fatal, encephalitis in humans. EEVs are highly infectious when aerosolized, raising concerns for potential use as biological weapons. No licensed medical countermeasures exist; given the severity/rarity of natural EEV infections, efficacy studies require animal models. Cynomolgus macaques exposed to EEV aerosols develop fever, encephalitis, and other clinical signs similar to humans. Fever is nonspecific for encephalitis in macaques. Electrocardiography (ECG) metrics may predict onset, severity, or outcome of EEV-attributable disease. Macaques were implanted with thermometry/ECG radiotransmitters and exposed to aerosolized EEV. Data was collected continuously, and repeated-measures ANOVA and frequency-spectrum analyses identified differences between courses of illness and between pre-exposure and post-exposure states. EEEV-infected macaques manifested widened QRS-intervals in severely ill subjects post-exposure. Moreover, QT-intervals and RR-intervals decreased during the febrile period. VEEV-infected macaques suffered decreased QT-intervals and RR-intervals with fever onset. Frequency-spectrum analyses revealed differences in the fundamental frequencies of multiple metrics in the post-exposure and febrile periods compared to baseline and confirmed circadian dysfunction. Heart rate variability (HRV) analyses revealed diminished variability post-exposure. These analyses support using ECG data alongside fever and clinical laboratory findings for evaluating medical countermeasure efficacy.
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24
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Trobaugh DW, Sun C, Dunn MD, Reed DS, Klimstra WB. Rational design of a live-attenuated eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine through informed mutation of virulence determinants. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007584. [PMID: 30742691 PMCID: PMC6386422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), if sufficiently safe, provide the most potent and durable anti-pathogen responses in vaccinees with single immunizations commonly yielding lifelong immunity. Historically, viral LAVs were derived by blind passage of virulent strains in cultured cells resulting in adaptation to culture and a loss of fitness and disease-causing potential in vivo. Mutations associated with these phenomena have been identified but rarely have specific attenuation mechanisms been ascribed, thereby limiting understanding of the attenuating characteristics of the LAV strain and applicability of the attenuation mechanism to other vaccines. Furthermore, the attenuated phenotype is often associated with single nucleotide changes in the viral genome, which can easily revert to the virulent sequence during replication in animals. Here, we have used a rational approach to attenuation of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is among the most acutely human-virulent viruses endemic to North America and has potential for use as an aerosolized bioweapon. Currently, there is no licensed antiviral therapy or vaccine for this virus. Four virulence loci in the EEEV genome were identified and were mutated individually and in combination to abrogate virulence and to resist reversion. The resultant viruses were tested for virulence in mice to examine the degree of attenuation and efficacy was tested by subcutaneous or aerosol challenge with wild type EEEV. Importantly, all viruses containing three or more mutations were avirulent after intracerebral infection of mice, indicating a very high degree of attenuation. All vaccines protected from subcutaneous EEEV challenge while a single vaccine with three mutations provided reproducible, near-complete protection against aerosol challenge. These results suggest that informed mutation of virulence determinants is a productive strategy for production of LAVs even with highly virulent viruses such as EEEV. Furthermore, these results can be directly applied to mutation of analogous virulence loci to create LAVs from other viruses. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) mimic a natural virus infection and elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies that can persist for long times. Historically, LAVs have been created by blind passaging of the virus leading to attenuating mutations in the viral genome with no known mechanism of action. We have used an informed approach to create a LAV for eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). EEEV is one of the most highly virulent mosquito-borne viruses in the United States, and there is currently no approved vaccine or antiviral therapeutic. Here, we created a series of LAVs by combining mutations of four alphavirus virulence loci that have known functions. We demonstrate that viruses containing at last three mutations are highly attenuated after both a subcutaneous and intracerebral infection of mice and provide protective immunity against both a subcutaneous and aerosol challenge. We have also identified a key mutation, elimination of the miR-142-3p microRNA biding sites in the EEEV 3’ untranslated region, as critical for myeloid cell replication and essential for eliciting optimal cytokine responses, T cell responses, and protection from challenge. In summary, our results provide a rationale for an informed approach to the generation of LAVs against arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W. Trobaugh
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
| | - Chengqun Sun
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Wu H, Fan Z, Brandsrud M, Meng Q, Bobbitt M, Regouski M, Stott R, Sweat A, Crabtree J, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA, Wang Z, Polejaeva IA, Sullivan EJ. Generation of H7N9-specific human polyclonal antibodies from a transchromosomic goat (caprine) system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:366. [PMID: 30675003 PMCID: PMC6344498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the unmet needs for human polyclonal antibodies both as therapeutics and diagnostic reagents, building upon our previously established transchromosomic (Tc) cattle platform, we report herein the development of a Tc goat system expressing human polyclonal antibodies in their sera. In the Tc goat system, a human artificial chromosome (HAC) comprising the entire human immunoglobulin (Ig) gene repertoire in the germline configuration was introduced into the genetic makeup of the domestic goat. We achieved this by transferring the HAC into goat fetal fibroblast cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer for Tc goat production. Gene and protein expression analyses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the sera, respectively, of Tc caprine demonstrated the successful expression of human Ig genes and antibodies. Furthermore, immunization of Tc caprine with inactivated influenza A (H7N9) viruses followed by H7N9 Hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) boosting elicited human antibodies with high neutralizing activities against H7N9 viruses in vitro. As a small ungulate, Tc caprine offers the advantages of low cost and quick establishment of herds, therefore complementing the Tc cattle platform in responses to a range of medical needs and diagnostic applications where small volumes of human antibody products are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA.,SAB Capra, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, 84101, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | | | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | | | - Misha Regouski
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Rusty Stott
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Alexis Sweat
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jackelyn Crabtree
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Irina A Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Eddie J Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA. .,SAB Capra, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, 84101, USA.
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26
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Human Polyclonal Antibodies Produced from Transchromosomal Bovine Provides Prophylactic and Therapeutic Protections Against Zika Virus Infection in STAT2 KO Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020092. [PMID: 30678320 PMCID: PMC6410148 DOI: 10.3390/v11020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can cause severe congenital diseases, such as microcephaly, ocular defects and arthrogryposis in fetuses, and Guillain–Barré syndrome in adults. Efficacious therapeutic treatments for infected patients, as well as prophylactic treatments to prevent new infections are needed for combating ZIKV infection. Here, we report that ZIKV-specific human polyclonal antibodies (SAB-155), elicited in transchromosomal bovine (TcB), provide significant protection from infection by ZIKV in STAT2 knockout (KO) golden Syrian hamsters both prophylactically and therapeutically. These antibodies also prevent testicular lesions in this hamster model. Our data indicate that antibody-mediated immunotherapy is effective in treating ZIKV infection. Because suitable quantities of highly potent human polyclonal antibodies can be quickly produced from the TcB system against ZIKV and have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in a small animal model, they have the potential as an effective countermeasure against ZIKV infection.
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27
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Phelps AL, O’Brien LM, Eastaugh LS, Davies C, Lever MS, Ennis J, Zeitlin L, Nunez A, Ulaeto DO. Aerosol infection of Balb/c mice with eastern equine encephalitis virus; susceptibility and lethality. Virol J 2019; 16:2. [PMID: 30611287 PMCID: PMC6321726 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eastern equine encephalitis virus is an alphavirus that naturally cycles between mosquitoes and birds or rodents in Eastern States of the US. Equine infection occurs by being bitten by cross-feeding mosquitoes, with a case fatality rate of up to 75% in humans during epizootic outbreaks. There are no licensed medical countermeasures, and with an anticipated increase in mortality when exposed by the aerosol route based on anecdotal human data and experimental animal data, it is important to understand the pathogenesis of this disease in pursuit of treatment options. This report details the clinical and pathological findings of mice infected with EEEV by the aerosol route, and use as a model for EEEV infection in humans. METHODS Mice were exposed by the aerosol route to a dose range of EEEV to establish the median lethal dose. A pathogenesis study followed whereby mice were exposed to a defined dose of virus and sacrificed at time-points thereafter for histopathological analysis and virology. RESULTS Clinical signs of disease appeared within 2 days post challenge, culminating in severe clinical signs within 24 h, neuro-invasion and dose dependent lethality. EEEV was first detected in the lung 1 day post challenge, and by day 3 peak viral titres were observed in the brain, spleen and blood, corresponding with severe meningoencephalitis, indicative of encephalitic disease. Lethality follows severe neurological signs, and may be linked to a threshold level of virus replication in the brain. Effective medical countermeasures for EEEV may necessitate early inoculation to inhibit infection of the brain in zoonotic incidents, and be able to traverse the blood-brain barrier to sufficiently interrupt replication in the brain in cases of aerosol infection. CONCLUSIONS There is little human data on the hazard posed by aerosol infection with encephalitic alphaviruses, and use of EEEV as a bioweapon may be by the aerosol route. A well characterized model of aerosol exposure that recapitulates some of the most severe human clinical features is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of putative medical countermeasures, and to increase our understanding about how this route of infection induces such rapid neuro-invasion and resulting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Phelps
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Room 201, Building 7a,, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Lyn M. O’Brien
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Room 201, Building 7a,, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Lin S. Eastaugh
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Room 201, Building 7a,, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Carwyn Davies
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Room 201, Building 7a,, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Mark S. Lever
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Room 201, Building 7a,, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Jane Ennis
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc, 6160 Lusk Blvd. #C105, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc, 6160 Lusk Blvd. #C105, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Pathology Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - David O. Ulaeto
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Room 201, Building 7a,, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ UK
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28
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Guzman E, Montoya M. Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:307. [PMID: 30574508 PMCID: PMC6292178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Protective antibodies against Eastern equine encephalitis virus bind to epitopes in domains A and B of the E2 glycoprotein. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:187-197. [PMID: 30455470 PMCID: PMC6294662 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus with a high case mortality rate in humans. EEEV is a biodefense concern because of its potential for aerosol spread and the lack of existing countermeasures. In this study, we identified a panel of 18 neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the EEEV E2 protein, several of which had “elite” activity with 50% and 99% inhibitory concentrations (EC50 and EC99) of less than 10 and 100 ng/ml, respectively. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis and neutralization escape mapping analysis revealed epitopes for these mAbs in domains A or B of the E2 glycoprotein. A majority of the neutralizing mAbs blocked at a post-attachment stage, with several inhibiting viral membrane fusion. Administration of one dose of anti-EEEV mAbs protected mice from lethal subcutaneous or aerosol challenge. These experiments define the mechanistic basis for neutralization by protective anti-EEEV mAbs and suggest a path forward for treatment and vaccine design.
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30
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Burke CW, Froude JW, Miethe S, Hülseweh B, Hust M, Glass PJ. Human-Like Neutralizing Antibodies Protect Mice from Aerosol Exposure with Western Equine Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040147. [PMID: 29587363 PMCID: PMC5923441 DOI: 10.3390/v10040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) causes symptoms in humans ranging from mild febrile illness to life-threatening encephalitis, and no human medical countermeasures are licensed. A previous study demonstrated that immune serum from vaccinated mice protected against lethal WEEV infection, suggesting the utility of antibodies for pre- and post-exposure treatment. Here, three neutralizing and one binding human-like monoclonal antibodies were evaluated against WEEV aerosol challenge. Dose-dependent protection was observed with two antibodies administered individually, ToR69-3A2 and ToR68-2C3. In vitro neutralization was not a critical factor for protection in this murine model, as ToR69-3A2 is a strong neutralizing antibody, and ToR68-2C3 is a non-neutralizing antibody. This result highlights the importance of both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies in the protection of mice from WEEV lethality.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/mortality
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/virology
- Immunization
- Mice
- Morbidity
- Mortality
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal W Burke
- United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Froude
- United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sebastian Miethe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Birgit Hülseweh
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS)-ABC-Schutz, Humboldtstr. 1, 29623 Munster, Germany.
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- YUMAB GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig Süd, Inhoffenstr.7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Pamela J Glass
- United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Antibodies have been used for over a century prophylactically and, less often, therapeutically against viruses. 'Super-antibodies' — a new generation of highly potent and/or broadly cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies — offer new opportunities for prophylaxis and therapy of viral infections. Super-antibodies are typically generated infrequently and/or in a limited number of individuals during natural infections. Isolation of these antibodies has primarily been achieved by large-scale screening for suitable donors and new single B cell approaches to human monoclonal antibody generation. Super-antibodies may offer the possibility of treating multiple viruses of a given family with a single reagent. They are also valuable templates for rational vaccine design. The great potency of super-antibodies has many advantages for practical development as therapeutic reagents. These advantages can be enhanced by a variety of antibody engineering technologies.
So-called super-antibodies are highly potent, broadly reactive antiviral antibodies that offer promise for the treatment of various chronic and emerging viruses. This Review describes how recent technological advances led to their isolation from rare, infected individuals and their development for the prevention and treatment of various viral infections. Antibodies have been used for more than 100 years in the therapy of infectious diseases, but a new generation of highly potent and/or broadly cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (sometimes referred to as 'super-antibodies') offers new opportunities for intervention. The isolation of these antibodies, most of which are rarely induced in human infections, has primarily been achieved by large-scale screening for suitable donors and new single B cell approaches to human monoclonal antibody generation. Engineering the antibodies to improve half-life and effector functions has further augmented their in vivo activity in some cases. Super-antibodies offer promise for the prophylaxis and therapy of infections with a range of viruses, including those that are highly antigenically variable and those that are newly emerging or that have pandemic potential. The next few years will be decisive in the realization of the promise of super-antibodies.
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