1
|
Chen Y, Li Y, Lu L, Zou P. Zafirlukast, as a viral inactivator, potently inhibits infection of several flaviviruses, including Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0016824. [PMID: 38809067 PMCID: PMC11232407 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00168-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses that exhibits a unique tropism to nervous systems and is associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), the other two mosquito-borne flaviviruses, have also been circulating for a long time and cause severe diseases, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever, respectively. However, there are no safe and effective antiviral drugs approved for the treatment of infections or coinfections of these flaviviruses. Here, we found that zafirlukast, a pregnancy-safe leukotriene receptor antagonist, exhibited potent antiviral activity against infections of ZIKV strains from different lineages in different cell lines, as well as against infections of DENV-2 and YFV 17D. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that zafirlukast directly and irreversibly inactivated these flaviviruses by disrupting the integrity of the virions, leading to the loss of viral infectivity, hence inhibiting the entry step of virus infection. Considering its efficacy against flaviviruses, its safety for pregnant women, and its neuroprotective effect, zafirlukast is a promising candidate for prophylaxis and treatment of infections or coinfections of ZIKV, DENV, and YFV, even in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Genoyer E, Wilson J, Ames JM, Stokes C, Moreno D, Etzyon N, Oberst A, Gale M. Exposure of negative-sense viral RNA in the cytoplasm initiates innate immunity to West Nile virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597966. [PMID: 38895355 PMCID: PMC11185705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
For many RNA viruses, immunity is triggered when RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) detect viral RNA. However, only a minority of infected cells undergo innate immune activation. By examining these "first responder" cells during West Nile virus infection, we found that specific accumulation of anti- genomic negative-sense viral RNA (-vRNA) underlies innate immune activation and that RIG-I preferentially interacts with -vRNA. However, flaviviruses sequester -vRNA into membrane-bound replication compartments away from cytosolic sensors. We found that single-stranded -vRNA accumulates outside of replication compartments in "first responder" cells, rendering it accessible to RLRs. Exposure of this -vRNA occurs at late timepoints of infection, is linked to viral assembly, and depends on the expression of viral structural proteins. These findings reveal that while most infected cells replicate high levels of vRNA, release of -vRNA from replication compartments during assembly occurs at low frequency and is critical for initiation of innate immunity during flavivirus infection.
Collapse
|
3
|
Henrio Marcellin DF, Huang J. Exploring Zika Virus Impact on Endothelial Permeability: Insights into Transcytosis Mechanisms and Vascular Leakage. Viruses 2024; 16:629. [PMID: 38675970 PMCID: PMC11054372 DOI: 10.3390/v16040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating brain disease is challenging, and the Zika virus (ZIKV) presents a unique obstacle due to its neuroinvasive nature. In this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of ZIKV and explore how the virus interacts with the body's immune responses and the role of the protein Mfsd2a in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ZIKV neuroinvasion. ZIKV has emerged as a significant public health concern due to its association with severe neurological problems, including microcephaly and Gillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Understanding its journey through the brain-particularly its interaction with the placenta and BBB-is crucial. The placenta, which is designed to protect the fetus, becomes a pathway for ZIKV when infected. The BBB is composed of brain endothelial cells, acts as a second barrier, and protects the fetal brain. However, ZIKV finds ways to disrupt these barriers, leading to potential damage. This study explores the mechanisms by which ZIKV enters the CNS and highlights the role of transcytosis, which allows the virus to move through the cells without significantly disrupting the BBB. Although the exact mechanisms of transcytosis are unclear, research suggests that ZIKV may utilize this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toizumi M, Vu CN, Huynh HT, Uematsu M, Tran VT, Vo HM, Nguyen HAT, Ngwe Tun MM, Bui MX, Dang DA, Moriuchi H, Yoshida LM. A Birth Cohort Follow-Up Study on Congenital Zika Virus Infection in Vietnam. Viruses 2023; 15:1928. [PMID: 37766334 PMCID: PMC10534914 DOI: 10.3390/v15091928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the development, sensory status, and brain structure of children with congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) infection (CZI) at two years and preschool age. CZI was defined as either ZIKV RNA detection or positive ZIKV IgM and neutralization test in the cord or neonatal blood. Twelve children with CZI born in 2017-2018 in Vietnam, including one with Down syndrome, were assessed at 23-25.5 months of age, using Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3), ASQ:Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE-2), Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, automated auditory brainstem response (AABR), and Spot Vision Screener (SVS). They underwent brain CT and MRI. They had detailed ophthalmological examinations, ASQ-3, and ASQ:SE-2 at 51-62 months of age. None had birthweight or head circumference z-score < -3 except for the one with Down syndrome. All tests passed AABR (n = 10). No ophthalmological problems were detected by SVS (n = 10) and detailed examinations (n = 6), except for a girl's astigmatism. Communication and problem-solving domains in a boy at 24 months, gross-motor area in a boy, and gross-motor and fine-motor areas in another boy at 59-61 months were in the referral zone. Brain CT (n = 8) and MRI (n = 6) revealed no abnormalities in the cerebrum, cerebellum, or brainstem other than cerebellar hypoplasia with Down syndrome. The CZI children were almost age-appropriately developed with no brain or eye abnormalities. Careful and longer follow-up is necessary for children with CZI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Toizumi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Cuong Nguyen Vu
- Khanh Hoa Health Service, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (C.N.V.); (H.T.H.); (M.X.B.)
| | - Hai Thi Huynh
- Khanh Hoa Health Service, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (C.N.V.); (H.T.H.); (M.X.B.)
| | - Masafumi Uematsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
| | - Vy Thao Tran
- Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (V.T.T.); (H.M.V.)
| | - Hien Minh Vo
- Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (V.T.T.); (H.M.V.)
| | - Hien Anh Thi Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.A.T.N.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo 693-0021, Japan
| | - Minh Xuan Bui
- Khanh Hoa Health Service, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (C.N.V.); (H.T.H.); (M.X.B.)
| | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.A.T.N.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schilling M, Vaughan-Jackson A, James W, McKeating JA. Hypoxia dampens innate immune signalling at early time points and increases Zika virus RNA levels in iPSC-derived macrophages. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001885. [PMID: 37584553 PMCID: PMC10877081 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are the major host defence against viral infection and are induced following activation of cell surface or intracellular pattern recognition receptors, including retinoic-acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). All cellular processes are shaped by the microenvironment and one important factor is the local oxygen tension. The majority of published studies on IFN signalling are conducted under laboratory conditions of 18% oxygen (O2), that do not reflect the oxygen levels in most organs (1-5 % O2). We studied the effect of low oxygen on IFN induction and signalling in induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages as a model for tissue-resident macrophages and assessed the consequence for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Hypoxic conditions dampened the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) following RLR stimulation or IFN treatment at early time points. RNA-sequencing and bio-informatic analysis uncovered several pathways including changes in transcription factor availability, the presence of HIF binding sites in promoter regions, and CpG content that may contribute to the reduced ISG expression. Hypoxic conditions increased the abundance of ZIKV RNA highlighting the importance of understanding how low oxygen conditions in the local microenvironment affect pathogen sensing and host defences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schilling
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Alun Vaughan-Jackson
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - William James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu AY, Gustin A, Newhouse D, Gale M. Viral Protein Accumulation of Zika Virus Variants Links with Regulation of Innate Immunity for Differential Control of Viral Replication, Spread, and Response to Interferon. J Virol 2023; 97:e0198222. [PMID: 37162358 PMCID: PMC10231147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01982-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage Zika virus (ZIKV) strains emerged globally, causing outbreaks linked with critical clinical disease outcomes unless the virus is effectively restricted by host immunity. We have previously shown that retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) senses ZIKV to trigger innate immunity to direct interferon (IFN) production and antiviral responses that can control ZIKV infection. However, ZIKV proteins have been demonstrated to antagonize IFN. Here, we conducted in vitro analyses to assess how divergent prototypic ZIKV variants differ in virologic properties, innate immune regulation, and infection outcome. We comparatively assessed African lineage ZIKV/Dakar/1984/ArD41519 (ZIKV/Dakar) and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia/1966/P6740 (ZIKV/Malaysia) in a human epithelial cell infection model. De novo viral sequence determination identified amino acid changes within the ZIKV/Dakar genome compared to ZIKV/Malaysia. Viral growth analyses revealed that ZIKV/Malaysia accumulated viral proteins and genome copies earlier and to higher levels than ZIKV/Dakar. Both ZIKV strains activated RIG-I/IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and NF-κB pathways to induce inflammatory cytokine expression and types I and III IFNs. However, ZIKV/Malaysia, but not ZIKV/Dakar, potently blocked downstream IFN signaling. Remarkably, ZIKV/Dakar protein accumulation and genome replication were rescued in RIG-I knockout (KO) cells late in acute infection, resulting in ZIKV/Dakar-mediated blockade of IFN signaling. We found that RIG-I signaling specifically restricts viral protein accumulation late in acute infection where early accumulation of viral proteins in infected cells confers enhanced ability to limit IFN signaling, promoting viral replication and spread. Our results demonstrate that RIG-I-mediated innate immune signaling imparts restriction of ZIKV protein accumulation, which permits IFN signaling and antiviral actions controlling ZIKV infection. IMPORTANCE ZIKV isolates are classified under African or Asian lineages. Infection with emerging Asian lineage-derived ZIKV strains is associated with increased incidence of neurological symptoms that were not previously reported during infection with African or preemergent Asian lineage viruses. In this study, we utilized in vitro models to compare the virologic properties of and innate immune responses to two prototypic ZIKV strains from distinct lineages: African lineage ZIKV/Dakar and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia. Compared to ZIKV/Dakar, ZIKV/Malaysia accumulates viral proteins earlier, replicates to higher levels, and robustly blocks IFN signaling during acute infection. Early accumulation of ZIKV/Malaysia NS5 protein confers enhanced ability to antagonize IFN signaling, dampening innate immune responses to promote viral spread. Our data identify the kinetics of viral protein accumulation as a major regulator of host innate immunity, influencing host-mediated control of ZIKV replication and spread. Importantly, these findings provide a novel framework for evaluating the virulence of emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Lu
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Gustin
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tisoncik-Go J, Voss KM, Lewis TB, Muruato AE, Kuller L, Finn EE, Betancourt D, Wangari S, Ahrens J, Iwayama N, Grant RF, Murnane RD, Edlefsen PT, Fuller DH, Barber GN, Gale M, O’Connor MA. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of an rVSV vaccine against Zika virus infection in macaca nemestrina. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1108420. [PMID: 37383986 PMCID: PMC10306241 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1108420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes an acute febrile illness. ZIKV can be transmitted between sexual partners and from mother to fetus. Infection is strongly associated with neurologic complications in adults, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and myelitis, and congenital ZIKV infection can result in fetal injury and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Development of an effective vaccine is imperative to protect against ZIKV vertical transmission and CZS. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis virus (rVSV) is a highly effective and safe vector for the delivery of foreign immunogens for vaccine purposes. Here, we evaluate an rVSV vaccine expressing the full length pre-membrane (prM) and ZIKV envelope (E) proteins (VSV-ZprME), shown to be immunogenic in murine models of ZIKV infection, for its capacity to induce immune responses in nonhuman primates. Moreover, we assess the efficacy of the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine in the protection of pigtail macaques against ZIKV infection. Administration of the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine was safe, but it did not induce robust anti-ZIKV T-cell responses, IgM or IgG antibodies, or neutralizing antibodies in most animals. Post ZIKV challenge, animals that received the rVSVΔM control vaccine lacking ZIKV antigen had higher levels of plasma viremia compared to animals that received the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine. Anti-ZIKV neutralizing Ab titers were detected in a single animal that received the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine that was associated with reduced plasma viremia. The overall suboptimal ZIKV-specific cellular and humoral responses post-immunization indicates the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine did not elicit an immune response in this pilot study. However, recall antibody response to the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine indicates it may be immunogenic and further developments to the vaccine construct could enhance its potential as a vaccine candidate in a nonhuman primate pre-clinical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen M. Voss
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas B. Lewis
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Antonio E. Muruato
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric E. Finn
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | - Joel Ahrens
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Naoto Iwayama
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Robert D. Murnane
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Megan A. O’Connor
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hernández-Sarmiento LJ, Valdés-López JF, Urcuqui-Inchima S. American-Asian- and African lineages of Zika virus induce differential pro-inflammatory and Interleukin 27-dependent antiviral responses in human monocytes. Virus Res 2023; 325:199040. [PMID: 36610657 PMCID: PMC10194209 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family and inflammatory responses play a critical role in ZIKV pathogenesis. As a first-line defense, monocytes are key components of innate immunity and host response to viruses. Monocytes are considered the earliest blood cell type to be infected by ZIKV and have been shown to be associated with ZIKV pathogenesis. The first ZIKV epidemic was reported in Africa and Asia although, it is less well known whether African- and Asian- lineages of ZIKV have different impacts on host immune response. We studied the pro-inflammatory and antiviral response of ZIKV-infected monocytes using publicly available RNA-seq analysis (GSE103114). We compared the transcriptomic profiles of human monocytes infected with ZIKV Puerto Rico strain (PRVABC59), American-Asian lineage, and ZIKV Nigeria strain (IBH30656), African lineage. We validated RNA-seq results by ELISA or RT-qPCR, in human monocytes infected with a clinical isolate of ZIKV from Colombia (American-Asian lineage), or with ZIKV from Dakar (African lineage). The transcriptomic analysis showed that ZIKV Puerto Rico strain promotes a higher pro-inflammatory response through TLR2 signaling and NF-kB activation and induces a strong IL27-dependent antiviral activity than ZIKV Nigeria strain. Furthermore, human monocytes are more susceptible to infection with ZIKV from Colombia than ZIKV from Dakar. Likewise, Colombian ZIKV isolate activated IL27 signaling and induced a robust antiviral response in an IFN-independent manner. Moreover, we show that treatment of monocytes with IL27 results in decreased release of ZIKV particles in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 =2.870 ng/mL for ZIKV from Colombia and EC50 =10.23 ng/mL to ZIKV from Dakar. These findings highlight the differential inflammatory response and antiviral activity of monocytes infected with different lineages of ZIKV and may help better management of ZIKV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Felipe Valdés-López
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus from the Flaviviridae family that is transmitted to humans by mosquito vectors and represents an important health problem. Infections in pregnant women are of major concern because of potential devastating consequences during pregnancy and have been associated with microcephaly in newborns. ZIKV has a unique ability to use the host machinery to promote viral replication in a tissue-specific manner, resulting in characteristic pathological disorders. Recent studies have proposed that the host ubiquitin system acts as a major determinant of ZIKV tropism by providing the virus with an enhanced ability to enter new cells. In addition, ZIKV has developed mechanisms to evade the host immune response, thereby allowing the establishment of viral persistence and enhancing viral pathogenesis. We discuss recent reports on the mechanisms used by ZIKV to replicate efficiently, and we highlight potential new areas of research for the development of therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; ,
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Orozco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; ,
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; ,
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Current affiliation: Center for Virus-Host-Innate-Immunity; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases; and Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tatara JM, Rosa RL, Varela APM, Teixeira TF, Sesterheim P, Gris A, Driemeier D, Moraes ANS, Berger M, Peña RD, Roehe PM, Souza DOG, Guimarães JA, Campos AR, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO. Differential proteomics of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection reveals molecular changes potentially involved in immune system evasion by a Brazilian strain of ZIKV. Arch Virol 2023; 168:70. [PMID: 36658439 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that was responsible for multiple outbreaks from 2007 to 2015. It has been linked to cases of microcephaly in Brazil in 2015, among other neurological disorders. Differences among strains might be the reason for different clinical outcomes of infection. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of Vero cells infected with the African strain MR766 (ZIKVAFR) and the Brazilian strain 17 SM (ZIKVBR). A total of 550 proteins were identified as differentially expressed in ZIKVAFR- or ZIKVBR-infected cells compared to the control. The main findings included upregulation of immune system pathways (neutrophil degranulation and adaptive/innate immune system) and potential activation of immune-system-related pathways by ZIKVAFR (mTOR, JAK-STAT, NF-κB, and others) compared with the ZIKVBR/control. In addition, phagocytosis by macrophages and engulfment of leukocytes were activated in ZIKVAFR infection. An in vivo analysis using an immunocompetent C57BL/6N mouse model identified interstitial pneumonia with neutrophil infiltration in the lungs only in mice infected with ZIKVBR at 48 hours postinfection, with a significant amount of virus detected. Likewise, only animals infected with ZIKVBR had viral material in the cytoplasm of lung macrophages. These results suggest that activation of the immune system by ZIKVAFR infection may lead to faster viral clearance by immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Tatara
- Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752 suit 709, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Rosa
- Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752 suit 709, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Varela
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tais F Teixeira
- Center for Experimental Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Center for Experimental Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anderson Gris
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda N S Moraes
- Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752 suit 709, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ramon D Peña
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Paulo M Roehe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O G Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752 suit 709, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Center for Experimental Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Lucélia Santi
- Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752 suit 709, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752 suit 709, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Raasch LE, Yamamoto K, Newman CM, Rosinski JR, Shepherd PM, Razo E, Crooks CM, Bliss MI, Breitbach ME, Sneed EL, Weiler AM, Zeng X, Noguchi KK, Morgan TK, Fuhler NA, Bohm EK, Alberts AJ, Havlicek SJ, Kabakov S, Mitzey AM, Antony KM, Ausderau KK, Mejia A, Basu P, Simmons HA, Eickhoff JC, Aliota MT, Mohr EL, Friedrich TC, Golos TG, O’Connor DH, Dudley DM. Fetal loss in pregnant rhesus macaques infected with high-dose African-lineage Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010623. [PMID: 35926066 PMCID: PMC9380952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Countermeasures against Zika virus (ZIKV), including vaccines, are frequently tested in nonhuman primates (NHP). Macaque models are important for understanding how ZIKV infections impact human pregnancy due to similarities in placental development. The lack of consistent adverse pregnancy outcomes in ZIKV-affected pregnancies poses a challenge in macaque studies where group sizes are often small (4-8 animals). Studies in small animal models suggest that African-lineage Zika viruses can cause more frequent and severe fetal outcomes. No adverse outcomes were observed in macaques exposed to 1x104 PFU (low dose) of African-lineage ZIKV at gestational day (GD) 45. Here, we exposed eight pregnant rhesus macaques to 1x108 PFU (high dose) of African-lineage ZIKV at GD 45 to test the hypothesis that adverse pregnancy outcomes are dose-dependent. Three of eight pregnancies ended prematurely with fetal death. ZIKV was detected in both fetal and placental tissues from all cases of early fetal loss. Further refinements of this exposure system (e.g., varying the dose and timing of infection) could lead to an even more consistent, unambiguous fetal loss phenotype for assessing ZIKV countermeasures in pregnancy. These data demonstrate that high-dose exposure to African-lineage ZIKV causes pregnancy loss in macaques and also suggest that ZIKV-induced first trimester pregnancy loss could be strain-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Raasch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jenna R. Rosinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Phoenix M. Shepherd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elaina Razo
- Department of Pediatrics, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chelsea M. Crooks
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mason I. Bliss
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Breitbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Sneed
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin K. Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Terry K. Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Fuhler
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ellie K. Bohm
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alexandra J. Alberts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. Havlicek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Kabakov
- Department of Kinesiology Occupational Therapy Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Mitzey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Antony
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Karla K. Ausderau
- Department of Kinesiology Occupational Therapy Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Waisman Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andres Mejia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Puja Basu
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jens C. Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology Occupational Therapy Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dawn M. Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nascimento JM, Gouvêa-Junqueira D, Zuccoli GS, Pedrosa CDSG, Brandão-Teles C, Crunfli F, Antunes ASLM, Cassoli JS, Karmirian K, Salerno JA, de Souza GF, Muraro SP, Proenca-Módena JL, Higa LM, Tanuri A, Garcez PP, Rehen SK, Martins-de-Souza D. Zika Virus Strains and Dengue Virus Induce Distinct Proteomic Changes in Neural Stem Cells and Neurospheres. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5549-5563. [PMID: 35732867 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain abnormalities and congenital malformations have been linked to the circulating strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil since 2016 during the microcephaly outbreak; however, the molecular mechanisms behind several of these alterations and differential viral molecular targets have not been fully elucidated. Here we explore the proteomic alterations induced by ZIKV by comparing the Brazilian (Br ZIKV) and the African (MR766) viral strains, in addition to comparing them to the molecular responses to the Dengue virus type 2 (DENV). Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPSCs) were cultured both as monolayers and in suspension (resulting in neurospheres), which were then infected with ZIKV (Br ZIKV or ZIKV MR766) or DENV to assess alterations within neural cells. Large-scale proteomic analyses allowed the comparison not only between viral strains but also regarding the two- and three-dimensional cellular models of neural cells derived from iPSCs, and the effects on their interaction. Altered pathways and biological processes were observed related to cell death, cell cycle dysregulation, and neurogenesis. These results reinforce already published data and provide further information regarding the biological alterations induced by ZIKV and DENV in neural cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Minardi Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Danielle Gouvêa-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - André S L M Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Cassoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Karina Karmirian
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Salerno
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fabiano de Souza
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Primon Muraro
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Proenca-Módena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza M Higa
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Garcez
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens K Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil. .,Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil. .,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil. .,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores Em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico E Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aisenberg LK, Rousseau KE, Cascino K, Massaccesi G, Aisenberg WH, Luo W, Muthumani K, Weiner DB, Whitehead SS, Chattergoon MA, Durbin AP, Cox AL. Cross-reactive antibodies facilitate innate sensing of dengue and Zika viruses. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151782. [PMID: 35588060 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits both dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses. Individuals in endemic areas are at risk for infection with both viruses as well as repeated DENV infection. In the presence of anti-DENV antibodies, outcomes of secondary DENV infection range from mild to life-threatening. Further, the role of cross-reactive antibodies on the course of ZIKV infection remains unclear.We assessed the ability of cross-reactive DENV monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal immunoglobulin isolated after DENV vaccination to upregulate type I interferon (IFN) production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in response to both heterotypic DENV- and ZIKV- infected cells. We found a range in the ability of antibodies to increase pDC IFN production and a positive correlation between IFN production and the ability of an antibody to bind to the infected cell surface. Engagement of Fc receptors on the pDC and Fab binding of an epitope on infected cells was required to mediate increased IFN production by providing specificity to and promoting pDC sensing of DENV or ZIKV. This represents a mechanism independent of neutralization by which pre-existing cross-reactive DENV antibodies could protect a subset of individuals from severe outcomes during secondary heterotypic DENV or ZIKV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Aisenberg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Kimberly E Rousseau
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Katherine Cascino
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - William H Aisenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Wensheng Luo
- International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Kar Muthumani
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Michael A Chattergoon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Anna P Durbin
- International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Villazana-Kretzer DL, Wuertz KM, Newhouse D, Damicis JR, Dornisch EM, Voss KM, Muruato AE, Paymaster JA, Schmiedecke SS, Edwards SM, Napolitano PG, Tisoncik-Go J, Ieronimakis N, Gale M. ZIKV can infect human term placentas in the absence of maternal factors. Commun Biol 2022; 5:243. [PMID: 35304593 PMCID: PMC8933440 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus infection can result in devastating pregnancy outcomes when it crosses the placental barrier. For human pregnancies, the mechanisms of vertical transmission remain enigmatic. Utilizing a human placenta-cotyledon perfusion model, we examined Zika virus exposure in the absence of maternal factors. To distinguish responses related to viral infection vs. recognition, we evaluated cotyledons perfused with either active or inactivated Zika virus. Active Zika virus exposure resulted in infection, cell death and syncytium injury. Pathology corresponded with transcriptional changes related to inflammation and innate immunity. Inactive Zika virus exposure also led to syncytium injury and related changes in gene expression but not cell death. Our observations reveal pathologies and innate immune responses that are dependent on infection or virus placenta interactions independent of productive infection. Importantly, our findings indicate that Zika virus can infect and compromise placentas in the absence of maternal humoral factors that may be protective. Villazana-Kretzer et al. compare histology, physiology and gene expression in cotyledons from term placentas perfused with either active or UV-inactivated Zika virus. They show that ZIKV can infect human term placentas in the absence of maternal factors and identify unique transcriptional responses to active ZIKA virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn McGuckin Wuertz
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Damicis
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Elisabeth M Dornisch
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Voss
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio E Muruato
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Paymaster
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Stacey S Schmiedecke
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Sarah M Edwards
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Peter G Napolitano
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Ieronimakis
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA. .,Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA.
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bezemer B, van Cleef KW, Overheul GJ, Miesen P, van Rij RP. The calcium channel inhibitor lacidipine inhibits Zika virus replication in neural progenitor cells. Antiviral Res 2022; 202:105313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
16
|
Bohm EK, Vangorder-Braid JT, Jaeger AS, Moriarty RV, Baczenas JJ, Bennett NC, O’Connor SL, Fritsch MK, Fuhler NA, Noguchi KK, Aliota MT. Zika Virus Infection of Pregnant Ifnar1-/- Mice Triggers Strain-Specific Differences in Fetal Outcomes. J Virol 2021; 95:e0081821. [PMID: 34379510 PMCID: PMC8513483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00818-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that causes a constellation of adverse fetal outcomes collectively termed congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). However, not all pregnancies exposed to ZIKV result in an infant with apparent defects. During the 2015 to 2016 American outbreak of ZIKV, CZS rates varied by geographic location. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this heterogeneity in outcomes have not been well defined. Therefore, we sought to characterize and compare the pathogenic potential of multiple Asian-/American-lineage ZIKV strains in an established Ifnar1-/- pregnant mouse model. Here, we show significant differences in the rate of fetal demise following maternal inoculation with ZIKV strains from Puerto Rico, Panama, Mexico, Brazil, and Cambodia. Rates of fetal demise broadly correlated with maternal viremia but were independent of fetus and placenta virus titer, indicating that additional underlying factors contribute to fetal outcome. Our results, in concert with those from other studies, suggest that subtle differences in ZIKV strains may have important phenotypic impacts. With ZIKV now endemic in the Americas, greater emphasis needs to be placed on elucidating and understanding the underlying mechanisms that contribute to fetal outcome. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission has been reported in 87 countries and territories around the globe. ZIKV infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse fetal outcomes, including birth defects, microcephaly, neurological complications, and even spontaneous abortion. Rates of adverse fetal outcomes vary between regions, and not every pregnancy exposed to ZIKV results in birth defects. Not much is known about how or if the infecting ZIKV strain is linked to fetal outcomes. Our research provides evidence of phenotypic heterogeneity between Asian-/American-lineage ZIKV strains and provides insight into the underlying causes of adverse fetal outcomes. Understanding ZIKV strain-dependent pathogenic potential during pregnancy and elucidating underlying causes of diverse clinical sequelae observed during human infections is critical to understanding ZIKV on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie K. Bohm
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer T. Vangorder-Braid
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anna S. Jaeger
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan V. Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John J. Baczenas
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Natalie C. Bennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael K. Fritsch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicole A. Fuhler
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin K. Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou TF, Lai ZT, Liu S, Zhou JY, Liu Y, Wu Y, Xu Y, Wu K, Gu JB, Cheng G, Chen XG. Susceptibility and interactions between Aedes mosquitoes and Zika viruses. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1439-1451. [PMID: 32725867 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus disease is caused by Zika virus infection, as transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Many of the Zika virus strains isolated from patients display different pathogenicities toward humans. The vector mosquitoes for Zika virus are mainly of the Aedes genus, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. However, susceptibility and interactions between Aedes spp. mosquitoes and Zika viruses remain unclear. In this study, we chose two Zika virus strains (FSS13025 and PRVABC59) with different abilities to infect the primary vector mosquitoes Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The transcriptomes and small RNA profiles of infected and uninfected mosquitoes were comparatively analyzed, and differentially expressed genes were functionally examined using RNA interference. According to the results, the susceptibility of PRVABC59 was higher than that of FSS13025 in Aedes vector mosquitoes, and Ae. aegypti was more susceptible to Zika virus than was Ae. albopictus. For PRVABC59 infection, specific differential expression profiles correlated with Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and susceptibility was significantly affected when three targeted genes were successfully knocked down. Compared with PRVABC59, infection of Ae. albopictus with FSS13025 generated more 21-nt virus small interference RNA. It can be concluded that the susceptibility of vector Aedes spp. mosquitoes to Zika viruses varies and that the interactions between mosquitoes and Zika virus correlate with susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Tian Lai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Bao Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu R, Boreland AJ, Li X, Erickson C, Jin M, Atkins C, Pang ZP, Daniels BP, Jiang P. Developing human pluripotent stem cell-based cerebral organoids with a controllable microglia ratio for modeling brain development and pathology. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1923-1937. [PMID: 34297942 PMCID: PMC8365109 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play critical roles in brain development, homeostasis, and disease. Microglia in animal models cannot accurately model human microglia due to notable transcriptomic and functional differences between human and other animal microglia. Incorporating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived microglia into brain organoids provides unprecedented opportunities to study human microglia. However, an optimized method that integrates appropriate amounts of microglia into brain organoids at a proper time point, resembling in vivo brain development, is still lacking. Here, we report a new brain region-specific, microglia-containing organoid model by co-culturing hPSC-derived primitive neural progenitor cells and primitive macrophage progenitors. In the organoids, the number of human microglia can be controlled, and microglia exhibit phagocytic activity and synaptic pruning function. Furthermore, human microglia respond to Zika virus infection of the organoids. Our findings establish a new microglia-containing brain organoid model that will serve to study human microglial function in a variety of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Andrew J Boreland
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Biosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caroline Erickson
- Summer Undergraduate Research Program in Neuroscience (NeuroSURP), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Brian P Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miller MR, Fagre AC, Clarkson TC, Markle ED, Foy BD. Three Immunocompetent Small Animal Models That Do Not Support Zika Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080971. [PMID: 34451435 PMCID: PMC8401401 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. ZIKV causes disease in infected humans with added complications of Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. There are several large immunocompetent animal models for ZIKV including non-human primates (NHPs). NHP models closely reflect human infection; however, due to sample size restrictions, investigations into the effects of transmission route and the impacts on disease dynamics have been understudied. Mice have been widely used for modeling ZIKV infection, yet there are few ZIKV-susceptible immunocompetent mouse models and none of these have been used to investigate sexual transmission. In an effort to identify a small immunocompetent animal model to characterize sexual transmission of ZIKV, we attempt experimental infection of multimammate mice, New Zealand white rabbits, and Hartley guinea pigs. The multimammate mouse is the natural reservoir of Lassa fever virus and has been identified to harbor other human pathogens. Likewise, while NZW rabbits are susceptible to West Nile virus, they have not yet been examined for their susceptibility to infection with ZIKV. Guinea pigs have been successfully used as models for ZIKV infection, but only in immunocompromised life stages (young or pregnant). Here, it was found that the multimammate mouse and New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are not susceptible ZIKV infection as determined by a lack viral RNA in tissues and fluids collected. Sexually mature male Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated subcutaneously and by mosquito bite, but found to be refractory to ZIKV infection, contrary to findings of other studies in young and pregnant guinea pigs. Interestingly, here it is shown that adult male guinea pigs are not susceptible to ZIKV infection, even when infected by natural route (e.g., mosquito bite). Although a new small animal model for the sexual transmission for ZIKV was not established through this study, these findings provide information on outbred animal species that are not permissive to infection (NZW rabbits and multimammate mice) and new information surrounding limitations of a previously established animal model (guinea pigs).
Collapse
|
20
|
Nakayama E, Kato F, Tajima S, Ogawa S, Yan K, Takahashi K, Sato Y, Suzuki T, Kawai Y, Inagaki T, Taniguchi S, Le TT, Tang B, Prow NA, Uda A, Maeki T, Lim CK, Khromykh AA, Suhrbier A, Saijo M. Neuroinvasiveness of the MR766 strain of Zika virus in IFNAR-/- mice maps to prM residues conserved amongst African genotype viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009788. [PMID: 34310650 PMCID: PMC8341709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) strains are classified into the African and Asian genotypes. The higher virulence of the African MR766 strain, which has been used extensively in ZIKV research, in adult IFNα/β receptor knockout (IFNAR-/-) mice is widely viewed as an artifact associated with mouse adaptation due to at least 146 passages in wild-type suckling mouse brains. To gain insights into the molecular determinants of MR766's virulence, a series of genes from MR766 were swapped with those from the Asian genotype PRVABC59 isolate, which is less virulent in IFNAR-/- mice. MR766 causes 100% lethal infection in IFNAR-/- mice, but when the prM gene of MR766 was replaced with that of PRVABC59, the chimera MR/PR(prM) showed 0% lethal infection. The reduced virulence was associated with reduced neuroinvasiveness, with MR766 brain titers ≈3 logs higher than those of MR/PR(prM) after subcutaneous infection, but was not significantly different in brain titers of MR766 and MR/PR(prM) after intracranial inoculation. MR/PR(prM) also showed reduced transcytosis when compared with MR766 in vitro. The high neuroinvasiveness of MR766 in IFNAR-/- mice could be linked to the 10 amino acids that differ between the prM proteins of MR766 and PRVABC59, with 5 of these changes affecting positive charge and hydrophobicity on the exposed surface of the prM protein. These 10 amino acids are highly conserved amongst African ZIKV isolates, irrespective of suckling mouse passage, arguing that the high virulence of MR766 in adult IFNAR-/- mice is not the result of mouse adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Ogawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawai
- Management Department of Biosafety and Laboratory Animal, Division of Biosafety Control and Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Inagaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thuy T. Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, The University of Queensland and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Akihiko Uda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, The University of Queensland and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, The University of Queensland and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Duarte G, Miranda AE, Bermudez XPD, Saraceni V, Martinez-Espinosa FE. Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: Zika virus infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e2020609. [PMID: 34008724 PMCID: PMC8210481 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-609-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the vector, sexual and vertical transmissions of the Zika virus, a topic covered in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Although in Brazil Zika virus is transmitted more predominantly by Aedes aegypti, the vertical and sexual transmission routes are of significant importance for reproductive health. Sexual transmission demands specific prophylactic interventions, including the use of male or female condoms, especially among couples in a risk situation and planning pregnancy. Vertical transmission is linked to severe structural abnormalities of the central nervous system, and there is still no vaccine or known pharmacological resources that can prevent it. As the disease is predominantly asymptomatic, failure to comply with the basic principles of care and guidelines associated with the spread of the infection transcends the severity of the disease's symptoms. Although in Brazil Zika virus is predominantly transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, vertical and sexual transmission routes are important for reproductive health. Vertical transmission causes severe central nervous system structural abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Duarte
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Strange DP, Jiyarom B, Sadri-Ardekani H, Cazares LH, Kenny TA, Ward MD, Verma S. Paracrine IFN Response Limits ZIKV Infection in Human Sertoli Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667146. [PMID: 34079533 PMCID: PMC8165286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is unique among mosquito-borne flaviviruses in its ability to be sexually transmitted. The testes have been implicated as sites of long-term ZIKV replication, and our previous studies have identified Sertoli cells (SC), the nurse cells of the seminiferous epithelium that govern spermatogenesis, as major targets of ZIKV infection. To improve our understanding of the interaction of ZIKV with human SC, we analyzed ZIKV-induced proteome changes in these cells using high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our data demonstrated that interferon (IFN) signaling was the most significantly enriched pathway and the antiviral proteins MX1 and IFIT1 were among the top upregulated proteins in SC following ZIKV infection. The dynamic between IFN response and ZIKV infection kinetics in SC remains unclear, therefore we further determined whether MX1 and IFIT1 serve as antiviral effectors against ZIKV. We found that increased levels of MX1 at the later time points of infection coincided with diminished ZIKV infection while the silencing of MX1 and IFIT1 enhanced peak ZIKV propagation in SC. Furthermore, although IFN-I exposure was found to significantly hinder ZIKV replication in SC, IFN response was attenuated in these cells as compared to other cell types. The data in this study highlight IFN-I as a driver of the antiviral state that limits ZIKV infection in SC and suggests that MX1 and IFIT1 function as antiviral effectors against ZIKV in SC. Collectively, this study provides important biological insights into the response of SC to ZIKV infection and the ability of the virus to persist in the testes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Strange
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Boonyanudh Jiyarom
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Lisa H. Cazares
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tara A. Kenny
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Saguna Verma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
TLR3 activation by Zika virus stimulates inflammatory cytokine production which dampens the antiviral response induced by RIG-I-like receptors. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01050-20. [PMID: 33658344 PMCID: PMC8139665 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01050-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, can cause serious neurological disorders, most notably microcephaly in newborns. Here we investigated the innate immune response to ZIKV infection in cells of the nervous system. In human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), a target for ZIKV infection and likely involved in ZIKV-associated neuropathology, viral infection failed to elicit an antiviral interferon (IFN) response. However, pharmacological inhibition of TLR3 partially restored this deficit. Analogous results were obtained in human iPSC-derived astrocytes, which are capable of mounting a strong antiviral cytokine response. There, ZIKV is sensed by both RIG-I and MDA5 and induces an IFN response as well as expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Upon inhibition of TLR3, also in astrocytes the antiviral cytokine response was enhanced, whereas amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced. To study the underlying mechanism, we used human epithelial cells as an easy to manipulate model system. We found that ZIKV is sensed in these cells by RIG-I to induce a robust IFN response and by TLR3 to trigger the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. ZIKV induced upregulation of IL-6 activated the STAT3 pathway, which decreased STAT1 phosphorylation in a SOCS-3 dependent manner, thus reducing the IFN response. In conclusion, we show that TLR3 activation by ZIKV suppresses IFN responses triggered by RIG-I-like receptors.ImportanceZika virus (ZIKV) has a pronounced neurotropism and infections with this virus can cause serious neurological disorders, most notably microcephaly and the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Our studies reveal that during ZIKV infection, recognition of viral RNA by TLR3 enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines and suppresses the interferon response triggered by RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) in a SOCS3-dependent manner, thus facilitating virus replication. The discovery of this crosstalk between antiviral (RLR) and inflammatory (TLR) responses may have important implications for our understanding of ZIKV-induced pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tavčar P, Potokar M, Kolenc M, Korva M, Avšič-Županc T, Zorec R, Jorgačevski J. Neurotropic Viruses, Astrocytes, and COVID-19. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:662578. [PMID: 33897376 PMCID: PMC8062881 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.662578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in China, causing a new coronavirus disease, termed COVID-19 by the WHO on February 11, 2020. At the time of this paper (January 31, 2021), more than 100 million cases have been recorded, which have claimed over 2 million lives worldwide. The most important clinical presentation of COVID-19 is severe pneumonia; however, many patients present various neurological symptoms, ranging from loss of olfaction, nausea, dizziness, and headache to encephalopathy and stroke, with a high prevalence of inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) syndromes. SARS-CoV-2 may also target the respiratory center in the brainstem and cause silent hypoxemia. However, the neurotropic mechanism(s) by which SARS-CoV-2 affects the CNS remain(s) unclear. In this paper, we first address the involvement of astrocytes in COVID-19 and then elucidate the present knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 as a neurotropic virus as well as several other neurotropic flaviviruses (with a particular emphasis on the West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Zika virus) to highlight the neurotropic mechanisms that target astroglial cells in the CNS. These key homeostasis-providing cells in the CNS exhibit many functions that act as a favorable milieu for virus replication and possibly a favorable environment for SARS-CoV-2 as well. The role of astrocytes in COVID-19 pathology, related to aging and neurodegenerative disorders, and environmental factors, is discussed. Understanding these mechanisms is key to better understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and for developing new strategies to mitigate the neurotropic manifestations of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Tavčar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kolenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zika Virus Pathogenesis: A Battle for Immune Evasion. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030294. [PMID: 33810028 PMCID: PMC8005041 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and its associated congenital and other neurological disorders, particularly microcephaly and other fetal developmental abnormalities, constitute a World Health Organization (WHO) Zika Virus Research Agenda within the WHO’s R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, and continue to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) today. ZIKV pathogenicity is initiated by viral infection and propagation across multiple placental and fetal tissue barriers, and is critically strengthened by subverting host immunity. ZIKV immune evasion involves viral non-structural proteins, genomic and non-coding RNA and microRNA (miRNA) to modulate interferon (IFN) signaling and production, interfering with intracellular signal pathways and autophagy, and promoting cellular environment changes together with secretion of cellular components to escape innate and adaptive immunity and further infect privileged immune organs/tissues such as the placenta and eyes. This review includes a description of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying ZIKV immune modulation and evasion that strongly condition viral pathogenesis, which would certainly contribute to the development of anti-ZIKV strategies, drugs, and vaccines.
Collapse
|
26
|
Duarte G, Miranda AE, Bermúdez XPD, Saraceni V, Martínez-Espinosa FE. [Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: Zika virus infection]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e2020609. [PMID: 33729407 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-4974202100017.esp1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses vector, sexual and vertical transmission of Zika virus, a topic covered in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Although in Brazil Zika virus is transmitted most predominantly by Aedes aegypti, the vertical and sexual transmission routes are of significant importance for reproductive health. Sexual transmission demands the use of specific prophylactic interventions, including the use of male or female condoms, especially among couples planning pregnancy. Vertical transmission is linked to severe structural abnormalities of the central nervous system and there is still no vaccine or known pharmacological resources that can prevent it. As the disease is predominantly asymptomatic, failure to comply with basic principles of care and guidelines related to the spread of infection transcends the severity of the symptoms of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Duarte
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Valeria Saraceni
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu P, Gao J, Shan C, Dunn TJ, Xie X, Xia H, Zou J, Thames BH, Sajja A, Yu Y, Freiberg AN, Vasilakis N, Shi PY, Weaver SC, Wu P. Inhibition of innate immune response ameliorates Zika virus-induced neurogenesis deficit in human neural stem cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009183. [PMID: 33657175 PMCID: PMC7959377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Global Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and their strong link to microcephaly have raised major public health concerns. ZIKV has been reported to affect the innate immune responses in neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs). However, it is unclear how these immune factors affect neurogenesis. In this study, we used Asian-American lineage ZIKV strain PRVABC59 to infect primary human NS/PCs originally derived from fetal brains. We found that ZIKV overactivated key molecules in the innate immune pathways to impair neurogenesis in a cell stage-dependent manner. Inhibiting the overactivated innate immune responses ameliorated ZIKV-induced neurogenesis reduction. This study thus suggests that orchestrating the host innate immune responses in NS/PCs after ZIKV infection could be promising therapeutic approach to attenuate ZIKV-associated neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tiffany J. Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beatriz H. Thames
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amulya Sajja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
da Rosa RL, Yang TS, Tureta EF, de Oliveira LR, Moraes ANS, Tatara JM, Costa RP, Borges JS, Alves CI, Berger M, Guimarães JA, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO. SARSCOVIDB-A New Platform for the Analysis of the Molecular Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3238-3243. [PMID: 33553941 PMCID: PMC7839156 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global emergency issue for public health. This threat has led to an acceleration in related research and, consequently, an unprecedented volume of clinical and experimental data that include changes in gene expression resulting from infection. The SARS-CoV-2 infection database (SARSCOVIDB: https://sarscovidb.org/) was created to mitigate the difficulties related to this scenario. The SARSCOVIDB is an online platform that aims to integrate all differential gene expression data, at messenger RNA and protein levels, helping to speed up analysis and research on the molecular impact of COVID-19. The database can be searched from different experimental perspectives and presents all related information from published data, such as viral strains, hosts, methodological approaches (proteomics or transcriptomics), genes/proteins, and samples (clinical or experimental). All information was taken from 24 articles related to analyses of differential gene expression out of 5,554 COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2-related articles published so far. The database features 12,535 genes whose expression has been identified as altered due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the SARSCOVIDB is a new resource to support the health workers and the scientific community in understanding the pathogenesis and molecular impact caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lopes da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio
43431, Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Tung Sheng Yang
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brasil
| | - Emanuela Fernanda Tureta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio
43431, Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brasil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brasil
| | | | - Amanda Naiara Silva Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio
43431, Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Juliana Miranda Tatara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio
43431, Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brasil
| | - Renata Pereira Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brasil
| | - Júlia Spier Borges
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brasil
| | - Camila Innocente Alves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brasil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa
Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas
de Porto Alegre, Rua
Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brasil
| | - Jorge Almeida Guimarães
- Centro de Pesquisa
Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas
de Porto Alegre, Rua
Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brasil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio
43431, Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brasil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brasil
| | - Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio
43431, Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brasil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spencer Clinton JL, Tran LL, Vogt MB, Rowley DR, Kimata JT, Rico-Hesse R. IP-10 and CXCR3 signaling inhibit Zika virus replication in human prostate cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244587. [PMID: 33378361 PMCID: PMC7773246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that Zika virus (ZIKV) replicates in human prostate cells, suggesting that the prostate may serve as a long-term reservoir for virus transmission. Here, we demonstrated that the innate immune responses generated to three distinct ZIKV strains (all isolated from human serum) were significantly different and dependent on their passage history (in mosquito, monkey, or human cells). In addition, some of these phenotypic differences were reduced by a single additional cell culture passage, suggesting that viruses that have been passaged more than 3 times from the patient sample will no longer reflect natural phenotypes. Two of the ZIKV strains analyzed induced high levels of the IP-10 chemokine and IFNγ in human prostate epithelial and stromal mesenchymal stem cells. To further understand the importance of these innate responses on ZIKV replication, we measured the effects of IP-10 and its downstream receptor, CXCR3, on RNA and virus production in prostate cells. Treatment with IP-10, CXCR3 agonist, or CXCR3 antagonist significantly altered ZIKV viral gene expression, depending on their passage in cells of relevant hosts (mosquito or human). We detected differences in gene expression of two primary CXCR3 isoforms (CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B) on the two cell types, possibly explaining differences in viral output. Lastly, we examined the effects of IP-10, agonist, or antagonist on cell death and proliferation under physiologically relevant infection rates, and detected no significant differences. Although we did not measure protein expression directly, our results indicate that CXCR3 signaling may be a target for therapeutics, to ultimately stop sexual transmission of this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Spencer Clinton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linda L. Tran
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan B. Vogt
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David R. Rowley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Rico-Hesse
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Thulasi Raman SN, Latreille E, Gao J, Zhang W, Wu J, Russell MS, Walrond L, Cyr T, Lavoie JR, Safronetz D, Cao J, Sauve S, Farnsworth A, Chen W, Shi PY, Wang Y, Wang L, Rosu-Myles M, Li X. Dysregulation of Ephrin receptor and PPAR signaling pathways in neural progenitor cells infected by Zika virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2046-2060. [PMID: 32873194 PMCID: PMC7534353 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1818631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a serious public threat with cases reported in about 70 countries and territories. One of the most serious consequences of ZIKV infection is congenital microcephaly in babies. Congenital microcephaly has been suggested to result from infection of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the developing fetal brain. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying microcephaly development remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we employed quantitative proteomics to determine protein expression profile that occur during viral replication in NPCs. Bioinformatics analysis of the protein expression changes resulted in the identification of a wide range of cell signaling pathways. Specifically, pathways involved in neurogenesis and embryonic development were markedly altered, along with those associated with cell cycle, apoptosis, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Notably, the differential regulation of Ephrin Receptor and PPAR signaling pathways, as revealed by quantitative proteomics and validated by qPCR array, underscores the need to explore these pathways in disease development. Collectively, these results indicate that ZIKV-induced pathogenesis involves complex virus-host reactions; the findings reported here could help shed light on the mechanisms underlying ZIKV-induced microcephaly and ZIKV replication in NPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N. Thulasi Raman
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elyse Latreille
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Gao
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wanyue Zhang
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marsha S. Russell
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Walrond
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Terry Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jessie R. Lavoie
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Simon Sauve
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Youchun Wang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Single Amino Acid Mutations Affect Zika Virus Replication In Vitro and Virulence In Vivo. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111295. [PMID: 33198111 PMCID: PMC7697975 DOI: 10.3390/v12111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014–2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas resulted in large deposits of next-generation sequencing data from clinical samples. This resource was mined to identify emerging mutations and trends in mutations as the outbreak progressed over time. Information on transmission dynamics, prevalence, and persistence of intra-host mutants, and the position of a mutation on a protein were then used to prioritize 544 reported mutations based on their ability to impact ZIKV phenotype. Using this criteria, six mutants (representing naturally occurring mutations) were generated as synthetic infectious clones using a 2015 Puerto Rican epidemic strain PRVABC59 as the parental backbone. The phenotypes of these naturally occurring variants were examined using both cell culture and murine model systems. Mutants had distinct phenotypes, including changes in replication rate, embryo death, and decreased head size. In particular, a NS2B mutant previously detected during in vivo studies in rhesus macaques was found to cause lethal infections in adult mice, abortions in pregnant females, and increased viral genome copies in both brain tissue and blood of female mice. Additionally, mutants with changes in the region of NS3 that interfaces with NS5 during replication displayed reduced replication in the blood of adult mice. This analytical pathway, integrating both bioinformatic and wet lab experiments, provides a foundation for understanding how naturally occurring single mutations affect disease outcome and can be used to predict the of severity of future ZIKV outbreaks. To determine if naturally occurring individual mutations in the Zika virus epidemic genotype affect viral virulence or replication rate in vitro or in vivo, we generated an infectious clone representing the epidemic genotype of stain Puerto Rico, 2015. Using this clone, six mutants were created by changing nucleotides in the genome to cause one to two amino acid substitutions in the encoded proteins. The six mutants we generated represent mutations that differentiated the early epidemic genotype from genotypes that were either ancestral or that occurred later in the epidemic. We assayed each mutant for changes in growth rate, and for virulence in adult mice and pregnant mice. Three of the mutants caused catastrophic embryo effects including increased embryonic death or significant decrease in head diameter. Three other mutants that had mutations in a genome region associated with replication resulted in changes in in vitro and in vivo replication rates. These results illustrate the potential impact of individual mutations in viral phenotype.
Collapse
|
32
|
Dutta S, Das N, Mukherjee P. Picking up a Fight: Fine Tuning Mitochondrial Innate Immune Defenses Against RNA Viruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1990. [PMID: 32983015 PMCID: PMC7487669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world faces the challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become an urgent need of the hour to understand how our immune system sense and respond to RNA viruses that are often life-threatening. While most vaccine strategies for these viruses are developed around a programmed antibody response, relatively less attention is paid to our innate immune defenses that can determine the outcome of a viral infection via the production of antiviral cytokines like Type I Interferons. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that the "cytokine storm" induced by aberrant activation of the innate immune response against a viral pathogen may sometimes offer replicative advantage to the virus thus promoting disease pathogenesis. Thus, it is important to fine tune the responses of the innate immune network that can be achieved via a deeper insight into the candidate molecules involved. Several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like the Toll like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and the retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) recognize cytosolic RNA viruses and mount an antiviral immune response. RLRs recognize invasive viral RNA produced during infection and mediate the induction of Type I Interferons via the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) molecule. It is an intriguing fact that the mitochondrion, one of the cell's most vital organelle, has evolved to be a central hub in this antiviral defense. However, cytokine responses and interferon signaling via MAVS signalosome at the mitochondria must be tightly regulated to prevent overactivation of the immune responses. This review focuses on our current understanding of the innate immune sensing of the host mitochondria by the RLR-MAVS signalosome and its specificity against some of the emerging/re-emerging RNA viruses like Ebola, Zika, Influenza A virus (IAV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that may expand our understanding for novel pharmaceutical development.
Collapse
|
33
|
Fay EJ, Aron SL, Macchietto MG, Markman MW, Esser-Nobis K, Gale M, Shen S, Langlois RA. Cell type- and replication stage-specific influenza virus responses in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008760. [PMID: 32790753 PMCID: PMC7447048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a significant global health burden. Activation of the innate immune response is important for controlling early virus replication and spread. It is unclear how early IAV replication events contribute to immune detection. Additionally, while many cell types in the lung can be infected, it is not known if all cell types contribute equally to establish the antiviral state in the host. Here, we use single-cycle influenza A viruses (scIAVs) to characterize the early immune response to IAV in vitro and in vivo. We found that the magnitude of virus replication contributes to antiviral gene expression within infected cells prior to the induction of a global response. We also developed a scIAV that is only capable of undergoing primary transcription, the earliest stage of virus replication. Using this tool, we uncovered replication stage-specific responses in vitro and in vivo. Using several innate immune receptor knockout cell lines, we identify RIG-I as the predominant antiviral detector of primary virus transcription and amplified replication in vitro. Through a Cre-inducible reporter mouse, we used scIAVs expressing Cre-recombinase to characterize cell type-specific responses in vivo. Individual cell types upregulate unique sets of antiviral genes in response to both primary virus transcription and amplified replication. We also identified antiviral genes that are only upregulated in response to direct infection. Altogether, these data offer insight into the early mechanisms of antiviral gene activation during influenza A infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Fay
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Aron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Marissa G. Macchietto
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Markman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Katharina Esser-Nobis
- Department of Immunology and Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology and Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Steven Shen
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Spatiotemporal dynamics of innate immune signaling via RIG-I-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15778-15788. [PMID: 32571931 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921861117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 comprise the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). RIG-I and MDA5 are essential pathogen recognition receptors sensing viral infections while LGP2 has been described as both RLR cofactor and negative regulator. After sensing and binding to viral RNA, including double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), RIG-I and MDA5 undergo cytosol-to-membrane relocalization to bind and signal through the MAVS adaptor protein on intracellular membranes, thus directing downstream activation of IRF3 and innate immunity. Here, we report examination of the dynamic subcellular localization of all three RLRs within the intracellular response to dsRNA and RNA virus infection. Observations from high resolution biochemical fractionation and electron microscopy, coupled with analysis of protein interactions and IRF3 activation, show that, in resting cells, microsome but not mitochondrial fractions harbor the central components to initiate innate immune signaling. LGP2 interacts with MAVS in microsomes, blocking the RIG-I/MAVS interaction. Remarkably, in response to dsRNA treatment or RNA virus infection, LGP2 is rapidly released from MAVS and redistributed to mitochondria, temporally correlating with IRF3 activation. We reveal that IRF3 activation does not take place on mitochondria but instead occurs at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived membranes. Our observations suggest ER-derived membranes as key RLR signaling platforms controlled through inhibitory actions of LGP2 binding to MAVS wherein LGP2 translocation to mitochondria releases MAVS inhibition to facilitate RLR-mediated signaling of innate immunity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Schilling M, Bridgeman A, Gray N, Hertzog J, Hublitz P, Kohl A, Rehwinkel J. RIG-I Plays a Dominant Role in the Induction of Transcriptional Changes in Zika Virus-Infected Cells, which Protect from Virus-Induced Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:E1476. [PMID: 32560274 PMCID: PMC7349056 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) has received much attention due to an alarming increase in cases of neurological disorders including congenital Zika syndrome associated with infection. To date, there is no effective treatment available. An immediate response by the innate immune system is crucial for effective control of the virus. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts in A549 cells, we investigated the individual contributions of the RIG-I-like receptors MDA5 and RIG-I to ZIKV sensing and control of this virus by using a Brazilian ZIKV strain. We show that RIG-I is the main sensor for ZIKV in A549 cells. Surprisingly, we observed that loss of RIG-I and consecutive type I interferon (IFN) production led to virus-induced apoptosis. ZIKV non-structural protein NS5 was reported to interfere with type I IFN receptor signaling. Additionally, we show that ZIKV NS5 inhibits type I IFN induction. Overall, our study highlights the importance of RIG-I-dependent ZIKV sensing for the prevention of virus-induced cell death and shows that NS5 inhibits the production of type I IFN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schilling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Nicki Gray
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - Jonny Hertzog
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Philip Hublitz
- Genome Engineering Facility, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Human Type I Interferon Antiviral Effects in Respiratory and Reemerging Viral Infections. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1372494. [PMID: 32455136 PMCID: PMC7231083 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1372494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are a group of related proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system and play a key role in host defense against viral infections. Upon infection, the IFN-I are rapidly secreted and induce a wide range of effects that not only act upon innate immune cells but also modulate the adaptive immune system. While IFN-I and many IFN stimulated genes are well-known for their protective antiviral role, recent studies have associated them with potential pathogenic functions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the complex effects of human IFN-I responses in respiratory as well as reemerging flavivirus infections of public health significance and the molecular mechanisms by which viral proteins antagonize the establishment of an antiviral host defense. Antiviral effects and immune modulation of IFN-stimulated genes is discussed in resisting and controlling pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms of these processes will be crucial in determining how viral replication can be effectively controlled and in developing safe and effective vaccines and novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hue BTB, Nguyen PH, De TQ, Van Hieu M, Jo E, Van Tuan N, Thoa TT, Anh LD, Son NH, La Duc Thanh D, Dupont‐Rouzeyrol M, Grailhe R, Windisch MP. Benzimidazole Derivatives as Novel Zika Virus Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1453-1463. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thi Buu Hue
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural SciencesCan Tho University Campus II, 3/2 street Ninh Kieu District Can Tho City Vietnam
| | - Phuong Hong Nguyen
- Discovery Biology DivisionApplied Molecular Virology LaboratoryInstitut Pasteur Korea 696 Seongnam 13488 Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Quang De
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural SciencesCan Tho University Campus II, 3/2 street Ninh Kieu District Can Tho City Vietnam
| | - Mai Van Hieu
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural SciencesCan Tho University Campus II, 3/2 street Ninh Kieu District Can Tho City Vietnam
| | - Eunji Jo
- Discovery Biology DivisionApplied Molecular Virology LaboratoryInstitut Pasteur Korea 696 Seongnam 13488 Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Van Tuan
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural SciencesCan Tho University Campus II, 3/2 street Ninh Kieu District Can Tho City Vietnam
| | - Than Thi Thoa
- Discovery Biology DivisionApplied Molecular Virology LaboratoryInstitut Pasteur Korea 696 Seongnam 13488 Republic of Korea
| | - Le Duc Anh
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural SciencesCan Tho University Campus II, 3/2 street Ninh Kieu District Can Tho City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Son
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural SciencesCan Tho University Campus II, 3/2 street Ninh Kieu District Can Tho City Vietnam
| | - Danh La Duc Thanh
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Natural SciencesCan Tho University Campus II, 3/2 street Ninh Kieu District Can Tho City Vietnam
| | | | - Regis Grailhe
- Technology Development PlatformInstitut Pasteur Korea 696 Seongnam 13488 Republic of Korea
| | - Marc P. Windisch
- Discovery Biology DivisionApplied Molecular Virology LaboratoryInstitut Pasteur Korea 696 Seongnam 13488 Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gobillot TA, Humes D, Sharma A, Kikawa C, Overbaugh J. The Robust Restriction of Zika Virus by Type-I Interferon in A549 Cells Varies by Viral Lineage and Is Not Determined by IFITM3. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050503. [PMID: 32370187 PMCID: PMC7290589 DOI: 10.3390/v12050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferon (IFN-I) is a major antiviral host response but its impact on Zika virus (ZIKV) replication is not well defined, particularly as it relates to different circulating strains. Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that inhibit ZIKV, such as IFITM3, have been identified largely using overexpression studies. Here, we tested whether diverse ZIKV strains differed in their susceptibility to IFN-I-mediated restriction and the contribution of IFITM3 to this restriction. We identified a robust IFN-I-mediated antiviral effect on ZIKV replication (>100-fold reduction) in A549 cells, a commonly used cell line to study ZIKV replication. The extent of inhibition depended on the IFN-I type and the virus strain tested. Viruses from the American pathogenic outbreak were more sensitive to IFNα (p = 0.049) and IFNβ (p = 0.09) than African-lineage strains, which have not been linked to severe pathogenesis. Knocking out IFITM3 expression did not dampen the IFN-I antiviral effect and only high overexpression of IFITM3 led to ZIKV inhibition. Moreover, IFITM3 expression levels in different cells were not associated with IFN-mediated ZIKV inhibition. Taken together, our findings indicate that there is a robust IFN-I-mediated antiviral effect on ZIKV infection, particularly for American viruses, that is not due to IFITM3. A549 cells, which are a commonly used cell line to study ZIKV replication, present an opportunity for the discovery of novel antiviral ISGs against ZIKV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A. Gobillot
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (T.A.G.); (D.H.); (A.S.); (C.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daryl Humes
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (T.A.G.); (D.H.); (A.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Amit Sharma
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (T.A.G.); (D.H.); (A.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Caroline Kikawa
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (T.A.G.); (D.H.); (A.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (T.A.G.); (D.H.); (A.S.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Claus C, Jung M, Hübschen JM. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models: A Peephole into Virus Infections during Early Pregnancy. Cells 2020; 9:E542. [PMID: 32110999 PMCID: PMC7140399 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubella virus (RV) was the first virus shown to be teratogenic in humans. The wealth of data on the clinical symptoms associated with congenital rubella syndrome is in stark contrast to an incomplete understanding of the forces leading to the teratogenic alterations in humans. This applies not only to RV, but also to congenital viral infections in general and includes (1) the mode of vertical transmission, even at early gestation, (2) the possible involvement of inflammation as a consequence of an activated innate immune response, and (3) the underlying molecular and cellular alterations. With the progress made in the development of pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids and embryoids, it is now possible to assess congenital virus infections on a mechanistic level. Moreover, antiviral treatment options can be validated, and newly emerging viruses with a potential impact on human embryonal development, such as that recently reflected by the Zika virus (ZIKV), can be characterized. Here, we discuss human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV in comparison to RV as viruses with well-known congenital pathologies and highlight their analysis on current models for the early phase of human development. This includes the implications of their genetic variability and, as such, virus strain-specific properties for their use as archetype models for congenital virus infections. In this review, we will discuss the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and derived organoid systems for the study of congenital virus infections with a focus on their prominent aetiologies, HCMV, ZIKV, and RV. Their assessment on these models will provide valuable information on how human development is impaired by virus infections; it will also add new insights into the normal progression of human development through the analysis of developmental pathways in the context of virus-induced alterations. These are exciting perspectives for both developmental biology and congenital virology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nelson BR, Roby JA, Dobyns WB, Rajagopal L, Gale M, Adams Waldorf KM. Immune Evasion Strategies Used by Zika Virus to Infect the Fetal Eye and Brain. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:22-37. [PMID: 31687902 PMCID: PMC6978768 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that caused a public health emergency in the Americas when an outbreak in Brazil became linked to congenital microcephaly. Understanding how ZIKV could evade the innate immune defenses of the mother, placenta, and fetus has become central to determining how the virus can traffic into the fetal brain. ZIKV, like other flaviviruses, evades host innate immune responses by leveraging viral proteins and other processes that occur during viral replication to allow spread to the placenta. Within the placenta, there are diverse cell types with coreceptors for ZIKV entry, creating an opportunity for the virus to establish a reservoir for replication and infect the fetus. The fetal brain is vulnerable to ZIKV, particularly during the first trimester, when it is beginning a dynamic process, to form highly complex and specialized regions orchestrated by neuroprogenitor cells. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework to understand the different routes for viral trafficking into the fetal brain and the eye, which are most likely to occur early and later in pregnancy. Based on the injury profile in human and nonhuman primates, ZIKV entry into the fetal brain likely occurs across both the blood/cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the choroid plexus and the blood/brain barrier. ZIKV can also enter the eye by trafficking across the blood/retinal barrier. Ultimately, the efficient escape of innate immune defenses by ZIKV is a key factor leading to viral infection. However, the host immune response against ZIKV can lead to injury and perturbations in developmental programs that drive cellular division, migration, and brain growth. The combined effect of innate immune evasion to facilitate viral propagation and the maternal/placental/fetal immune response to control the infection will determine the extent to which ZIKV can injure the fetal brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branden R. Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Address correspondence to: Branden R. Nelson, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Justin A. Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Prof. Michael Gale Jr., Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Box 35809, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kristina M. Adams Waldorf
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Prof. Kristina M. Adams Waldorf, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98109
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lundberg R, Melén K, Westenius V, Jiang M, Österlund P, Khan H, Vapalahti O, Julkunen I, Kakkola L. Zika Virus Non-Structural Protein NS5 Inhibits the RIG-I Pathway and Interferon Lambda 1 Promoter Activation by Targeting IKK Epsilon. Viruses 2019; 11:E1024. [PMID: 31690057 PMCID: PMC6893776 DOI: 10.3390/v11111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and an important human pathogen. Most pathogenic viruses encode proteins that interfere with the activation of host innate immune responses. Like other flaviviruses, ZIKV interferes with the expression of interferon (IFN) genes and inhibits IFN-induced antiviral responses. ZIKV infects through epithelial barriers where IFN-λ1 is an important antiviral molecule. In this study, we analyzed the effects of ZIKV proteins on the activation of IFN-λ1 promoter. All ZIKV proteins were cloned and transiently expressed. ZIKV NS5, but no other ZIKV protein, was able to interfere with the RIG-I signaling pathway. This inhibition took place upstream of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) resulting in reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and reduced activation of IFN-λ1 promoter. Furthermore, we showed that ZIKV NS5 interacts with the protein kinase IKKε, which is likely critical to the observed inhibition of phosphorylation of IRF3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Lundberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Krister Melén
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Veera Westenius
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Miao Jiang
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hira Khan
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
- Turku University Central Hospital, Clinical microbiology, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Modelling Neurotropic Flavivirus Infection in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215404. [PMID: 31671583 PMCID: PMC6862117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their differentiation into a variety of cells and organoids have allowed setting up versatile, non-invasive, ethically sustainable, and patient-specific models for the investigation of the mechanisms of human diseases, including viral infections and host–pathogen interactions. In this study, we investigated and compared the infectivity and replication kinetics in hiPSCs, hiPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and undifferentiated neurons, and the effect of viral infection on host innate antiviral responses of representative flaviviruses associated with diverse neurological diseases, i.e., Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and dengue virus (DENV). In addition, we exploited hiPSCs to model ZIKV infection in the embryo and during neurogenesis. The results of this study confirmed the tropism of ZIKV for NSCs, but showed that WNV replicated in these cells with much higher efficiency than ZIKV and DENV, inducing massive cell death. Although with lower efficiency, all flaviviruses could also infect pluripotent stem cells and neurons, inducing similar patterns of antiviral innate immune response gene expression. While showing the usefulness of hiPSC-based infection models, these findings suggest that additional virus-specific mechanisms, beyond neural tropism, are responsible for the peculiarities of disease phenotype in humans.
Collapse
|
43
|
Evasion of Innate and Intrinsic Antiviral Pathways by the Zika Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100970. [PMID: 31652496 PMCID: PMC6833475 DOI: 10.3390/v11100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a recently emerged mosquito-borne flavivirus that, while typically asymptomatic, can cause neurological symptoms in adults and birth defects in babies born to infected mothers. The interactions of ZIKV with many different pathways in the human host ultimately determine successful virus replication and ZIKV-induced pathogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms of such host-ZIKV interactions have just begun to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the recent advances that defined the mechanisms by which ZIKV antagonizes antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, with a particular focus on evasion of the type I interferon response in the human host. Furthermore, we describe emerging evidence that indicated the contribution of several cell-intrinsic mechanisms to an effective restriction of ZIKV infection, such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, stress granule formation, and "reticulophagy", a type of selective autophagy. Finally, we summarize the recent work that identified strategies by which ZIKV modulated these intrinsic antiviral responses.
Collapse
|
44
|
Riedl W, Acharya D, Lee JH, Liu G, Serman T, Chiang C, Chan YK, Diamond MS, Gack MU. Zika Virus NS3 Mimics a Cellular 14-3-3-Binding Motif to Antagonize RIG-I- and MDA5-Mediated Innate Immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:493-503.e6. [PMID: 31600501 PMCID: PMC6922055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 protein family members facilitate the translocation of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) to organelles that mediate downstream RLR signaling, leading to interferon production. 14-3-3ϵ promotes the cytosolic-to-mitochondrial translocation of RIG-I, while 14-3-3η facilitates MDA5 translocation to mitochondria. We show that the NS3 protein of Zika virus (ZIKV) antagonizes antiviral gene induction by RIG-I and MDA5 by binding to and sequestering the scaffold proteins 14-3-3ϵ and 14-3-3η. 14-3-3-binding is mediated by a negatively charged RLDP motif in NS3 that is conserved in ZIKV strains of African and Asian lineages and is similar to the one found in dengue and West Nile viruses. ZIKV NS3 is sufficient to inhibit the RLR-14-3-3ϵ/η interaction and to suppress antiviral signaling. Mutational perturbation of 14-3-3ϵ/η binding in a recombinant ZIKV leads to enhanced innate immune responses and impaired growth kinetics. Our study provides molecular understanding of immune evasion functions of ZIKV, which may guide vaccine and anti-flaviviral therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Riedl
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guanqun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Taryn Serman
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying Kai Chan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lima MC, de Mendonça LR, Rezende AM, Carrera RM, Aníbal-Silva CE, Demers M, D'Aiuto L, Wood J, Chowdari KV, Griffiths M, Lucena-Araujo AR, Barral-Netto M, Azevedo EAN, Alves RW, Farias PCS, Marques ETA, Castanha PMS, Donald CL, Kohl A, Nimgaonkar VL, Franca RFO. The Transcriptional and Protein Profile From Human Infected Neuroprogenitor Cells Is Strongly Correlated to Zika Virus Microcephaly Cytokines Phenotype Evidencing a Persistent Inflammation in the CNS. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1928. [PMID: 31474994 PMCID: PMC6707094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is associated with microcephaly, a congenital malformation resulting from neuroinflammation and direct effects of virus replication on the developing central nervous system (CNS). However, the exact changes in the affected CNS remain unknown. Here, we show by transcriptome analysis (at 48 h post-infection) and multiplex immune profiling that human induced-neuroprogenitor stem cells (hiNPCs) respond to ZIKV infection with a strong induction of type-I interferons (IFNs) and several type-I IFNs stimulated genes (ISGs), notably cytokines and the pro-apoptotic chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. By comparing the inflammatory profile induced by a ZIKV Brazilian strain with an ancestral strain isolated from Cambodia in 2010, we observed that the response magnitude differs among them. Compared to ZIKV/Cambodia, the experimental infection of hiNPCs with ZIKV/Brazil resulted in a diminished induction of ISGs and lower induction of several cytokines (IFN-α, IL-1α/β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15), consequently favoring virus replication. From ZIKV-confirmed infant microcephaly cases, we detected a similar profile characterized by the presence of IFN-α, CXCL10, and CXCL9 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected after birth, evidencing a sustained CNS inflammation. Altogether, our data suggest that the CNS may be directly affected due to an unbalanced and chronic local inflammatory response, elicited by ZIKV infection, which contributes to damage to the fetal brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morganna C Lima
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio M Rezende
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Carrera
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Demers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Leonardo D'Aiuto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kodavali V Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael Griffiths
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Elisa A N Azevedo
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Renan W Alves
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Pablo C S Farias
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Priscila M S Castanha
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire L Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rafael F O Franca
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|