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Wang S, Zou X, Fu J, Deng F, Yu H, Fan H, Dai Q, Shang Q, Xu K, Bao C. Genotypes and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Adenovirus in Hospitalized Pneumonia and Influenza-Like Illness Patients in Jiangsu Province, China (2013-2021). Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:2199-2211. [PMID: 38835492 PMCID: PMC11149707 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s456961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human adenovirus (HAdV) is common pathogens that cause various respiratory diseases. The genetic diversity of viruses caused by recombination is considered to be the main source of emerging outbreaks. The aim of this study is to explore the evolutionary relationship and recombination events of HAdV genome in respiratory tract infections in Jiangsu Province. Methods Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology was used to sequence 66 patients with HAdV infection (37 patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and 29 hospitalized patients with pneumonia) from Jiangsu Province. Epidemiological analysis was performed on hospitalized pneumonia and ILI patients infected with HAdV. Subsequently, phylogenetic, recombination, and nucleotide and amino acid identity analyses were performed. Results Epidemiological analysis of patients undergoing WGS showed that 75.7% of ILI patients were infected with the HAdVB strain and 69.0% of hospitalized pneumonia patients were infected with the HAdVC strain. Moreover, the hospitalized pneumonia and ILI patients infected with HAdV were different in region and time. The strains of HAdVB3 and HAdVB7 genotypes were mainly infected in 2015 and 2017, and the strains of HAdVC1 and HAdVC2 genotypes were mainly infected in 2020. The results of histogram analysis showed that the HAdV strain mainly infected children under 5 years old. In addition, 36 novel recombinant strains were identified. The discovery of these recombinant strains may contribute to understanding the epidemiology of HAdV and research on related vaccines. Furthermore, the percentage of nucleotide and amino acid identities revealed a high level of genetic conservation within isolates from HAdVB3, HAdVB7, HAdVC1, HAdVC2 and HAdVC5 genotypes. Conclusion The WGS analysis reveals the evolutionary relationships and recombination events of HAdV strains in Jiangsu Province, which is helpful to deepen the understanding of HAdV epidemiology and evolution. In addition, it provides a basis for the formulation of public health strategies in Jiangsu Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjiao Wang
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ili, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguang Fu
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Deng
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Fan
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigang Dai
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Shang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Institute, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Wen J, Ke Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang D, Mo X, Yin J, Shi C, Zhou W, Zheng S, Wang Q. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor inhibits tilapia lake virus infection via binding to viral segment 8 and 10 encoded protein. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109438. [PMID: 38341116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The global aquaculture industry of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been significantly impacted by the emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV). However, effective prevention and control measures are still not available due to a lack of unclear pathogenesis of TiLV. Our previous transcriptome found that coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) was in response to TiLV infection in tilapia. To explore the potential function of OnCAR, the effect of OnCAR on TiLV proliferation was analyzed in this study. The OnCAR open reading frame (ORF) sequence of tilapia was 516 bp in length that encoded 171 amino acids with an Ig-like domain and transmembrane region. The OnCAR gene showed widespread expression in all investigated tissues, with the highest levels in the heart. Moreover, the OnCAR gene in the liver and muscle of tilapia exhibited dynamic expression levels upon TiLV challenge. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that OnCAR protein was mainly localized on the membrane of tilapia brain (TiB) cells. Importantly, the gene transcripts, genome copy number, S8-encoded protein, cytopathic effect, and internalization of TiLV were obviously decreased in the TiB cells overexpressed with OnCAR, indicating that OnCAR could inhibit TiLV replication. Mechanically, OnCAR could interact with viral S8 and S10-encoded protein. To the best of our knowledge, OnCAR is the first potential anti-TiLV cellular surface molecular receptor discovered for inhibiting TiLV infection. This finding is beneficial for better understanding the antiviral mechanism of tilapia and lays a foundation for establishing effective prevention and control strategies against tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zishan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Defeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xubing Mo
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Wang X, Hetzel M, Zhang W, Ehrhardt A, Bayer W. Comparative analysis of the impact of 40 adenovirus types on dendritic cell activation and CD8 + T cell proliferation capacity for the identification of favorable immunization vector candidates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286622. [PMID: 37915567 PMCID: PMC10616870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For the development of new adenovirus (AdV)-based vectors, it is important to understand differences in immunogenicity. In a side-by-side in vitro analysis, we evaluated the effect of 40 AdV types covering human AdV (HAdV) species A through G on the expression of 11 activation markers and the secretion of 12 cytokines by AdV-transduced dendritic cells, and the effect on CD8+ T cell proliferation capacity. We found that the expression of activation markers and cytokines differed widely between the different HAdV types, and many types were able to significantly impair the proliferation capacity of CD8+ T cells. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses suggested an important role of type I interferons in mediating this suppression of CD8+ T cells, which we confirmed experimentally in a proliferation assay using a type I interferon receptor blocking antibody. Using Bayesian statistics, we calculated a prediction model that suggests HAdV types HAdV-C1, -D8, -B7, -F41, -D33, -C2, -A31, -B3 and -D65 as the most favorable candidates for vaccine vector development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mario Hetzel
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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4
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Liang Y, Chen J, Wang C, Yu B, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Investigating the mechanism of Echovirus 30 cell invasion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1174410. [PMID: 37485505 PMCID: PMC10359910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses invade susceptible cells through a complex mechanism before injecting their genetic material into them. This causes direct damage to the host cell, as well as resulting in disease in the corresponding system. Echovirus type 30 (E30) is a member of the Enterovirus B group and has recently been reported to cause central nervous system (CNS) disorders, leading to viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. In this review, we aim to help in improving the understanding of the mechanisms of CNS diseases caused by E30 for the subsequent development of relevant drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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5
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Hashemi Goradel N, Nemati M, Bakhshandeh A, Arashkia A, Negahdari B. Nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy: Focusing on complex formation between adjuvant and antigen. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109887. [PMID: 36841155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
As an interesting cancer immunotherapy approach, cancer vaccines have been developed to deliver tumor antigens and adjuvants to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although the safety and easy production shifted the vaccine designing platforms toward the subunit vaccines, their efficacy is limited due to inefficient vaccine delivery. Nanotechnology-based vaccines, called nanovaccines, address the delivery limitations through co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants into lymphoid organs and APCs and their intracellular release, leading to cross-presentation of antigens and induction of potent anti-tumor immune responses. Although the nanovaccines, either as encapsulating agents or biomimetic nanoparticles, exert the desired anti-tumor activities, there is evidence that the mixing formulation to form nanocomplexes between antigens and adjuvants based on the electrostatic interactions provokes high levels of immune responses owing to Ags' availability and faster release. Here, we summarized the various platforms for developing cancer vaccines and the advantages of using delivery systems. The cancer nanovaccines, including nanoparticle-based and biomimetic-based nanovaccines, are discussed in detail. Finally, we focused on the nanocomplexes formation between antigens and adjuvants as promising cancer nanovaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Mahnaz Nemati
- Amir Oncology Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azam Bakhshandeh
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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CXADR: From an Essential Structural Component to a Vital Signaling Mediator in Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021288. [PMID: 36674801 PMCID: PMC9865082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) is a transmembrane component of cell junctions that is crucial for cardiac and testicular functions via its homophilic and heterophilic interaction. CXADR is expressed in both Sertoli cells and germ cells and is localized mainly at the interface between Sertoli-Sertoli cells and Sertoli-germ cells. Knockout of CXADR in mouse Sertoli cells specifically impairs male reproductive functions, including a compromised blood-testis barrier, apoptosis of germ cells, and premature loss of spermatids. Apart from serving as an important component for cell junctions, recent progress has showed the potential roles of CXADR as a signaling mediator in spermatogenesis. This review summarizes current research progress related to the regulation and role of CXADR in spermatogenesis as well as in pathological conditions. We hope this review provides some future directions and a blueprint to promote the further study on the roles of CXADR.
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7
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Oberemok VV, Andreeva OA, Laikova KV, Novikov IA, Puzanova YV, Kubyshkin AV. Anti-coronavirus vaccines will not accelerate the transition of humanity to a non-pandemic period, but the pandemic will take fewer victims. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:521-536. [PMID: 35397666 PMCID: PMC8994861 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccination rate worldwide has reached enormous proportions, and it is likely that at least 75% of the world's population will be vaccinated. The controversy is that, while people aged 65 and older suffer a significantly higher mortality rate from COVID-19, plans are being made to vaccinate young people under the age of 20. Equally thorny is the question of vaccinating people who already have antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, as well as B and T memory cells, because they contracted and survived the virus. The possible consequences of large-scale vaccination are difficult to predict, when some people do not have access to the vaccine at all and others have already received 3 doses of the vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 will circulate through the human population forever and continue to mutate, as viruses do. Therefore, in the coming years, the need to develop and use effective vaccines and medicines for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 will remain urgent in view of the high mortality rate from this disease. To date, three vaccine platforms have been most used: adenoviral vector, inactivated, and mRNA. There is some concern about the side effects that occur after vaccination. Whether modern anti-coronavirus vaccines can raise the safety threshold, only time will answer. It is obvious that the pandemic will end, but the virus will remain in the human population, leaving behind invaluable experience and tens of millions of victims. This article is based on search retrieves in research articles devoted to COVID-19 mainly published in 2020-2021 and examines the possible consequences of the worldwide vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and suggests that, while anti-coronavirus vaccines will not magically transport humanity to a non-pandemic world, they may greatly reduce the number of victims of the pandemic and help us learn how to live with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Oberemok
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea.
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea.
| | - O A Andreeva
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - K V Laikova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - I A Novikov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - Y V Puzanova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - A V Kubyshkin
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
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8
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Nestić D, Božinović K, Drašković I, Kovačević A, van den Bosch J, Knežević J, Custers J, Ambriović-Ristov A, Majhen D. Human Adenovirus Type 26 Induced IL-6 Gene Expression in an αvβ3 Integrin- and NF-κB-Dependent Manner. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040672. [PMID: 35458402 PMCID: PMC9028149 DOI: 10.3390/v14040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low seroprevalent human adenovirus type 26 (HAdV26)-based vaccine vector was the first adenovirus-based vector to receive marketing authorization from European Commission. HAdV26-based vaccine vectors induce durable humoral and cellular immune responses and, as such, represent a highly valuable tool for fighting infectious diseases. Despite well-described immunogenicity in vivo, the basic biology of HAdV26 still needs some refinement. The aim of this study was to determine the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile of epithelial cells infected with HAdV26 and then investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. The expression of studied genes and proteins was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize HAdV26 cell uptake. We found that HAdV26 infection in human epithelial cells triggers the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, namely IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α, with the most pronounced difference shown for IL-6. We investigated the underlying molecular mechanism and observed that HAdV26-induced IL-6 gene expression is αvβ3 integrin dependent and NF-κB mediated. Our findings provide new data regarding pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in HAdV26-infected epithelial cells, as well as details concerning HAdV26-induced host signaling pathways. Information obtained within this research increases our current knowledge of HAdV26 basic biology and, as such, can contribute to further development of HAdV26-based vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Nestić
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.D.); (A.K.); (J.v.d.B.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Ksenija Božinović
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.D.); (A.K.); (J.v.d.B.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Isabela Drašković
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.D.); (A.K.); (J.v.d.B.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Alen Kovačević
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.D.); (A.K.); (J.v.d.B.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Jolien van den Bosch
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.D.); (A.K.); (J.v.d.B.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Jelena Knežević
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty for Dental Medicine and Health, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jerome Custers
- Janssen Vaccines and Preventions BV, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Andreja Ambriović-Ristov
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.D.); (A.K.); (J.v.d.B.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.N.); (K.B.); (I.D.); (A.K.); (J.v.d.B.); (A.A.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Majhen D. Human adenovirus type 26 basic biology and its usage as vaccine vector. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2338. [PMID: 35278248 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to their nature, adenoviruses have been recognised as promising candidates for vaccine vector development. Since they mimic natural infection, recombinant adenovirus vectors have been proven as ideal shuttles to deliver foreign transgenes aiming at inducing both humoral and cellular immune response. In addition, a potent adjuvant effect can be exerted due to the adenovirus inherent stimulation of various elements of innate and adaptive immunity. Due to its low seroprevalence in humans as well as induction of favourable immune response to inserted transgene, human adenovirus type 26 (HAdV-D26) has been recognised as a promising platform for vaccine vector development and is studied in number of completed or ongoing clinical studies. Very recently HAdV-D26 based Ebola and Covid-19 vaccines were approved for medical use. In this review, current state of the art regarding HAdV-D26 basic biology and its usage as vaccine vector will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Tsoukas RL, Volkwein W, Gao J, Schiwon M, Bahlmann N, Dittmar T, Hagedorn C, Ehrke-Schulz E, Zhang W, Baiker A, Ehrhardt A. A Human In Vitro Model to Study Adenoviral Receptors and Virus Cell Interactions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050841. [PMID: 35269463 PMCID: PMC8909167 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop adenoviral cell- or tissue-specific gene delivery, understanding of the infection mechanisms of adenoviruses is crucial. Several adenoviral attachment proteins such as CD46, CAR and sialic acid have been identified and studied. However, most receptor studies were performed on non-human cells. Combining our reporter gene-tagged adenovirus library with an in vitro human gene knockout model, we performed a systematic analysis of receptor usage comparing different adenoviruses side-by-side. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to knockout CD46 and CAR in the human lung epithelial carcinoma cell line A549. Knockout cells were infected with 22 luciferase-expressing adenoviruses derived from adenovirus species B, C, D and E. HAdV-B16, -B21 and -B50 from species B1 as well as HAdV-B34 and -B35 were found to be CD46-dependent. HAdV-C5 and HAdV-E4 from species E were found to be CAR-dependent. Regarding cell entry of HAdV-B3 and -B14 and all species D viruses, both CAR and CD46 play a role, and here, other receptors or attachment structures may also be important since transductions were reduced but not completely inhibited. The established human knockout cell model enables the identification of the most applicable adenovirus types for gene therapy and to further understand adenovirus infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael L. Tsoukas
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (R.L.T.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (N.B.); (E.E.-S.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Volkwein
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (W.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Jian Gao
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (R.L.T.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (N.B.); (E.E.-S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Maren Schiwon
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (R.L.T.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (N.B.); (E.E.-S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Nora Bahlmann
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (R.L.T.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (N.B.); (E.E.-S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany;
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), 58448 Witten, Germany;
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (R.L.T.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (N.B.); (E.E.-S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (R.L.T.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (N.B.); (E.E.-S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Armin Baiker
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (W.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (R.L.T.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (N.B.); (E.E.-S.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Meyer KJ, Pellack D, Hedberg-Buenz A, Pomernackas N, Soukup D, Wang K, Fingert JH, Anderson MG. Recombinant adenovirus causes prolonged mobilization of macrophages in the anterior chambers of mice. Mol Vis 2021; 27:741-756. [PMID: 35136346 PMCID: PMC8763664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular tissues of mice have been studied in many ways using replication-deficient species C type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) as a tool for manipulating gene expression. Whereas refinements to injection protocols and tropism have led to several advances in targeting cells of interest, there remains a relative lack of information concerning how Ad5 may influence other ocular cell types capable of confounding experimental interpretation. Here, a slit lamp is used to thoroughly photodocument the sequelae of intraocular Ad5 injections over time in mice, with attention to potentially confounding indices of inflammation. METHODS A cohort of C57BL/6J mice was randomly split into three groups (Virus, receiving unilateral intracameral injection with 5×107 plaque-forming units (pfu) of a cargo-less Ad5 construct; Saline, receiving unilateral balanced salt solution injection; and Naïve, receiving no injections). From this initial experiment, a total of 52 eyes from 26 mice were photodocumented via slit lamp at four time points (baseline and 1, 3, and 10 weeks following initiation of the experiment) by an observer masked to treatments and other parameters of the experimental design. Following the last in vivo exam, tissues were collected. Based on the slit-lamp data, tissues were studied via immunostaining with the macrophage marker F4/80. Subsequently, three iterations of the original experiment were performed with otherwise identical experimental parameters testing the effect of age, intravitreal injection, and A195 buffer, adding slit-lamp photodocumentation of an additional 32 eyes from 16 mice. RESULTS The masked investigator could use the sequential images from each mouse in the initial experiment to assign each mouse to its correct treatment group with near perfect fidelity. Virus-injected eyes were characterized by corneal damage indicative of intraocular injection and a prolonged mobilization of clump cells on the surface of the iris. Saline-injected eyes had only transient corneal opacities indicative of intraocular injections, and Naïve eyes remained normal. Immunostaining with F4/80 was consistent with ascribing the clump cells visualized via slit-lamp imaging as a type of macrophage. Experimental iterations using Ad5 indicate that all virus-injected eyes had the distinguishing feature of a prolonged presence of clump cells on the surface of the iris regardless of injection site. Mice receiving an intraocular injection of Ad5 at an advanced age displayed a protracted course of corneal cloudiness that prevented detailed visualization of the iris at the last time point. CONCLUSIONS Because the eye is often considered an "immune privileged site," we suspect that several studies have neglected to consider that the presence of Ad5 in the eye might evoke strong reactions from the innate immune system. Ad5 injection caused a sustained mobilization of clump cells-that is, macrophages. This change is likely a consequence of either direct macrophage transduction or a secondary response to cytokines produced locally by other transduced cells. Regardless of how these cells were altered, the important implication is that the adenovirus led to long-lasting changes in the environment of the anterior chamber. Thus, these findings describe a caveat of Ad5-mediated studies involving macrophage mobilization, which we encourage groups to use as a bioassay in their experiments and consider in interpretation of their ongoing experiments using adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie J. Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Danielle Pellack
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA
| | - Nicholas Pomernackas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Dana Soukup
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - John H. Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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12
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Elkashif A, Alhashimi M, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector-based platforms for developing effective vaccines to combat respiratory viral infections. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1345. [PMID: 34667600 PMCID: PMC8510854 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of the first vaccine against smallpox over two centuries ago, vaccination strategies have been at the forefront of significantly impacting the incidences of infectious diseases globally. However, the increase in the human population, deforestation and climate change, and the rise in worldwide travel have favored the emergence of new viruses with the potential to cause pandemics. The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is a cruel reminder of the impact of novel pathogens and the suboptimal capabilities of conventional vaccines. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new vaccine strategies that allow the production of billions of doses in a short duration and are broadly protective against emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Extensive knowledge of the molecular biology and immunology of adenoviruses (Ad) has favored Ad vectors as platforms for vaccine design. The Ad-based vaccine platform represents an attractive strategy as it induces robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and can meet the global demand in a pandemic situation. This review describes the status of Ad vector-based vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies for current and emerging respiratory viruses, particularly coronaviruses, influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Marwa Alhashimi
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | | | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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13
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Kircheis R. Coagulopathies after Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 May Be Derived from a Combined Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Adenovirus Vector-Triggered Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10791. [PMID: 34639132 PMCID: PMC8509779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global pandemic with worldwide 6-digit infection rates and thousands of death tolls daily. Enormous efforts are undertaken to achieve high coverage of immunization to reach herd immunity in order to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on mRNA, viral vectors, or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus have been approved and are being applied worldwide. However, the recent increased numbers of normally very rare types of thromboses associated with thrombocytopenia have been reported, particularly in the context of the adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 from Astra Zeneca. The statistical prevalence of these side effects seems to correlate with this particular vaccine type, i.e., adenoviral vector-based vaccines, but the exact molecular mechanisms are still not clear. The present review summarizes current data and hypotheses for molecular and cellular mechanisms into one integrated hypothesis indicating that coagulopathies, including thromboses, thrombocytopenia, and other related side effects, are correlated to an interplay of the two components in the vaccine, i.e., the spike antigen and the adenoviral vector, with the innate and immune systems, which under certain circumstances can imitate the picture of a limited COVID-19 pathological picture.
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14
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Chung H, Kim EA, Chang J. A "Prime and Deploy" Strategy for Universal Influenza Vaccine Targeting Nucleoprotein Induces Lung-Resident Memory CD8 T cells. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e28. [PMID: 34522441 PMCID: PMC8410988 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung-resident memory T cells (TRM) play an essential role in protecting against pulmonary virus infection. Parenteral administration of DNA vaccine is generally not sufficient to induce lung CD8 TRM cells. This study investigates whether intramuscularly administered DNA vaccine expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) induces lung TRM cells and protects against the influenza B virus. The results show that DNA vaccination poorly generates lung TRM cells and massive secondary effector CD8 T cells entering the lungs after challenge infection do not offer sufficient protection. Nonetheless, intranasal administration of non-replicating adenovirus vector expressing no Ag following priming DNA vaccination deploys NP-specific CD8 TRM cells in the lungs, which subsequently offers complete protection. This novel 'prime and deploy' strategy could be a promising regimen for a universal influenza vaccine targeting the conserved NP Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerynn Chung
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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15
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Aydin M, Schellhorn S, Wirth S, Zhang W, Ehrhardt A. Human Species D Adenoviruses Isolated from Diarrheal Feces Show Low Infection Rates in Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:563. [PMID: 34208817 PMCID: PMC8307086 DOI: 10.3390/children8070563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The importance of adenovirus (Ad) research is significantly increasing with respect to virotherapy for vaccine development, tumor, and gene therapy. Due to the different species and subtypes of this virus, the characterization of the biological significance of especially rare Ad is necessary. Previously, rare Ad types 70, 73, and 74 were originally isolated from fecal samples of immunocompromised patients and they represent recombinants of other Ad types. Here we investigated transduction experiments of these reporter gene tagged Ad types in primary cells exemplified by subject-derived primary nasal epithelial cells (NAEPCs). To analyze the transduction rates, we performed flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and cytokine analyses 25 h post-infection. We found that, in contrast to Ad type 5 (as a positive control), the transduction rates of NAEPCs with Ad types 70, 73, and 74 were interestingly low. The major Ad receptor (coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor and CD46) expression levels showed no significant change after infection with Ad types 70, 73 and 74. Moreover, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) was not released after in vitro Ad transduction. Due to the high risk of developing life-threatening complications in immunocompromised patients by these human species D Ads, even more attention needs to be investigated into the development of diagnostic and therapeutic concepts to prevent and treat those opportunistic infections in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Aydin
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Schellhorn
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (S.S.); (W.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (S.S.); (W.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (S.S.); (W.Z.); (A.E.)
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16
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Daussy CF, Pied N, Wodrich H. Understanding Post Entry Sorting of Adenovirus Capsids; A Chance to Change Vaccine Vector Properties. Viruses 2021; 13:1221. [PMID: 34202573 PMCID: PMC8310329 DOI: 10.3390/v13071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vector-based genetic vaccines have emerged as a powerful strategy against the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis. This success is not unexpected because adenoviruses combine many desirable features of a genetic vaccine. They are highly immunogenic and have a low and well characterized pathogenic profile paired with technological approachability. Ongoing efforts to improve adenovirus-vaccine vectors include the use of rare serotypes and non-human adenoviruses. In this review, we focus on the viral capsid and how the choice of genotypes influences the uptake and subsequent subcellular sorting. We describe how understanding capsid properties, such as stability during the entry process, can change the fate of the entering particles and how this translates into differences in immunity outcomes. We discuss in detail how mutating the membrane lytic capsid protein VI affects species C viruses' post-entry sorting and briefly discuss if such approaches could have a wider implication in vaccine and/or vector development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Wodrich
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, CEDEX, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.F.D.); (N.P.)
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17
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Broad Impact of Exchange Protein Directly Activated by cAMP 2 (EPAC2) on Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061179. [PMID: 34205489 PMCID: PMC8233786 DOI: 10.3390/v13061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC), compared with protein kinase A (PKA), is a fairly new family of cAMP effectors. Soon after the discovery, EPAC has shown its significance in many diseases including its emerging role in infectious diseases. In a recent study, we demonstrated that EPAC, but not PKA, is a promising therapeutic target to regulate respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication and its associated inflammation. In mammals, there are two isoforms of EPAC-EPAC1 and EPAC2. Unlike other viruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Ebola virus, which use EPAC1 to regulate viral replication, RSV uses EPAC2 to control its replication and associated cytokine/chemokine responses. To determine whether EPAC2 protein has a broad impact on other respiratory viral infections, we used an EPAC2-specific inhibitor, MAY0132, to examine the functions of EPAC2 in human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and adenovirus (AdV) infections. HMPV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Pneumoviridae, which also includes RSV, while AdV is a double-stranded DNA virus. Treatment with an EPAC1-specific inhibitor was also included to investigate the impact of EPAC1 on these two viruses. We found that the replication of HMPV, AdV, and RSV and the viral-induced immune mediators are significantly impaired by MAY0132, while an EPAC1-specific inhibitor, CE3F4, does not impact or slightly impacts, demonstrating that EPAC2 could serve as a novel common therapeutic target to control these viruses, all of which do not have effective treatment and prevention strategies.
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18
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Chang J. Adenovirus Vectors: Excellent Tools for Vaccine Development. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e6. [PMID: 33728099 PMCID: PMC7937504 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus was originally used as a vector for gene therapy. In recent years, with the development of the next-generation vectors with increased safety and high immunogenicity to transgene products, its utility as a vaccine vector has continued to increase. Adenovirus-based vaccines are currently being tested not only to prevent various infectious diseases but also to be applied as cancer vaccines. In this review, I discuss the innate and adaptive aspects of the immunological characteristics of adenovirus vectors and further examine the current status of advanced adenovirus-based vaccine development. Various methods that can overcome the limitations of currently used adenoviruses as vaccine vehicles are also discussed. Through this study, I hope that vaccine development using adenovirus vectors will be expedited and more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Del Papa J, Clarkin RG, Parks RJ. Use of cell fusion proteins to enhance adenoviral vector efficacy as an anti-cancer therapeutic. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:745-756. [DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Naturally occurring variants in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor have no impact on virus internalisation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:401-405. [PMID: 32334832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates homophilic cell-cell contacts and susceptibility to both human pathogenic viruses through its membrane-distal immunoglobulin domain. In the present study, we screened five missense variants of the human CAR gene for their influence on adenovector or Coxsackievirus entry into Chinese hamster ovary cells. The CAR variants facilitated virus internalisation to a similar extent as wild type CAR. This underlines CAR's presumed invariance and essential physiological role in embryogenesis.
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21
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Wehbi A, Kremer EJ, Dopeso-Reyes IG. Location of the Cell Adhesion Molecule "Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor" in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32581729 PMCID: PMC7287018 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a single-pass transmembrane cell adhesion molecule (CAM). CAR is expressed in numerous mammalian tissues including the brain, heart, lung, and testes. In epithelial cells, CAR functions are typical of the quintessential roles of numerous CAMs. However, in the brain the multiple roles of CAR are poorly understood. To better understand the physiological role of CAR in the adult brain, characterizing its location is a primordial step to advance our knowledge of its functions. In addition, CAR is responsible for the attachment, internalization, and retrograde transport of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors, which have found a niche in the mapping of neuronal circuits and gene transfer to treat and model neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to document the global location of CAR in the healthy, young adult mouse brain. Globally, we found that CAR is expressed by maturing and mature neurons in the brain parenchyma and located on the soma and on projections. While CAR occasionally colocalizes with glial fibrillary acidic protein, this overlap was restricted to areas that are associated with adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Wehbi
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Iria G Dopeso-Reyes
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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22
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Coughlan L. Factors Which Contribute to the Immunogenicity of Non-replicating Adenoviral Vectored Vaccines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:909. [PMID: 32508823 PMCID: PMC7248264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are a safe and potently immunogenic vaccine delivery platform. Non-replicating Ad vectors possess several attributes which make them attractive vaccines for infectious disease, including their capacity for high titer growth, ease of manipulation, safety, and immunogenicity in clinical studies, as well as their compatibility with clinical manufacturing and thermo-stabilization procedures. In general, Ad vectors are immunogenic vaccines, which elicit robust transgene antigen-specific cellular (namely CD8+ T cells) and/or humoral immune responses. A large number of adenoviruses isolated from humans and non-human primates, which have low seroprevalence in humans, have been vectorized and tested as vaccines in animal models and humans. However, a distinct hierarchy of immunological potency has been identified between diverse Ad vectors, which unfortunately limits the potential use of many vectors which have otherwise desirable manufacturing characteristics. The precise mechanistic factors which underlie the profound disparities in immunogenicity are not clearly defined and are the subject of ongoing, detailed investigation. It has been suggested that a combination of factors contribute to the potent immunogenicity of particular Ad vectors, including the magnitude and duration of vaccine antigen expression following immunization. Furthermore, the excessive induction of Type I interferons by some Ad vectors has been suggested to impair transgene expression levels, dampening subsequent immune responses. Therefore, the induction of balanced, but not excessive stimulation of innate signaling is optimal. Entry factor binding or receptor usage of distinct Ad vectors can also affect their in vivo tropism following administration by different routes. The abundance and accessibility of innate immune cells and/or antigen-presenting cells at the site of injection contributes to early innate immune responses to Ad vaccination, affecting the outcome of the adaptive immune response. Although a significant amount of information exists regarding the tropism determinants of the common human adenovirus type-5 vector, very little is known about the receptor usage and tropism of rare species or non-human Ad vectors. Increased understanding of how different facets of the host response to Ad vectors contribute to their immunological potency will be essential for the development of optimized and customized Ad vaccine platforms for specific diseases.
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Abstract
Intercalated discs (ICDs) are highly orchestrated structures that connect neighboring cardiomyocytes in the heart. Three major complexes are distinguished in ICD: desmosome, adherens junction (AJ), and gap junction (GJ). Desmosomes are major cell adhesion junctions that anchor cell membrane to the intermediate filament network; AJs connect the actin cytoskeleton of adjacent cells; and gap junctions metabolically and electrically connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cardiomyocytes. All these complexes work as a single unit, the so-called area composita, interdependently rather than individually. Mutation or altered expression of ICD proteins results in various cardiac diseases, such as ARVC (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy), dilated cardiomyopathy, and hypotrophy cardiomyopathy, eventually leading to heart failure. In this article, we first review the recent findings on the structural organization of ICD and their functions and then focus on the recent advances in molecular pathogenesis of the ICD-related heart diseases, which include two major areas: i) the ICD gene mutations in cardiac diseases, and ii) the involvement of ICD proteins in signal transduction pathways leading to myocardium remodeling and eventual heart failure. These major ICD-related signaling pathways include Wnt/β-catenin pathway, p38 MAPK cascade, Rho-dependent serum response factor (SRF) signaling, calcineurin/NFAT signaling, Hippo kinase cascade, etc., which are differentially regulated in pathological conditions.
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Carlin CR. New Insights to Adenovirus-Directed Innate Immunity in Respiratory Epithelial Cells. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080216. [PMID: 31349602 PMCID: PMC6723309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) family of transcription factors is a key component of the host innate immune response to infectious adenoviruses and adenovirus vectors. In this review, we will discuss a regulatory adenoviral protein encoded by early region 3 (E3) called E3-RIDα, which targets NFκB through subversion of novel host cell pathways. E3-RIDα down-regulates an EGF receptor signaling pathway, which overrides NFκB negative feedback control in the nucleus, and is induced by cell stress associated with viral infection and exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. E3-RIDα also modulates NFκB signaling downstream of the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor 4, through formation of membrane contact sites controlling cholesterol levels in endosomes. These innate immune evasion tactics have yielded unique perspectives regarding the potential physiological functions of host cell pathways with important roles in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen R Carlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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25
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Optimized Mucosal Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Prime/Soluble gp120 Boost HIV Vaccination Regimen Induces Antibody Responses Similar to Those of an Intramuscular Regimen. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00475-19. [PMID: 31068425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00475-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of mucosal vaccines over injected vaccines are difficult to ascertain, since mucosally administered vaccines often induce serum antibody responses of lower magnitude than those induced by injected vaccines. This study aimed to determine if mucosal vaccination using a modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 (MVAgp120) prime and a HIV-1 gp120 protein boost could be optimized to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by an intramuscularly (i.m.) administered MVAgp120 prime/gp120 boost to allow comparison of an i.m. immunization regimen to a mucosal vaccination regimen for the ability to protect against a low-dose rectal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. A 3-fold higher antigen dose was required for intranasal (i.n.) immunization with gp120 to induce serum anti-gp120 IgG responses not significantly different than those induced by i.m. immunization. gp120 fused to the adenovirus type 2 fiber binding domain (gp120-Ad2F), a mucosal targeting ligand, exhibited enhanced i.n. immunogenicity compared to gp120. MVAgp120 was more immunogenic after i.n. delivery than after gastric or rectal delivery. Using these optimized vaccines, an i.n. MVAgp120 prime/combined i.m. (gp120) and i.n. (gp120-Ad2F) boost regimen (i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n.) induced serum anti-gp120 antibody titers similar to those induced by the intramuscular prime/boost regimen (i.m./i.m.) in rabbits and nonhuman primates. Despite the induction of similar systemic anti-HIV-1 antibody responses, neither the i.m./i.m. nor the i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n. regimen protected against a repeated low-dose rectal SHIV challenge. These results demonstrate that immunization regimens utilizing the i.n. route are able to induce serum antigen-specific antibody responses similar to those induced by systemic immunization.IMPORTANCE Mucosal vaccination is proposed as a method of immunization able to induce protection against mucosal pathogens that is superior to protection provided by parenteral immunization. However, mucosal vaccination often induces serum antigen-specific immune responses of lower magnitude than those induced by parenteral immunization, making the comparison of mucosal and parenteral immunization difficult. We identified vaccine parameters that allowed an immunization regimen consisting of an i.n. prime followed by boosters administered by both i.n. and i.m. routes to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by i.m. prime/boost vaccination. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential benefit of mucosal immunization for HIV-1 and other mucosally transmitted pathogens.
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Ha SG, Dileepan M, Ge XN, Kang BN, Greenberg YG, Rao A, Muralidhar G, Medina-Kauwe L, Thompson MA, Pabelick CM, O'Grady SM, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Knob protein enhances epithelial barrier integrity and attenuates airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1808-1817.e3. [PMID: 29522849 PMCID: PMC6126992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered epithelial physical and functional barrier properties along with TH1/TH2 immune dysregulation are features of allergic asthma. Regulation of junction proteins to improve barrier function of airway epithelial cells has the potential for alleviation of allergic airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the immunomodulatory effect of knob protein of the adenoviral capsid on allergic asthma and to investigate its mechanism of action on airway epithelial junction proteins and barrier function. METHODS Airway inflammation, including junction protein expression, was evaluated in allergen-challenged mice with and without treatment with knob. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to knob, and its effects on expression of junction proteins and barrier integrity were determined. RESULTS Administration of knob to allergen-challenged mice suppressed airway inflammation (eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and IL-5 levels) and prevented allergen-induced loss of airway epithelial occludin and E-cadherin expression. Additionally, knob decreased expression of TH2-promoting inflammatory mediators, specifically IL-33, by murine lung epithelial cells. At a cellular level, treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells with knob activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, increased expression of occludin and E-cadherin, and enhanced epithelial barrier integrity. CONCLUSION Increased expression of junction proteins mediated by knob leading to enhanced epithelial barrier function might mitigate the allergen-induced airway inflammatory response, including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gil Ha
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Mythili Dileepan
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Bit Na Kang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Yana G Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Amrita Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | | | - Lali Medina-Kauwe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Christina M Pabelick
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Departments of Animal Science and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
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Ismail AM, Lee JS, Lee JY, Singh G, Dyer DW, Seto D, Chodosh J, Rajaiya J. Adenoviromics: Mining the Human Adenovirus Species D Genome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2178. [PMID: 30254627 PMCID: PMC6141750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections cause disease world-wide. Whole genome sequencing has now distinguished 90 distinct genotypes in 7 species (A-G). Over half of these 90 HAdVs fall within species D, with essentially all of the HAdV-D whole genome sequences generated in the last decade. Herein, we describe recent new findings made possible by mining of this expanded genome database, and propose future directions to elucidate new functional elements and new functions for previously known viral components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrafali M Ismail
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ji Sun Lee
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Molecular Virology Laboratory, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David W Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Donald Seto
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VI, United States
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Chia SL, Lei J, Ferguson DJP, Dyer A, Fisher KD, Seymour LW. Group B adenovirus enadenotucirev infects polarised colorectal cancer cells efficiently from the basolateral surface expected to be encountered during intravenous delivery to treat disseminated cancer. Virology 2017; 505:162-171. [PMID: 28260622 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enadenotucirev (EnAd) is a group B oncolytic adenovirus developed for systemic delivery and currently undergoing clinical evaluation for advanced cancer therapy. For differentiated carcinomas, systemic delivery would likely expose virus particles to the basolateral surface of cancer cells rather than the apical surface encountered during natural infection. Here, we compare the ability of EnAd and adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) to infect polarised colorectal carcinoma cells from the apical or basolateral surfaces. Whereas Ad5 infection was more efficient via the apical than basolateral surface, EnAd readily infected cells from either surface. Progeny particles from EnAd were released preferentially via the apical surface for all cell lines and routes of infection. These data further support the utility of group B adenoviruses for systemic delivery and suggest that progeny virus are more likely to be released into the tumour rather than back through the basolateral surface into the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet-Lin Chia
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janet Lei
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Dyer
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry D Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; PsiOxus Therapeutics, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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29
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Zhou X, Ramke M, Chintakuntlawar AV, Lee JY, Rajaiya J, Chodosh J. Role of MyD88 in adenovirus keratitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:108-116. [PMID: 27528076 PMCID: PMC5791738 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical to the early detection and innate immune responses to pathogens. In particular, the TLR system and its associated adaptor proteins play essential roles in early host responses to infection. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, caused by the human adenovirus, is a severe ocular surface infection associated with corneal inflammation (stromal keratitis). We previously showed that adenovirus capsid was a key molecular pattern in adenovirus keratitis, with viral DNA playing a lesser role. We have now investigated the role of the adaptor molecule MyD88 in a mouse model of adenovirus keratitis in which there is no viral replication. In MyD88−/− mice infected with human adenovirus type 37, clinical keratitis was markedly reduced, along with infiltration of CD45+ cells, and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines was also observed in infected primary human corneal fibroblasts pretreated with a MyD88 inhibitory peptide. Keratitis similar to wild type mice was observed in TLR2, TLR9, and IL-1R knockout mice, but was reduced in TLR2/9 double knockout mice, consistent with synergy of TLR2 and TLR9 in the response to adenovirus infection. MyD88 co-immunoprecipitated with Src kinase in mice corneas and in human corneal fibroblasts infected with adenovirus, and MyD88 inhibitory peptide reduced Src phosphorylation, linking MyD88 activation to inflammatory gene expression through a signaling cascade previously shown to be directed by Src. Our findings reveal a critical role for the PRRs TLR2 and 9, and their adaptor protein MyD88, in corneal inflammation upon adenovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhou
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mirja Ramke
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashish V Chintakuntlawar
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Xiang K, Ying G, Yan Z, Shanshan Y, Lei Z, Hongjun L, Maosheng S. Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1209-22. [PMID: 25876176 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IFV) infection causes serious health problems and heavy financial burdens each year worldwide. The classical inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IIVV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) must be updated regularly to match the new strains that evolve due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift. However, with the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved antigens, and the CD8(+) T cell responses targeting viral internal proteins nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1), it is possible to develop a universal influenza vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, NP, and matrix proteins. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) is an ideal influenza vaccine vector because it has an ideal stability and safety profile, induces balanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses due to activation of innate immunity, provides 'self-adjuvanting' activity, can mimic natural IFV infection, and confers seamless protection against mucosal pathogens. Moreover, this vector can be developed as a low-cost, rapid-response vaccine that can be quickly manufactured. Therefore, an adenovirus vector encoding conserved influenza antigens holds promise in the development of a universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the progress in adenovirus-vectored universal flu vaccines and discuss future novel approaches.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ad: adenovirus
- CAR, Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, lung dendritic cells
- DVD, drug–vaccine duo
- FcγRs, Fc receptors for IgG
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HDAd, helper-dependent adenoviral
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cell
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IF-γ, interferon-γ
- IFV, Influenza virus
- IIVV, inactivated influenza virus vaccine
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- ITRs, inverted terminal repeats
- LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine
- M1, matrix protein 1
- M2, matrix protein 2
- MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- NA, neuraminidase
- NP, nucleoprotein
- RCA, replication competent adenovirus
- VAERD, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease
- adenovirus vector
- broadly neutralizing antibodies
- cellular immunity
- flu, influenza
- hemagglutinin
- humoral immunity
- influenza
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mucosal immunity
- rAd, recombinant adenovirus
- universal vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiang
- a Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
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Loustalot F, Kremer EJ, Salinas S. Membrane Dynamics and Signaling of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 322:331-62. [PMID: 26940522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and acts as a receptor for some adenovirus types and group B coxsackieviruses. Its role is best described in epithelia where CAR participates to tight junction integrity and maintenance. Recently, several studies aimed to characterize its potential interaction with intracellular signaling pathways and highlighted several features linking CAR to gene expression. In addition, the molecular mechanisms leading to CAR-specific membrane targeting via the secretory pathway in polarized cells and its internalization are starting to be unraveled. This chapter discusses the interaction between membrane dynamics, intracellular trafficking, and signaling of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Loustalot
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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32
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The Intracellular Domain of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Differentially Influences Adenovirus Entry. J Virol 2015; 89:9417-26. [PMID: 26136571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01488-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a cell adhesion molecule used as a docking molecule by some adenoviruses (AdVs) and group B coxsackieviruses. We previously proposed that the preferential transduction of neurons by canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) is due to CAR-mediated internalization. Our proposed pathway of CAV-2 entry is in contrast to that of human AdV type 5 (HAdV-C5) in nonneuronal cells, where internalization is mediated by auxiliary receptors such as integrins. We therefore asked if in fibroblast-like cells the intracellular domain (ICD) of CAR plays a role in the internalization of the CAV-2 fiber knob (FK(CAV)), CAV-2, or HAdV-C5 when the capsid cannot engage integrins. Here, we show that in fibroblast-like cells, the CAR ICD is needed for FK(CAV) entry and efficient CAV-2 transduction but dispensable for HAdV-C5 and an HAdV-C5 capsid lacking the RGD sequence (an integrin-interacting motif) in the penton. Moreover, the deletion of the CAR ICD further impacts CAV-2 intracellular trafficking, highlighting the crucial role of CAR in CAV-2 intracellular dynamics. These data demonstrate that the CAR ICD contains sequences important for the recruitment of the endocytic machinery that differentially influences AdV cell entry. IMPORTANCE Understanding how viruses interact with the host cell surface and reach the intracellular space is of crucial importance for applied and fundamental virology. Here, we compare the role of a cell adhesion molecule (CAR) in the internalization of adenoviruses that naturally infect humans and Canidae. We show that the intracellular domain of CAR differentially regulates AdV entry and trafficking. Our study highlights the mechanistic differences that a receptor can have for two viruses from the same family.
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Kupgan G, Hentges DC, Muschinske NJ, Picking WD, Picking WL, Ramsey JD. The effect of fiber truncations on the stability of adenovirus type 5. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 56:979-91. [PMID: 24981329 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While fiberless adenovirus has the potential for use as a vaccine or gene delivery vector, some groups have observed instability issues associated with the modified virus. To investigate the effect of fiber modification on adenovirus stability, we produced mutant adenovirus particles that contained the tail and a portion of the shaft domain without the knob. The shaft domain was either completely removed (i.e., fiberless) or truncated to 7-, 14-, or 21-repeats. The mutants were evaluated by biophysical characterization techniques to determine their relative stabilities based on temperature-induced changes to the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of the virus and its constituent proteins. Data acquired using circular dichroism, intrinsic/extrinsic fluorescence, and static/dynamic light scattering were compiled into a comprehensive empirical phase diagram, which showed that native adenovirus was the most stable followed by fiberless adenovirus and then the mutants with truncated fiber protein. In summary, the individual biophysical measurements and the empirical phase diagram showed that providing several repeats of shaft protein negatively impacted the structural stability of the virus more so than completely removing the fiber protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Kupgan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 423 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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34
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Zhang B, Yan Y, Jin J, Lin H, Li Z, Zhang X, Liu J, Xi C, Lieber A, Fan X, Ran L. Two types of functionally distinct fiber containing structural protein complexes are produced during infection of adenovirus serotype 5. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117976. [PMID: 25723153 PMCID: PMC4344211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are common pathogens. The localization of their receptors coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, and desmoglein-2 in cell-cell junction complexes between polarized epithelial cells represents a major challenge for adenovirus infection from the apical surface. Structural proteins including hexon, penton base and fiber are excessively produced in serotype 5 adenovirus (Ad5)-infected cells. We have characterized the composition of structural protein complexes released from Ad5 infected cells and their capacity in remodeling cell-cell junction complexes. Using T84 cells as a model for polarized epithelium, we have studied the effect of Ad5 structural protein complexes in remodeling cell-cell junctions in polarized epithelium. The initial Ad5 infection in T84 cell culture was inefficient. However, progressive distortion of cell-cell junction in association with fiber release was evident during progression of Ad5 infection. Incubation of T84 cell cultures with virion-free supernatant from Ad5 infected culture resulted in distortion of cell-cell junctions and decreased infectivity of Ad5-GFP vector. We used gel filtration chromatography to fractionate fiber containing virion–free supernatant from Ad5 infected culture supernatant. Fiber containing fractions were further characterized for their capacity to inhibit the infection of Ad5-GFP vector, their composition in adenovirus structural proteins using western blot and LC-MS/MS and their capacity in remolding cell-cell junctions. Fiber molecules in complexes containing penton base and hexon, or mainly hexon were identified. Only the fiber complexes with relatively high content of penton base, but not the fiber-hexon complexes with low penton base, were able to penetrate into T84 cells and cause distortion of cell-cell junctions. Our findings suggest that these two types of fiber complexes may play different roles in adenoviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Andre Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XF); (LR)
| | - Liang Ran
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XF); (LR)
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Murrah KA, Turner RL, Pang B, Perez AC, Reimche JL, King LB, Wren J, Gandhi U, Swords WE, Ornelles DA. Replication of type 5 adenovirus promotes middle ear infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the chinchilla model of otitis media. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-8. [PMID: 25251686 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral infection is a major risk factor for otitis media. We hypothesized that adenovirus promotes bacterial ascension into the middle ear through the disruption of normal function in the Eustachian tubes due to inflammation-induced changes. An intranasal infection model of the chinchilla was used to test the ability of type 5 adenovirus to promote middle ear infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The hyperinflammatory adenovirus mutant dl327 and the nonreplicating adenovirus mutant H5wt300ΔpTP were used to test the role of inflammation and viral replication, respectively, in promotion of pneumococcal middle ear infection. Precedent infection with adenovirus resulted in a significantly greater incidence of middle ear disease by S. pneumoniae as compared to nonadenovirus infected animals. Infection with the adenovirus mutant dl327 induced a comparable degree of bacterial ascension into the middle ear as did infection with the wild-type virus. By contrast, infection with the nonreplicating adenovirus mutant H5wt300ΔpTP resulted in less extensive middle ear infection compared to the wild-type adenovirus. We conclude that viral replication is necessary for adenoviral-induced pneumococcal middle ear disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Murrah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roberta L Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Bing Pang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Antonia C Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Reimche
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lauren B King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John Wren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Uma Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - David A Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Han X, Wang S, Zhou W, Li Y, Lei W, Lv W. Synergistic combination of histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and oncolytic adenovirus ZD55-TRAIL as a therapy against cervical cancer. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:435-41. [PMID: 25684632 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OA) have been investigated as virotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cervical cancer and thus far results are promising. However, the cytotoxicity of the viruses requires improvement. The present study demonstrated that this can be achieved by combining ZD55-TRAIL, an OA containing the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene, with the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). It was demonstrated that these agents act synergistically to kill HeLa cells by inducing G2 growth arrest and apoptosis. Notably, in a mouse xenograft model, ZD55-TRAIL/SAHA combination inhibited tumor growth. At the molecular level, it was found that upregulation of IκBα and the p50 and p65 subunits of nuclear factor-κB induced by ZD55-TRAIL, can be abrogated by SAHA treatment. These data strongly suggested that ZD55-TRAIL/SAHA co-treatment may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Han
- Institute of Oncology, Women's Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Shibing Wang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wen Lei
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Lv
- Institute of Oncology, Women's Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Majhen D, Calderon H, Chandra N, Fajardo CA, Rajan A, Alemany R, Custers J. Adenovirus-based vaccines for fighting infectious diseases and cancer: progress in the field. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:301-17. [PMID: 24580050 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of adenovirology is undergoing rapid change in response to increasing appreciation of the potential advantages of adenoviruses as the basis for new vaccines and as vectors for gene and cancer therapy. Substantial knowledge and understanding of adenoviruses at a molecular level has made their manipulation for use as vaccines and therapeutics relatively straightforward in comparison with other viral vectors. In this review we summarize the structure and life cycle of the adenovirus and focus on the use of adenovirus-based vectors in vaccines against infectious diseases and cancers. Strategies to overcome the problem of preexisting antiadenovirus immunity, which can hamper the immunogenicity of adenovirus-based vaccines, are discussed. When armed with tumor-associated antigens, replication-deficient and oncolytic adenoviruses can efficiently activate an antitumor immune response. We present concepts on how to use adenoviruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines and consider some of the strategies used to further improve antitumor immune responses. Studies that explore the prospect of adenoviruses as vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer are underway, and here we give an overview of the latest developments.
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Lopez-Gordo E, Podgorski II, Downes N, Alemany R. Circumventing antivector immunity: potential use of nonhuman adenoviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:285-300. [PMID: 24499174 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are efficient gene delivery vectors based on their ability to transduce a wide variety of cell types and drive high-level transient transgene expression. While there have been advances in modifying human adenoviral (HAdV) vectors to increase their safety profile, there are still pitfalls that need to be further addressed. Preexisting humoral and cellular immunity against common HAdV serotypes limits the efficacy of gene transfer and duration of transgene expression. As an alternative, nonhuman AdV (NHAdV) vectors can circumvent neutralizing antibodies against HAdVs in immunized mice and monkeys and in human sera, suggesting that NHAdV vectors could circumvent preexisting humoral immunity against HAdVs in a clinical setting. Consequently, there has been an increased interest in developing NHAdV vectors for gene delivery in humans. In this review, we outline the recent advances and limitations of HAdV vectors for gene therapy and describe examples of NHAdV vectors focusing on their immunogenicity, tropism, and potential as effective gene therapy vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Lopez-Gordo
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Radke JR, Grigera F, Ucker DS, Cook JL. Adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein modulates innate immunity through apoptotic mimicry. J Virol 2014; 88:2658-69. [PMID: 24352454 PMCID: PMC3958100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02372-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cells that undergo apoptosis in response to chemical or physical stimuli repress inflammatory reactions, but cells that undergo nonapoptotic death in response to such stimuli lack this activity. Whether cells dying from viral infection exhibit a cell death-type modulatory effect on inflammatory reactions is unknown. We compared the effects on macrophage inflammatory responses of cells dying an apoptotic or a nonapoptotic death as a result of adenoviral infection. The results were exactly opposite to the predictions from the conventional paradigm. Cells dying by apoptosis induced by infection with an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1B 19-kilodalton (E1B 19K) gene deletion mutant did not repress macrophage NF-κB activation or cytokine responses to proinflammatory stimuli, whereas cells dying a nonapoptotic death from infection with E1B 19K-competent, wild-type Ad5 repressed these macrophage inflammatory responses as well as cells undergoing classical apoptosis in response to chemical injury. The immunorepressive, E1B 19K-related cell death activity depended upon direct contact of the virally infected corpses with responder macrophages. Replacement of the viral E1B 19K gene with the mammalian Bcl-2 gene in cis restored the nonapoptotic, immunorepressive cell death activity of virally infected cells. These results define a novel function of the antiapoptotic, adenoviral E1B 19K protein that may limit local host innate immune inflammation during accumulation of virally infected cells at sites of infection and suggest that E1B 19K-deleted, replicating adenoviral vectors might induce greater inflammatory responses to virally infected cells than E1B 19K-positive vectors, because of the net effect of their loss-of-function mutation. IMPORTANCE We observed that cells dying a nonapoptotic cell death induced by adenovirus infection repressed macrophage proinflammatory responses while cells dying by apoptosis induced by infection with an E1B 19K deletion mutant virus did not repress macrophage proinflammatory responses and enhanced some cytokine responses. Our results define a new function of the antiapoptotic, adenoviral protein E1B 19K, which we have termed "apoptotic mimicry." Our studies suggest the possibility that the presence or absence of this E1B 19K function could alter the immunological outcome of both natural and therapeutic adenoviral infections. For example, emerging, highly immunopathogenic adenovirus serotypes might induce increased host inflammatory responses as a result of altered E1B 19K function or expression. It is also possible that engineered variations in E1B 19K expression/function could be created during adenovirus vector design that would increase the therapeutic efficacy of replicating adenovirus vectors for vaccines or oncolytic viral targeting of neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R. Radke
- Research Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Fernando Grigera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David S. Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James L. Cook
- Research Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and the Infectious Diseases and Immunology Institute, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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40
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Tong Y, Zhu W, Huang X, You L, Han X, Yang C, Qian W. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 inhibits activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway induced by an oncolytic adenovirus expressing TRAIL and sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to the oncolytic virus. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1581-8. [PMID: 24535016 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, much progress has been achieved in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). However, the major challenge of chemotherapeutic drugs is acquired resistance. Oncolytic virotherapies offer promising alternatives; with the possibility of their integration with current therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we assessed the potential of ZD55-TRAIL (an oncolytic adenovirus expressing tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) as an oncolytic agent for MM. Our results clearly indicated that ZD55 armed with TRAIL was more cytotoxic to drug-sensitive as well as drug-resistant MM cell lines, than the virus alone. Furthermore, it was also observed that ZD55-TRAIL induced apoptosis through the activation of the caspase pathway. In particular, ZD55-TRAIL significantly inhibited insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and NFκB. However, IGF did not abrogate ZD55‑TRAIL-induced cell death. Combination of ZD55-TRAIL with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 in RPMI‑8226 cells inhibited the virus‑mediated activation of mTOR and AKT, thus, promoting cell death. Combined treatment of ZD55-TRAIL and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) robustly increased the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5), which enhanced the apoptosis response without significant toxicity to normal liver cells. Collectively, our results suggest that combined treatment of TRAIL-armed oncolytic adenovirus and a PI3K inhibitor or a proteosome inhibitor may serve as a promising therapy for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tong
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xianbo Huang
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P.R. China
| | - Liangshun You
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiujun Han
- Women's Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P.R. China
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Stercz B, Perlstadt H, Nagy K, Ongrádi J. Immunochemistry of adenoviruses: limitations and new horizons of gene therapy. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2013; 60:447-59. [PMID: 24292088 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.60.2013.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses have increasingly been recognized as significant viral pathogens causing high morbidity and mortality especially among immunocompromised individuals such as transplant recipients and AIDS patients. Through the infection process, after the adenovirus fiber and penton are bonded to cell surface receptors through special amino acid moieties, secondary messengers activate protein kinases, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Serotype and species specific antibodies also are induced. Recombinant human adenoviruses have been pivotal in the development of gene therapy strategies and have shown a great promise for the treatment of genetic disorders and malignancies. Recent studies have enlightened their harmful immunological effects dependent on fiber and hexon polypeptide structure and receptor binding. Pre-existing antibodies or those elicited by vectors neutralize input recombinant adenovirus particles rendering them ineffective. Mediators induce serious even lethal side effects and cytotoxic reactions which extinguish transgene expression. To overcome these difficulties new strategies are required in the application of recombinant adenoviruses to redirect vector entry from the natural receptors to alternative binding sites or using rare human or animal adenovirus fiber molecules to modify the native fiber structure by altering amino acid structure and creating chimeric fibers. This requires searching for, isolating and characterizing new serotypes, mutants or variants for new generation vectors. Human adenovirus 1 feline isolate (feline adenovirus) might fulfil these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Stercz
- Semmelweis University Department of Medical Microbiology Budapest Hungary
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Salinas S, Zussy C, Loustalot F, Henaff D, Menendez G, Morton PE, Parsons M, Schiavo G, Kremer EJ. Disruption of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-homodimeric interaction triggers lipid microdomain- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis and lysosomal targeting. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:680-95. [PMID: 24273169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.518365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) serves as a docking factor for some adenovirus (AdV) types and group B coxsackieviruses. Its role in AdV internalization is unclear as studies suggest that its intracellular domain is dispensable for some AdV infection. We previously showed that in motor neurons, AdV induced CAR internalization and co-transport in axons, suggesting that CAR was linked to endocytic and long-range transport machineries. Here, we characterized the mechanisms of CAR endocytosis in neurons and neuronal cells. We found that CAR internalization was lipid microdomain-, actin-, and dynamin-dependent, and subsequently followed by CAR degradation in lysosomes. Moreover, ligands that disrupted the homodimeric CAR interactions in its D1 domains triggered an internalization cascade involving sequences in its intracellular tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salinas
- From the Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, Universités de Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France
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43
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Host cell autophagy modulates early stages of adenovirus infections in airway epithelial cells. J Virol 2012; 87:2307-19. [PMID: 23236070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02014-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses typically cause mild infections in the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or ocular epithelium. However, adenoviruses may be life-threatening in patients with impaired immunity and some serotypes cause epidemic outbreaks. Attachment to host cell receptors activates cell signaling and virus uptake by endocytosis. At present, it is unclear how vital cellular homeostatic mechanisms affect these early steps in the adenovirus life cycle. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway for recycling intracellular components that is upregulated during periods of cell stress. Autophagic cargo is sequestered in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes that fuse with endosomes to form amphisomes which then deliver their content to lysosomes. Autophagy is an important adaptive response in airway epithelial cells targeted by many common adenovirus serotypes. Using two established tissue culture models, we demonstrate here that adaptive autophagy enhances expression of the early region 1 adenovirus protein, induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and production of new viral progeny in airway epithelial cells infected with adenovirus type 2. We have also discovered that adenovirus infections are tightly regulated by endosome maturation, a process characterized by abrupt exchange of Rab5 and Rab7 GTPases, associated with early and late endosomes, respectively. Moreover, endosome maturation appears to control a pool of early endosomes capable of fusing with autophagosomes which enhance adenovirus infection. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to induce autophagy in order to aid their own replication. Our studies reveal a novel role for host cell autophagy that could have a significant impact on the outcome of respiratory infections.
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44
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Wolfrum N, Greber UF. Adenovirus signalling in entry. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:53-62. [PMID: 23083122 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses carry nucleic acids between and within host cells. Invariably, virus attachment to host cells leads to activation of cell signalling. These so-called forward signals emerge from interactions with cell surface receptors or cytosolic proteins and elicit profound responses in the cells, for example induction of growth or innate immunity responses. They can enhance or suppress infection. In addition, viruses receive signals from the cell. These reverse signals can impact on the structure of the virus leading to genome uncoating. They can enhance infection or inactivate virus, for example by facilitating degradation. Here we discuss the nature and mechanisms by which forward and reverse signals emerge and affect the outcome of human adenovirus infections. We describe how human adenoviruses use cell surface receptors for forward signalling to activate cell growth, intracellular transport or innate immune response. We also discuss how adenoviruses use acto-myosin, integrins or microtubule-based kinesin motors for reverse signalling to facilitate their stepwise uncoating programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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45
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Smith JS, Xu Z, Tian J, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Byrnes AP. The role of endosomal escape and mitogen-activated protein kinases in adenoviral activation of the innate immune response. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26755. [PMID: 22046344 PMCID: PMC3203151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (AdV) activate multiple signaling pathways associated with innate immune responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In this study, we investigated how systemically-injected AdVs activate two MAPK pathways (p38 and ERK) and the contribution of these kinases to AdV-induced cytokine and chemokine responses in mice. Mice were injected intravenously either with a helper-dependent Ad2 vector that does not express viral genes or transgenes, or with the Ad2 mutant ts1, which is defective in endosomal escape. We found that AdV induced rapid phosphorylation of p38 and ERK as well as a significant cytokine response, but ts1 failed to activate p38 or ERK and induced only a limited cytokine response. These results demonstrate that endosomal escape of virions is a critical step in the induction of these innate pathways and responses. We then examined the roles of p38 and ERK pathways in the innate cytokine response by administering specific kinase inhibitors to mice prior to AdV. The cytokine and chemokine response to AdV was only modestly suppressed by a p38 inhibitor, while an ERK inhibitor has mixed effects, lowering some cytokines and elevating others. Thus, even though p38 and ERK are rapidly activated after i.v. injection of AdV, cytokine and chemokine responses are mostly independent of these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Smith
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhili Xu
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jie Tian
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donna J. Palmer
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip Ng
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Byrnes
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Sharma P, Kolawole AO, Wiltshire SM, Frondorf K, Excoffon KJDA. Accessibility of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor and its importance in adenovirus gene transduction efficiency. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:155-158. [PMID: 21918008 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.036269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are commonly investigated as vector systems for gene therapy. To be effective, virus-mediated gene-delivery systems require the presence of specific virus receptors to enter the target cell. One example is adenovirus and its primary receptor is the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells have become a choice model system for studying CAR and adenovirus infection due to their ability to polarize rapidly into an epithelium with high transepithelial resistance. We show here that, whilst MDCK cells are resistant to adenovirus infection and hence appear functionally CAR-deficient, polarized MDCK cells express significant levels of CAR sequestered on the basolateral surface, where it is inaccessible for virus infection. Thus, although a cell type may be resistant to adenovirus infection, it is impossible to know whether it is due to a deficiency, as both CAR absence and inaccessibility are barriers to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | | | | | - Kathleen Frondorf
- Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Ganguly S, Manicassamy S, Amara RR, Pulendran B, Amara RR. Adenovirus type 5 induces vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in dendritic cells and enhances priming of gut-homing CD8 T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:528-38. [PMID: 21289616 PMCID: PMC3097311 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity at the gut-associated mucosal tissue is induced primarily by oral/rectal immunization owing to the need for targeting antigen to the gut-resident dendritic cells (DCs). In this study we show that an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine can prime a durable antigen-specific CD8 T-cell response in the gut following intramuscular (IM) immunization in mice. The ability of Ad5 to prime gut-homing CD8 T cells in vivo was associated with Ad5-induced expression of retinal dehydrogenase (RALDH) enzymes in conventional DCs. The Ad5-mediated induction of RALDH did not require signaling through Toll-like receptors, DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors and several mitogen-activated protein kinases, or replication capacity of the virus, but was dependent on nuclear factor-κB and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. These results provide an innate mechanism through which Ad5-stimulated DCs prime gut-homing CD8 T cells and have implications for the development of novel mucosal adjuvants for subunit vaccines administered via the IM route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Ganguly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA, Department of Pathology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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Abstract
Adenoviruses are the most commonly used vectors for gene therapy. Despite the promising safety profile demonstrated in clinical trials, the efficacy of using adenoviruses for gene therapy is poor. A major hurdle to adenoviral-mediated gene therapy is the innate immune system. Cell-mediated recognition of viruses via capsid components or nucleic acids has received significant attention, principally thought to be regulated by the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Antiviral innate immune responses are initiated by the infected cell, which activates the interferon (IFN) response to block viral replication, while simultaneously releasing chemokines to attract neutrophils, mononuclear- and natural killer-cells. While the IFN and cellular recruitment pathways are activated and regulated independently of each other, both are required to overcome immune escape mechanisms by adenoviruses. Recent work has shown that the generation of adenoviral vectors lacking specific transcriptionally-active regions decreases immune system activation and increases the chance for immune escape. In this review, we elucidate how adenoviral vector modifications alter the IFN and innate inflammatory pathway response and propose future targets with clinically-translational relevance.
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Minamitani T, Iwakiri D, Takada K. Adenovirus virus-associated RNAs induce type I interferon expression through a RIG-I-mediated pathway. J Virol 2011; 85:4035-40. [PMID: 21248047 PMCID: PMC3126113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02160-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study demonstrates that adenovirus virus-associated RNA (VA) is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, and activates RIG-I downstream signaling, leading to the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), similarly to Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA. Further analysis revealed that adenovirus infection leads to biphasic type I IFN induction at 12 to 24 h and 48 to 60 h postinfection. The later induction coincided with VA expression and was reduced by virus UV inactivation or RIG-I silencing. These results suggest that VA-mediated RIG-I activation is involved in activating innate immune responses during adenovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Minamitani
- Department of Tumor Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Dai Iwakiri
- Department of Tumor Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kenzo Takada
- Department of Tumor Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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50
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Wang X, Smith GM, Xu XM. Preferential and bidirectional labeling of the rubrospinal tract with adenovirus-GFP for monitoring normal and injured axons. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:635-47. [PMID: 21299337 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rodent rubrospinal tract (RST) has been studied extensively to investigate regeneration and remodeling of central nervous system (CNS) axons. Currently no retrograde tracers can specifically label rubrospinal axons and neurons (RSNs). The RST can be anterogradely labeled by injecting tracers into the red nucleus (RN), but accurately locating the RN is a technical challenge. Here we developed a recombinant adenovirus carrying a green fluorescent protein reporter gene (Adv-GFP) which can preferentially, intensely, and bi-directionally label the RST. When Adv-GFP was injected into the second lumbar spinal cord, the GFP was specifically transported throughout the entire RST, with peak labeling seen at 2 weeks post-injection. When Adv-GFP was injected directly into the RN, GFP was anterogradely transported throughout the RST. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), injection of Adv-GFP resulted in visualization of GFP in transected, spared, or sprouted RST axons bi-directionally. Thus Adv-GFP could be used as a novel tool for monitoring and evaluating strategies designed to maximize RST axonal regeneration and remodeling following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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