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Huang J, Ma K, Zhang J, Zhou J, Yi J, Qi W, Liao M. Pathogenicity and transmission of novel highly pathogenic H7N2 variants originating from H7N9 avian influenza viruses in chickens. Virology 2024; 597:110121. [PMID: 38917688 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The H7 subtype avian influenza viruses are circulating widely worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry and posing a serious threat to human health. In 2019, H7N2 and H7N9 co-circulated in Chinese poultry, yet the risk of H7N2 remained unclear. We isolated and sequenced four H7N2 viruses from chickens, revealing them as novel reassortants with H7N9-derived HA, M, NS genes and H9N2-derived PB2, PB1, PA,NP, NA genes. To further explore the key segment of pathogenicity, H7N2-H7N9NA and H7N2-H9N2HA single-substitution were constructed. Pathogenicity study showed H7N2 isolates to be highly pathogenic in chickens, with H7N2-H7N9NA slightly weaker than H7N2-Wild type. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that H7N9-derived HA genes primarily drove the high pathogenicity of H7N2 isolates, eliciting a strong inflammatory response. These findings underscored the increased threat posed by reassorted H7N2 viruses to chickens, emphasizing the necessity of long-term monitoring of H7 subtype avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kaixiong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiahui Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Yang Z, Lin Y, Fu S, Chen J, Xu L, Liu T, Niu B, Huang Q, Liu H, Zheng C, Liao M, Jia W. Evolution and Antigenic Differentiation of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1218-1222. [PMID: 38640498 PMCID: PMC11138980 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.230530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We characterized the evolution and molecular characteristics of avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses isolated in China during 2021-2023. We systematically analyzed the 10-year evolution of the hemagglutinin gene to determine the evolutionary branch. Our results showed recent antigenic drift, providing crucial clues for updating the H7N9 vaccine and disease prevention and control.
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MESH Headings
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- China/epidemiology
- Animals
- Evolution, Molecular
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Birds/virology
- Antigenic Variation
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3
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Jia M, Zhao H, Morano NC, Lu H, Lui YM, Du H, Becker JE, Yuen KY, Ho DD, Kwong PD, Shapiro L, To KKW, Wu X. Human neutralizing antibodies target a conserved lateral patch on H7N9 hemagglutinin head. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4505. [PMID: 38802413 PMCID: PMC11130183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A virus H7N9 causes severe human infections with >30% fatality. Currently, there is no H7N9-specific prevention or treatment for humans. Here, from a 2013 H7N9 convalescent case in Hong Kong, we isolate four hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), with three directed to the globular head domain (HA1) and one to the stalk domain (HA2). Two clonally related HA1-directed mAbs, H7.HK1 and H7.HK2, potently neutralize H7N9 and protect female mice from lethal H7N9/AH1 challenge. Cryo-EM structures reveal that H7.HK1 and H7.HK2 bind to a β14-centered surface and disrupt the 220-loop that makes hydrophobic contacts with sialic acid on an adjacent protomer, thereby blocking viral entry. Sequence analysis indicates the lateral patch targeted by H7.HK1 and H7.HK2 to be conserved among influenza subtypes. Both H7.HK1 and H7.HK2 retain HA1 binding and neutralization capacity to later H7N9 isolates from 2016-2017, consistent with structural data showing that the antigenic mutations during this timeframe occur at their epitope peripheries. The HA2-directed mAb H7.HK4 lacks neutralizing activity but when used in combination with H7.HK2 moderately augments female mouse protection. Overall, our data reveal antibodies to a conserved lateral HA1 supersite that confer neutralization, and when combined with a HA2-directed non-neutralizing mAb, augment protection.
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Grants
- INV-016167 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- W911NF-14-C-0001 U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)
- FNIH SHAP19IUFV Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- Donations from Richard Yu and Carol Yu, Shaw Foundation Hong Kong, Michael Seak-Kan Tong, The Hui Ming, Hui Hoy and Chow Sin Lan Charity Fund Limited, Chan Yin Chuen Memorial Charitable Foundation, Marina Man-Wai Lee, Jessie and George Ho Charitable Foundation, Kai Chong Tong, Tse Kam Ming Laurence, Foo Oi Foundation Limited, Betty Hing-Chu Lee, and Ping Cham So
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxue Jia
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nicholas C Morano
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Hong Lu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yin-Ming Lui
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haijuan Du
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jordan E Becker
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China.
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Yu DS, Wu XX, Weng TH, Cheng LF, Liu FM, Wu HB, Lu XY, Wu NP, Sun SL, Yao HP. Host proteins interact with viral elements and affect the life cycle of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H7N9. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28218. [PMID: 38560106 PMCID: PMC10981070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-virus interactions can significantly impact the viral life cycle and pathogenesis; however, our understanding of the specific host factors involved in highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H7N9 (HPAI H7N9) infection is currently restricted. Herein, we designed and synthesized 65 small interfering RNAs targeting host genes potentially associated with various aspects of RNA virus life cycles. Afterward, HPAI H7N9 viruses were isolated and RNA interference was used to screen for host factors likely to be involved in the life cycle of HPAI H7N9. Moreover, the research entailed assessing the associations between host proteins and HPAI H7N9 proteins. Twelve key host proteins were identified: Annexin A (ANXA)2, ANXA5, adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit sigma 1 (AP2S1), adaptor related protein complex 3 subunit sigma 1 (AP3S1), ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A1), COPI coat complex subunit alpha (COP)A, COPG1, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A (HSPA)1A, HSPA8, heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), RAB11B, and RAB18. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed intricate interactions between viral proteins (hemagglutinin, matrix 1 protein, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, polymerase basic 1, and polymerase basic 2) and these host proteins, presumably playing a crucial role in modulating the life cycle of HPAI H7N9. Notably, ANXA5, AP2S1, AP3S1, ATP5A1, HSP90A1, and RAB18, were identified as novel interactors with HPAI H7N9 proteins rather than other influenza A viruses (IAVs). These findings underscore the significance of host-viral protein interactions in shaping the dynamics of HPAI H7N9 infection, while highlighting subtle variations compared with other IAVs. Deeper understanding of these interactions holds promise to advance disease treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Tian-Hao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Lin-Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Fu-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Nan-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250021, PR China
| | - Shui-Lin Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250021, PR China
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5
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Liu Q, Zeng H, Wu X, Yang X, Wang G. Global Prevalence and Hemagglutinin Evolution of H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses from 2013 to 2022. Viruses 2023; 15:2214. [PMID: 38005891 PMCID: PMC10674656 DOI: 10.3390/v15112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza viruses have caused severe harm to the global aquaculture industry and human health. For further understanding of the characteristics of prevalence and hemagglutinin evolution of H7N9 avian influenza viruses, we generated the global epidemic map of H7N9 viruses from 2013 to 2022, constructed a phylogenetic tree, predicted the glycosylation sites and compared the selection pressure of the hemagglutinin. The results showed that although H7N9 avian influenza appeared sporadically in other regions worldwide, China had concentrated outbreaks from 2013 to 2017. The hemagglutinin genes were classified into six distinct lineages: A, B, C, D, E and F. After 2019, H7N9 viruses from the lineages B, E and F persisted, with the lineage B being the dominant. The hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic viruses in the B lineage has an additional predicted glycosylation site, which may account for their persistent pandemic, and is under more positive selection pressure. The most recent ancestor of the H7N9 avian influenza viruses originated in September 1991. The continuous evolution of hemagglutinin has led to an increase in virus pathogenicity in both poultry and humans, and sustained human-to-human transmission. This study provides a theoretical basis for better prediction and control of H7N9 avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianshuo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Haowen Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Xinghui Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Xuelian Yang
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
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Guo F, Yang J, Abd El-Aty AM, Wang R, Ju X. Base composition, adaptation, and evolution of goose astroviruses: codon-based investigation. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103029. [PMID: 37713803 PMCID: PMC10511809 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Goose astroviruses (GoAstVs) are causative agents that account for fatal infection of goslings characterized by visceral urate deposition, resulting in severe economic losses in major goose-producing regions in China since 2017. In this study, we sought to unravel the intrinsic properties associated with adaptation and evolution in the host environment of GoAstVs. Consistent results from phylogenetic analysis and correspondence analysis performed on the codon usage patterns (CUPs) reveal 2 clusters of GoAstVs, namely, GoAstV-1 and GoAstV-2. However, multiple similar compositional characteristics were found, despite the high divergence between GoAstV-1 and GoAstV-2. Studies on the base composition of GoAstVs reveal an A/U bias, indicating a compositional constraint, while natural selection prevailed in determining the CUPs in the virus genome based on our neutrality plot analysis, reflecting high adaptive pressure to fit the host environment. Codon adaptation index (CAI) analysis revealed a higher degree of fitness to the CUPs of the corresponding host for GoAstVs than avian influenza virus and betacoronaviruses, which may be a favorable factor contributing to the high pathogenicity and wide distribution of GoAstVs in goslings. In addition, GoAstVs were less adapted to ducks and chickens, with significantly lower CAI values than to geese, which may be a reason for the different prevalence of GoAstVs among these species. Extensive investigations on dinucleotide distribution revealed a significant suppression of the CpG and UpA motifs in the virus genome, which may facilitate adaptation to the host's innate immune system by evading surveillance. In addition, our study reported the trends of increasing fitness to the host's microenvironment for GoAstVs through increasing adaptation to host CUPs and ongoing reduction of CpG motifs in the virus genome. The present analysis deepens our understanding of the basic biology, pathogenesis, adaptation and evolutionary pattern of GoAstVs, and contributes to the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Guo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Technology Center of Zhanjiang Customs District, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Ruichen Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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7
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Xu S, Lan H, Teng Q, Li X, Jin Z, Qu Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Kang H, Yin TH, Li Z, Zhao K. An immune-enhanced multivalent DNA nanovaccine to prevent H7 and H9 avian influenza virus in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126286. [PMID: 37579904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
H7 avian influenza virus has caused multiple human infections and poses a severe public health threat. In response to the highly variable nature of AIVs, a novel, easily regenerated DNA vaccine has great potential in treating or preventing avian influenza pandemics. Nevertheless, DNA vaccines have many disadvantages, such as weak immunogenicity and poor in vivo delivery. To further characterize and solve these issues and develop a novel H7 AIV DNA vaccine with enhanced stability and immunogenicity, we constructed nine AIV DNA plasmids, and the immunogenicity screened showed that mice immunized with pβH7N2SH9 elicited stronger hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies than other eight plasmid DNAs. Then, to address the susceptibility to degradation and low transfection rate of DNA vaccine in vivo, we developed pβH7N2SH9/DGL NPs by encapsulating the pβH7N2SH9 within the dendrigraft poly-l-lysines nanoparticles. As expected, these NPs exhibited excellent physical and chemical properties, were capable of promote lymphocyte proliferation, and induce stronger humoral and cellular responses than the naked pβH7N2SH9, including higher levels of HI antibodies than naked pβH7N2SH9, as well as the production of cytokines, namely, IL-2, IFN-α. Taken together, our results suggest that the construction of an immune-enhanced H7-AIV DNA nanovaccine may be a promising strategy against most influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangen Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China; Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hailing Lan
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China; Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hong Kang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150080, China
| | - Tan Hui Yin
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China; Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Jalan Genting Kelang, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
| | - Zejun Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomedicine and Advanced Dosage Forms, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150080, China; Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Laboratory for Bioactive Materials and Applied Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, China.
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8
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Chen YQ, Su GM, Zhang JH, Li B, Ma KX, Zhang X, Huang LH, Liao M, Qi WB. HVT-vectored H7 vaccine protects chickens from lethal infection with the highly pathogenic H7N9 Avian influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109852. [PMID: 37683421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Since mid-2016, the highly pathogenic H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has threatened both public health and the poultry industry. Although a vaccination strategy has been deemed imperative to manage the virus, the most commonly used inactivated vaccines today are susceptible to interference from maternal antibodies and associated with an over-reliance on humoral immunity. In response, we developed a recombination vaccine with the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) as the vector to squeeze HPAI H7N9 and assessed its protective efficiency in immunized chickens. By inserting an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette (i.e., MCMV+EGFP+SV40 polyA) into the HVT065 and HVT066 positions, we obtained the recombinant HVT expressing EGFP (i.e., rHVT-EGFP). Electroporation and EGFP tags improved the efficiency of transfection compared with transfection using expression plasmids without any fluorescent labeling and traditional liposomes. Using limiting dilution analysis and ultrasonic cell disruption techniques, we screened and purified a cell-bound herpes virus based on rHVT-EGFP and consequently constructed a recombinant HVT expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) of H7N9 (i.e., rHVT-H7HA), which was able to proliferate similarly to the parental strain, stably pass for at least 15 generations in vitro, and replicate stably in multiple organs in vivo. After chickens were immunized with rHVT-H7HA, the average antibody titers reached up to 3 log2 at 35 d post-vaccination and remained stable. Those results suggest that rHVT-H7HA can protect chickens against H7N9 with a dose-independent immune protection rate of 90% and significantly reduce the lung virus titer 4 d post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guan-Ming Su
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jia-Hao Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kai-Xiong Ma
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li-Hong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wen-Bao Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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9
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Bosco-Lauth A, Rodriguez A, Maison RM, Porter SM, Root JJ. H7N9 influenza A virus transmission in a multispecies barnyard model. Virology 2023; 582:100-105. [PMID: 37043909 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are a diverse group of pathogens that have been responsible for millions of human and avian deaths throughout history. Here, we illustrate the transmission potential of H7N9 influenza A virus between Coturnix quail (Coturnix sp.), domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) co-housed in an artificial barnyard setting. In each of four replicates, individuals from a single species were infected with the virus. Quail shed virus orally and were a source of infection for both chickens and ducks. Infected chickens transmitted the virus to quail but not to ducks or house sparrows. Infected ducks transmitted to chickens, resulting in seroconversion without viral shedding. House sparrows did not shed virus sufficiently to transmit to other species. These results demonstrate that onward transmission varies by index species, and that gallinaceous birds are more likely to maintain H7N9 than ducks or passerines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Anna Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Central District Health Department, Grand Island, NE, USA
| | - Rachel M Maison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Porter
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Jeffrey Root
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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10
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He D, Gu M, Wang X, Yan Y, Li Y, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X. Reintroduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H7N9 virus in southwestern China. Virus Genes 2023; 59:479-483. [PMID: 36781818 PMCID: PMC9924862 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza A H7N9 virus has emerged in China since 2016. In recent years, it has been most prevalent in northern China. However, several strains of HP H7N9 reappeared in southwestern China (Yunnan Province) in 2021. As a result, we are wondering if these viruses have re-emerged in situ or been reintroduced. Here, we present phylogenetic evidence that the HP H7N9 viruses isolated in Yunnan emigrated from northern to southwestern China in 2020. The northern subregion of China has become a novel epicenter in HP H7N9 dissemination. Meanwhile, a cleavage motif re-emerged due to the T341I mutation, implying a parallel evolution. This cross-region transmission, which originated in non-adjacent provinces and traveled a great geographic distance in an unknown way, indicates that HP H7N9 dissemination did not halt in 2020, even under the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional surveillance studies in poultry are required to determine the HP H7N9 virus's geographic distribution and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang He
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiyue Wang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yayao Yan
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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11
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Braun KM, Haddock III LA, Crooks CM, Barry GL, Lalli J, Neumann G, Watanabe T, Imai M, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Moncla LH, Koelle K, Kawaoka Y, Friedrich TC. Avian H7N9 influenza viruses are evolutionarily constrained by stochastic processes during replication and transmission in mammals. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead004. [PMID: 36814938 PMCID: PMC9939568 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have caused over 1,500 documented human infections since emerging in 2013. Although wild-type H7N9 AIVs can be transmitted by respiratory droplets in ferrets, they have not yet caused widespread outbreaks in humans. Previous studies have revealed molecular determinants of H7N9 AIV host switching, but little is known about potential evolutionary constraints on this process. Here, we compare patterns of sequence evolution for H7N9 AIV and mammalian H1N1 viruses during replication and transmission in ferrets. We show that three main factors-purifying selection, stochasticity, and very narrow transmission bottlenecks-combine to severely constrain the ability of H7N9 AIV to effectively adapt to mammalian hosts in isolated, acute spillover events. We find rare evidence of natural selection favoring new, potentially mammal-adapting mutations within ferrets but no evidence of natural selection acting during transmission. We conclude that human-adapted H7N9 viruses are unlikely to emerge during typical spillover infections. Our findings are instead consistent with a model in which the emergence of a human-transmissible virus would be a rare and unpredictable, though highly consequential, 'jackpot' event. Strategies to control the total number of spillover infections will limit opportunities for the virus to win this evolutionary lottery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chelsea M Crooks
- AIDS Vaccine Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 585 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gabrielle L Barry
- AIDS Vaccine Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 585 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Joseph Lalli
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall Madison, WI 53706, US
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan,Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan,The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1 Chome-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | | | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA,Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan,The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1 Chome-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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12
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NS2 is a key determinant of compatibility in reassortant avian influenza virus with heterologous H7N9-derived NS segment. Virus Res 2023; 324:199028. [PMID: 36572153 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are common pathogens with high prevalence worldwide and potential for pandemic spread. While influenza A infections typically elicit robust cellular innate immune responses, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antagonizes host anti-viral responses and is critical for efficient virus replication and virulence. The avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 initially emerged in China in 2013 and has since crossed the avian-human barrier, causing severe disease in humans. To investigate the influence of the H7N9 NS gene (NS079) on viral replication and innate immune response, we generated several recombinant AIVs bearing various NS079 segments on the backbone of H6N1 (strain 0702). Intriguingly, the recombinant virus bearing the heterologous NS079 gene was highly attenuated compared with virus carrying the homologous NS gene (NS0702). Furthermore, we generated a NS079-0702R virus that expresses a chimeric NS gene in which part of the NS079 effector domain was replaced with the sequence from NS0702. The NS079-0702R virus exhibited significantly enhanced viral yield, approximately 100-fold more than virus bearing NS079. The high infection rate of NS079-0702R virus was reflected by strong induction of IFN and Mx expression in human A549 cells. Intriguingly, our in vitro comparative analysis suggested that the increased NS079-0702R infection capacity was independent of the ability of NS1 to interact with cellular partners, such as PKR and CPSF30. Since partial substitution of the effector domain from NS0702 altered the coding sequence of NS2, we further generated another recombinant virus with NS2 derived from H7N9. Surprisingly, the virus with H7N9-derived NS2 exhibited growth characteristics similar to NS079. Our data demonstrate that swapping NS2 components changes infection efficiency, suggesting a key role for NS2 as a determinant of viral compatibility upon reassortment. These findings warrant further investigation into the precise mechanisms by which NS2 contributes to viral replication and host immunity.1.
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13
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Layton DS, Butler J, Stewart C, Stevens V, Payne J, Rootes C, Deffrasnes C, Walker S, Shan S, Gough TJ, Cowled C, Bruce K, Wang J, Kedzierska K, Wong FYK, Bean AGD, Bingham J, Williams DT. H7N9 bearing a mutation in the nucleoprotein leads to increased pathology in chickens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974210. [PMID: 36275684 PMCID: PMC9583263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza (AI) virus first emerged in 2013 as a low pathogenic (LPAI) strain, and has repeatedly caused human infection resulting in severe respiratory illness and a mortality of ~39% (>600 deaths) across five epidemic waves. This virus has circulated in poultry with little to no discernible clinical signs, making detection and control difficult. Contrary to published data, our group has observed a subset of specific pathogen free chickens infected with the H7N9 virus succumb to disease, showing clinical signs consistent with highly pathogenic AI (HPAI). Viral genome sequencing revealed two key mutations had occurred following infection in the haemagglutinin (HA 226 L>Q) and nucleoprotein (NP 373 A>T) proteins. We further investigated the impact of the NP mutation and demonstrated that only chickens bearing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in their IFITM1 gene were susceptible to the H7N9 virus. Susceptible chickens demonstrated a distinct loss of CD8+ T cells from the periphery as well as a dysregulation of IFNγ that was not observed for resistant chickens, suggesting a role for the NP mutation in altered T cell activation. Alternatively, it is possible that this mutation led to altered polymerase activity, as the mutation occurs in the NP 360-373 loop which has been previously show to be important in RNA binding. These data have broad ramifications for our understanding of the pathobiology of AI in chickens and humans and provide an excellent model for investigating the role of antiviral genes in a natural host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Layton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Daniel S. Layton, ; David T. Williams,
| | - Jeffrey Butler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Vicky Stevens
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean Payne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christina Rootes
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Som Walker
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Songhua Shan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamara J. Gough
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Cowled
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerri Bruce
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank Y. K. Wong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G. D. Bean
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David T. Williams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Daniel S. Layton, ; David T. Williams,
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14
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Gulyaeva M, Badmaeva E, Yurchenko K, Sharshov K, Sobolev I, Bi Y, Chen J, Shi W, Diulin I, Dorzhiev T, Shestopalov A. Monitoring of Potentially Emerging Pathogens in Wild Birds at Baikal Lake Basin in 2019. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:335-341. [PMID: 36018399 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gulyaeva
- FSBSI "The Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630060.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.
| | | | - Kseniya Yurchenko
- FSBSI "The Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630060
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- FSBSI "The Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630060
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- FSBSI "The Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630060
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, People's Republic of China
| | - Iliya Diulin
- FSBSI "The Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630060
| | | | - Alexander Shestopalov
- FSBSI "The Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Timakova str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630060
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15
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Yao Z, Zheng H, Xiong J, Ma L, Gui R, Zhu G, Li Y, Yang G, Chen G, Zhang J, Chen Q. Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Avian Influenza Virus in Migratory Birds between 2015 and 2019 in Central China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0165222. [PMID: 35862978 PMCID: PMC9431584 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01652-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) in wetlands and lakes is important for exploring the gene pool in wild birds. Through active surveillance from 2015 through 2019, 10,900 samples from wild birds in central China were collected, and 89 AIVs were isolated, including 2 subtypes of highly pathogenic AIV and 12 of low-pathogenic AIV; H9N2 and H6Ny were the dominant subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates demonstrated that extensive intersubtype reassortments and frequent intercontinental gene exchange occurred in AIVs. AIV gene segments persistently circulated in several migration seasons, but interseasonal persistence of the whole genome was rare. The whole genomes of one H6N6 and polymerase basic 2 (PB2), polymerase acidic (PA), hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), M, and nonstructural (NS) genes of one H9N2 virus were found to be of poultry origin, suggesting a spillover of AIVs from poultry to wild birds. Importantly, one H9N2 virus only bound to human-type receptor, and one H1N1, four H6, and seven H9N2 viruses possessed dual receptor-binding capacity. Nineteen of 20 representative viruses tested could replicate in the lungs of mice without preadaptation, which poses a clear threat of infection in humans. Together, our study highlights the need for intensive AIV surveillance. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus surveillance in wild birds plays an important role in the early recognition and control of the virus. However, the AIV gene pool in wild birds in central China along the East Asian-Australasian flyway has not been well studied. Here, we conducted a 5-year AIV active surveillance in this region. Our data revealed the long-term circulation and prevalence of AIVs in wild birds in central China, and we observed that intercontinental gene exchange of AIVs is more frequent and continuous than previously thought. Spillover events from poultry to wild bird were observed in H6 and H9 viruses. In addition, in 20 representative viruses, 12 viruses could bind human-type receptors, and 19 viruses could replicate in mice without preadaption. Our work highlights the potential threat of wild bird AIVs to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huabin Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiasong Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gongliang Zhu
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Chen
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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16
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de Bruin ACM, Funk M, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071566. [PMID: 35891546 PMCID: PMC9321182 DOI: 10.3390/v14071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) arise from low pathogenic precursors following spillover from wild waterfowl into poultry populations. The main virulence determinant of HPAIVs is the presence of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The MBCS allows for HA cleavage and, consequently, activation by ubiquitous proteases, which results in systemic dissemination in terrestrial poultry. Since 1959, 51 independent MBCS acquisition events have been documented, virtually all in HA from the H5 and H7 subtypes. In the present article, data from natural LPAIV to HPAIV conversions and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies were reviewed in order to compile recent advances in understanding HA cleavage efficiency, protease usage, and MBCS acquisition mechanisms. Finally, recent hypotheses that might explain the unique predisposition of the H5 and H7 HA sequences to obtain an MBCS in nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Alexander P. Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Fofana AM, Hurford A. Parasite-induced shifts in host movement may explain the transient coexistence of high- and low-pathogenic disease strains. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1072-1086. [PMID: 35789020 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many parasites induce decreased host movement, known as lethargy, which can impact disease spread and the evolution of virulence. Mathematical models have investigated virulence evolution when parasites cause host death, but disease-induced decreased host movement has received relatively less attention. Here, we consider a model where, due to the within-host parasite replication rate, an infected host can become lethargic and shift from a moving to a resting state, where it can die. We find that when the lethargy and disease-induced mortality costs to the parasites are not high, then evolutionary bistability can arise, and either moderate or high virulence can evolve depending on the initial virulence and the magnitude of mutation. These results suggest, firstly, the coexistence of strains with different virulence, which may explain the transient coexistence of low- and high-pathogenic strains of avian influenza viruses, and secondly, that medical interventions to treat the symptoms of lethargy or prevent disease-induced host deaths can result in a large jump in virulence and the rapid evolution of high virulence. In complement to existing results that show bistability when hosts are heterogeneous at the population level, we show that evolutionary bistability may arise due to transmission heterogeneity at the individual host level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Moutalab Fofana
- Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Amy Hurford
- Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Mathematics and Statistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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18
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Ye H, Zhang J, Sang Y, Shan N, Qiu W, Zhong W, Li J, Yuan Z. Divergent Reassortment and Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Birds of China During 2021. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:913551. [PMID: 35847056 PMCID: PMC9279683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.913551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N8) viruses had caused several outbreaks among wild bird and poultry populations across the globe, and strikingly, caused human infection, posing serious public health concerns. In this study, we conducted influenza surveillance in China during 2021 to monitor the evolution of influenza viruses in poultry. A total of 35 influenza viruses were obtained in chickens, ducks, and geese, of which 30 H5N8 viruses, 3 H5N1 viruses, and 2 H5N6 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis suggested all of H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8 isolates were derived from clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses during 2020/21 season, and notably, the internal genes of H5N1 and H5N6 viruses shared different genetic heterogeneity with H5N8 viruses and had been reassorted with wild bird-origin H5N1 viruses from Europe. By contrast, almost all H5N8 viruses exhibited only one phylogenic cluster with wild bird-origin H5N8 viruses in China and Korea, indicating that H5N8 viruses in China were more stable. Besides, we found that Korea is the main output geographic location in the spread of these H5N8 viruses to northern and eastern China, and especially, the co-circulation of H5N8 viruses occurred within China, with central China acted as a seeding population during the H5N8 epidemic. The statistical support was strong for viral migration from wild birds to chickens and ducks, indicating that 2.3.4.4b poultry-origin H5N8 viruses during 2020–2021 were originated from wild birds. Our findings provide novel insights into evolution and transmission dynamics of H5 subtype influenza viruses among poultry after novel H5N8 viruses invaded China for nearly one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejia Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfen Sang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Shan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Zhong
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbao Li
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaoxia Yuan,
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19
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Moise L, Meyers LM, Jang H, Grizotte-Lake M, Boyle CM, McGonnigal B, Ge P, Ross TM, De Groot AS. Novel H7N9 influenza immunogen design enhances mobilization of seasonal influenza T cell memory in H3N2 pre-immune mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2082191. [PMID: 35704783 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2082191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies that improve influenza vaccine immunogenicity are critical for the development of vaccines for pandemic preparedness. Hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD4+ T cell epitopes support protective B cell responses against seasonal influenza. However, in the case of avian H7N9, which poses a pandemic threat, HA elicits only weak neutralizing antibody responses in infection and vaccination without adjuvant. We hypothesized that an immune-engineered H7N9 HA incorporating a broadly reactive H3N2 HA-specific memory CD4+ T cell epitope that replaces a regulatory T cell-inducing epitope at the corresponding position in H7N9 HA could harness preexisting influenza T cell immunity to increase CD4+ T cells that are needed for protective antibody development. We designed and produced a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that carries the epitope augmented H7N9 HA (OPT1) and immunized HLA-DR3 transgenic mice with established H3N2 immunity. OPT1-VLPs stimulated higher stem cell, central, and effector memory CD4+ T cell levels over wild type VLP immunization. In addition, activated, IL-21-producing follicular helper T cell frequencies were enhanced. This novel immunogen design strategy illustrates that site-specific modifications aimed to augment T cell epitope content enhance CD4+ T cell responses among critical subpopulations capable of aiding protective immune responses upon antigen re-encounter and that mobilization of immune memory can be used to overcome the poor immunogenicity of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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20
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The Genomic Evolution and the Transmission Dynamics of H6N2 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Southern China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061154. [PMID: 35746626 PMCID: PMC9229805 DOI: 10.3390/v14061154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, the broad prevalence of H6 subtype influenza viruses, increasingly detected in aquatic birds, promotes their exchange materials with other highly pathogenic human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 influenza viruses. Strikingly, some H6 subtype viruses can infect pigs, dogs, and humans, posing risks to public health. In this study, 9 H6N2 viruses recovered from waterfowl species in the Guangdong province of China in 2018 were isolated and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome sequences of these H6N2 viruses belonged to Group I, except for the NP gene in Group III. Coalescent analyses demonstrated that the reassortment of NA and NS genes have occurred in two independent clusters, suggesting H6 subtype viruses had been undergoing a complex reassortant. To examine the evolutionary dynamics and the dissemination of the H6 subtype viruses, a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection was performed for results showing higher viral migration rates between closer provinces, including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Fujian. Notably, the transmission routes of the H6 subtype viruses were concentrated in Jiangxi Province, the most frequent location for input and output transmission and a region containing Poyang Lake, a well-known wintering site for migration birds. We also found that the aquatic birds, especially ducks, were the most common input source of the viral transmission. In addition, we also found that eight positively selected amino acid sites were identified in HA protein. Given their continuous dissemination and the broad prevalence of the H6 subtype influenza viruses, continued surveillance is warranted in the future.
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21
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Ye Y, Ye Z, Yang L, Xiang B, Zheng C. Unignorable public health risk of avian influenza virus during COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4058-4060. [PMID: 35581678 PMCID: PMC9347936 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ye
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China.,Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Products, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zaijiao Ye
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Liangyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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22
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Li X, Zhang R, Huang Z, Yao D, Luo L, Chen J, Ye W, Li L, Xiao S, Liu X, Ou X, Sun B, Xu M, Yang R, Zhang X. Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha, China, 2014 to 2018. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:30-39. [PMID: 34997459 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while negative for subtypes (e.g., H5, H7, and H9). However, little attention has been paid to these unsubtyped AIVs samples. To reveal the dynamic distribution and molecular characteristics of AIVs, especially the unsubtyped AIVs, we reported and analyzed 1969 samples collected from the water environments of LPMs in Changsha, China, from January 2014 to November 2018. Our results revealed that 1504 (76.38%) samples were positive for AIV type A. Of these samples, the predominant hemagglutinin (HA) subtype was H9, followed by H5 and H7 (P < 0.05). The positive rate of H5 subtype in water environmental samples exhibited seasonality, which reached a peak in each winter-spring season from January 2014 to March 2017. The positive rates of AIVs (including type A, subtype H9, and mixed subtype H5/H7/H9) in non-central-city regions were higher than that in the central-city regions (P < 0.05). Notably, 161 unsubtyped AIVs samples were detected during the routine surveillance. However, subtyping with the commercial kit further identified eight different HA and seven different neuraminidase subtypes. Analyses unraveled that further subtyped AIVs H1, H6, and H11 had only one basic amino acid (R or K) at the cleavage site and residues Q226 and G228 at the receptor-binding associated sites. Overall, in addition to H5, H7, and H9 subtypes, we should also pay attention to unsubtyped AIVs samples during the routine surveillance for AIVs in the environments of LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Rusheng Zhang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zheng Huang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jingfang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xinhua Ou
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Biancheng Sun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Mingzhong Xu
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Rengui Yang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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23
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Zhou A, Zhang J, Li H, Xu Q, Chen Y, Li B, Liu W, Su G, Ren X, Lao G, Luo B, Liao M, Qi W. Combined insertion of basic and non-basic amino acids at hemagglutinin cleavage site of highly pathogenic H7N9 virus promotes replication and pathogenicity in chickens and mice. Virol Sin 2022; 37:38-47. [PMID: 35234617 PMCID: PMC8922421 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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24
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He D, Gu M, Wang X, Wang X, Li G, Yan Y, Gu J, Zhan T, Wu H, Hao X, Wang G, Hu J, Hu S, Liu X, Su S, Ding C, Liu X. Spatiotemporal Associations and Molecular Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in China from 2017 to 2021. Viruses 2021; 13:2524. [PMID: 34960793 PMCID: PMC8705967 DOI: 10.3390/v13122524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged in China in 2016. HP H7N9 AIV caused at least 33 human infections and has been circulating in poultry farms continuously since wave 5. The genetic divergence, geographic patterns, and hemagglutinin adaptive and parallel molecular evolution of HP H7N9 AIV in China since 2017 are still unclear. Here, 10 new strains of HP H7N9 AIVs from October 2019 to April 2021 were sequenced. We found that HP H7N9 was primarily circulating in Northern China, particularly in the provinces surrounding the Bohai Sea (Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong) since wave 6. Of note, HP H7N9 AIV phylogenies exhibit a geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission after unidirectional rapid geographical expansion towards the north of China in 2017. In addition, we showed that two major subclades were continually expanding with the viral population size undergoing a sharp increase after 2018 with an obvious seasonal tendency. Notably, the hemagglutinin gene showed signs of parallel evolution and positive selection. Our research sheds light on the current epidemiology, evolution, and diversity of HP H7N9 AIV that can help prevent and control the spreading of HP H7N9 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Gairu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yayao Yan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinyuan Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huiguang Wu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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25
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Wu XX, Tang SJ, Yao SH, Zhou YQ, Xiao LL, Cheng LF, Liu FM, Wu NP, Yao HP, Li LJ. The viral distribution and pathological characteristics of BALB/c mice infected with highly pathogenic Influenza H7N9 virus. Virol J 2021; 18:237. [PMID: 34844617 PMCID: PMC8628282 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The highly pathogenic Influenza H7N9 virus is believed to cause multiple organ infections. However, there have been few systematic animal experiments demonstrating the virus distribution after H7N9 virus infection. The present study was carried out to investigate the viral distribution and pathological changes in the main organs of mice after experimental infection with highly pathogenic H7N9 virus. Methods Infection of mice with A/Guangdong/GZ8H002/2017(H7N9) virus was achieved via nasal inoculation. Mice were killed at 2, 3, and 7 days post infection. The other mice were used to observe their illness status and weight changes. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and viral isolation were used to analyse the characteristics of viral invasion. The pathological changes of the main organs were observed using haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Results The weight of H7N9 virus-infected mice increased slightly in the first two days. However, the weight of the mice decreased sharply in the following days, by up to 20%. All the mice had died by the 8th day post infection and showed multiple organ injury. The emergence of viremia in mice was synchronous with lung infection. On the third day post infection, except in the brain, the virus could be isolated from all organs (lung, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen). On the seventh day post infection, the virus could be detected in all six organs. Brain infection was detected in all mice, and the viral titre in the heart, kidney, and spleen infection was high. Conclusion Acute diffuse lung injury was the initial pathogenesis in highly pathogenic H7N9 virus infection. In addition to lung infection and viremia, the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus could cause multiple organ infection and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song-Jia Tang
- Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Hao Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Qin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Lan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin-Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fu-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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26
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Chen J, Liu Z, Li K, Li X, Xu L, Zhang M, Wu Y, Liu T, Wang X, Xie S, Xin A, Liao M, Jia W. Emergence of novel avian origin H7N9 viruses after introduction of H7-Re3 and rLN79 vaccine strains to China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:213-220. [PMID: 34817918 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In early 2021, roughly 6 months after the H7N9 H7-Re3 and H7N9 rLN79 vaccine strains were introduced into China, we monitored a number of H7N9 subtype avian influenza viruses, which could have escaped vaccine-induced immunity in live poultry markets (LPMs) in Yunnan, Hebei, Shanxi and Guangdong provinces, China. To investigate whether these viruses were a novel H7N9 variant of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and whether they had the potential for further spread, we characterized the genetic evolution, antigenic divergence and pathogenicity of the viruses in the context of vaccine immunity. The results show further diversification in the HA gene of newly isolated HPAI H7N9 viruses compared with antigenic variants that emerged after the period of 2017-2019. There were clear antigenic differences between current vaccines and these viruses, and SPF broilers under vaccine protection could not resist virus challenges. Our study demonstrates that the current vaccine has insufficient protective capacity against the novel H7N9 variants under experimental conditions. A novel H7N9 immune escape virus has emerged. Faced with potential outbreaks, we should strengthen surveillance and update vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojie Liu
- Research and development center, Guangdong Huasheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Poultry Management and Diseases, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinkai Wang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- Experimental Animal Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiguo Xin
- Institute of Poultry Management and Diseases, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Song W, Huang X, Guan W, Chen P, Wang P, Zheng M, Li Z, Wang Y, Yang Z, Chen H, Wang X. Multiple basic amino acids in the cleavage site of H7N9 hemagglutinin contribute to high virulence in mice. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:4650-4660. [PMID: 34527306 PMCID: PMC8411188 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus has caused more than 1,500 cases of human infection since its emergence in early 2013. Displaying little or no pathogenicity in poultry, but a 40% case-fatality rate in humans, five waves of H7N9 human infections occurred in China during 2013–2017, caused solely by a low pathogenicity strain. However, avian isolates possessing a polybasic connecting peptide in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein were detected in mid-2016, indicating that a highly pathogenic virus had emerged and was co-circulating with the low pathogenicity strains. Methods Here we characterize the pathogenicity of a newly emerged human H7N9 variant with a PEVPKRKRTAR/GLF insertion motif at the cleavage site of the HA protein in vitro and in vivo. Results This variant replicates in MDCK cells independently of TPCK-trypsin, which is indicative of high pathogenicity in chickens. The 50% mouse lethal dose (MLD50) of this novel isolate was less than 10 plaque forming units (PFU), compared with 3.16×104 for an identical virus lacking the polybasic insertion, indicating a high virulence phenotype. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the multiple basic amino acid insertion in the HA protein of the H7N9 variant confers high virulence in mammals, highlighting a potential risk to humans. Continuous viral surveillance is therefore necessary in the China region to improve pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenda Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhengtu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Hu Z, Shi L, Zhao J, Gu H, Hu J, Wang X, Liu X, Hu S, Gu M, Cao Y, Liu X. Role of the Hemagglutinin Residue 227 in Immunogenicity of H5 and H7 Subtype Avian Influenza Vaccines in Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 64:445-450. [PMID: 33347548 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in terms of inducing hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers. Residue 227 (H3 numbering) in the receptor binding site in the hemagglutinin (HA) is critical for the detectability of HI antibodies induced by H5 influenza vaccines. However, whether the effect of residue 227 on immunogenicity can be generalized in different subtypes is unclear. In this study, the impact of HA residue 227 on immunogenicity of H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 avian influenza vaccines was evaluated in chickens. Polymorphism analysis revealed that S227 is overwhelmingly dominant in HA of the H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, whereas this amino acid is present in a small proportion of H5N6 viruses. The H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 vaccines harboring S227 in HA induced relatively low HI titers at week 2 postimmunization (pi), and antibody titers increased at week 3 pi. S227N substitution in these vaccines consistently enhanced HI titers significantly. Another H5N6 vaccine harboring Q227 in HA elicited a robust HI antibody response, and Q227S substitution led to a significant drop of HI titers. Cross-HI testing against the wild-type and mutant viruses revealed that the amino acid at position 227 was associated with the detectability of HI titers induced by H5 and H7 avian influenza vaccines. The results indicate an important role of residue 227 in HA in immunogenicity of H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens. Our findings also provided useful information for vaccine seed virus selection and genetic engineering for immunogenicity enhancement of avian influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Han Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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29
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Tang H, Shen C, Zou L, Cai C, Wang Y, Robertson ID, Edwards J, Huang B, Bruce M. A mixed methods study of stakeholders' practices and attitudes on avian influenza H7N9 vaccination for the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e224-e235. [PMID: 34379893 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to a sudden increase in H7N9 human infections, China introduced an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine for poultry in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces in July 2017, which subsequently became integrated into the existing compulsory national H5N1 vaccination programme from September 2017. Although the vaccination programme effectively reduced H7N9 infections in humans and poultry, there are ongoing arguments against continuing this long-term vaccination. These discussions have drawn policymakers to think about the possibility of stopping routine vaccination for H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in China; however, they have not considered the poultry industry stakeholders' practices on and attitudes towards this vaccination. This study investigated H7N9 vaccination practices in the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi and stakeholders' attitudes on H7N9 vaccination, using a mixed methods design. The study found H7N9 vaccination was well adopted in the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi regardless of the source of the vaccines. Most stakeholders believed vaccination was the best measure to control H7N9 and H5N1 AIVs, and they showed a strong willingness to continue with vaccination even without government subsidies or freely provided vaccines. The motivations by stakeholders for using vaccines to control H7N9 and H5N1 were different due to the epidemiological differences between the two strains. Understanding poultry industry stakeholders' practices and attitudes on H7N9 vaccination has important practical implications in planning vaccination policies, particularly when considering the possibility of vaccination withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianbin Zou
- Guangxi Centre of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Chang Cai
- China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - John Edwards
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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30
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Abstract
In early 2013, human infections caused by a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) were first reported in China; these infections caused severe disease and death. The virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. Importantly, the H7N9 low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) evolved into highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIVs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poultry industry. Fortunately, nationwide vaccination of chickens with an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated avian influenza vaccine since September 2017 has successfully controlled H7N9 avian influenza infections in poultry and, importantly, has also prevented human infections. In this review, we summarize the biological properties of the H7N9 viruses, specifically their genetic evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis, receptor binding, transmission, drug resistance, and antigenic variation, as well as the prevention and control measures. The information obtained from investigating and managing the H7N9 viruses could improve our ability to understand other novel AIVs and formulate effective measures to control their threat to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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31
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He D, Gu J, Gu M, Wu H, Li J, Zhan T, Chen Y, Xu N, Ge Z, Wang G, Hao X, Wang X, Hu J, Hu Z, Hu S, Liu X, Liu X. Genetic and antigenic diversity of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104993. [PMID: 34242774 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 that emerged in 2013 in eastern China is a novel zoonotic agent mainly circulating in poultry without clinical signs but causing severe disease with high fatality in humans in more than 5 waves. Since the emergence of highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 variants in 2016, it has induced heavy losses in the poultry industry leading to the implementation of an intensive nationwide vaccination program at the end of wave 5 (September 2017). To characterize the ongoing evolution of H7N9 AIV, we conducted analyses of H7N9 glycoprotein genes obtained from 2013 to 2019. Bayesian analyses revealed a decreasing population size of HP H7N9 variants post wave 5. Phylogenetic topologies revealed that two novel small subclades were formed and carried several fixed amino acid mutations that were along HA and NA phylogenetic trees since wave 5. Some of the mutations were located at antigenic sites or receptor binding sites. The antigenic analysis may reveal a significant antigenic drift evaluated by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay and the antigenicity of H7N9 AIV might evolute in large leaps in wave 7. Molecular simulations found that the mutations (V135T, S145P, and L226Q) around the HA receptor pocket increased the affinity to α2,3-linked sialic acid (SIA) while decreased to α2,6-linked SIA. Altered affinity may suggest that HP H7N9 variations aggravate the pathogenicity to poultry but lessen the threat to public health. Selection analyses showed that the HP H7N9 AIV experienced an increasing selection pressure since wave 5, and the national implementation of vaccination might intensify the role of natural selection during the evolution waves 6 and 7. In summary, our data provide important insights about the genetic and antigenic diversity of circulating HP H7N9 viruses from 2017 to 2019. Enhanced surveillance is urgently warranted to understand the current situation of HP H7N9 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jinyuan Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huiguang Wu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Naiqing Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhichuang Ge
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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32
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Zhang J, Ye H, Li H, Ma K, Qiu W, Chen Y, Qiu Z, Li B, Jia W, Liang Z, Liao M, Qi W. Evolution and Antigenic Drift of Influenza A (H7N9) Viruses, China, 2017-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1906-1911. [PMID: 32687047 PMCID: PMC7392412 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After a sharp decrease of influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in 2018, highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses re-emerged in 2019. These H7N9 variants exhibited a new predominant subclade and had been cocirculating at a low level in eastern and northeastern China. Several immune escape mutations and antigenic drift were observed in H7N9 variants.
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33
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Wu Y, Hu J, Jin X, Li X, Wang J, Zhang M, Chen J, Xie S, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. Accelerated Evolution of H7N9 Subtype Influenza Virus under Vaccination Pressure. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1124-1132. [PMID: 33974230 PMCID: PMC8112217 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
No avian H7N9 outbreaks have occurred since the introduction of H7N9 inactivated vaccine in the fall of 2017. However, H7N9 is still prevalent in poultry. To surveil the prevalence, genetic characteristics, and antigenic changes of H7N9, over 7000 oropharyngeal and cloaca swab specimens were collected from live poultry markets and farms in 15 provinces of China from 2017 to 2019. A total of 85 influenza virus subtype H7N9 strains were isolated and 20 representative strains were selected for genetic analysis and antigenicity evaluation. Results indicated the decreased prevalence of low-pathogenic H7N9 strains while highly-pathogenic H7N9 strains became dominated since the introduction of vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strains from 2019 formed an independent small branch and were genetically distant to strains isolated in 2013-2018. Analysis of key amino acid sites showed that the virus strains may adapt to the host environment evolutionally through mutation. Our analysis predicted additional potential glycosylation sites for HA and NA genes in the 2019 strains. Sequence analysis of HA gene in strains isolated from 2018 to 2019 showed that there were an increased nucleotide substitution rate and an increased mutation rate in the first and second nucleotides of coding codons within the open reading frame. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay showed that H7-Re1 and H7-Re2 exhibited a lower HI titer for isolates from 2019, while H7-Re3 and rLN79 showed a high HI titer. The protective effect of the vaccine decreased after 15 months of use. Overall, under vaccination pressure, the evolution of influenza virus subtype H7N9 has accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingkai Hu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuanjiang Jin
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianglin Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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34
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Reassortment with dominant chicken H9N2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth H7N9 virus human epidemic. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01578-20. [PMID: 33731452 PMCID: PMC8139711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 Avian influenza virus (AIV) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. Whether H9N2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. Since 2013, avian H7N9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in China; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. Here, we found that, just prior to the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic, H9N2 viruses had phylogenetically mutated into new sub-clades, changed antigenicity and increased its prevalence in chickens vaccinated with existing H9N2 vaccines. In turn, the new H9N2 virus sub-clades of PB2 and PA genes, housing mammalian adaptive mutations, were reassorted into co-circulating H7N9 virus to create a novel dominant H7N9 virus genotype that was responsible for the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic. H9N2-derived PB2 and PA genes in H7N9 virus conferred enhanced polymerase activity in human cells at 33°C and 37°C, and increased viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of infected mice which could account for the sharp increase in human cases of H7N9 virus infection in the 2016-2017 epidemic. The role of H9N2 virus in the continual mutation of H7N9 virus highlights the public health significance of H9N2 virus in the generation of variant reassortants of increasing zoonotic potential.IMPORTANCEAvian H9N2 influenza virus, although primarily restricted to chicken populations, is a major threat to human public health by acting as a donor of variant viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses. We established that the high prevalence of evolving H9N2 virus in vaccinated flocks played a key role, as donor of new sub-clade PB2 and PA genes in the generation of a dominant H7N9 virus genotype (G72) with enhanced infectivity in humans during the 2016-2017 N7N9 virus epidemic. Our findings emphasize that the ongoing evolution of prevalent H9N2 virus in chickens is an important source, via reassortment, of mammalian adaptive genes for other influenza virus subtypes. Thus, close monitoring of prevalence and variants of H9N2 virus in chicken flocks is necessary in the detection of zoonotic mutations.
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Zhang J, Li X, Wang X, Ye H, Li B, Chen Y, Chen J, Zhang T, Qiu Z, Li H, Jia W, Liao M, Qi W. Genomic evolution, transmission dynamics, and pathogenicity of avian influenza A (H5N8) viruses emerging in China, 2020. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab046. [PMID: 34141450 PMCID: PMC8206605 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N8 viruses originating in aquatic birds frequently occurred in most European countries, Russia, South Korea, and Japan during the winter of 2020–21, and one zoonotic event of poultry workers infected with novel H5N8 viruses were reported in Russia. Strikingly, these novel H5N8 viruses had emerged and been co-circulating in wild birds and poultry in multiple provinces of China during 2020–21. In China, the population of aquatic birds has risen significantly in the past twenty years, and China is regarded as the largest reservoir for influenza viruses carried in aquatic birds across the globe. Hence, the co-circulation of these novel H5N8 viruses poses an alarming threat to not only poultry industry but also human health. In this study, we sequenced full-length genomes of these H5N8 viruses circulating in China. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that poultry-origin H5N8 viruses in China fell within wild birds-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses from Europe during 2020–21, and notably, were genetically closely related to human-infecting H5N8 viruses in Russia. Moreover, they possessed several molecular markers associated with mammalian adaption. Bayesian coalescent analysis showed that these H5N8 viruses might have introduced into China during June–September 2020, suggesting that these H5N8 viruses might have introduced via wild bird migration or poultry trade. Besides, we also found that the effective population size of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses dramatically increased during the winter season of 2020/21, as is consistent with previous increase of genetic diversity during the winter seasons of 2013/14 and 2016/17, which indicated that the wild bird migration accelerates the genetic diversity of these H5N8 viruses during the winter season of 2020/21. Notably, these novel H5N8 viruses were lethal to chickens and mice, highly transmissible to ducks, and were antigenically distinct from 2.3.4.4h H5 viruses circulating in China, posing considerable threats to public health. Our findings offer novel insights into the evolution and risk assessment of H5N8 viruses during the winter season of 2020–21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xudong Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hejia Ye
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine, Co., Ltd, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwen Qiu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huanan Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
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Guinat C, Tago D, Corre T, Selinger C, Djidjou-Demasse R, Paul M, Raboisson D, Nguyen Thi Thanh T, Inui K, Pham Thanh L, Padungtod P, Vergne T. Optimizing the early detection of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus in live bird markets. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210074. [PMID: 33947269 PMCID: PMC8097223 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, surveillance at live bird markets (LBMs) has been identified as crucial for detecting avian influenza viruses (AIV) and reducing the risk of human infections. However, the design of effective surveillance systems in LBMs remains complex given the rapid turn-over of poultry. We developed a deterministic transmission model to provide guidance for optimizing AIV surveillance efforts. The model was calibrated to fit one of the largest LBMs in northern Vietnam at high risk of low pathogenic H7N9 virus introduction from China to identify the surveillance strategy that optimizes H7N9 detection. Results show that (i) using a portable diagnostic device would slightly reduce the number of infected birds leaving the LBM before the first detection, as compared to a laboratory-based diagnostic strategy, (ii) H7N9 detection could become more timely by sampling birds staying overnight, just before new susceptible birds are introduced at the beginning of a working day, and (iii) banning birds staying overnight would represent an effective intervention to reduce the risk of H7N9 spread but would decrease the likelihood of virus detection if introduced. These strategies should receive high priority in Vietnam and other Asian countries at risk of H7N9 introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guinat
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mathilde Paul
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Ken Inui
- FAO, Department of Animal Health (DAH), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Hanoi, Vietnam
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Liu WJ, Xiao H, Dai L, Liu D, Chen J, Qi X, Bi Y, Shi Y, Gao GF, Liu Y. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic. Front Med 2021; 15:507-527. [PMID: 33860875 PMCID: PMC8190734 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
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38
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 is immunogenic and induces cross-protection against antigenically divergent H7N9 viruses. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:30. [PMID: 33637737 PMCID: PMC7910538 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A(H7N9) epidemics have a fatality rate of approximately 40%. Previous studies reported that low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)-derived candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) are poorly immunogenic. Here, we assess the immunogenicity and efficacy of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 (GD/16)-extracted hemagglutinin (eHA) vaccine. GD/16 eHA induces robust H7-specific antibody responses in mice with a marked adjuvant antigen-sparing effect. Mice immunized with adjuvanted GD/16 eHA are protected from the lethal LPAI and HPAI H7N9 challenges, in stark contrast to low antibody titers and high mortality in mice receiving adjuvanted LPAI H7 eHAs. The protection correlates well with the magnitude of the H7-specific antibody response (IgG and microneutralization) or HA group 2 stem-specific IgG. Inclusion of adjuvanted GD/16 eHA in heterologous prime-boost improves the immunogenicity and protection of LPAI H7 HAs in mice. Our findings support the inclusion of GD/16-derived CVV in the pandemic preparedness vaccine stockpile.
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39
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Efficacy of a Cap-Dependent Endonuclease Inhibitor and Neuraminidase Inhibitors against H7N9 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Causing Severe Viral Pneumonia in Cynomolgus Macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01825-20. [PMID: 33257455 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01825-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection in a human was first reported in 2017. A/duck/Japan/AQ-HE29-22/2017 (H7N9) (Dk/HE29-22), found in imported duck meat at an airport in Japan, possesses a hemagglutinin with a multibasic cleavage site, indicating high pathogenicity in chickens, as in the case of other H7 HPAIVs. In the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of Dk/HE29-22 and the effectiveness of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir) and neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir) against infection with this strain in a macaque model (n = 3 for each group). All of the macaques infected with Dk/HE29-22 showed severe signs of disease and pneumonia even after the virus had disappeared from lung samples. Virus titers in macaques treated with baloxavir were significantly lower than those in the other treated groups. After infection, levels of interferon alpha and beta (IFN-α and IFN-β) in the blood of macaques in the baloxavir group were the highest among the groups, whereas levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) were slightly increased in the untreated group. In addition, immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed death 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), were expressed at high levels in the untreated group, especially in one macaque that showed severe signs of disease, indicating that negative feedback responses against vigorous inflammation may contribute to disease progression. In the group treated with baloxavir, the percentages of PD-1-, CTLA-4-, and TIGIT-positive T lymphocytes were lower than those in the untreated group, indicating that reduction in virus titers may prevent expression of immune checkpoint molecules from downregulation of T cell responses.
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40
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Gaiotto T, Ramage W, Ball C, Risley P, Carnell GW, Temperton N, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3126. [PMID: 33542302 PMCID: PMC7862619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza H7N9 virus continues to cause infections in humans and represents a significant pandemic risk. During the most recent 5th epidemic wave in 2016/17 two distinct lineages with increased human infections and wider geographical spread emerged. In preparation for any future adaptations, broadly reactive antibodies against H7N9 are required for surveillance, therapy and prophylaxis. In this study we have isolated a panel of nanobodies (Nbs) with broad reactivity across H7 influenza strains, including H7N9 strains between 2013 and 2017. We also describe Nbs capable of distinguishing between the most recent high and low pathogenicity Yangtze River Delta lineage H7N9 strains. Nanobodies were classified into 5 distinct groups based on their epitope footprint determined using yeast display and mutational scanning. The epitope footprint of Nbs capable of distinguishing high pathogenic (HP) A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 from low pathogenic (LP) A/Hong Kong/125/2017 (H7N9) were correlated to natural sequence divergence in the head domain at lysine 164. Several Nbs binding to the head domain were capable of viral neutralisation. The potency of one nanobody NB7-14 could be increased over 1000-fold to 113 pM by linking two Nbs together. Nbs specific for distinct epitopes on H7N9 may be useful for surveillance or therapy in human or veterinary settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Gaiotto
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Walter Ramage
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Christina Ball
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Risley
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - George W Carnell
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.,Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simon E Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK.
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Hu X, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Gong W, Sun X, Yang L, Zhang Q, Jin M. Akkermansia muciniphila Improves Host Defense Against Influenza Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:586476. [PMID: 33603716 PMCID: PMC7884316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection can alter the composition of the gut microbiota, while its pathogenicity can, in turn, be highly influenced by the gut microbiota. However, the details underlying these associations remain to be determined. The H7N9 influenza virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen which has caused the death of 616 humans and has incurred huge losses in the poultry industry. Here, we investigated the effects of infection with highly pathogenic H7N9 on gut microbiota and determined potential anti-influenza microbes. 16S rRNA sequencing results show that H7N9 infection alters the mouse gut microbiota by promoting the growth of Akkermansia, Ruminococcus 1, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, and reducing the abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Lachnoclostridium. Although the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila is positively related to H7N9 infection, the oral administration of cultures, especially of pasteurized A. muciniphila, can significantly reduce weight loss and mortality caused by H7N9 infection in mice. Furthermore, oral administration of live or pasteurized A. muciniphila significantly reduces pulmonary viral titers and the levels IL-1β and IL-6 but enhances the levels of IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in H7N9-infected mice, suggesting that the anti-influenza role of A. muciniphila is due to its anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. Taken together, we showed that the changes in the gut microbiota are associated with H7N9 infection and demonstrated the anti-influenza role of A. muciniphila, which enriches current knowledge about how specific gut bacterial strains protect against influenza infection and suggests a potential anti-influenza probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Hu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiao Gong
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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Mezhenskaya D, Isakova-Sivak I, Kotomina T, Matyushenko V, Kim MC, Bhatnagar N, Kim KH, Kang SM, Rudenko L. A Strategy to Elicit M2e-Specific Antibodies Using a Recombinant H7N9 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Expressing Multiple M2e Tandem Repeats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020133. [PMID: 33535408 PMCID: PMC7912525 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a serious public health problem. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the disease; however, seasonal influenza vaccines demonstrate low or no effectiveness against antigenically drifted and newly emerged influenza viruses. Different strategies of eliciting immune responses against conserved parts of various influenza virus proteins are being developed worldwide. We constructed a universal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidate with enhanced breadth of protection by modifying H7N9 LAIV by incorporating four epitopes of M2 protein extracellular part into its hemagglutinin molecule. The new recombinant H7N9+4M2e vaccine induced anti-M2e antibody responses and demonstrated increased protection against heterosubtypic challenge viruses in direct and serum passive protection studies, compared to the classical H7N9 LAIV. The results of our study suggest that the H7N9+4M2e warrants further investigation in pre-clinical and phase 1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
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43
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Lee DH, Criado MF, Swayne DE. Pathobiological Origins and Evolutionary History of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a038679. [PMID: 31964650 PMCID: PMC7849344 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have arisen from low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses via changes in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site, which include mutation of multiple nonbasic to basic amino acids, duplication of basic amino acids, or recombination with insertion of cellular or viral amino acids. Between 1959 and 2019, a total of 42 natural, independent H5 (n = 15) and H7 (n = 27) LPAI to HPAI virus conversion events have occurred in Europe (n = 16), North America (n = 9), Oceania (n = 7), Asia (n = 5), Africa (n = 4), and South America (n = 1). Thirty-eight of these HPAI outbreaks were limited in the number of poultry premises affected and were eradicated. However, poultry outbreaks caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5Nx), Mexican H7N3, and Chinese H7N9 HPAI lineages have continued. Active surveillance and molecular detection and characterization efforts will provide the best opportunity for early detection and eradication from domestic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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44
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A risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza A (H9N2) virus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:71. [PMID: 33452423 PMCID: PMC7811019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 influenza variants. Here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (HACS) of H9N2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic HACS were found at high prevalence in Asia and the Middle East. Our finding suggested that the tribasic H9N2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, pathogenicity and transmission in chickens and the virulence of mice compared to the monobasic H9N2 viruses. Notably, the enlarged stem-loop structures of HACS in the RNA region were found in the increasing tribasic H9N2 viruses. The enlarged HACS RNA secondary structures of H9N2 viruses did not influence the viral replication but accelerated the frequency of nucleotide insertion in HACS. With the prevailing tendency of the tribasic H9N2 viruses, the tribasic HACS in H9N2 viruses should be paid more attention.
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45
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Bai R, Sikkema RS, Munnink BBO, Li CR, Wu J, Zou L, Jing Y, Lu J, Yuan RY, Liao M, Koopmans M, Ke CW. Exploring utility of genomic epidemiology to trace origins of highly pathogenic influenza A/H7N9 in Guangdong. Virus Evol 2021; 6:veaa097. [PMID: 33391821 PMCID: PMC7758296 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The first highly pathogenic (HP) influenza A/H7N9 was reported in Guangdong in January 2017. To investigate the emergence and spread of HP A/H7N9 in Guangdong province, we sequenced 297 viruses (58 HP A/H7N9, 19 low pathogenic (LP) A/H7N9, and 220 A/H9N2) during 2016–2017. Our analysis showed that during the fifth wave, three A/H7N9 lineages were co-circulating in Guangdong: the local LP Pearl River Delta (PRD) lineage (13%), the newly imported LP Yangtze River Delta (YRD) lineage (23%), and the HP YRD lineage (64%). Previously circulating YRD-lineage LP during the third wave evolved to the YRD-lineage HP A/H7N9 in Guangdong. All YRD-lineage LP detected during the fifth wave most likely originated from newly imported viruses into Guangdong. Genotype comparison of HP A/H7N9 suggests limited outward spread of HP A/H7N9 to other provinces. The distribution of HP A/H7N9 cleavage site variants on live poultry markets differed from that found in humans, suggesting a V1-type cleavage site may facilitate human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reina S Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cong Rong Li
- Biosafety Laboratory, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiolgy, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Lirong Zou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiolgy, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Yi Jing
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiolgy, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Run Yu Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiolgy, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Biosafety Laboratory, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chang-Wen Ke
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiolgy, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
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46
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Gong W, Huang K, Zhang Y, He X, Li C, Mao H, Wei Y, Zou Z, Jin M. Transcriptome Profiles of Highly Pathogenic Pure Avian H7N9 Virus-Infected Lungs of BALB/c Mice. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:603584. [PMID: 33409298 PMCID: PMC7779551 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.603584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses emerged in China in 2013 and caused a zoonotic disease associated with a high case-fatality ratio of more than 30%. Transcriptional profiles obtained using animal models reveal host responses to the disease, thereby providing insights into disease pathogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the host responses of the H7N9 virus infected-mouse lungs in this study. First, we isolated an avian-originated H7N9 strain, which was shown to be highly pathogenic to both chickens and mice. Genomic analysis results suggested that a 12-nucleotide-insertion was present at the hemagglutinin cleavage site, and both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes belonged to the Yangtze River Delta lineage. RNA sequencing results revealed 566 differentially expressed genes in the H7N9-infected lungs. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that over-activated antiviral signals and intense interferon-stimulated gene products possibly contributed to the high virulence of the virus in mice. Importantly, lung concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, interferon-β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, were upregulated in response to H7N9 virus infection. Overall, the present study provided a comprehensive understanding of H7N9 virus pathogenicity and correlated host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinglin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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47
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Dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5909. [PMID: 33219213 PMCID: PMC7679419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have surveyed avian influenza virus (AIV) genomes from live poultry markets within China since 2014. Here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from May 2016 to February 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in China. We identify 2048 AIV-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. AIV-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014–2016 (26.90%). Additionally, H9N2 has replaced H5N6 and H7N9 as the dominant AIV subtype in both chickens and ducks. Notably, novel reassortants and variants continually emerged and disseminated in avian populations, including H7N3, H9N9, H9N6 and H5N6 variants. Importantly, almost all of the H9 AIVs and many H7N9 and H6N2 strains prefer human-type receptors, posing an increased risk for human infections. In summary, our nation-wide surveillance highlights substantial changes in the circulation of AIVs since 2016, which greatly impacts the prevention and control of AIVs in China and worldwide. In this study, the authors present a genomic surveillance of avian influenza genomes sampled from live poultry markets in China. They report that a number of variants have emerged since 2016 that pose an increased risk to humans. They highlight the importance of continuous genome surveillance of circulating influenza strains.
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48
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The Effects of Genetic Variation on H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus Pathogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111220. [PMID: 33126529 PMCID: PMC7693985 DOI: 10.3390/v12111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the H7N9 avian influenza virus emerged in China in 2013, there have been five seasonal waves which have shown human infections and caused high fatality rates in infected patients. A multibasic amino acid insertion seen in the HA of current H7N9 viruses occurred through natural evolution and reassortment, and created a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus from the low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) in 2017, and significantly increased pathogenicity in poultry, resulting in widespread HPAI H7N9 in poultry, which along with LPAI H7N9, contributed to the severe fifth seasonal wave in China. H7N9 is a novel reassorted virus from three different subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAVs) which displays a great potential threat to public health and the poultry industry. To date, no sustained human-to-human transmission has been recorded by the WHO. However, the high ability of evolutionary adaptation of H7N9 and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans heightens the pandemic potential. Changes in IAVs proteins can affect the viral transmissibility, receptor binding specificity, pathogenicity, and virulence. The multibasic amino acid insertion, mutations in hemagglutinin, deletion and mutations in neuraminidase, and mutations in PB2 contribute to different virological characteristics. This review summarized the latest research evidence to describe the impacts of viral protein changes in viral adaptation and pathogenicity of H7N9, aiming to provide better insights for developing and enhancing early warning or intervention strategies with the goal of preventing highly pathogenic IAVs circulation in live poultry, and transmission to humans.
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49
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Xu Y, Peng R, Zhang W, Qi J, Song H, Liu S, Wang H, Wang M, Xiao H, Fu L, Fan Z, Bi Y, Yan J, Shi Y, Gao GF. Avian-to-Human Receptor-Binding Adaptation of Avian H7N9 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2217-2228.e5. [PMID: 31747596 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have caused more than 1,600 human infections, posing a threat to public health. An emerging concern is whether H7N9 AIVs will cause pandemics among humans. Molecular analysis of hemagglutinin (HA), which is a critical determinant of interspecies transmission, shows that the current H7N9 AIVs are still dual-receptor tropic, indicating limited human-to-human transmission potency. Mutagenesis and structural studies reveal that a G186V substitution is sufficient for H7N9 AIVs to acquire human receptor-binding capacity, and a Q226L substitution would favor binding to both avian and human receptors only when paired with A138/V186/P221 hydrophobic residues. These data suggest a different evolutionary route of H7N9 viruses compared to other AIV-subtype HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruchao Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haiyuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - George F Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASCIRE), Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China.
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50
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Hu Z, Peng F, Xiong Z, Zhang W, Li T, Shi Y, Xie J, Jin X, Huang J, Xiao H, Bi D, Song N, Li Z. Genetic and Molecular Characterization of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Live Poultry Markets in Hubei Province, Central China, 2013-2017. Virol Sin 2020; 36:291-299. [PMID: 32926330 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is an influenza A virus that is widely spread throughout Asia, where it jeopardizes the poultry industry and provides genetic material for emerging human pathogens. To better understand the epidemicity and genetics of H9 subtype AIVs, we conducted active surveillance in live poultry markets (LPMs) in Hubei Province from 2013 to 2017. A total of 4798 samples were collected from apparent healthy poultry and environment. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that the positivity rate of influenza A was 26.6% (1275/4798), of which the H9 subtype accounted for 50.3% (641/1275) of the positive samples. Of the 132 H9N2 viral strains isolated, 48 representative strains were subjected to evolutionary analysis and genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H9N2 viral genes had 91.1%-100% nucleotide homology, clustered with genotype 57, and had high homology with human H9N2 viruses isolated from 2013 to 2017 in China. Using a nucleotide divergence cutoff of 95%, we identified ten distinct H9N2 genotypes that continued to change over time. Molecular analysis demonstrated that six H9N2 isolates had additional potential glycosylation sites at position 218 in the hemagglutinin protein, and all isolates had I155T and Q226L mutations. Moreover, 44 strains had A558V mutations in the PB2 protein and four had E627V mutations, along with H9N2 human infection strains A/Beijing/1/2016 and A/Beijing/1/2017. These results emphasize that the H9N2 influenza virus in Hubei continues to mutate and undergo mammalian adaptation changes, indicating the necessity of strengthening the surveillance of the AIV H9N2 subtype in LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fuhu Peng
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenghui Xiong
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongde Xiao
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dingren Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nianhua Song
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zili Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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