1
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Hoffman JA, Denton N, Sims JJ, Meggersee R, Zhang Z, Olagbegi K, Wilson JM. Modulation of AAV9 Galactose Binding Yields Novel Gene Therapy Vectors and Predicts Cross-Species Differences in Glycan Avidity. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:734-753. [PMID: 39001819 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2024.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective use of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) for clinical gene therapy is limited by their propensity to accumulate in and transduce the liver. This natural liver tropism is associated with severe adverse events at the high doses that can be necessary for achieving therapeutic transgene expression in extrahepatic tissues. To improve the safety and cost of AAV gene therapy, capsid engineering efforts are underway to redirect in vivo AAV biodistribution away from the liver toward disease-relevant peripheral organs such as the heart. Building on previous work, we generated a series of AAV libraries containing variations at three residues (Y446, N470, and W503) of the galactose-binding pocket of the AAV9 VP1 protein. Screening of this library in mice identified the XRH family of variants (Y446X, N470R, and W503H), the strongest of which, HRH, exhibited a 6-fold reduction in liver RNA expression and a 10-fold increase in cardiac RNA expression compared with wild-type AAV9 in the mouse. Screening of our library in a nonhuman primate (NHP) revealed reduced performance of AAV9 and two closely related vectors in the NHP liver compared with the mouse liver. Measurement of the galactose-binding capacity of our library further identified those same three vectors as the only strong galactose binders, suggesting an altered galactose presentation between the mouse and NHP liver. N-glycan profiling of these tissues revealed a 9% decrease in exposed galactose in the NHP liver compared with the mouse liver. In this work, we identified a novel family of AAV variants with desirable biodistribution properties that may be suitable for targeting extrahepatic tissues such as the heart. These data also provide important insights regarding species- and tissue-specific differences in glycan presentation that may have implications for the development and translation of AAV gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Hoffman
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathan Denton
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua J Sims
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rosemary Meggersee
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kanyin Olagbegi
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Maniego J, Harding C, Habershon-Butcher J, Hincks P, Ryder E. Administration and detection of a multi-target rAAV gene doping vector in horses using multiple matrices and molecular techniques. Gene Ther 2024; 31:477-488. [PMID: 38972888 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Gene doping, which includes the non-therapeutic use of genes or genetic elements that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance, is prohibited in horseracing and equestrian sports. To provide a comprehensive assessment of matrix and detection techniques, a custom adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vector was designed to include PCR binding sites for multiple target genes and assay types. The vector was injected via an intramuscular route into two Thoroughbred horses and matrices collected at defined timepoints. DNA was analysed using 3 detection methods: qPCR, digital PCR, and NGS. Overall, there was a strong correlation across the different detection methods employed, although digital PCR was less sensitive at lower concentrations. High concentrations of vector were detected at early timepoints in plasma and whole blood, which rapidly dropped after 0.5 d to trace levels by 4 d and 9 d post-administration respectively, following a similar pattern to previous studies. Vector was detected in dried blood spots at lower levels than whole blood, but with a similar detection time. Detection in hair root bulbs in one horse was observed at over a month post-administration, which opens new avenues for future gene doping testing in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Maniego
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK
| | - Caitlin Harding
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK
| | | | - Pamela Hincks
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK
| | - Edward Ryder
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK.
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3
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Stamataki M, Rissiek B, Magnus T, Körbelin J. Microglia targeting by adeno-associated viral vectors. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425892. [PMID: 39035004 PMCID: PMC11257843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system and they are actively involved in shaping the brain's inflammatory response to stress. Among the multitude of involved molecules, purinergic receptors and enzymes are of special importance due to their ability to regulate microglia activation. By investigating the mechanisms underlying microglial responses and dysregulation, researchers can develop more precise interventions to modulate microglial behavior and alleviate neuroinflammatory processes. Studying gene function selectively in microglia, however, remains technically challenging. This review article provides an overview of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based microglia targeting approaches, discussing potential prospects for refining these approaches to improve both specificity and effectiveness and encouraging future investigations aimed at connecting the potential of AAV-mediated microglial targeting for therapeutic benefit in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stamataki
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Liu S, Chowdhury EA, Xu V, Jerez A, Mahmood L, Ly BQ, Le HK, Nguyen A, Rajwade A, Meno-Tetang G, Shah DK. Whole-Body Disposition and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Adeno-Associated Viruses and the Transgene Product. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:141-157. [PMID: 37805073 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate model-informed drug development (MIDD) of adeno-associated virus (AAV) therapy, here we have developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for AAVs following preclinical investigation in mice. After 2E11 Vg/mouse dose of AAV8 and AAV9 encoding a monoclonal antibody (mAb) gene, whole-body disposition of both the vector and the transgene mAb was evaluated over 3 weeks. At steady-state, the following tissue-to-blood (T/B) concentration ratios were found for AAV8/9: ∼50 for liver; ∼10 for heart and muscle; ∼2 for brain, lung, kidney, adipose, and spleen; ≤1 for bone, skin, and pancreas. T/B values for mAb were compared with the antibody biodistribution coefficients, and five different clusters of organs were identified based on their transgene expression profile. All the biodistribution data were used to develop a novel AAV PBPK model that incorporates: (i) whole-body distribution of the vector; (ii) binding, internalization, and intracellular processing of the vector; (iii) transgene expression and secretion; and (iv) whole-body disposition of the secreted transgene product. The model was able to capture systemic and tissue PK of the vector and the transgene-produced mAb reasonably well. Pathway analysis of the PBPK model suggested that liver, muscle, and heart are the main contributors for the secreted transgene mAb. Unprecedented PK data and the novel PBPK model developed here provide the foundation for quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) investigations of AAV-mediated gene therapies. The PBPK model can also serve as a quantitative tool for preclinical study design and preclinical-to-clinical translation of AAV-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ekram Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Vivian Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anthony Jerez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Leeha Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Bao Quoc Ly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Huyen Khanh Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anne Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Aneesh Rajwade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guy Meno-Tetang
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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5
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Asokan A, Shen S. Redirecting AAV vectors to extrahepatic tissues. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3371-3375. [PMID: 37805712 PMCID: PMC10727976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are the current benchmark for systemic delivery of gene therapies to multiple organs in vivo. Despite clinical successes, safe and effective gene delivery to extrahepatic tissues has proven challenging due to dose limiting toxicity arising from high liver uptake of AAV vectors. Deeper understanding of AAV structure, receptor biology, and pharmacology has enabled the design and engineering of liver-de-targeted capsids ushering in several new vector candidates. This next generation of AAVs offers significant promise for extrahepatic gene delivery to cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurological tissues with improved safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Shen Shen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Gonzalez TJ, Mitchell-Dick A, Blondel LO, Fanous MM, Hull JA, Oh DK, Moller-Tank S, Castellanos Rivera RM, Piedrahita JA, Asokan A. Structure-guided AAV capsid evolution strategies for enhanced CNS gene delivery. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3413-3459. [PMID: 37735235 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, our laboratory has systematically developed a structure-guided library approach to evolve new adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids with altered tissue tropism, higher transduction efficiency and the ability to evade pre-existing humoral immunity. Here, we provide a detailed protocol describing two distinct evolution strategies using structurally divergent AAV serotypes as templates, exemplified by improving CNS gene transfer efficiency in vivo. We outline four major components of our strategy: (i) structure-guided design of AAV capsid libraries, (ii) AAV library production, (iii) library cycling in single versus multiple animal models, followed by (iv) evaluation of lead AAV vector candidates in vivo. The protocol spans ~95 d, excluding gene expression analysis in vivo, and can vary depending on user experience, resources and experimental design. A distinguishing attribute of the current protocol is the focus on providing biomedical researchers with 3D structural information to guide evolution of precise 'hotspots' on AAV capsids. Furthermore, the protocol outlines two distinct methods for AAV library evolution consisting of adenovirus-enabled infectious cycling in a single species and noninfectious cycling in a cross-species manner. Notably, our workflow can be seamlessly merged with other RNA transcript-based library strategies and tailored for tissue-specific capsid selection. Overall, the procedures outlined herein can be adapted to expand the AAV vector toolkit for genetic manipulation of animal models and development of human gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Leo O Blondel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marco M Fanous
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua A Hull
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel K Oh
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sven Moller-Tank
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jorge A Piedrahita
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Chan C, Harris KK, Zolotukhin S, Keeler GD. Rational Design of AAV-rh74, AAV3B, and AAV8 with Limited Liver Targeting. Viruses 2023; 15:2168. [PMID: 38005848 PMCID: PMC10675213 DOI: 10.3390/v15112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have become one of the leading gene therapies for treating a variety of diseases. One factor contributing to rAAVs' success is the fact that a wide variety of tissue types can be transduced by different serotypes. However, one commonality amongst most serotypes is the high propensity for liver transduction when rAAVs are administered peripherally. One of the few exceptions is the naturally occurring clade F AAV hematopoietic stem cell 16 (AAVHSC16). AAVHSC16 represents an interesting capsid in that it shows minimal liver transduction when injected peripherally. For capsids other than AAVHSC16, targeting non-liver tissues via peripheral AAV injection represents a challenge due to the high liver transduction. Thus, there is a demand for liver-de-targeted rAAV vectors. The rational design of rAAV capsids relies on current knowledge to design improved capsids and represents one means of developing capsids with reduced liver transduction. Here, we utilized data from the AAVHSC16 capsid to rationally design four non-clade F rAAV capsids that result in reduced liver transduction following peripheral injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Geoffrey D. Keeler
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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8
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Martino RA, Wang Q, Xu H, Hu G, Bell P, Arroyo EJ, Sims JJ, Wilson JM. Vector Affinity and Receptor Distribution Define Tissue-Specific Targeting in an Engineered AAV Capsid. J Virol 2023; 97:e0017423. [PMID: 37199615 PMCID: PMC10308920 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00174-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unbiased in vivo selections of diverse capsid libraries can yield engineered capsids that overcome gene therapy delivery challenges like traversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but little is known about the parameters of capsid-receptor interactions that govern their improved activity. This hampers broader efforts in precision capsid engineering and is a practical impediment to ensuring the translatability of capsid properties between preclinical animal models and human clinical trials. In this work, we utilize the adeno-associated virus (AAV)-PHP.B-Ly6a model system to better understand the targeted delivery and BBB penetration properties of AAV vectors. This model offers a defined capsid-receptor pair that can be used to systematically define relationships between target receptor affinity and in vivo activity of engineered AAV vectors. Here, we report a high-throughput method for quantifying capsid-receptor affinity and demonstrate that direct binding assays can be used to organize a vector library into families with varied affinity for their target receptor. Our data indicate that efficient central nervous system transduction requires high levels of target receptor expression at the BBB, but it is not a requirement for receptor expression to be limited to the target tissue. We observed that enhanced receptor affinity leads to reduced transduction of off-target tissues but can negatively impact on-target cellular transduction and penetration of endothelial barriers. Together, this work provides a set of tools for defining vector-receptor affinities and demonstrates how receptor expression and affinity interact to impact the performance of engineered AAV vectors in targeting the central nervous system. IMPORTANCE Novel methods for measuring adeno-associated virus (AAV)-receptor affinities, especially in relation to vector performance in vivo, would be useful to capsid engineers as they develop AAV vectors for gene therapy applications and characterize their interactions with native or engineered receptors. Here, we use the AAV-PHP.B-Ly6a model system to assess the impact of receptor affinity on the systemic delivery and endothelial penetration properties of AAV-PHP.B vectors. We discuss how receptor affinity analysis can be used to isolate vectors with optimized properties, improve the interpretation of library selections, and ultimately translate vector activities between preclinical animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Alexander Martino
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gui Hu
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edgardo J. Arroyo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua J. Sims
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Chen X, Wolfe DA, Bindu DS, Zhang M, Taskin N, Goertsen D, Shay TF, Sullivan EE, Huang SF, Ravindra Kumar S, Arokiaraj CM, Plattner VM, Campos LJ, Mich JK, Monet D, Ngo V, Ding X, Omstead V, Weed N, Bishaw Y, Gore BB, Lein ES, Akrami A, Miller C, Levi BP, Keller A, Ting JT, Fox AS, Eroglu C, Gradinaru V. Functional gene delivery to and across brain vasculature of systemic AAVs with endothelial-specific tropism in rodents and broad tropism in primates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3345. [PMID: 37291094 PMCID: PMC10250345 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivering genes to and across the brain vasculature efficiently and specifically across species remains a critical challenge for addressing neurological diseases. We have evolved adeno-associated virus (AAV9) capsids into vectors that transduce brain endothelial cells specifically and efficiently following systemic administration in wild-type mice with diverse genetic backgrounds, and in rats. These AAVs also exhibit superior transduction of the CNS across non-human primates (marmosets and rhesus macaques), and in ex vivo human brain slices, although the endothelial tropism is not conserved across species. The capsid modifications translate from AAV9 to other serotypes such as AAV1 and AAV-DJ, enabling serotype switching for sequential AAV administration in mice. We demonstrate that the endothelial-specific mouse capsids can be used to genetically engineer the blood-brain barrier by transforming the mouse brain vasculature into a functional biofactory. We apply this approach to Hevin knockout mice, where AAV-X1-mediated ectopic expression of the synaptogenic protein Sparcl1/Hevin in brain endothelial cells rescued synaptic deficits.
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Grants
- P51 OD010425 NIH HHS
- P51 OD011107 NIH HHS
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- DP1 NS111369 NINDS NIH HHS
- OT2 OD024899 NIH HHS
- DP1 MH104069 NIMH NIH HHS
- UF1 MH128336 NIMH NIH HHS
- DP1 EB016986 NIBIB NIH HHS
- DP1 OD000616 NIH HHS
- DP2 NS087949 NINDS NIH HHS
- UG3 MH120095 NIMH NIH HHS
- U42 OD011123 NIH HHS
- NIH Director’s New Innovator DP2NS087949 and PECASE, NIH BRAIN Armamentarium 1UF1MH128336-01, NIH Pioneer 5DP1NS111369-04 and SPARC 1OT2OD024899. Additional funding includes the Vallee Foundation, the Moore Foundation, the CZI Neurodegeneration Challenge Network, and the NSF NeuroNex Technology Hub grant 1707316, the Heritage Medical Research Institute and the Beckman Institute for CLARITY, Optogenetics and Vector Engineering Research (CLOVER) for technology development and dissemination, NIH BRAIN UG3MH120095.
- The Swiss National Science Foundation (310030_188952, A.K), the Synapsis (grant 2019-PI02, A.K.), the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society (A.K.).
- CNPRC base grant (NIH P51 OD011107)
- The CZI Neurodegeneration Challenge Network. C.E. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Damien A Wolfe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Naz Taskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Goertsen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Timothy F Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Erin E Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sheng-Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zürich University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Cynthia M Arokiaraj
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Lillian J Campos
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John K Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deja Monet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Ngo
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Natalie Weed
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yeme Bishaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan B Gore
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Athena Akrami
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cory Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zürich University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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10
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Chen X, Wolfe DA, Bindu DS, Zhang M, Taskin N, Goertsen D, Shay TF, Sullivan E, Huang SF, Kumar SR, Arokiaraj CM, Plattner V, Campos LJ, Mich J, Monet D, Ngo V, Ding X, Omstead V, Weed N, Bishaw Y, Gore B, Lein ES, Akrami A, Miller C, Levi BP, Keller A, Ting JT, Fox AS, Eroglu C, Gradinaru V. Functional gene delivery to and across brain vasculature of systemic AAVs with endothelial-specific tropism in rodents and broad tropism in primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523844. [PMID: 36711773 PMCID: PMC9882234 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Delivering genes to and across the brain vasculature efficiently and specifically across species remains a critical challenge for addressing neurological diseases. We have evolved adeno-associated virus (AAV9) capsids into vectors that transduce brain endothelial cells specifically and efficiently following systemic administration in wild-type mice with diverse genetic backgrounds and rats. These AAVs also exhibit superior transduction of the CNS across non-human primates (marmosets and rhesus macaques), and ex vivo human brain slices although the endothelial tropism is not conserved across species. The capsid modifications translate from AAV9 to other serotypes such as AAV1 and AAV-DJ, enabling serotype switching for sequential AAV administration in mice. We demonstrate that the endothelial specific mouse capsids can be used to genetically engineer the blood-brain barrier by transforming the mouse brain vasculature into a functional biofactory. Vasculature-secreted Hevin (a synaptogenic protein) rescued synaptic deficits in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Damien A Wolfe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Naz Taskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Goertsen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Timothy F Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Erin Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sheng-Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Cynthia M Arokiaraj
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Viktor Plattner
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lillian J Campos
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deja Monet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Ngo
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Natalie Weed
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yeme Bishaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan Gore
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Athena Akrami
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cory Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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11
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Aloor A, Aradhya R, Venugopal P, Gopalakrishnan Nair B, Suravajhala R. Glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 variants: A path to infection and recovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115335. [PMID: 36328134 PMCID: PMC9621623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycan is an essential molecule that controls and drives life in a precise direction. The paucity of research in glycobiology may impede the significance of its role in the pandemic guidelines. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is heavily glycosylated, with 22 putative N-glycosylation sites and 17 potential O-glycosylation sites discovered thus far. It is the anchor point to the host cell ACE2 receptor, TMPRSS2, and many other host proteins that can be recognized by their immune system; hence, glycosylation is considered the primary target of vaccine development. Therefore, it is essential to know how this surface glycan plays a role in viral entry, infection, transmission, antigen, antibody responses, and disease progression. Although the vaccines are developed and applied against COVID-19, the proficiency of the immunizations is not accomplished with the current mutant variations. The role of glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2 with respect to other putative cell glycan receptors and the significance of glycan in host cell immunity in COVID-19 are discussed in this paper. Hence, the molecular signature of the glycan in the coronavirus infection can be incorporated into the mainstream therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Aloor
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | - Rajaguru Aradhya
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | - Parvathy Venugopal
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Renuka Suravajhala
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
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12
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated in a small icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with 60 subunits. AAV is the leading delivery vector in emerging gene therapy treatments for inherited disorders, so its structure and molecular interactions with human hosts are of intense interest. A wide array of electron microscopic approaches have been used to visualize the virus and its complexes, depending on the scientific question, technology available, and amenability of the sample. Approaches range from subvolume tomographic analyses of complexes with large and flexible host proteins to detailed analysis of atomic interactions within the virus and with small ligands at resolutions as high as 1.6 Å. Analyses have led to the reclassification of glycan receptors as attachment factors, to structures with a new-found receptor protein, to identification of the epitopes of antibodies, and a new understanding of possible neutralization mechanisms. AAV is now well-enough characterized that it has also become a model system for EM methods development. Heralding a new era, cryo-EM is now also being deployed as an analytic tool in the process development and production quality control of high value pharmaceutical biologics, namely AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott
M. Stagg
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Institute
of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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13
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Smith LJ, Schulman LA, Smith S, Van Lieshout L, Barnes CM, Behmoiras L, Scarpitti M, Kivaa M, Duong KL, Benard LO, Ellsworth JL, Avila N, Faulkner D, Hayes A, Lotterhand J, Rivas JI, Sengooba AV, Tzianabos A, Seymour AB, Francone OL. Natural variations in AAVHSC16 significantly reduce liver tropism and maintain broad distribution to periphery and CNS. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:224-238. [PMID: 35859693 PMCID: PMC9287613 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses derived from human hematopoietic stem cells (AAVHSCs) are naturally occurring AAVs. Fifteen AAVHSCs have demonstrated broad biodistribution while displaying differences in transduction. We examine the structure-function relationships of these natural amino acid variations on cellular binding. We demonstrate that AAVHSC16 is the only AAVHSC that does not preferentially bind to terminal galactose. AAVHSC16 contains two unique amino acids, 501I and 706C, compared with other AAVHSCs. Through mutagenesis, we determined that residue 501 contributes to the lack of galactose binding. Structural analysis revealed that residue 501 is in proximity to the galactose binding pocket, hence confirming its functional role in galactose binding. Biodistribution analysis of AAVHSC16 indicated significantly less liver tropism in mice and non-human primates compared with other clade F members, likely associated with overall binding differences observed in vitro. AAVHSC16 maintained robust tropism to other key tissues in the peripheral and central nervous systems after intravenous injection, including to the brain, heart, and gastrocnemius. Importantly, AAVHSC16 did not induce elevated liver enzyme levels in non-human primates after intravenous injection at high doses. The unique glycan binding and tropism of AAVHSC16 makes this naturally occurring capsid an attractive candidate for therapies requiring less liver tropism while maintaining broad biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Smith
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | | | - Samantha Smith
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | | | - Carmen M Barnes
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Liana Behmoiras
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Meghan Scarpitti
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Monicah Kivaa
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Khanh L Duong
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Ludo O Benard
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Jeff L Ellsworth
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Nancy Avila
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Deiby Faulkner
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - April Hayes
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Jason Lotterhand
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | | | | | - Alec Tzianabos
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Albert B Seymour
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Omar L Francone
- Homology Medicines, Inc., 1 Patriots Park, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
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14
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Ander SE, Li FS, Carpentier KS, Morrison TE. Innate immune surveillance of the circulation: A review on the removal of circulating virions from the bloodstream. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010474. [PMID: 35511797 PMCID: PMC9070959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses utilize the lymphohematogenous route for dissemination; however, they may not freely use this highway unchecked. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is an innate defense system that surveys circulating blood, recognizing and capturing viral particles. Examination of the literature shows that the bulk of viral clearance is mediated by the liver; however, the precise mechanism(s) mediating viral vascular clearance vary between viruses and, in many cases, remains poorly defined. Herein, we summarize what is known regarding the recognition and capture of virions from the circulation prior to the generation of a specific antibody response. We also discuss the consequences of viral capture on viral pathogenesis and the fate of the captor cell. Finally, this understudied topic has implications beyond viral pathogenesis, including effects on arbovirus ecology and the application of virus-vectored gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Frances S. Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Natural Sciences, Greensboro College, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Knockout of the CMP-Sialic Acid Transporter SLC35A1 in Human Cell Lines Increases Transduction Efficiency of Adeno-Associated Virus 9: Implications for Gene Therapy Potency Assays. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051259. [PMID: 34069698 PMCID: PMC8160606 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have emerged as an important tool for gene therapy for human diseases. A prerequisite for clinical approval is an in vitro potency assay that can measure the transduction efficiency of each virus lot produced. The AAV serotypes are typical for gene therapy bind to different cell surface structures. The binding of AAV9 on the surface is mediated by terminal galactose residues present in the asparagine-linked carbohydrates in glycoproteins. However, such terminal galactose residues are rare in cultured cells. They are masked by sialic acid residues, which is an obstacle for the infection of many cell lines with AAV9 and the respective potency assays. The sialic acid residues can be removed by enzymatic digestion or chemical treatment. Still, such treatments are not practical for AAV9 potency assays since they may be difficult to standardize. In this study, we generated human cell lines (HEK293T and HeLa) that become permissive for AAV9 transduction after a knockout of the CMP–sialic acid transporter SLC35A1. Using the human aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) gene, we show that these cell lines can be used as a model system for establishing potency assays for AAV9-based gene therapy approaches for human diseases.
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16
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Gorovits B, Fiscella M, Havert M, Koren E, Long B, Milton M, Purushothama S. Recommendations for the Development of Cell-Based Anti-Viral Vector Neutralizing Antibody Assays. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:24. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Liguore WA, Domire JS, Button D, Wang Y, Dufour BD, Srinivasan S, McBride JL. AAV-PHP.B Administration Results in a Differential Pattern of CNS Biodistribution in Non-human Primates Compared with Mice. Mol Ther 2019; 27:2018-2037. [PMID: 31420242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver transgenes to the CNS has allowed for several advancements in the field of gene therapy to treat brain disorders. Although most AAVs do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and transduce the CNS following peripheral administration, AAV-PHP.B has recently been shown to transduce brains of mice with higher efficiency compared with its parent serotype, AAV9, following injection into the retro-orbital sinus. Here, we extended this foundational work by comparing AAV-PHP.B transduction efficiency in wild-type C57BL/6J mice using four clinically applicable delivery strategies including two intravascular (intra-jugular vein and intra-carotid artery) and two intra-cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) routes (intra-cisterna magna and intra-lateral ventricle). We scaled up these comparisons in a larger-animal model and evaluated transduction efficiency of AAV-PHP.B in the rhesus macaque. We found widespread and largely equal CNS transduction in mice following all four injection strategies, whereas we observed a differential pattern of transduction in macaques with broad cortical and spinal cord transduction seen after intrathecal administration and only very low transduction following intravascular administration. Taken together, these results suggest that AAV-PHP.B may be a useful gene therapy vector for neurological disorders, particularly those stemming from broad cortical or spinal cord neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Liguore
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Domire
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Dana Button
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Brett D Dufour
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sathya Srinivasan
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jodi L McBride
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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18
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Zhu H, Wang T, John Lye R, French BA, Annex BH. Neuraminidase-mediated desialylation augments AAV9-mediated gene expression in skeletal muscle. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3049. [PMID: 30101537 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following systemic delivery, AAV9-mediated gene expression is significantly increased in ischemic versus non-ischemic muscle, suggesting that AAV9 is an attractive vector for treating peripheral arterial disease. Potential mechanisms underlying ischemia-augmented expression include: (i) increased vascular permeability and (ii) "unmasking" of endogenous AAV9 receptors. In the present study, we aimed to reconstitute the ischemic induction of AAV9 in vivo, using local injection of histamine (to increase vascular permeability) and neuraminidase (to desialylate cell surface glycans). METHODS Bioassays were performed to optimize the effects of histamine and neuraminidase after intramuscular injection. Histamine and/or neuraminidase were then injected intramuscularly shortly before intravenous injection of an AAV9 vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase expression was serially assessed with bioluminescence imaging. At the end of the study, tissues were harvested for assays of luciferase activity and AAV9 genome copy number aiming to assess AAV-mediated gene expression and transduction, respectively. RESULTS Intramuscular injection of either neuraminidase or neuraminidase plus histamine significantly increased both transduction and gene expression, whereas histamine alone had little effect. Pre-injection with neuraminidase increased AAV9-mediated gene delivery by four- to nine-fold and luciferase activity by 60-100-fold. Luciferase activity in neuraminidase-injected muscle was > 100-fold higher than in any off-target tissue (including heart, liver and brain). CONCLUSIONS The ischemic induction of AAV9-mediated gene expression in muscle can largely be reconstituted by pre-injecting neuraminidase intranmuscularly. This strategy may prove useful in future human gene therapy protocols as a quick and efficient means to selectively target systemically injected AAV9 to localized regions of muscle, thus decreasing the potential for adverse effects in off-target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert John Lye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brent A French
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian H Annex
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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19
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Raghunathan R, Polinski NK, Klein JA, Hogan JD, Shao C, Khatri K, Leon D, McComb ME, Manfredsson FP, Sortwell CE, Zaia J. Glycomic and Proteomic Changes in Aging Brain Nigrostriatal Pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1778-1787. [PMID: 29915149 PMCID: PMC6126385 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the progressive loss of functional dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway in the brain. Although current treatments provide only symptomatic relief, gene therapy has the potential to slow or halt the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in PD patients. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are vectors of choice in gene therapy because of their well-characterized safety and efficacy profiles; however, although gene therapy has been successful in preclinical models of the disease, clinical trials in humans have failed to demonstrate efficacy. Significantly, all primary AAV receptors of the virus are glycans. We thus hypothesize that age related changes in glycan receptors of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (receptor for rAAV2), and/or N-glycans with terminal galactose (receptor for rAAV9) results in poor adeno-associated virus binding in either the striatum or substantia nigra, or both, affecting transduction and gene delivery. To test our hypothesis we analyzed the striatum and substantia nigra for changes in HS, N-glycans and proteomic signatures in young versus aged rat brain striatum and substantia nigra. We observed different brain region-specific HS disaccharide profiles in aged compared with young adult rats for brain region-specific profiles in striatum versus substantia nigra. We observed brain region- and age-specific N-glycan compositional profiles with respect to the terminal galactose units that serve as receptors for AAV9. We also observed brain region-specific changes in protein expression in the aging nigrostriatal pathway. These studies provide insight into age- and brain region-specific changes in glycan receptors and proteome that will inform design of improved viral vectors for Parkinson Disease (PD) gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Raghunathan
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Joshua A Klein
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John D Hogan
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chun Shao
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kshitij Khatri
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah Leon
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark E McComb
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Joseph Zaia
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts;
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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AAV-8 and AAV-9 Vectors Cooperate with Serum Proteins Differently Than AAV-1 and AAV-6. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 10:291-302. [PMID: 30155509 PMCID: PMC6111067 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Under intravenous delivery, recombinant adeno-associated vectors (rAAVs) interact with blood-borne components in ways that can critically alter their therapeutic efficiencies. We have previously shown that interaction with human galectin 3 binding protein dramatically reduces rAAV-6 efficacy, whereas binding of mouse C-reactive protein improves rAAV-1 and rAAV-6 transduction effectiveness. Herein we have assessed, through qualitative and quantitative studies, the proteins from mouse and human sera that bind with rAAV-8 and rAAV-9, two vectors that are being considered for clinical trials for patients with neuromuscular disorders. We show that, in contrast to rAAV-1 and rAAV-6, there was a substantial similarity in protein binding patterns between mouse and human sera for these vector serotypes. To establish an in vivo role for the vector binding of these sera proteins, we chose to study platelet factor 4 (PF4), which interacts with both vectors in both mouse and human sera. Experiments using PF4-knockout mice showed that a complete lack of PF4 did not alter skeletal muscle transduction for these vectors, whereas heart transduction was moderately improved. Our results strongly support our position that the impact of serum proteins on the transduction properties of rAAV-8 and rAAV-9, already observed in mouse models, should be similar in human preclinical trials.
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21
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Wang D, Li S, Gessler DJ, Xie J, Zhong L, Li J, Tran K, Van Vliet K, Ren L, Su Q, He R, Goetzmann JE, Flotte TR, Agbandje-McKenna M, Gao G. A Rationally Engineered Capsid Variant of AAV9 for Systemic CNS-Directed and Peripheral Tissue-Detargeted Gene Delivery in Neonates. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 9:234-246. [PMID: 29766031 PMCID: PMC5948233 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has provided the gene therapy field with the most powerful in vivo gene delivery vector to realize safe, efficacious, and sustainable therapeutic gene expression. Because many clinically relevant properties of AAV-based vectors are governed by the capsid, much research effort has been devoted to the development of AAV capsids for desired features. Here, we combine AAV capsid discovery from nature and rational engineering to report an AAV9 capsid variant, designated as AAV9.HR, which retains AAV9's capability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and transduce neurons. This variant shows reduced transduction in peripheral tissues when delivered through intravascular (IV) injection into neonatal mice. Therefore, when IV AAV delivery is used to treat CNS diseases, AAV9.HR has the advantage of mitigating potential off-target effects in peripheral tissues compared to AAV9. We also demonstrate that AAV9.HR is suitable for peripheral tissue-detargeted CNS-directed gene therapy in a mouse model of a fatal pediatric leukodystrophy. In light of recent success with profiling diversified natural AAV capsid repertoires and the understanding of AAV capsid sequence-structure-function relationship, such a combinatory approach to AAV capsid development is expected to further improve vector targeting and expand the vector toolbox for therapeutic gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shaoyong Li
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dominic J. Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Li Zhong
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karen Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kim Van Vliet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lingzhi Ren
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Qin Su
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ran He
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jason E. Goetzmann
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Terence R. Flotte
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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22
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Kirschen GW, Kéry R, Liu H, Ahamad A, Chen L, Akmentin W, Kumar R, Levine J, Xiong Q, Ge S. Genetic dissection of the neuro-glio-vascular machinery in the adult brain. Mol Brain 2018; 11:2. [PMID: 29335006 PMCID: PMC5769320 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult brain actively controls its metabolic homeostasis via the circulatory system at the blood brain barrier interface. The mechanisms underlying the functional coupling from neuron to vessel remain poorly understood. Here, we established a novel method to genetically isolate the individual components of this coupling machinery using a combination of viral vectors. We first discovered a surprising non-uniformity of the glio-vascular structure in different brain regions. We carried out a viral injection screen and found that intravenous Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAV2) preferentially targeted perivascular astrocytes throughout the adult brain, with sparing of the hippocampal hilus from infection. Using this new intravenous method to target astrocytes, we selectively ablated these cells and observed severe defects in hippocampus-dependent contextual memory and the metabolically regulated process of hippocampal neurogenesis. Combined with AAV9 targeting of neurons and endothelial cells, all components of the neuro-glio-vascular machinery can be simultaneously labeled for genetic manipulation. Together, we demonstrate a novel method, which we term CATNAP (CAV/AAV Targeting of Neurons and Astrocytes Perivascularly), to target and manipulate the neuro-glio-vascular machinery in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Rachel Kéry
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Afrinash Ahamad
- School of Health Technology & Management, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Wendy Akmentin
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Joel Levine
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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23
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Hordeaux J, Dubreil L, Robveille C, Deniaud J, Pascal Q, Dequéant B, Pailloux J, Lagalice L, Ledevin M, Babarit C, Costiou P, Jamme F, Fusellier M, Mallem Y, Ciron C, Huchet C, Caillaud C, Colle MA. Long-term neurologic and cardiac correction by intrathecal gene therapy in Pompe disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:66. [PMID: 28874182 PMCID: PMC5585940 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by acid-α-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency, leading to glycogen storage. The disease manifests as a fatal cardiomyopathy in infantile form. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has recently prolonged the lifespan of these patients, revealing a new natural history. The neurologic phenotype and the persistence of selective muscular weakness in some patients could be attributed to the central nervous system (CNS) storage uncorrected by ERT. GAA-KO 6neo/6neo mice were treated with a single intrathecal administration of adeno-associated recombinant vector (AAV) mediated gene transfer of human GAA at 1 month and their neurologic, neuromuscular, and cardiac function was assessed for 1 year. We demonstrate a significant functional neurologic correction in treated animals from 4 months onward, a neuromuscular improvement from 9 months onward, and a correction of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at 12 months. The regions most affected by the disease i.e. the brainstem, spinal cord, and the left cardiac ventricular wall all show enzymatic, biochemical and histological correction. Muscle glycogen storage is not affected by the treatment, thus suggesting that the restoration of muscle functionality is directly related to the CNS correction. This unprecedented global and long-term CNS and cardiac cure offer new perspectives for the management of patients.
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24
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Verhelle A, Nair N, Everaert I, Van Overbeke W, Supply L, Zwaenepoel O, Peleman C, Van Dorpe J, Lahoutte T, Devoogdt N, Derave W, Chuah MK, VandenDriessche T, Gettemans J. AAV9 delivered bispecific nanobody attenuates amyloid burden in the gelsolin amyloidosis mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1353-1364. [PMID: 28334940 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelsolin amyloidosis is a dominantly inherited, incurable type of amyloidosis. A single point mutation in the gelsolin gene (G654A is most common) results in the loss of a Ca2+ binding site in the second gelsolin domain. Consequently, this domain partly unfolds and exposes an otherwise buried furin cleavage site at the surface. During secretion of mutant plasma gelsolin consecutive cleavage by furin and MT1-MMP results in the production of 8 and 5 kDa amyloidogenic peptides. Nanobodies that are able to (partly) inhibit furin or MT1-MMP proteolysis have previously been reported. In this study, the nanobodies have been combined into a single bispecific format able to simultaneously shield mutant plasma gelsolin from intracellular furin and extracellular MT1-MMP activity. We report the successful in vivo expression of this bispecific nanobody following adeno-associated virus serotype 9 gene therapy in gelsolin amyloidosis mice. Using SPECT/CT and immunohistochemistry, a reduction in gelsolin amyloid burden was detected which translated into improved muscle contractile properties. We conclude that a nanobody-based gene therapy using adeno-associated viruses shows great potential as a novel strategy in gelsolin amyloidosis and potentially other amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Verhelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nisha Nair
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Overbeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Supply
- Department of Medical and Forensic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cindy Peleman
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Medical and Forensic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tony Lahoutte
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marinee K Chuah
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- Department of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Tarantal AF, Lee CCI, Martinez ML, Asokan A, Samulski R. Systemic and Persistent Muscle Gene Expression in Rhesus Monkeys with a Liver De-Targeted Adeno-Associated Virus Vector. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:385-391. [PMID: 28125921 PMCID: PMC5444483 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major off-target organ in gene therapy approaches for cardiac and musculoskeletal disorders. Intravenous administration of most of the naturally occurring adeno-associated virus (AAV) strains invariably results in vector genome sequestration within the liver. In the current study, we compared the muscle tropism and transduction efficiency of a liver de-targeted AAV variant to AAV9 following systemic administration in newborn rhesus monkeys. In vivo bioluminescence imaging was performed to monitor transgene expression (firefly luciferase) post administration. Results indicated comparable and sustained levels of systemic firefly luciferase gene expression in skeletal muscle over a period of two years. Quantitation of vector biodistribution in harvested tissues post-administration revealed widespread recovery of vector genomes delivered by AAV9 but markedly decreased levels in major systemic organs from the AAV variant. These studies validate the translational potential and safety of liver de-targeted AAV strains for gene therapy of muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F. Tarantal
- Center for Fetal Monkey Gene Transfer for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, California
- Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California
| | - C. Chang I. Lee
- Center for Fetal Monkey Gene Transfer for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michele L. Martinez
- Center for Fetal Monkey Gene Transfer for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - R.Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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26
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Polinski NK, Manfredsson FP, Benskey MJ, Fischer DL, Kemp CJ, Steece-Collier K, Sandoval IM, Paumier KL, Sortwell CE. Impact of age and vector construct on striatal and nigral transgene expression. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16082. [PMID: 27933309 PMCID: PMC5142515 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic protein delivery using viral vectors has shown promise in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease (PD) but clinical trial success remains elusive. This may partially be due to a failure to include advanced age as a covariate despite aging being the primary risk factor for PD. We investigated transgene expression following intracerebral injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus pseudotypes 2/2 (rAAV2/2), 2/5 (rAAV2/5), 2/9 (rAAV2/9), and lentivirus (LV) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in aged versus young adult rats. Both rAAV2/2 and rAAV2/5 yielded lower GFP expression following injection to either the aged substantia nigra or striatum. rAAV2/9-mediated GFP expression was deficient in the aged striatonigral system but displayed identical transgene expression between ages in the nigrostriatal system. Young and aged rats displayed equivalent GFP levels following LV injection to the striatonigral system but LV-delivered GFP was deficient in delivering GFP to the aged nigrostriatal system. Notably, age-related transgene expression deficiencies revealed by protein quantitation were poorly predicted by GFP-immunoreactive cell counts. Further, in situ hybridization for the viral CβA promoter revealed surprisingly limited tropism for astrocytes compared to neurons. Our results demonstrate that aging is a critical covariate to consider when designing gene therapy approaches for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Polinski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Katrina L Paumier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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27
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Duan D. Systemic delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 21:16-25. [PMID: 27459604 PMCID: PMC5138077 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For diseases like muscular dystrophy, an effective gene therapy requires bodywide correction. Systemic viral vector delivery has been attempted since early 1990s. Yet a true success was not achieved until mid-2000 when adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype-6, 8 and 9 were found to result in global muscle transduction in rodents following intravenous injection. The simplicity of the technique immediately attracts attention. Marvelous whole body amelioration has been achieved in rodent models of many diseases. Scale-up in large mammals also shows promising results. Importantly, the first systemic AAV-9 therapy was initiated in patients in April 2014. Recent studies have now begun to reveal molecular underpinnings of systemic AAV delivery and to engineer new AAV capsids with superior properties for systemic gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Bioengineering, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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28
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Murlidharan G, Sakamoto K, Rao L, Corriher T, Wang D, Gao G, Sullivan P, Asokan A. CNS-restricted Transduction and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Deletion with an Engineered AAV Vector. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e338. [PMID: 27434683 PMCID: PMC5330941 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy using recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is emerging as a promising approach to treat central nervous system disorders such as Spinal muscular atrophy, Batten, Parkinson and Alzheimer disease amongst others. A critical remaining challenge for central nervous system-targeted gene therapy, silencing or gene editing is to limit potential vector dose-related toxicity in off-target cells and organs. Here, we characterize a lab-derived AAV chimeric (AAV2g9), which displays favorable central nervous system attributes derived from both parental counterparts, AAV2 and AAV9. This synthetic AAV strain displays preferential, robust, and widespread neuronal transduction within the brain and decreased glial tropism. Importantly, we observed minimal systemic leakage, decreased sequestration and gene transfer in off-target organs with AAV2g9, when administered into the cerebrospinal fluid. A single intracranial injection of AAV2g9 vectors encoding guide RNAs targeting the schizophrenia risk gene MIR137 (encoding MIR137) in CRISPR/Cas9 knockin mice resulted in brain-specific gene deletion with no detectable events in the liver. This engineered AAV vector is a promising platform for treating neurological disorders through gene therapy, silencing or editing modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Murlidharan
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kensuke Sakamoto
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lavanya Rao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Travis Corriher
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Madigan VJ, Asokan A. Engineering AAV receptor footprints for gene therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:89-96. [PMID: 27262111 PMCID: PMC6537878 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are currently at the forefront of human gene therapy clinical trials as recombinant vectors. Significant progress has been made in elucidating the structure, biology and tropisms of different naturally occurring AAV isolates in the past decade. In particular, a spectrum of AAV capsid interactions with host receptors have been identified and characterized. These studies have enabled a better understanding of key determinants of AAV cell recognition and entry in different hosts. This knowledge is now being applied toward engineering new, lab-derived AAV capsids with favorable transduction profiles. The current review conveys a structural perspective of capsid-glycan interactions and provides a roadmap for generating synthetic strains by engineering AAV receptor footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Madigan
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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30
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Hentzschel F, Herrmann AK, Mueller AK, Grimm D. Plasmodium meets AAV-the (un)likely marriage of parasitology and virology, and how to make the match. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2027-45. [PMID: 27117587 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of screening technologies in malaria research has substantially expanded our knowledge on cellular factors hijacked by the Plasmodium parasite in the infected host, including those that participate in the clinically silent liver stage. This rapid gain in our understanding of the hepatic interaction partners now requires a means to validate and further disentangle parasite-host networks in physiologically relevant liver model systems. Here, we outline seminal work that contributed to our present knowledge on the intrahepatic Plasmodium host factors, followed by a discussion of surrogate models of mammalian livers or hepatocytes. We finally describe how Adeno-associated viruses could be engineered and used as hepatotropic tools to dissect Plasmodium-host interactions, and to deliberately control these networks for antimalaria vaccination or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hentzschel
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Herrmann
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Buckinx R, Van Remoortel S, Gijsbers R, Waddington SN, Timmermans JP. Proof-of-concept: neonatal intravenous injection of adeno-associated virus vectors results in successful transduction of myenteric and submucosal neurons in the mouse small and large intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:299-305. [PMID: 26564813 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the success of viral vector technology in the transduction of the central nervous system in both preclinical research and gene therapy, its potential in neurogastroenterological research remains largely unexploited. This study asked whether and to what extent myenteric and submucosal neurons in the ileum and distal colon of the mouse were transduced after neonatal systemic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs). METHODS Mice were intravenously injected at postnatal day one with AAV pseudotypes AAV8 or AAV9 carrying a cassette encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) as a reporter under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter. At postnatal day 35, transduction of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the ileum and distal colon was evaluated in whole-mount preparations, using immunohistochemistry to neurochemically identify transduced enteric neurons. KEY RESULTS The pseudotypes AAV8 and AAV9 showed equal potential in transducing the enteric nervous system (ENS), with 25-30% of the neurons expressing eGFP. However, the percentage of eGFP-expressing colonic submucosal neurons was significantly lower. Neurochemical analysis showed that all enteric neuron subtypes, but not glia, expressed the reporter protein. Intrinsic sensory neurons were most efficiently transduced as nearly 80% of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive neurons expressed the transgene. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The pseudotypes AAV8 and AAV9 can be employed for gene delivery to both the myenteric and the submucosal plexus, although the transduction efficiency in the latter is region-dependent. These findings open perspectives for novel preclinical applications aimed at manipulating and imaging the ENS in the short term, and in gene therapy in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buckinx
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Van Remoortel
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology & Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.,Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J-P Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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32
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Adachi K, Enoki T, Kawano Y, Veraz M, Nakai H. Drawing a high-resolution functional map of adeno-associated virus capsid by massively parallel sequencing. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3075. [PMID: 24435020 PMCID: PMC3941020 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid engineering is an emerging approach to advance gene therapy. However, a systematic analysis on how each capsid amino acid contributes to multiple functions remains challenging. Here we show proof-of-principle and successful application of a novel approach, termed AAV Barcode-Seq, that allows us to characterize phenotypes of hundreds of different AAV strains in a high-throughput manner and therefore overcomes technical difficulties in the systematic analysis. In this approach, we generate DNA barcode-tagged AAV libraries and determine a spectrum of phenotypes of each AAV strain by Illumina barcode sequencing. By applying this method to AAV capsid mutant libraries tagged with DNA barcodes, we can draw a high-resolution map of AAV capsid amino acids important for the structural integrity and functions including receptor binding, tropism, neutralization and blood clearance. Thus, Barcode-Seq provides a new tool to generate a valuable resource for virus and gene therapy research. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are promising gene transfer vectors for human gene therapy. Here, the authors report a high-throughput, sequencing-based method for characterizing amino acid function in AAV capsids and highlight the potential of this method for improving capsid design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Adachi
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2]
| | | | - Yasuhiro Kawano
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga 520-2134, Japan
| | - Michael Veraz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2]
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Unique glycan signatures regulate adeno-associated virus tropism in the developing brain. J Virol 2015; 89:3976-87. [PMID: 25631075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02951-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are thought to spread through the central nervous system (CNS) by exploiting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flux and hijacking axonal transport pathways. The role of host receptors that mediate these processes is not well understood. In the current study, we utilized AAV serotype 4 (AAV4) as a model to evaluate whether ubiquitously expressed 2,3-linked sialic acid and the developmentally regulated marker 2,8-linked polysialic acid (PSA) regulate viral transport and tropism in the neonatal brain. Modulation of the levels of SA and PSA in cell culture studies using specific neuraminidases revealed possibly opposing roles of the two glycans in AAV4 transduction. Interestingly, upon intracranial injection into lateral ventricles of the neonatal mouse brain, a low-affinity AAV4 mutant (AAV4.18) displayed a striking shift in cellular tropism from 2,3-linked SA(+) ependymal lining to 2,8-linked PSA(+) migrating progenitors in the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb. In addition, this gain-of-function phenotype correlated with robust CNS spread of AAV4.18 through paravascular transport pathways. Consistent with these observations, altering glycan dynamics within the brain by coadministering SA- and PSA-specific neuraminidases resulted in striking changes to the cellular tropisms and transduction efficiencies of both parental and mutant vectors. We postulate that glycan signatures associated with host development can be exploited to redirect novel AAV vectors to specific cell types in the brain. IMPORTANCE Viruses invade the CNS through various mechanisms. In the current study, we utilized AAV as a model to study the dynamics of virus-carbohydrate interactions in the developing brain and their impact on viral tropism. Our findings suggest that carbohydrate content can be exploited to regulate viral transport and tropism in the brain.
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Shen S, Berry GE, Castellanos Rivera RM, Cheung RY, Troupes AN, Brown SM, Kafri T, Asokan A. Functional analysis of the putative integrin recognition motif on adeno-associated virus 9. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1496-504. [PMID: 25404742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) display a highly conserved NGR motif on the capsid surface. Earlier studies have established this tripeptide motif as being essential for integrin-mediated uptake of recombinant AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) in cultured cells. However, functional attributes of this putative integrin recognition motif in other recombinant AAV serotypes displaying systemic transduction in vivo remain unknown. In this study, we dissect the biology of an integrin domain capsid mutant derived from the human isolate AAV9 in mice. The AAV9/NGA mutant shows decreased systemic transduction in mice. This defective phenotype was accompanied by rapid clearance of mutant virions from the blood circulation and nonspecific sequestration by the spleen. Transient vascular hyperpermeability, induced by histamine coinjection, exacerbated AAV9/NGA uptake by the spleen but not the liver. However, such treatment did not affect AAV9 virions, suggesting a potential entry/post-entry defect for the mutant in different tissues. Further characterization revealed modestly decreased cell surface binding but a more pronounced defect in the cellular entry of mutant virions. These findings were corroborated by the observation that blocking multiple integrins adversely affected recombinant AAV9 transduction in different cell types, albeit with variable efficiencies. From a structural perspective, we observed that the integrin recognition motif is located in close proximity to the galactose binding footprint on AAV9 capsids and postulate that this feature could influence cell surface attachment, cellular uptake at the tissue level, and systemic clearance by the reticuloendothelial system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aravind Asokan
- From the Gene Therapy Center, Department of Genetics, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516
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35
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Schuster DJ, Dykstra JA, Riedl MS, Kitto KF, Belur LR, McIvor RS, Elde RP, Fairbanks CA, Vulchanova L. Biodistribution of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector after intrathecal and intravenous delivery in mouse. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:42. [PMID: 24959122 PMCID: PMC4051274 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-mediated gene transfer has been reported in central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. The current study compared the pattern of expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) across the mouse CNS and selected peripheral tissues after intrathecal (i.t.) or intravenous (i.v.) delivery of equivalent doses of single-stranded AAV9 vector. After i.t. delivery, GFP immunoreactivity (-ir) was observed in spinal neurons, primary afferent fibers and corresponding primary sensory neurons at all spinal levels. Robust transduction was seen in small and large dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons as well as trigeminal and vagal primary afferent neurons. Transduction efficiency in sensory ganglia was substantially lower in i.v. treated mice. In brain, i.v. delivery yielded GFP-immunoreactivity (-ir) primarily in spinal trigeminal tract, pituitary, and scattered isolated neurons and astrocytes. In contrast, after i.t. delivery, GFP-ir was widespread throughout CNS, with greater intensity and more abundant neuropil-like staining at 6 weeks compared to 3 weeks. Brain regions with prominent GFP-ir included cranial nerve nuclei, ventral pons, cerebellar cortex, hippocampus, pituitary, choroid plexus, and selected nuclei of midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus. In cortex, GFP-ir was associated with blood vessels, and was seen in both neurons and astrocytes. In the periphery, GFP-ir in colon and ileum was present in the enteric nervous system in both i.v. and i.t. treated mice. Liver and adrenal cortex, but not adrenal medulla, also showed abundant GFP-ir after both routes of delivery. In summary, i.t. delivery yielded higher transduction efficiency in sensory neurons and the CNS. The observation of comparable gene transfer to peripheral tissues using the two routes indicates that a component of i.t. delivered vector is redistributed from the subarachnoid space to the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schuster
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Dykstra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalitha R Belur
- Departments of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Departments of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert P Elde
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Rocca CJ, Ur SN, Harrison F, Cherqui S. rAAV9 combined with renal vein injection is optimal for kidney-targeted gene delivery: conclusion of a comparative study. Gene Ther 2014; 21:618-28. [PMID: 24784447 PMCID: PMC4047163 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective gene therapy strategies for the treatment of kidney disorders remain elusive. We report an optimized kidney-targeted gene delivery strategy using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) administered via retrograde renal vein injection in mice. Renal vein injection of rAAV consistently resulted in superior kidney transduction compared with tail vein injection using as little as half the tail vein dose. We compared rAAV5, 6, 8 and 9, containing either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase reporter genes driven by the Cytomegalovirus promoter. We demonstrated that although rAAV6 and 8 injected via renal vein transduced the kidney, transgene expression was mainly restricted to the medulla. Transgene expression was systematically low after rAAV5 injection, attributed to T-cell immune response, which could be overcome by transient immunosuppression. However, rAAV9 was the only serotype that permitted high-transduction efficiency of both the cortex and medulla. Moreover, both the glomeruli and tubules were targeted, with a higher efficiency within the glomeruli. To improve the specificity of kidney-targeted gene delivery with rAAV9, we used the parathyroid hormone receptor 'kidney-specific' promoter. We obtained a more efficient transgene expression within the kidney, and a significant reduction in other tissues. Our work represents the first comprehensive and clinically relevant study for kidney gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline J. Rocca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman drive, MC 0734, La Jolla, California 92093-0734, USA
| | - Sarah N. Ur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman drive, MC 0734, La Jolla, California 92093-0734, USA
| | - Frank Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman drive, MC 0734, La Jolla, California 92093-0734, USA
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37
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Intracisternal delivery of AAV9 results in oligodendrocyte and motor neuron transduction in the whole central nervous system of cats. Gene Ther 2014; 21:522-8. [PMID: 24572783 PMCID: PMC4015314 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and intracerebrospinal fluid delivery of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) has been shown to achieve widespread gene delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). However, after systemic injection, the neurotropism of the vector has been reported to vary according to age at injection, with greater neuronal transduction in newborns and preferential glial cell tropism in adults. This difference has not yet been reported after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) delivery. The present study analyzed both neuronal and glial cell transduction in the CNS of cats according to age of AAV9 CSF injection. In both newborns and young cats, administration of AAV9-GFP in the cisterna magna resulted in high levels of motor neurons (MNs) transduction from the cervical (84±5%) to the lumbar (99±1%) spinal cord, demonstrating that the remarkable tropism of AAV9 for MNs is not affected by age at CSF delivery. Surprisingly, numerous oligodendrocytes were also transduced in the brain and in the spinal cord white matter of young cats, but not of neonates, indicating that (i) age of CSF delivery influences the tropism of AAV9 for glial cells and (ii) AAV9 intracisternal delivery could be relevant for both the treatment of MN and demyelinating disorders.
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Asokan A, Samulski RJ. An emerging adeno-associated viral vector pipeline for cardiac gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:906-13. [PMID: 24164238 PMCID: PMC3815036 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring adeno-associated virus (AAV) isolates display diverse tissue tropisms in different hosts. Robust cardiac transduction in particular has been reported for certain AAV strains. Successful applications of these AAV strains in preclinical and clinical settings with a focus on treating cardiovascular disease continue to be reported. At the same time, these studies have highlighted challenges such as cross-species variability in AAV tropism, transduction efficiency, and immunity. Continued progress in our understanding of AAV capsid structure and biology has provided the rationale for designing improved vectors that can possibly address these concerns. The current report provides an overview of cardiotropic AAV, existing gaps in our knowledge, and newly engineered AAV strains that are viable candidates for the cardiac gene therapy clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - R. Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
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Govindasamy L, DiMattia MA, Gurda BL, Halder S, McKenna R, Chiorini JA, Muzyczka N, Zolotukhin S, Agbandje-McKenna M. Structural insights into adeno-associated virus serotype 5. J Virol 2013; 87:11187-99. [PMID: 23926356 PMCID: PMC3807309 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00867-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) display differential cell binding, transduction, and antigenic characteristics specified by their capsid viral protein (VP) composition. Toward structure-function annotation, the crystal structure of AAV5, one of the most sequence diverse AAV serotypes, was determined to 3.45-Å resolution. The AAV5 VP and capsid conserve topological features previously described for other AAVs but uniquely differ in the surface-exposed HI loop between βH and βI of the core β-barrel motif and have pronounced conformational differences in two of the AAV surface variable regions (VRs), VR-IV and VR-VII. The HI loop is structurally conserved in other AAVs despite amino acid differences but is smaller in AAV5 due to an amino acid deletion. This HI loop is adjacent to VR-VII, which is largest in AAV5. The VR-IV, which forms the larger outermost finger-like loop contributing to the protrusions surrounding the icosahedral 3-fold axes of the AAVs, is shorter in AAV5, creating a smoother capsid surface topology. The HI loop plays a role in AAV capsid assembly and genome packaging, and VR-IV and VR-VII are associated with transduction and antigenic differences, respectively, between the AAVs. A comparison of interior capsid surface charge and volume of AAV5 to AAV2 and AAV4 showed a higher propensity of acidic residues but similar volumes, consistent with comparable DNA packaging capacities. This structure provided a three-dimensional (3D) template for functional annotation of the AAV5 capsid with respect to regions that confer assembly efficiency, dictate cellular transduction phenotypes, and control antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Govindasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael A. DiMattia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brittney L. Gurda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sujata Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John A. Chiorini
- MPTB, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Muzyczka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Powell Gene Therapy Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell and Molecular Therapy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Multiple roles for sialylated glycans in determining the cardiopulmonary tropism of adeno-associated virus 4. J Virol 2013; 87:13206-13. [PMID: 24067974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02109-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus 4 (AAV4) is one of the most divergent serotypes among known AAV isolates. Mucins or O-linked sialoglycans have been identified as the primary attachment receptors for AAV4 in vitro. However, little is known about the role(s) played by sialic acid interactions in determining AAV4 tissue tropism in vivo. In the current study, we first characterized two loss-of-function mutants obtained by screening a randomly mutated AAV4 capsid library. Both mutants harbored several amino acid residue changes localized to the 3-fold icosahedral symmetry axes on the AAV4 capsid and displayed low transduction efficiency in vitro. This defect was attributed to decreased cell surface binding as well as uptake of mutant virions. These results were further corroborated by low transgene expression and recovery of mutant viral genomes in cardiac and lung tissue following intravenous administration in mice. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed rapid clearance of AAV4 mutants from the blood circulation in conjunction with low hemagglutination potential ex vivo. These results were recapitulated with mice pretreated intravenously with sialidase, directly confirming the role of sialic acids in determining AAV4 tissue tropism. Taken together, our results support the notion that blood-borne AAV4 particles interact sequentially with O-linked sialoglycans expressed abundantly on erythrocytes followed by cardiopulmonary tissues and subsequently for viral cell entry.
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Piras BA, O’Connor DM, French BA. Systemic delivery of shRNA by AAV9 provides highly efficient knockdown of ubiquitously expressed GFP in mouse heart, but not liver. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75894. [PMID: 24086659 PMCID: PMC3782464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AAV9 is a powerful gene delivery vehicle capable of providing long-term gene expression in a variety of cell types, particularly cardiomyocytes. The use of AAV-delivery for RNA interference is an intense area of research, but a comprehensive analysis of knockdown in cardiac and liver tissues after systemic delivery of AAV9 has yet to be reported. We sought to address this question by using AAV9 to deliver a short-hairpin RNA targeting the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) in transgenic mice that constitutively overexpress GFP in all tissues. The expression cassette was initially tested in vitro and we demonstrated a 61% reduction in mRNA and a 90% reduction in GFP protein in dual-transfected 293 cells. Next, the expression cassette was packaged as single-stranded genomes in AAV9 capsids to test cardiac GFP knockdown with several doses ranging from 1.8×10(10) to 1.8×10(11) viral genomes per mouse and a dose-dependent response was obtained. We then analyzed GFP expression in both heart and liver after delivery of 4.4×10(11) viral genomes per mouse. We found that while cardiac knockdown was highly efficient, with a 77% reduction in GFP mRNA and a 71% reduction in protein versus control-treated mice, there was no change in liver expression. This was despite a 4.5-fold greater number of viral genomes in the liver than in the heart. This study demonstrates that single-stranded AAV9 vectors expressing shRNA can be used to achieve highly efficient cardiac-selective knockdown of GFP expression that is sustained for at least 7 weeks after the systemic injection of 8 day old mice, with no change in liver expression and no evidence of liver damage despite high viral genome presence in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A. Piras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. O’Connor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brent A. French
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine/Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Xie Q, Spilman M, Meyer NL, Lerch TF, Stagg SM, Chapman MS. Electron microscopy analysis of a disaccharide analog complex reveals receptor interactions of adeno-associated virus. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:129-35. [PMID: 24036405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of macromolecular complexes often feature X-ray structures of complexes with bound ligands. The attachment of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is an example that has not proven amenable to crystallography, because the binding of GAG analogs disrupts lattice contacts. The interactions of AAV with GAGs are of interest in mediating the cell specificity of AAV-based gene therapy vectors. Previous electron microscopy led to differing conclusions on the exact binding site and the existence of large ligand-induced conformational changes in the virus. Conformational changes are expected during cell entry, but it has remained unclear whether the electron microscopy provided evidence of their induction by GAG-binding. Taking advantage of automated data collection, careful processing and new methods of structure refinement, the structure of AAV-DJ complexed with sucrose octasulfate is determined by electron microscopy difference map analysis to 4.8Å resolution. At this higher resolution, individual sulfate groups are discernible, providing a stereochemical validation of map interpretation, and highlighting interactions with two surface arginines that have been implicated in genetic studies. Conformational changes induced by the SOS are modest and limited to the loop most directly interacting with the ligand. While the resolution attainable will depend on sample order and other factors, there are an increasing number of macromolecular complexes that can be studied by cryo-electron microscopy at resolutions beyond 5Å, for which the approaches used here could be used to characterize the binding of inhibitors and other small molecule effectors when crystallography is not tractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health &v Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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43
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Zhang F, Aguilera J, Beaudet JM, Xie Q, Lerch TF, Davulcu O, Colón W, Chapman MS, Linhardt RJ. Characterization of interactions between heparin/glycosaminoglycan and adeno-associated virus. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6275-85. [PMID: 23952613 PMCID: PMC3859860 DOI: 10.1021/bi4008676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a key candidate in the development of gene therapy. In this work, we used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to study the interaction between AAV and heparin and other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Surface plasmon resonance results revealed that heparin binds to AAV with an extremely high affinity. Solution competition studies showed that binding of AAV to heparin is chain length-dependent. AAV prefers to bind full chain heparin. All sulfo groups (especially N-sulfo and 6-O-sulfo groups) on heparin are important for the AAV-heparin interaction. Higher levels of sulfo group substitution in GAGs enhance their binding affinities. Atomic force microscopy was also performed to image AAV-2 in a complex with heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Javier Aguilera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Julie M. Beaudet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Thomas F. Lerch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wilfredo Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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44
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Shen S, Horowitz ED, Troupes AN, Brown SM, Pulicherla N, Samulski RJ, Agbandje-McKenna M, Asokan A. Engraftment of a galactose receptor footprint onto adeno-associated viral capsids improves transduction efficiency. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28814-23. [PMID: 23940044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New viral strains can be evolved to recognize different host glycans through mutagenesis and experimental adaptation. However, such mutants generally harbor amino acid changes that affect viral binding to a single class of carbohydrate receptors. We describe the rational design and synthesis of novel, chimeric adeno-associated virus (AAV) strains that exploit an orthogonal glycan receptor for transduction. A dual glycan-binding AAV strain was first engineered as proof of concept by grafting a galactose (Gal)-binding footprint from AAV serotype 9 onto the heparan sulfate-binding AAV serotype 2. The resulting chimera, AAV2G9, continues to bind heparin affinity columns but interchangeably exploits Gal and heparan sulfate receptors for infection, as evidenced by competitive inhibition assays with lectins, glycans, and parental AAV strains. Although remaining hepatotropic like AAV2, the AAV2G9 chimera mediates rapid onset and higher transgene expression in mice. Similarly, engraftment of the Gal footprint onto the laboratory-derived strain AAV2i8 yielded an enhanced AAV2i8G9 chimera. This new strain remains liver-detargeted like AAV2i8 while selectively transducing muscle tissues at high efficiency, comparable with AAV9. The AAV2i8G9 chimera is a promising vector candidate for targeted gene therapy of cardiac and musculoskeletal diseases. In addition to demonstrating the modularity of glycan receptor footprints on viral capsids, our approach provides design strategies to expand the AAV vector toolkit.
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C-reactive protein (CRP) is essential for efficient systemic transduction of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector 1 (rAAV-1) and rAAV-6 in mice. J Virol 2013; 87:10784-91. [PMID: 23903832 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01813-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical relevance of gene therapy using the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors often requires widespread distribution of the vector, and in this case, systemic delivery is the optimal route of administration. Humoral blood factors, such as antibodies or complement, are the first barriers met by the vectors administered systemically. We have found that other blood proteins, galectin 3 binding protein (G3BP) and C-reactive protein (CRP), can interact with different AAV serotypes in a species-specific manner. While interactions of rAAV vectors with G3BP, antibodies, or complement lead to a decrease in vector efficacy, systemic transduction of the CRP-deficient mouse and its respective control clearly established that binding to mouse CRP (mCRP) boosts rAAV vector 1 (rAAV-1) and rAAV-6 transduction efficiency in skeletal muscles over 10 times. Notably, the high efficacy of rAAV-6 in CRP-deficient mice can be restored by reconstitution of the CRP-deficient mouse with mCRP. Human CRP (hCRP) does not interact with either rAAV-1 or rAAV-6, and, consequently, the high efficiency of mCRP-mediated muscle transduction by these serotypes in mice cannot be translated to humans. No interaction of mCRP or hCRP was observed with rAAV-8 and rAAV-9. We show, for the first time, that serum components can significantly enhance rAAV-mediated tissue transduction in a serotype- and species-specific manner. Bioprocessing in body fluids should be considered when transfer of a preclinical proof of concept for AAV-based gene therapy to humans is planned.
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Haurigot V, Marcó S, Ribera A, Garcia M, Ruzo A, Villacampa P, Ayuso E, Añor S, Andaluz A, Pineda M, García-Fructuoso G, Molas M, Maggioni L, Muñoz S, Motas S, Ruberte J, Mingozzi F, Pumarola M, Bosch F. Whole body correction of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA by intracerebrospinal fluid gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3254-3271. [PMID: 23863627 DOI: 10.1172/jci66778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For most lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) affecting the CNS, there is currently no cure. The BBB, which limits the bioavailability of drugs administered systemically, and the short half-life of lysosomal enzymes, hamper the development of effective therapies. Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) is an autosomic recessive LSD caused by a deficiency in sulfamidase, a sulfatase involved in the stepwise degradation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparan sulfate. Here, we demonstrate that intracerebrospinal fluid (intra-CSF) administration of serotype 9 adenoassociated viral vectors (AAV9s) encoding sulfamidase corrects both CNS and somatic pathology in MPS IIIA mice. Following vector administration, enzymatic activity increased throughout the brain and in serum, leading to whole body correction of GAG accumulation and lysosomal pathology, normalization of behavioral deficits, and prolonged survival. To test this strategy in a larger animal, we treated beagle dogs using intracisternal or intracerebroventricular delivery. Administration of sulfamidase-encoding AAV9 resulted in transgenic expression throughout the CNS and liver and increased sulfamidase activity in CSF. High-titer serum antibodies against AAV9 only partially blocked CSF-mediated gene transfer to the brains of dogs. Consistently, anti-AAV antibody titers were lower in CSF than in serum collected from healthy and MPS IIIA-affected children. These results support the clinical translation of this approach for the treatment of MPS IIIA and other LSDs with CNS involvement.
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Haddad MR, Donsante A, Zerfas P, Kaler SG. Fetal Brain-directed AAV Gene Therapy Results in Rapid, Robust, and Persistent Transduction of Mouse Choroid Plexus Epithelia. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e101. [PMID: 23799375 PMCID: PMC3696907 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fetal brain-directed gene addition represents an under-appreciated tool for investigating novel therapeutic approaches in animal models of central nervous system diseases with early prenatal onset. Choroid plexuses (CPs) are specialized neuroectoderm-derived structures that project into the brain's ventricles, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and regulate CSF biochemical composition. Targeting the CP may be advantageous for adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene therapy for central nervous system disorders due to its immunoprivileged location and slow rate of epithelial turnover. Yet the capacity of AAV vectors to transduce CP has not been delineated precisely. We performed intracerebroventricular injections of recombinant AAV serotype 5-green fluorescent protein (rAAV5-GFP) or rAAV9-GFP in embryonic day 15 (E15) embryos of CD-1 and C57BL/6 pregnant mice and quantified the percentages of GFP expression in CP epithelia (CPE) from lateral and fourth ventricles on E17, postnatal day 2 (P2), and P22. AAV5 was selective for CPE and showed significantly higher transduction efficiency in C57BL/6 mice (P = 0.0128). AAV9 transduced neurons and glial cells in both the mouse strains, in addition to CPE. We documented GFP expression in CPE on E17, within just 48 hours of rAAV administration to the fetal lateral ventricle, and expression by both the serotypes persisted at P130. Our results indicate that prenatal administration of rAAV5 and rAAV9 enables rapid, robust, and sustained transduction of mouse CPE and buttress the rationale for experimental therapeutics targeting the CP.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e101; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.27; published online 25 June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Reine Haddad
- Unit on Human Copper Metabolism, Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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