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Coplen CP, Jergovic M, Terner EL, Bradshaw CM, Uhrlaub JL, Nikolich JŽ. Virological, innate, and adaptive immune profiles shaped by variation in route and age of host in murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0198623. [PMID: 38619272 PMCID: PMC11092346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01986-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a ubiquitous facultative pathogen, which establishes a characteristic latent and reactivating lifelong infection in immunocompetent hosts. Murine CMV (mCMV) infection is widely used as an experimental model of hCMV infection, employed to investigate the causal nature and extent of CMV's contribution to inflammatory, immunological, and health disturbances in humans. Therefore, mimicking natural human infection in mice would be advantageous to hCMV research. To assess the role of route and age at infection in modeling hCMV in mice, we infected prepubescent and young sexually mature C57BL/6 (B6) mice intranasally (i.n., a likely physiological route in humans) and intraperitoneally (i.p., a frequently used experimental route, possibly akin to transplant-mediated infection). In our hands, both routes led to comparable early viral loads and tissue spreads. However, they yielded differential profiles of innate and adaptive systemic immune activation. Specifically, the younger, prepubescent mice exhibited the strongest natural killer cell activation in the blood in response to i.p. infection. Further, the i.p. infected animals (particularly those infected at 12 weeks) exhibited larger anti-mCMV IgG and greater expansion of circulating CD8+ T cells specific for both acute (non-inflationary) and latent phase (inflationary) mCMV epitopes. By contrast, tissue immune responses were comparable between i.n. and i.p. groups. Our results illustrate a distinction in the bloodborne immune response profiles across infection routes and ages and are discussed in light of physiological parameters of interaction between CMV, immunity, inflammation, and health over the lifespan. IMPORTANCE The majority of experiments modeling human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection in mice have been carried out using intraperitoneal infection in sexually mature adult mice, which stands in contrast to the large number of humans being infected with human CMV at a young age, most likely via bodily fluids through the nasopharyngeal/oral route. This study examined the impact of the choice of age and route of infection in modeling CMV infection in mice. By comparing young, prepubescent to older sexually mature counterparts, infected either via the intranasal or intraperitoneal route, we discovered substantial differences in deployment and response intensity of different arms of the immune system in systemic control of the virus; tissue responses, by contrast, appeared similar between ages and infection routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Coplen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mladen Jergovic
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Elana L. Terner
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christine M. Bradshaw
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Janko Ž. Nikolich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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2
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Jansen EB, Orvold SN, Swan CL, Yourkowski A, Thivierge BM, Francis ME, Ge A, Rioux M, Darbellay J, Howland JG, Kelvin AA. After the virus has cleared-Can preclinical models be employed for Long COVID research? PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010741. [PMID: 36070309 PMCID: PMC9451097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can cause the life-threatening acute respiratory disease called COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) as well as debilitating multiorgan dysfunction that persists after the initial viral phase has resolved. Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is manifested by a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, dyspnea, arthralgia, myalgia, heart palpitations, and memory issues sometimes affecting between 30% and 75% of recovering COVID-19 patients. However, little is known about the mechanisms causing Long COVID and there are no widely accepted treatments or therapeutics. After introducing the clinical aspects of acute COVID-19 and Long COVID in humans, we summarize the work in animals (mice, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs)) to model human COVID-19. The virology, pathology, immune responses, and multiorgan involvement are explored. Additionally, any studies investigating time points longer than 14 days post infection (pi) are highlighted for insight into possible long-term disease characteristics. Finally, we discuss how the models can be leveraged for treatment evaluation, including pharmacological agents that are currently in human clinical trials for treating Long COVID. The establishment of a recognized Long COVID preclinical model representing the human condition would allow the identification of mechanisms causing disease as well as serve as a vehicle for evaluating potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B. Jansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Spencer N. Orvold
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anthony Yourkowski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittany M. Thivierge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John G. Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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3
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Francis ME, Richardson B, Goncin U, McNeil M, Rioux M, Foley MK, Ge A, Pechous RD, Kindrachuk J, Cameron CM, Richardson C, Lew J, Machtaler S, Cameron MJ, Gerdts V, Falzarano D, Kelvin AA. Sex and age bias viral burden and interferon responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14536. [PMID: 34267262 PMCID: PMC8282673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) hospitalizations and deaths disportionally affect males and older ages. Here we investigated the impact of male sex and age comparing sex-matched or age-matched ferrets infected with SARS-CoV-2. Differences in temperature regulation was identified for male ferrets which was accompanied by prolonged viral replication in the upper respiratory tract after infection. Gene expression analysis of the nasal turbinates indicated that 1-year-old female ferrets had significant increases in interferon response genes post infection which were delayed in males. These results provide insight into COVID-19 and suggests that older males may play a role in viral transmission due to decreased antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen E Francis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Una Goncin
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Mara McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Mary K Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Roger D Pechous
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK, 72205, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Cheryl M Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Christopher Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Steven Machtaler
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Mark J Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, 5980 University Ave, 4th Floor, R4020, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada.
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Rioux M, Francis ME, Swan CL, Ge A, Kroeker A, Kelvin AA. The Intersection of Age and Influenza Severity: Utility of Ferrets for Dissecting the Age-Dependent Immune Responses and Relevance to Age-Specific Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:678. [PMID: 33920917 PMCID: PMC8071347 DOI: 10.3390/v13040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors impact the host response to influenza virus infection and vaccination. Ferrets have been an indispensable reagent for influenza virus research for almost one hundred years. One of the most significant and well-known factors affecting human disease after infection is host age. Another significant factor is the virus, as strain-specific disease severity is well known. Studying age-related impacts on viral infection and vaccination outcomes requires an animal model that reflects both the physiological and immunological changes that occur with human aging, and sensitivity to differentially virulent influenza viruses. The ferret is uniquely susceptible to a plethora of influenza viruses impacting humans and has proven extremely useful in studying the clinical and immunological pictures of influenza virus infection. Moreover, ferrets developmentally have several of the age-related physiological changes that occur in humans throughout infancy, adulthood, old age, and pregnancy. In this review, we discuss ferret susceptibility to influenza viruses, summarize previous influenza studies using ferrets as models of age, and finally, highlight the application of ferret age models in the pursuit of prophylactic and therapeutic agents to address age-related influenza disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Cynthia L. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (A.G.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada; (M.E.F.); (C.L.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K6R8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
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5
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Koff WC, Schenkelberg T, Williams T, Baric RS, McDermott A, Cameron CM, Cameron MJ, Friemann MB, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Kelvin AA, Ross TM, Schultz-Cherry S, Mastro TD, Priddy FH, Moore KA, Ostrowsky JT, Osterholm MT, Goudsmit J. Development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines for those most vulnerable. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/579/eabd1525. [PMID: 33536277 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines is a global priority and the best hope for ending the COVID-19 pandemic. Remarkably, in less than 1 year, vaccines have been developed and shown to be efficacious and are already being deployed worldwide. Yet, many challenges remain. Immune senescence and comorbidities in aging populations and immune dysregulation in populations living in low-resource settings may impede vaccine effectiveness. Distribution of vaccines among these populations where vaccine access is historically low remains challenging. In this Review, we address these challenges and provide strategies for ensuring that vaccines are developed and deployed for those most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne C Koff
- Human Vaccines Project, New York, NY 10119, USA. .,Human Immunomics Initiative, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Theodore Schenkelberg
- Human Vaccines Project, New York, NY 10119, USA.,Human Immunomics Initiative, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tere Williams
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Cheryl M Cameron
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark J Cameron
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Matthew B Friemann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ted M Ross
- Animal Health Research Center, Center for Vaccines, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Infectious Diseases Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Frances H Priddy
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Kristine A Moore
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Julia T Ostrowsky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael T Osterholm
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Human Vaccines Project, New York, NY 10119, USA.,Human Immunomics Initiative, Departments of Epidemiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Francis ME, Richardson B, McNeil M, Rioux M, Foley MK, Ge A, Pechous RD, Kindrachuk J, Cameron CM, Richardson C, Lew J, Cameron MJ, Gerdts V, Falzarano D, Kelvin AA. Male sex and age biases viral burden, viral shedding, and type 1 and 2 interferon responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.12.426381. [PMID: 33469587 PMCID: PMC7814824 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.12.426381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) hospitalizations and deaths disportionally affect males and the elderly. Here we investigated the impact of male sex and age by infecting adult male, aged male, and adult female ferrets with SARS-CoV-2. Aged male ferrets had a decrease in temperature which was accompanied by prolonged viral replication with increased pathology in the upper respiratory tract after infection. Transcriptome analysis of the nasal turbinates and lungs indicated that female ferrets had significant increases in interferon response genes (OASL, MX1, ISG15, etc.) on day 2 post infection which was delayed in aged males. In addition, genes associated with taste and smell such as RTP1, CHGA, and CHGA1 at later time points were upregulated in males but not in females. These results provide insight into COVID-19 and suggests that older males may play a role in viral transmission due to decreased antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen E. Francis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA44106
| | - Mara McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Mary K. Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anni Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Roger D. Pechous
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Little Rock, AK, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Laboratory of Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Cheryl M. Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA44106
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
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7
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Honce R, Wohlgemuth N, Meliopoulos VA, Short KR, Schultz-Cherry S. Influenza in High-Risk Hosts-Lessons Learned from Animal Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a038604. [PMID: 31871227 PMCID: PMC7706577 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Factoring significantly into the global burden of influenza disease are high-risk populations that suffer the bulk of infections. Classically, the very young, very old, and pregnant women have been identified as high-risk populations; however, recent research has uncovered several other conditions that contribute to severe infection. By using varied animal models, researchers have identified molecular mechanisms underpinning the increased likelihood for infection due to obesity and malnourishment, as well as insight into the role sex hormones play in antiviral immunity in males, in females, and across the life span. Additionally, novel comorbidity models have helped elucidate the role of chronic infectious and genetic diseases in influenza virus pathogenesis. Animal models play a vital role in understanding the contribution of host factors to influenza severity and immunity. An in-depth understanding of these host factors represents an important step in reducing the burden of influenza among the growing number of people living with one or more chronic medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Nicholas Wohlgemuth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
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8
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Chen S, Kasper B, Zhang B, Lashua LP, Ross TM, Ghedin E, Mahal LK. Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4486-4495. [PMID: 32981324 PMCID: PMC7640967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. Intrinsic host factors, such as age, can influence disease severity. Glycosylation plays a critical role in influenza pathogenesis; however, the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes remain unknown. In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. We also observed age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides. The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. However, the response was delayed, in line with the delayed development of pneumonia observed. Overall, our results may help explain the differential susceptibility to influenza A infection and severity observed as a function of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Brian Kasper
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lauren P. Lashua
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, CANADA
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9
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Luo H, Liu S, Wang Y, Phillips-Howard PA, Ju S, Yang Y, Wang D. Age differences in clinical features and outcomes in patients with COVID-19, Jiangsu, China: a retrospective, multicentre cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039887. [PMID: 33020106 PMCID: PMC7536631 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the age-specific clinical presentations and incidence of adverse outcomes among patients with COVID-19 in Jiangsu, China. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective, multicentre cohort study performed at 24 hospitals in Jiangsu, China. PARTICIPANTS 625 patients with COVID-19 enrolled between 10 January and 15 March 2020. RESULTS Of the 625 patients (median age, 46 years; 329 (52.6%) men), 37 (5.9%) were children (18 years or younger), 261 (41.8%) young adults (19-44 years), 248 (39.7%) middle-aged adults (45-64 years) and 79 (12.6%) elderly adults (65 years or older). The incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes comorbidities increased with age (trend test, p<0.0001, p=0.0003, p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Fever, cough and shortness of breath occurred more commonly among older patients, especially the elderly, compared with children (χ2 test, p=0.0008, 0.0146 and 0.0282, respectively). The quadrant score and pulmonary opacity score increased with age (trend test, both p<0.0001). Older patients had many significantly different laboratory parameters from younger patients. Elderly patients had the highest proportion of severe or critically-ill cases (33.0%, χ2 test p<0.0001), intensive care unit use (35.4%, χ2 test p<0.0001), respiratory failure (31.6%, χ2 test p<0.0001) and the longest hospital stay (median 21 days, Kruskal-Wallis test p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Elderly (≥65 years) patients with COVID-19 had the highest risk of severe or critical illness, intensive care use, respiratory failure and the longest hospital stay, which may be due partly to their having a higher incidence of comorbidities and poor immune responses to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyuan Luo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Songqiao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuancheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Shenghong Ju
- Department of Radiology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Duolao Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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10
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Rioux M, McNeil M, Francis ME, Dawe N, Foley M, Langley JM, Kelvin AA. The Power of First Impressions: Can Influenza Imprinting during Infancy Inform Vaccine Design? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E546. [PMID: 32961707 PMCID: PMC7563765 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes severe respiratory illness in people worldwide, disproportionately affecting infants. The immature respiratory tract coupled with the developing immune system, and lack of previous exposure to the virus is thought to synergistically play a role in the increased disease severity in younger age groups. No influenza vaccines are available for those under six months, although maternal influenza immunization is recommended. In children aged six months to two years, vaccine immunogenicity is dampened compared to older children and adults. Unlike older children and adults, the infant immune system has fewer antigen-presenting cells and soluble immune factors. Paradoxically, we know that a person's first infection with the influenza virus during infancy or childhood leads to the establishment of life-long immunity toward that particular virus strain. This is called influenza imprinting. We contend that by understanding the influenza imprinting event in the context of the infant immune system, we will be able to design more effective influenza vaccines for both infants and adults. Working through the lens of imprinting, using infant influenza animal models such as mice and ferrets which have proven useful for infant immunity studies, we will gain a better understanding of imprinting and its implications regarding vaccine design. This review examines literature regarding infant immune and respiratory development, current vaccine strategies, and highlights the importance of research into the imprinting event in infant animal models to develop more effective and protective vaccines for all including young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rioux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Mara McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Magen E. Francis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Nicholas Dawe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Mary Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Joanne M. Langley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada;
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.); (M.M.); (M.E.F.); (N.D.); (M.F.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada;
- The Canadian Center for Vaccinology (IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and the Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
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11
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Original antigenic sin priming of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17221-17227. [PMID: 32631992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920321117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to influenza viruses can be long-lived, but reinfections with antigenically distinct viral strains and subtypes are common. Reinfections can boost antibody responses against viral strains first encountered in childhood through a process termed "original antigenic sin." It is unknown how initial childhood exposures affect the induction of antibodies against the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain of influenza viruses. This is an important consideration since broadly reactive HA stalk antibodies can protect against infection, and universal vaccine platforms are being developed to induce these antibodies. Here we show that experimentally infected ferrets and naturally infected humans establish strong "immunological imprints" against HA stalk antigens first encountered during primary influenza virus infections. We found that HA stalk antibodies are surprisingly boosted upon subsequent infections with antigenically distinct influenza A virus subtypes. Paradoxically, these heterosubtypic-boosted HA stalk antibodies do not bind efficiently to the boosting influenza virus strain. Our results demonstrate that an individual's HA stalk antibody response is dependent on the specific subtype of influenza virus that they first encounter early in life. We propose that humans are susceptible to heterosubtypic influenza virus infections later in life since these viruses boost HA stalk antibodies that do not bind efficiently to the boosting antigen.
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12
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Skarlupka AL, Ross TM. Immune Imprinting in the Influenza Ferret Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020173. [PMID: 32276530 PMCID: PMC7348859 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial exposure to influenza virus usually occurs during childhood. This imprinting has long-lasting effects on the immune responses to subsequent infections and vaccinations. Animal models that are used to investigate influenza pathogenesis and vaccination do recapitulate the pre-immune history in the human population. The establishment of influenza pre-immune ferret models is necessary for understanding infection and transmission and for designing efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Skarlupka
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-9708
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13
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Rommel MGE, Milde C, Eberle R, Schulze H, Modlich U. Endothelial-platelet interactions in influenza-induced pneumonia: A potential therapeutic target. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:606-619. [PMID: 31793053 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Every year, influenza viruses spread around the world, infecting the respiratory systems of countless humans and animals, causing illness and even death. Severe influenza infection is associated with pulmonary epithelial damage and endothelial dysfunction leading to acute lung injury (ALI). There is evidence that an aggressive cytokine storm and cell damage in lung capillaries as well as endothelial/platelet interactions contribute to vascular leakage, pro-thrombotic milieu and infiltration of immune effector cells. To date, treatments for ALI caused by influenza are limited to antiviral drugs, active ventilation or further symptomatic treatments. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of influenza-mediated pathogenesis, permissive animal models and histopathological changes of lung tissue in both mice and men and compare it with histological and electron microscopic data from our own group. We highlight the molecular and cellular interactions between pulmonary endothelium and platelets in homeostasis and influenza-induced pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic targets on platelets/endothelial interaction to reduce or resolve ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel G E Rommel
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Christian Milde
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Regina Eberle
- Department of Morphology, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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14
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Turianová L, Lachová V, Svetlíkova D, Kostrábová A, Betáková T. Comparison of cytokine profiles induced by nonlethal and lethal doses of influenza A virus in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4397-4405. [PMID: 31777543 PMCID: PMC6862669 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are among the most common human pathogens and are responsible for causing extensive seasonal morbidity and mortality. To investigate the immunological factors associated with severe influenza infection, the immune responses in mice infected with nonlethal (LD0) doses of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus were compared with those of mice infected with a lethal dose (LD100) of the virus. The virus titer and activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor signaling pathways were similar in the mice infected with LD0 and LD100 at 2 days post-infection; however, mice infected with LD100 exhibited a greater abundance of cytokines and a more diverse cytokine profile. Infection with LD100 induced the expression of the following factors: Interleukins (ILs), IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12p40, IL-13 and IL-15; inflammatory chemokines, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL3/4, CCL12, CCL17, CCL19; and lung injury-associated cytokines, leptin, leukaemia inhibitory factor, macrophage colony stimulating factor, pentraxin (PTX)2 and PTX3, WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain. Switching in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 was evidenced by the increase in M2 markers, including arginase-1 (Arg1) and early growth response protein 2 (Egr2), in the lungs of mice infected with LD100. Since IL-12 and interferon-γ are the major T helper (Th)1 cytokines, increased expression of interferon regulatory factor 4, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 promoted the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells. In conclusion, the present study identified key cytokines involved in the pathogenicity of influenza infection, and demonstrated that lethal influenza virus infection induces a mixed Th1/Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Turianová
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Lachová
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Darina Svetlíkova
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Kostrábová
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Betáková
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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15
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Bissel SJ, Carter CE, Wang G, Johnson SK, Lashua LP, Kelvin AA, Wiley CA, Ghedin E, Ross TM. Age-Related Pathology Associated with H1N1 A/California/07/2009 Influenza Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2389-2399. [PMID: 31585069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes a spectrum of diseases, ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe lower respiratory tract infection, that can lead to diffuse alveolar damage, interstitial and airspace inflammation, or acute respiratory failure. Mechanisms instructing disease severity are not completely understood, but host, viral, and bacterial factors influence disease outcome. With age being one host factor associated with a higher risk of severe influenza, we investigated regional pulmonary distribution and severity of pneumonia after 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection in newly weaned, adult, and aged ferrets to better understand age-dependent susceptibility and pathology. Aged ferrets exhibited greater weight loss and higher rates of mortality than adult ferrets, whereas most newly weaned ferrets did not lose weight but had a lack of weight gain. Newly weaned ferrets exhibited minimal pneumonia, whereas adult and aged ferrets had a spectrum of pneumonia severity. Influenza virus-induced pneumonia peaked earliest in adult ferrets, whereas aged ferrets had delayed presentation. Bronchial severity differed among groups, but bronchial pathology was comparable among all cohorts. Alveolar infection was strikingly different among groups. Newly weaned ferrets had little alveolar cell infection. Adult and aged ferrets had alveolar infection, but aged ferrets were unable to clear infection. These different age-related pneumonia and infection patterns suggest therapeutic strategies to treat influenza should be tailored contingent on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Bissel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Chalise E Carter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Guoji Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lauren P Lashua
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clayton A Wiley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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16
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Historical H1N1 Influenza Virus Imprinting Increases Vaccine Protection by Influencing the Activity and Sustained Production of Antibodies Elicited at Vaccination in Ferrets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040133. [PMID: 31569351 PMCID: PMC6963198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus imprinting is now understood to significantly influence the immune responses and clinical outcome of influenza virus infections that occur later in life. Due to the yearly cycling of influenza viruses, humans are imprinted with the circulating virus of their birth year and subsequently build a complex influenza virus immune history. Despite this knowledge, little is known about how the imprinting strain influences vaccine responses. To investigate the immune responses of the imprinted host to split-virion vaccination, we imprinted ferrets with a sublethal dose of the historical seasonal H1N1 strain A/USSR/90/1977. After a +60-day recovery period to build immune memory, ferrets were immunized and then challenged on Day 123. Antibody specificity and recall were investigated throughout the time course. At challenge, the imprinted vaccinated ferrets did not experience significant disease, while naïve-vaccinated ferrets had significant weight loss. Haemagglutination inhibition assays showed that imprinted ferrets had a more robust antibody response post vaccination and increased virus neutralization activity. Imprinted-vaccinated animals had increased virus-specific IgG antibodies compared to the other experimental groups, suggesting B-cell maturity and plasticity at vaccination. These results should be considered when designing the next generation of influenza vaccines.
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17
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Vom Steeg LG, Klein SL. Sex and sex steroids impact influenza pathogenesis across the life course. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:189-194. [PMID: 30298431 PMCID: PMC6370518 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Males and females differ in the outcome of influenza A virus (IAV) infections, which depends significantly on age. During a typical seasonal influenza epidemic, young children (< 10 years of age) and aged adults (65+ years of age) are at greatest risk for severe disease, and among these age groups, males tend to suffer a worse outcome from IAV infection than females. Following infection with either pandemic or outbreak strains of IAVs, females of reproductive ages (i.e., 15-49 years of age) experience a worse outcome than their male counterparts. Among females of reproductive ages, pregnancy is one factor linked to an increased risk of severe outcome of influenza, although it is not the sole factor explaining the female-preponderance of severe disease. Small animal models of influenza virus infection illustrate that inflammatory immune responses and repair of damaged tissue following IAV infection also differ between the sexes and impact the outcome of infection. There also is growing evidence that sex steroid hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone, directly impact immune responses during IAV infection to alter outcomes. Greater consideration of the combined effects of sex and age as biological variables in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies of influenza pathogenesis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon G Vom Steeg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Francis ME, King ML, Kelvin AA. Back to the Future for Influenza Preimmunity-Looking Back at Influenza Virus History to Infer the Outcome of Future Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020122. [PMID: 30704019 PMCID: PMC6410066 DOI: 10.3390/v11020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus-host interaction is a classic arms race. The recurrent and evolving nature of the influenza virus family allows a single host to be infected several times. Locked in co-evolution, recurrent influenza virus infection elicits continual refinement of the host immune system. Here we give historical context of circulating influenza viruses to understand how the individual immune history is mirrored by the history of influenza virus circulation. Original Antigenic Sin was first proposed as the negative influence of the host’s first influenza virus infection on the next and Imprinting modernizes Antigenic Sin incorporating both positive and negative outcomes. Building on imprinting, we refer to preimmunity as the continual refinement of the host immune system with each influenza virus infection. We discuss imprinting and the interplay of influenza virus homology, vaccination, and host age establishing preimmunity. We outline host signatures and outcomes of tandem infection according to the sequence of virus and classify these relationships as monosubtypic homologous, monosubtypic heterologous, heterosubtypic, or heterotypic sequential infections. Finally, the preimmunity knowledge gaps are highlighted for future investigation. Understanding the effects of antigenic variable recurrent influenza virus infection on immune refinement will advance vaccination strategies, as well as pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen Ellen Francis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Morgan Leslie King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Alyson Ann Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
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19
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Starbæk SMR, Brogaard L, Dawson HD, Smith AD, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Skovgaard K. Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection Incorporating the Involvement of Innate Host Defenses: Enhanced Translational Value of the Porcine Model. ILAR J 2018; 59:323-337. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza is a viral respiratory disease having a major impact on public health. Influenza A virus (IAV) usually causes mild transitory disease in humans. However, in specific groups of individuals such as severely obese, the elderly, and individuals with underlying inflammatory conditions, IAV can cause severe illness or death. In this review, relevant small and large animal models for human IAV infection, including the pig, ferret, and mouse, are discussed. The focus is on the pig as a large animal model for human IAV infection as well as on the associated innate immune response. Pigs are natural hosts for the same IAV subtypes as humans, they develop clinical disease mirroring human symptoms, they have similar lung anatomy, and their respiratory physiology and immune responses to IAV infection are remarkably similar to what is observed in humans. The pig model shows high face and target validity for human IAV infection, making it suitable for modeling many aspects of influenza, including increased risk of severe disease and impaired vaccine response due to underlying pathologies such as low-grade inflammation. Comparative analysis of proteins involved in viral pattern recognition, interferon responses, and regulation of interferon-stimulated genes reveals a significantly higher degree of similarity between pig, ferret, and human compared with mice. It is concluded that the pig is a promising animal model displaying substantial human translational value with the ability to provide essential insights into IAV infection, pathogenesis, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Allen D Smith
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Joachim RB, Kobzik L. Why are children more resistant to mortality from severe infections? Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1549-1552. [PMID: 30421979 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rose B Joachim
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Fedson DS. Influenza, evolution, and the next pandemic. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:260-269. [PMID: 30455951 PMCID: PMC6234328 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mortality rates in influenza appear to have been shaped by evolution. During the 1918 pandemic, mortality rates were lower in children compared with adults. This mortality difference occurs in a wide variety of infectious diseases. It has been replicated in mice and might be due to greater tolerance of infection, not greater resistance. Importantly, combination treatment with inexpensive and widely available generic drugs (e.g. statins and angiotensin receptor blockers) might change the damaging host response in adults to a more tolerant response in children. These drugs might work by modifying endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial biogenesis and immunometabolism. Treating the host response might be the only practical way to reduce global mortality during the next influenza pandemic. It might also help reduce mortality due to seasonal influenza and other forms of acute critical illness. To realize these benefits, we need laboratory and clinical studies of host response treatment before and after puberty.
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Drivers of Pathology in Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Interplay Between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1812. [PMID: 30135686 PMCID: PMC6092596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic strains of avian influenza (AI) that cause high rates of mortality in people has caused significant global concern, with a looming threat that one of these strains may develop sustained human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic outbreak. Most notable of these viral strains are the H5N1 highly pathogenic AI and the H7N9 low pathogenicity AI viruses, both of which have mortality rates above 30%. Understanding of their mechanisms of infection and pathobiology is key to our preparation for these and future viral strains of high consequence. AI viruses typically circulate in wild bird populations, commonly infecting waterfowl and also regularly entering commercial poultry flocks. Live poultry markets provide an ideal environment for the spread AI and potentially the selection of mutants with a greater propensity for infecting humans because of the potential for spill over from birds to humans. Pathology from these AI virus infections is associated with a dysregulated immune response, which is characterized by systemic spread of the virus, lymphopenia, and hypercytokinemia. It has been well documented that host/pathogen interactions, particularly molecules of the immune system, play a significant role in both disease susceptibility as well as disease outcome. Here, we review the immune/virus interactions in both avian and mammalian species, and provide an overview or our understanding of how immune dysregulation is driven. Understanding these susceptibility factors is critical for the development of new vaccines and therapeutics to combat the next pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Yu Y, Ma X, Gong R, Zhu J, Wei L, Yao J. Recent advances in CD8 + regulatory T cell research. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8187-8194. [PMID: 29805553 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Various subgroups of CD8+ T lymphocytes do not only demonstrate cytotoxic effects, but also serve important regulatory roles in the body's immune response. In particular, CD8+ regulatory T cells (CD8+ Tregs), which possess important immunosuppressive functions, are able to effectively block the overreacting immune response and maintain the body's immune homeostasis. In recent years, studies have identified a small set of special CD8+ Tregs that can recognize major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules, more specifically Qa-1 in mice and HLA-E in humans, and target the self-reactive CD4+ T ce lls. These findings have generated broad implications in the scientific community and attracted general interest to CD8+ Tregs. The present study reviews the recent research progress on CD8+ Tregs, including their origin, functional classification, molecular markers and underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yu
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xinbo Ma
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Rufei Gong
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jianmeng Zhu
- Department of Chunan First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Wei
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
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24
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Leon AJ, Borisevich V, Boroumand N, Seymour R, Nusbaum R, Escaffre O, Xu L, Kelvin DJ, Rockx B. Host gene expression profiles in ferrets infected with genetically distinct henipavirus strains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006343. [PMID: 29538374 PMCID: PMC5868854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Henipavirus infection causes severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans that can be fatal. To characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of henipavirus infection in vivo, we performed experimental infections in ferrets followed by genome-wide gene expression analysis of lung and brain tissues. The Hendra, Nipah-Bangladesh, and Nipah-Malaysia strains caused severe respiratory and neurological disease with animals succumbing around 7 days post infection. Despite the presence of abundant viral shedding, animal-to-animal transmission did not occur. The host gene expression profiles of the lung tissue showed early activation of interferon responses and subsequent expression of inflammation-related genes that coincided with the clinical deterioration. Additionally, the lung tissue showed unchanged levels of lymphocyte markers and progressive downregulation of cell cycle genes and extracellular matrix components. Infection in the brain resulted in a limited breadth of the host responses, which is in accordance with the immunoprivileged status of this organ. Finally, we propose a model of the pathogenic mechanisms of henipavirus infection that integrates multiple components of the host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J. Leon
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nahal Boroumand
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Seymour
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Nusbaum
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PRC
- * E-mail: (DJK); (BR)
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (DJK); (BR)
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25
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Joachim R, Suber F, Kobzik L. Characterising Pre-pubertal Resistance to Death from Endotoxemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16541. [PMID: 29185479 PMCID: PMC5707402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a common and deadly syndrome in which a dysregulated host response to infection causes organ failure and death. The current lack of treatment options suggests that a new approach to studying sepsis is needed. Pre-pubertal children show a relative resistance to death from severe infections and sepsis. To explore this phenomenon experimentally, we used an endotoxemia model of sepsis in mice. Following intra-peritoneal injection of endotoxin, pre-pubertal mice showed greater survival than post-pubertal mice (76.3% vs. 28.6%), despite exhibiting a similar degree of inflammation after two hours. Age-associated differences in the inflammatory response only became evident at twenty hours, when post-pubertal mice showed prolonged elevation of serum cytokines and differential recruitment of peritoneal immune cells. Mechanistically, prevention of puberty by hormonal blockade or acceleration of puberty by oestrogen treatment led to increased or decreased survival from endotoxemia, respectively. Additionally, the adoptive transfer of pre-pubertal peritoneal cells improved the survival of post-pubertal recipient mice, while post-pubertal peritoneal cells or vehicle did not. These data establish a model for studying childhood resistance to mortality from endotoxemia, demonstrate that oestrogen is responsible for an increased susceptibility to mortality after puberty, and identify peritoneal cells as mediators of pre-pubertal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Joachim
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Freeman Suber
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Suber F, Kobzik L. Childhood tolerance of severe influenza: a mortality analysis in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L1087-L1095. [PMID: 28882815 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00364.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 1918 influenza pandemic, children experienced substantially lower mortality than adults, a striking but unexplained finding. Whether this was due to enhanced resistance (reduced virus load) or better tolerance (reduced impact of infection) has not been defined. We found that prepubertal mice infected with H1N1 influenza virus also showed greater survival than infected pubertal mice, despite similar virus loads. Transcriptome profiling of infected lungs identified estrogen as a regulator of susceptibility in both sexes and also linked better survival to late expression of IL-1β. Blocking puberty with gonadectomy or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist improved survival. Estrogen or testosterone (which can be converted to estrogen) restored susceptibility of gonadectomized pubertal mice to influenza mortality, but dihydrotestosterone (which cannot be converted to estrogen) did not. Estrogen receptor blockade with fulvestrant in both male and female pubertal mice resulted in improved survival, even when given 3 days after infection. Moreover, late, but not early, IL-1β neutralization after infection was also protective. These findings indicate that pubertal increases in estrogen in both sexes are associated with increased mortality during influenza. This helps explain the reduced mortality of children seen with influenza in 1918 and might also be relevant to childhood tolerance to many other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freeman Suber
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Complexities in Ferret Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission Models. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:733-44. [PMID: 27412880 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00022-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are widely employed to study the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of influenza viruses. However, inherent variations in inoculation methods, sampling schemes, and experimental designs are often overlooked when contextualizing or aggregating data between laboratories, leading to potential confusion or misinterpretation of results. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of parameters to consider when planning an experiment using ferrets, collecting data from the experiment, and placing results in context with previously performed studies. This review offers information that is of particular importance for researchers in the field who rely on ferret data but do not perform the experiments themselves. Furthermore, this review highlights the breadth of experimental designs and techniques currently available to study influenza viruses in this model, underscoring the wide heterogeneity of protocols currently used for ferret studies while demonstrating the wealth of information which can benefit risk assessments of emerging influenza viruses.
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28
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Oh DY, Hurt AC. Using the Ferret as an Animal Model for Investigating Influenza Antiviral Effectiveness. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:80. [PMID: 26870031 PMCID: PMC4740393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The concern of the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus has sparked an increased effort toward the development and testing of novel influenza antivirals. Central to this is the animal model of influenza infection, which has played an important role in understanding treatment effectiveness and the effect of antivirals on host immune responses. Among the different animal models of influenza, ferrets can be considered the most suitable for antiviral studies as they display most of the human-like symptoms following influenza infections, they can be infected with human influenza virus without prior viral adaptation and have the ability to transmit influenza virus efficiently between one another. However, an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of an antiviral treatment in ferrets is dependent on three major experimental considerations encompassing firstly, the volume and titer of virus, and the route of viral inoculation. Secondly, the route and dose of drug administration, and lastly, the different methods used to assess clinical symptoms, viral shedding kinetics and host immune responses in the ferrets. A good understanding of these areas is necessary to achieve data that can accurately inform the human use of influenza antivirals. In this review, we discuss the current progress and the challenges faced in these three major areas when using the ferret model to measure influenza antiviral effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Y Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, MelbourneVIC, Australia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, GippslandVIC, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, MelbourneVIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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29
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Paquette SG, Banner D, Huang SSH, Almansa R, Leon A, Xu L, Bartoszko J, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Influenza Transmission in the Mother-Infant Dyad Leads to Severe Disease, Mammary Gland Infection, and Pathogenesis by Regulating Host Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005173. [PMID: 26448646 PMCID: PMC4598190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses are typically restricted to the human upper respiratory tract whereas influenza viruses with greater pathogenic potential often also target extra-pulmonary organs. Infants, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers are highly susceptible to severe respiratory disease following influenza virus infection but the mechanisms of disease severity in the mother-infant dyad are poorly understood. Here we investigated 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection and transmission in breastfeeding mothers and infants utilizing our developed infant-mother ferret influenza model. Infants acquired severe disease and mortality following infection. Transmission of the virus from infants to mother ferrets led to infection in the lungs and mother mortality. Live virus was also found in mammary gland tissue and expressed milk of the mothers which eventually led to milk cessation. Histopathology showed destruction of acini glandular architecture with the absence of milk. The virus was localized in mammary epithelial cells of positive glands. To understand the molecular mechanisms of mammary gland infection, we performed global transcript analysis which showed downregulation of milk production genes such as Prolactin and increased breast involution pathways indicated by a STAT5 to STAT3 signaling shift. Genes associated with cancer development were also significantly increased including JUN, FOS and M2 macrophage markers. Immune responses within the mammary gland were characterized by decreased lymphocyte-associated genes CD3e, IL2Ra, CD4 with IL1β upregulation. Direct inoculation of H1N1 into the mammary gland led to infant respiratory infection and infant mortality suggesting the influenza virus was able to replicate in mammary tissue and transmission is possible through breastfeeding. In vitro infection studies with human breast cells showed susceptibility to H1N1 virus infection. Together, we have shown that the host-pathogen interactions of influenza virus infection in the mother-infant dyad initiate immunological and oncogenic signaling cascades within the mammary gland. These findings suggest the mammary gland may have a greater role in infection and immunity than previously thought.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Animals, Suckling/virology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/virology
- Mammary Glands, Human/virology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Milk/virology
- Mothers
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Pregnancy
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G. Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S. H. Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raquel Almansa
- Infection and Immunity Medical Investigation Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario—Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y Leόn, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Leon
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Bartoszko
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Guangdong, China
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Immune Diagnostics & Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Empie K, Rangarajan V, Juul SE. Is the ferret a suitable species for studying perinatal brain injury? Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 45:2-10. [PMID: 26102988 PMCID: PMC4793918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret brain architecture, composition, and development are similar to humans. Postnatal ferret brain development is comparable to that of premature infants. Ferrets have potential to model preterm and term neonatal brain injury. Ferrets may fulfill the need for an intermediate model species of neurodevelopment. Many opportunities exist to expand the use of ferrets as research subjects.
Complications of prematurity often disrupt normal brain development and/or cause direct damage to the developing brain, resulting in poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Physiologically relevant animal models of perinatal brain injury can advance our understanding of these influences and thereby provide opportunities to develop therapies and improve long-term outcomes. While there are advantages to currently available small animal models, there are also significant drawbacks that have limited translation of research findings to humans. Large animal models such as newborn pig, sheep and nonhuman primates have complex brain development more similar to humans, but these animals are expensive, and developmental testing of sheep and piglets is limited. Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) are born lissencephalic and undergo postnatal cortical folding to form complex gyrencephalic brains. This review examines whether ferrets might provide a novel intermediate animal model of neonatal brain disease that has the benefit of a gyrified, altricial brain in a small animal. It summarizes attributes of ferret brain growth and development that make it an appealing animal in which to model perinatal brain injury. We postulate that because of their innate characteristics, ferrets have great potential in neonatal neurodevelopmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Empie
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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31
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Animal models for influenza viruses: implications for universal vaccine development. Pathogens 2014; 3:845-74. [PMID: 25436508 PMCID: PMC4282889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the immunological status of the infected individual, the severity of the respiratory disease may range from sub-clinical or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that can sometimes lead to death. Vaccines remain the primary public health measure in reducing the influenza burden. Though the first influenza vaccine preparation was licensed more than 60 years ago, current research efforts seek to develop novel vaccination strategies with improved immunogenicity, effectiveness, and breadth of protection. Animal models of influenza have been essential in facilitating studies aimed at understanding viral factors that affect pathogenesis and contribute to disease or transmission. Among others, mice, ferrets, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used to study influenza virus infection in vivo, as well as to do pre-clinical testing of novel vaccine approaches. Here we discuss and compare the unique advantages and limitations of each model.
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32
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Paquette SG, Huang SSH, Banner D, Xu L, Leόn A, Kelvin AA, Kelvin DJ. Impaired heterologous immunity in aged ferrets during sequential influenza A H1N1 infection. Virology 2014; 464-465:177-183. [PMID: 25086242 PMCID: PMC4157083 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The major burden of influenza morbidity resides within the elderly population. The challenge managing influenza-associated illness in the elderly is the decline of immune function, where mechanisms leading to immunological senescence have not been elucidated. To better represent the immune environment, we investigated clinical morbidity and immune function during sequential homologous and heterologous H1N1 influenza infection in an aged ferret model. Our findings demonstrated experimentally that aged ferrets had significant morbidity during monosubtypic heterologous 2° challenge with significant weight loss and respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, increased clinical morbidity was associated with slower and shorter hemagglutinin antibody generation and attenuated type 1 T-cell gene responses in peripheral blood. These results revealed dampened immune activation during sequential influenza infection in aged ferrets. With the presence of an aged model, dissecting clinical morbidity, viral dynamics and immune response during influenza infection will aid the development of future prophylactics such as age specific influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S H Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Leόn
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Immune Diagnostics & Research, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street 3-913, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.
| | - David J Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, Shantou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Guangdong, China; Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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33
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Vidaña B, Martínez J, Martínez-Orellana P, García Migura L, Montoya M, Martorell J, Majó N. Heterogeneous pathological outcomes after experimental pH1N1 influenza infection in ferrets correlate with viral replication and host immune responses in the lung. Vet Res 2014; 45:85. [PMID: 25163545 PMCID: PMC4161856 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The swine-origin pandemic (p) H1N1 influenza A virus causes mild upper-respiratory tract disease in most human patients. However, some patients developed severe lower-respiratory tract infections with fatal consequences, and the cause of these infections remain unknown. Recently, it has been suggested that different populations have different degrees of susceptibility to pH1N1 strains due to host genetic variations that are associated with inappropriate immune responses against viral genetic characteristics. Here, we tested whether the pathologic patterns of influenza strains that produce different disease outcomes in humans could be reproduced in a ferret model. Our results revealed that the severities of infection did not correspond to particular viral isolate and were not associated with the clinical phenotypes of the corresponding patients. Severe pathological outcomes were associated with higher viral replication, especially in alveolar areas, and with an exacerbated innate cellular immune response that was characterised by substantial phagocytic and cytotoxic cell migration into the lungs. Moreover, detrimental innate cellular responses were linked to the up-regulation of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the down-regulation of IFNα in the lungs. Additionally, severe lung lesions were associated with greater up-regulations of pro-apoptotic markers and higher levels of apoptotic neutrophils and macrophages. In conclusion, this study confirmed that the clinicopathological outcomes of pH1N1 infection in ferrets were not only due to viral replication abilities but also depended on the hosts’ capacities to mount efficient immune responses to control viral infection of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vidaña
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain ; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain ; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Lourdes García Migura
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain ; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaria (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Martorell
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Natàlia Majó
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain ; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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Huang SSH, Banner D, Paquette SG, Leon AJ, Kelvin AA, Kelvin DJ. Pathogenic influenza B virus in the ferret model establishes lower respiratory tract infection. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2127-2139. [PMID: 24989173 PMCID: PMC4165929 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses have become increasingly more prominent during influenza seasons. Influenza B infection is typically considered a mild disease and receives less attention than influenza A, but has been causing 20 to 50 % of the total influenza incidence in several regions around the world. Although there is increasing evidence of mid to lower respiratory tract diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia in influenza B patients, little is known about the pathogenesis of recent influenza B viruses. Here we investigated the clinical and pathological profiles of infection with strains representing the two current co-circulating B lineages (B/Yamagata and B/Victoria) in the ferret model. Specifically, we studied two B/Victoria (B/Brisbane/60/2008 and B/Bolivia/1526/2010) and two B/Yamagata (B/Florida/04/2006 and B/Wisconsin/01/2010) strain infections in ferrets and observed strain-specific but not lineage-specific pathogenicity. We found B/Brisbane/60/2008 caused the most severe clinical illness and B/Brisbane/60/2008 and the B/Yamagata strains instigated pathology in the middle to lower respiratory tract. Importantly, B/Brisbane/60/2008 established efficient lower respiratory tract infection with high viral burden. Our phylogenetic analyses demonstrate profound reassortment among recent influenza B viruses, which indicates the genetic make-up of B/Brisbane/60/2008 differs from the other strains. This may explain the pathogenicity difference post-infection in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S H Huang
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephane G Paquette
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto J Leon
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - David J Kelvin
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Clay CC, Reader JR, Gerriets JE, Wang TT, Harrod KS, Miller LA. Enhanced viral replication and modulated innate immune responses in infant airway epithelium following H1N1 infection. J Virol 2014; 88:7412-25. [PMID: 24741104 PMCID: PMC4054429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00188-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations. The contribution of pulmonary host defense mechanisms to viral respiratory infection susceptibility in very young children is poorly understood. As a surrogate to compare mucosal immune responses of infant and adult lungs, rhesus monkey primary airway epithelial cell cultures were infected with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus in vitro. Virus replication, cytokine secretion, cell viability, and type I interferon (IFN) pathway PCR array profiles were evaluated for both infant and adult cultures. In comparison with adult cultures, infant cultures showed significantly increased levels of H1N1 replication, reduced alpha interferon (IFN-α) protein synthesis, and no difference in cell death following infection. Age-dependent differences in expression levels of multiple genes associated with the type I IFN pathway were observed in H1N1-infected cultures. To investigate the pulmonary and systemic responses to H1N1 infection in early life, infant monkeys were inoculated with H1N1 by upper airway administration. Animals were monitored for virus and parameters of inflammation over a 14-day period. High H1N1 titers were recovered from airways at day 1, with viral RNA remaining detectable until day 9 postinfection. Despite viral clearance, bronchiolitis and alveolitis persisted at day 14 postinfection; histopathological analysis revealed alveolar septal thickening and intermittent type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. Our overall findings are consistent with the known susceptibility of pediatric populations to respiratory virus infection and suggest that intrinsic developmental differences in airway epithelial cell immune function may contribute to the limited efficacy of host defense during early childhood. IMPORTANCE To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of intrinsic developmental differences in infant airway epithelial cells that may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the host to respiratory virus infections. Despite the global burden of influenza, there are currently no vaccine formulations approved for children <6 months of age. Given the challenges of conducting experimental studies involving pediatric patients, rhesus monkeys are an ideal laboratory animal model to investigate the maturation of pulmonary mucosal immune mechanisms during early life because they are most similar to those of humans with regard to postnatal maturation of the lung structure and the immune system. Thus, our findings are highly relevant to translational medicine, and these data may ultimately lead to novel approaches that enhance airway immunity in very young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Clay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joan E Gerriets
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Theodore T Wang
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lisa A Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Carolan LA, Butler J, Rockman S, Guarnaccia T, Hurt AC, Reading P, Kelso A, Barr I, Laurie KL. TaqMan real time RT-PCR assays for detecting ferret innate and adaptive immune responses. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:38-52. [PMID: 24797460 PMCID: PMC7113642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ferret model is used to study human disease and physiology. TaqMan realtime RT-PCR assays for ferret cytokine and chemokine mRNA were developed. Cytokine and chemokine patterns in ferret cells were similar to other mammals. A comprehensive panel of mRNAs can be measured in samples of limited quantity.
The ferret is an excellent model for many human infectious diseases including influenza, SARS-CoV, henipavirus and pneumococcal infections. The ferret is also used to study cystic fibrosis and various cancers, as well as reproductive biology and physiology. However, the range of reagents available to measure the ferret immune response is very limited. To address this deficiency, high-throughput real time RT-PCR TaqMan assays were developed to measure the expression of fifteen immune mediators associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL1α, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p40, IL17, Granzyme A, MCP1, TNFα), as well as four endogenous housekeeping genes (ATF4, HPRT, GAPDH, L32). These assays have been optimized to maximize reaction efficiency, reduce the amount of sample required (down to 1 ng RNA per real time RT-PCR reaction) and to select the most appropriate housekeeping genes. Using these assays, the expression of each of the tested genes could be detected in ferret lymph node cells stimulated with mitogens or infected with influenza virus in vitro. These new tools will allow a more comprehensive analysis of the ferret immune responses following infection or in other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jeff Butler
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- bioCSL Limited, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Teagan Guarnaccia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Monash University Gippsland, Churchill, 3842, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Anne Kelso
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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Thangavel RR, Bouvier NM. Animal models for influenza virus pathogenesis, transmission, and immunology. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:60-79. [PMID: 24709389 PMCID: PMC4163064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with an influenza A or B virus manifests typically as an acute and self-limited upper respiratory tract illness characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, and malaise. However, influenza can present along a broad spectrum of disease, ranging from sub-clinical or even asymptomatic infection to a severe primary viral pneumonia requiring advanced medical supportive care. Disease severity depends upon the virulence of the influenza virus strain and the immune competence and previous influenza exposures of the patient. Animal models are used in influenza research not only to elucidate the viral and host factors that affect influenza disease outcomes in and spread among susceptible hosts, but also to evaluate interventions designed to prevent or reduce influenza morbidity and mortality in man. This review will focus on the three animal models currently used most frequently in influenza virus research - mice, ferrets, and guinea pigs - and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagowthamee R Thangavel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole M Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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38
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Kelvin AA, Degousee N, Banner D, Stefanski E, Leόn AJ, Angoulvant D, Paquette SG, Huang SSH, Danesh A, Robbins CS, Noyan H, Husain M, Lambeau G, Gelb M, Kelvin DJ, Rubin BB. Lack of group X secreted phospholipase A₂ increases survival following pandemic H1N1 influenza infection. Virology 2014; 454-455:78-92. [PMID: 24725934 PMCID: PMC4106042 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of Group X secreted phospholipase A2 (GX-sPLA2) during influenza infection has not been previously investigated. We examined the role of GX-sPLA2 during H1N1 pandemic influenza infection in a GX-sPLA2 gene targeted mouse (GX(-/-)) model and found that survival after infection was significantly greater in GX(-/-) mice than in GX(+/+) mice. Downstream products of GX-sPLA2 activity, PGD2, PGE2, LTB4, cysteinyl leukotrienes and Lipoxin A4 were significantly lower in GX(-/-) mice BAL fluid. Lung microarray analysis identified an earlier and more robust induction of T and B cell associated genes in GX(-/-) mice. Based on the central role of sPLA2 enzymes as key initiators of inflammatory processes, we propose that activation of GX-sPLA2 during H1N1pdm infection is an early step of pulmonary inflammation and its inhibition increases adaptive immunity and improves survival. Our findings suggest that GX-sPLA2 may be a potential therapeutic target during influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Degousee
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Stefanski
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto J Leόn
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Denis Angoulvant
- Division of Cardiology, Trousseau Hospital, Tours University Hospital Center and EA 4245, Francois Rabelais University, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S H Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Danesh
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 2-Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hossein Noyan
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Michael Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita׳ degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Barry B Rubin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Paquette SG, Banner D, Chi LTB, Leόn AJ, Xu L, Ran L, Huang SSH, Farooqui A, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Pandemic H1N1 influenza A directly induces a robust and acute inflammatory gene signature in primary human bronchial epithelial cells downstream of membrane fusion. Virology 2013; 448:91-103. [PMID: 24314640 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1 influenza A (H1N1pdm) elicits stronger pulmonary inflammation than previously circulating seasonal H1N1 influenza A (sH1N1), yet mechanisms of inflammatory activation in respiratory epithelial cells during H1N1pdm infection are unclear. We investigated host responses to H1N1pdm/sH1N1 infection and virus entry mechanisms in primary human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. H1N1pdm infection rapidly initiated a robust inflammatory gene signature (3 h post-infection) not elicited by sH1N1 infection. Protein secretion inhibition had no effect on gene induction. Infection with membrane fusion deficient H1N1pdm failed to induce robust inflammatory gene expression which was rescued with restoration of fusion ability, suggesting H1N1pdm directly triggered the inflammatory signature downstream of membrane fusion. Investigation of intra-virion components revealed H1N1pdm viral RNA (vRNA) triggered a stronger inflammatory phenotype than sH1N1 vRNA. Thus, our study is first to report H1N1pdm induces greater inflammatory gene expression than sH1N1 in vitro due to direct virus-epithelial cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Hartshorn KL. Why does pandemic influenza virus kill? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1125-1127. [PMID: 23916382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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41
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Treating influenza with statins and other immunomodulatory agents. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:417-35. [PMID: 23831494 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Statins not only reduce levels of LDL-cholesterol, they counteract the inflammatory changes associated with acute coronary syndrome and improve survival. Similarly, in patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza, statin treatment is associated with a 41% reduction in 30-day mortality. Most patients of any age who are at increased risk of influenza mortality have chronic low-grade inflammation characteristic of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, differences in the immune responses of children and adults seem responsible for the low mortality in children and high mortality in adults seen in the 1918 influenza pandemic and in other acute infectious and non-infectious conditions. These differences probably reflect human evolutionary development. Thus the host response to influenza seems to be the major determinant of outcome. Outpatient statins are associated with reductions in hospitalizations and deaths due to sepsis and pneumonia. Inpatient statins are also associated with reductions in short-term pneumonia mortality. Other immunomodulatory agents--ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), PPARγ and PPARα agonists (glitazones and fibrates) and AMPK agonists (metformin)--also reduce mortality in patients with pneumonia (ACEIs, ARBs) or in mouse models of influenza (PPAR and AMPK agonists). In experimental studies, treatment has not increased virus replication. Thus effective management of influenza may not always require targeting the virus with vaccines or antiviral agents. Clinical investigators, not systems biologists, have been the first to suggest that immunomodulatory agents might be used to treat influenza patients, but randomized controlled trials will be needed to provide convincing evidence that they work. To guide the choice of which agent(s) to study, we need new types of laboratory research in animal models and clinical and epidemiological research in patients with critical illness. These studies will have crucial implications for global public health. During the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, timely and affordable supplies of vaccines and antiviral agents were unavailable to more than 90% of the world's people. In contrast, statins and other immunomodulatory agents are currently produced as inexpensive generics, global supplies are huge, and they would be available to treat patients in any country with a basic health care system on the first pandemic day. Treatment with statins and other immunomodulatory agents represents a new approach to reducing mortality caused by seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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Fedson DS, Opal SM. The controversy over H5N1 transmissibility research: an opportunity to define a practical response to a global threat. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:977-86. [PMID: 23391967 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2011, influenza virologists and biosecurity experts have been engaged in a controversial debate over research on the transmissibility of H5N1 influenza viruses. Influenza virologists disagreed with the NSABB's recommendation not to publish experimental details of their findings, whereas biosecurity experts wanted the details to be withheld and future research restricted. The virologists initially declared a voluntary moratorium on their work, but later the NSABB allowed their articles to be published, and soon transmissibility research will resume. Throughout the debate, both sides have had understandable views, but both have overlooked the more important question of whether anything could be done if one of these experimentally derived viruses or a naturally occurring and highly virulent influenza virus should emerge and cause a global pandemic. This is a crucial question, because during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, more than 90% of the world's people had no access to timely supplies of affordable vaccines and antiviral agents. Observational studies suggest that inpatient statin treatment reduces mortality in patients with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza. Other immunomodulatory agents (glitazones, fibrates and AMPK agonists) improve survival in mice infected with influenza viruses. These agents are produced as inexpensive generics in developing countries. If they were shown to be effective, they could be used immediately to treat patients in any country with a basic health care system. For this reason alone, influenza virologists and biosecurity experts need to join with public health officials to develop an agenda for laboratory and clinical research on these agents. This is the only approach that could yield practical measures for a global response to the next influenza pandemic.
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Huang SSH, Lin Z, Banner D, León AJ, Paquette SG, Rubin B, Rubino S, Guan Y, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Immunity toward H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1698. [PMID: 23608887 PMCID: PMC3633051 DOI: 10.1038/srep01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of H1N1 influenza A outbreaks of the past 100 years is interesting and significantly complex and details of H1N1 genetic drift remains unknown. Here we investigated the clinical characteristics and immune cross-reactivity of significant historical H1N1 strains. We infected ferrets with H1N1 strains from 1943, 1947, 1977, 1986, 1999, and 2009 and showed each produced a unique clinical signature. We found significant cross-reactivity between viruses with similar HA sequences. Interestingly, A/FortMonmouth/1/1947 antisera cross-reacted with A/USSR/90/1977 virus, thought to be a 1947 resurfaced virus. Importantly, our immunological data that didn't show cross-reactivity can be extrapolated to failure of past H1N1 influenza vaccines, ie. 1947, 1986 and 2009. Together, our results help to elucidate H1N1 immuno-genetic alterations that occurred in the past 100 years and immune responses caused by H1N1 evolution. This work will facilitate development of future influenza therapeutics and prophylactics such as influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. H. Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhen Lin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto J. León
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Stéphane G. Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry Rubin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italia
| | - Yi Guan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italia
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Ferrets have become an indispensable tool in the understanding of influenza virus virulence and pathogenesis. Furthermore, ferrets are the preferred preclinical model for influenza vaccine and therapeutic testing. Here we characterized the influenza infectome during the different stages of the infectious process in ferrets with and without prior specific immunity to influenza. RNA from lung tissue and lymph nodes from infected and naïve animals was subjected to next-generation sequencing, followed by de novo data assembly and annotation of the resulting sequences; this process generated a library comprising 13,202 ferret mRNAs. Gene expression profiles during pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) influenza virus infection were analyzed by digital gene expression and solid support microarrays. As expected during primary infection, innate immune responses were triggered in the lung tissue; meanwhile, in the lymphoid tissue, genes encoding antigen presentation and maturation of effector cells of adaptive immunity increased dramatically. After 5 days postinfection, the innate immune gene expression was replaced by the adaptive immune response, which correlates with viral clearance. Reinfection with homologous pandemic influenza virus resulted in a diminished innate immune response, early adaptive immune gene regulation, and a reduction in clinical severity. The fully annotated ferret infectome will be a critical aid to the understanding of the molecular events that regulate disease severity and host-influenza virus interactions among seasonal, pandemic, and highly pathogenic avian influenzas.
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