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Campos AS, Franco AC, Godinho FM, Huff R, Candido DS, da Cruz Cardoso J, Hua X, Claro IM, Morais P, Franceschina C, de Lima Bermann T, dos Santos FM, Bauermann M, Selayaran TM, Ruivo AP, Santin C, Bonella J, Rodenbusch C, Ferreira JC, Weaver SC, Gewehr VR, Wallau GL, de Souza WM, Salvato RS. Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023-2024. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1834-1840. [PMID: 39173662 PMCID: PMC11346983 DOI: 10.3201/eid3009.240530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a mosquitoborne virus that reemerged in December 2023 in Argentina and Uruguay, causing a major outbreak. We investigated the outbreak using epidemiologic, entomological, and genomic analyses, focusing on WEEV circulation near the Argentina‒Uruguay border in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. During November 2023‒April 2024, the outbreak in Argentina and Uruguay resulted in 217 human cases, 12 of which were fatal, and 2,548 equine cases. We determined cases on the basis of laboratory and clinical epidemiologic criteria. We characterized 3 fatal equine cases caused by a novel WEEV lineage identified through a nearly complete coding sequence analysis, which we propose as lineage C. Our findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance and equine vaccination to control future WEEV outbreaks in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Scarpellini Campos
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Ana Claúdia Franco
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Fernanda M. Godinho
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Rosana Huff
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Darlan S. Candido
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Jader da Cruz Cardoso
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Xinyi Hua
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Ingra M. Claro
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Paola Morais
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Carolina Franceschina
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Thales de Lima Bermann
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Franciellen Machado dos Santos
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Milena Bauermann
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Tainá Machado Selayaran
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Amanda Pellenz Ruivo
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Cristiane Santin
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Juciane Bonella
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Carla Rodenbusch
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - José Carlos Ferreira
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Vilar Ricardo Gewehr
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (A.S. Campos, F.M. Godinho, R. Huff, J. da Cruz Cardoso, P. Morais, C. Franceschina, F. Machado dos Santos, M. Bauermann, T.M. Selayaran, A.P. Ruivo, R.S. Salvato)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (A.C. Franco, T. de L. Bermann, R.S. Salvato)
- Imperial College London, London, UK (D.S. Candido)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (X. Hua, I.M. Claro, W.M. de Souza)
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (C. Santin, J. Bonella, C. Rodenbusch, J.C. Ferreira, V.R. Gewehr)
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (S.C. Weaver)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil (G.L. Wallau)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (G.L. Wallau)
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2
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Li W, Plante JA, Lin C, Basu H, Plung JS, Fan X, Boeckers JM, Oros J, Buck TK, Anekal PV, Hanson WA, Varnum H, Wells A, Mann CJ, Tjang LV, Yang P, Reyna RA, Mitchell BM, Shinde DP, Walker JL, Choi SY, Brusic V, Llopis PM, Weaver SC, Umemori H, Chiu IM, Plante KS, Abraham J. Shifts in receptors during submergence of an encephalitic arbovirus. Nature 2024; 632:614-621. [PMID: 39048821 PMCID: PMC11324528 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that frequently caused major outbreaks of encephalitis in humans and horses in the early twentieth century, but the frequency of outbreaks has since decreased markedly, and strains of this alphavirus isolated in the past two decades are less virulent in mammals than strains isolated in the 1930s and 1940s1-3. The basis for this phenotypic change in WEEV strains and coincident decrease in epizootic activity (known as viral submergence3) is unclear, as is the possibility of re-emergence of highly virulent strains. Here we identify protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) as a cellular receptor for WEEV. We show that multiple highly virulent ancestral WEEV strains isolated in the 1930s and 1940s, in addition to binding human PCDH10, could also bind very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), which are recognized by another encephalitic alphavirus as receptors4. However, whereas most of the WEEV strains that we examined bind to PCDH10, a contemporary strain has lost the ability to recognize mammalian PCDH10 while retaining the ability to bind avian receptors, suggesting WEEV adaptation to a main reservoir host during enzootic circulation. PCDH10 supports WEEV E2-E1 glycoprotein-mediated infection of primary mouse cortical neurons, and administration of a soluble form of PCDH10 protects mice from lethal WEEV challenge. Our results have implications for the development of medical countermeasures and for risk assessment for re-emerging WEEV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Birds/metabolism
- Birds/virology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/metabolism
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/virology
- Host Specificity
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/virology
- Phenotype
- Protocadherins/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Zoonoses/epidemiology
- Viral Zoonoses/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - ChieYu Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse S Plung
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua M Boeckers
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Oros
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tierra K Buck
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praju V Anekal
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wesley A Hanson
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haley Varnum
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne Wells
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colin J Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurentia V Tjang
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel A Reyna
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brooke M Mitchell
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Divya P Shinde
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jordyn L Walker
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - So Yoen Choi
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vesna Brusic
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula Montero Llopis
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Campos AS, Franco AC, Godinho F, Huff R, da Cruz Cardoso J, Morais P, Franceschina C, de Lima Bermann T, dos Santos FM, Bauermann M, Selayaran TM, Ruivo AP, Santin C, Bonella J, Rodenbusch C, Ferreira JC, Weaver SC, Gewehr VR, Wallau GL, de Souza WM, Salvato RS. Molecular epidemiology of Western equine encephalitis virus in Brazil, 2023-2024. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.15.24305848. [PMID: 38699354 PMCID: PMC11065024 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.24305848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
During the ongoing western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) outbreak in South America, we described three fatal cases in horses from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We sequenced WEEV strains and identified a novel lineage causing these cases. Continued surveillance and horse immunization are needed to mitigate the WEEV burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Claúdia Franco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Godinho
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rosana Huff
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jader da Cruz Cardoso
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paola Morais
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Franceschina
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milena Bauermann
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Pellenz Ruivo
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Santin
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juciane Bonella
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Rodenbusch
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Ferreira
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Vilar Ricardo Gewehr
- Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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4
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Moreira FRR, de Menezes MT, Salgado-Benvindo C, Whittaker C, Cox V, Chandradeva N, de Paula HHS, Martins AF, Chagas RRD, Brasil RDV, Cândido DDS, Herlinger AL, Ribeiro MDO, Arruda MB, Alvarez P, Tôrres MCDP, Dorigatti I, Brady O, Voloch CM, Tanuri A, Iani F, de Souza WM, Cardozo SV, Faria NR, Aguiar RS. Epidemiological and genomic investigation of chikungunya virus in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, between 2015 and 2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011536. [PMID: 37769008 PMCID: PMC10564160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented epidemic caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), with several waves of East-Central-South-African (ECSA) lineage transmission reported across the country. In 2018, Rio de Janeiro state, the third most populous state in Brazil, reported 41% of all chikungunya cases in the country. Here we use evolutionary and epidemiological analysis to estimate the timescale of CHIKV-ECSA-American lineage and its epidemiological patterns in Rio de Janeiro. We show that the CHIKV-ECSA outbreak in Rio de Janeiro derived from two distinct clades introduced from the Northeast region in mid-2015 (clade RJ1, n = 63/67 genomes from Rio de Janeiro) and mid-2017 (clade RJ2, n = 4/67). We detected evidence for positive selection in non-structural proteins linked with viral replication in the RJ1 clade (clade-defining: nsP4-A481D) and the RJ2 clade (nsP1-D531G). Finally, we estimate the CHIKV-ECSA's basic reproduction number (R0) to be between 1.2 to 1.6 and show that its instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) displays a strong seasonal pattern with peaks in transmission coinciding with periods of high Aedes aegypti transmission potential. Our results highlight the need for continued genomic and epidemiological surveillance of CHIKV in Brazil, particularly during periods of high ecological suitability, and show that selective pressures underline the emergence and evolution of the large urban CHIKV-ECSA outbreak in Rio de Janeiro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariane Talon de Menezes
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Salgado-Benvindo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Cox
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nilani Chandradeva
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hury Hellen Souza de Paula
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Frederico Martins
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raphael Rangel das Chagas
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Decembrino Vargas Brasil
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Darlan da Silva Cândido
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Laschuk Herlinger
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiology Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Barcellos Arruda
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiology Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alvarez
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiology Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ilaria Dorigatti
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Brady
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Moreira Voloch
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Iani
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Marciel de Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sergian Vianna Cardozo
- Departamento de Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biomedicina Translacional, Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto D’or, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Reyna RA, Weaver SC. Sequelae and Animal Modeling of Encephalitic Alphavirus Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020382. [PMID: 36851596 PMCID: PMC9959775 DOI: 10.3390/v15020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Eastern (EEEV), Venezuelan (VEEV), and western equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV) are members of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. Typically spread by mosquitoes, EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV induce febrile illness that may develop into more severe encephalitic disease, resulting in myriad severe neurologic sequelae for which there are no vaccines or therapeutics. Here, we summarize the clinical neurologic findings and sequelae induced by these three encephalitic viruses and describe the various animal models available to study them. We emphasize the crucial need for the development of advanced animal modeling combined with the use of telemetry, behavioral testing, and neuroimaging to facilitate a detailed mechanistic understanding of these encephalitic signs and sequelae. Through the use of these systems, much-needed therapeutics and vaccines can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Kehn-Hall K, Bradfute SB. Understanding host responses to equine encephalitis virus infection: implications for therapeutic development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1551-1566. [PMID: 36305549 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2141224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV) are mosquito-borne New World alphaviruses that cause encephalitis in equids and humans. These viruses can cause severe disease and death, as well as long-term severe neurological symptoms in survivors. Despite the pathogenesis and weaponization of these viruses, there are no approved therapeutics for treating infection. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the molecular pathogenesis of these viruses, discuss host-pathogen interactions needed for viral replication, and highlight new avenues for drug development with a focus on host-targeted approaches. EXPERT OPINION Current approaches have yielded some promising therapeutics, but additional emphasis should be placed on advanced development of existing small molecules and pursuit of pan-encephalitic alphavirus drugs. More research should be conducted on EEEV and WEEV, given their high lethality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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7
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Toribio RE. Arboviral Equine Encephalitides. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:299-321. [PMID: 35953146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses transmitted by biological vectors or through direct contact, air, or ingestion cause neurologic disease in equids. Of interest are viruses of the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae, Bornaviridae, and Bunyaviridae families. Many are classified as arboviruses because they use arthropod vectors, whereas others are transmitted directly via ingestion, inhalation, or integument damage. The goal of this article is to provide an overview on pathophysiologic and clinical aspects of arboviruses of equine importance, including alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and flaviviruses (Flaviviridae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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8
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Stauft CB, Phillips AT, Wang TT, Olson KE. Identification of salivary gland escape barriers to western equine encephalitis virus in the natural vector, Culex tarsalis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262967. [PMID: 35298486 PMCID: PMC8929657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe a previously uninvestigated salivary gland escape barrier (SEB) in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes infected with two different strains of Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV). The WEEV strains were originally isolated either from mosquitoes (IMP181) or a human patient (McMillan). Both IMP181 and McMillan viruses were fully able to infect the salivary glands of Culex tarsalis after intrathoracic injection as determined by expression of mCherry fluorescent protein. IMP181, however, was better adapted to transmission as measured by virus titer in saliva as well as transmission rates in infected mosquitoes. We used chimeric recombinant WEEV strains to show that inclusion of IMP181-derived structural genes partially circumvents the SEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Stauft
- Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aaron T. Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Olson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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9
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Williamson LE, Reeder KM, Bailey K, Tran MH, Roy V, Fouch ME, Kose N, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Winkler ES, Kim AS, Gainza C, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Sutton RE, Reidy J, Carnahan RH, McDonald WH, Schoeder CT, Klimstra WB, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Alter G, Meiler J, Schey KL, Julander JG, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Therapeutic alphavirus cross-reactive E1 human antibodies inhibit viral egress. Cell 2021; 184:4430-4446.e22. [PMID: 34416147 PMCID: PMC8418820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses cause severe arthritogenic or encephalitic disease. The E1 structural glycoprotein is highly conserved in these viruses and mediates viral fusion with host cells. However, the role of antibody responses to the E1 protein in immunity is poorly understood. We isolated E1-specific human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diverse patterns of recognition for alphaviruses (ranging from Eastern equine encephalitis virus [EEEV]-specific to alphavirus cross-reactive) from survivors of natural EEEV infection. Antibody binding patterns and epitope mapping experiments identified differences in E1 reactivity based on exposure of epitopes on the glycoprotein through pH-dependent mechanisms or presentation on the cell surface prior to virus egress. Therapeutic efficacy in vivo of these mAbs corresponded with potency of virus egress inhibition in vitro and did not require Fc-mediated effector functions for treatment against subcutaneous EEEV challenge. These studies reveal the molecular basis for broad and protective antibody responses to alphavirus E1 proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Alphavirus/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chikungunya virus/immunology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/virology
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Horses
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Joints/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Temperature
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Release/physiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen M Reeder
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Minh H Tran
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph Reidy
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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10
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Knox A, Beddoe T. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072150. [PMID: 34359278 PMCID: PMC8300645 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine viral diseases remain a prominent concern for human and equine health globally. Many of these viruses are of primary biosecurity concern to countries that import equines where these viruses are not present. In addition, several equine viruses are zoonotic, which can have a significant impact on human health. Current diagnostic techniques are both time consuming and laboratory-based. The ability to accurately detect diseases will lead to better management, treatment strategies, and health outcomes. This review outlines the current modern isothermal techniques for diagnostics, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction, and their application as point-of-care diagnostics for the equine industry. Abstract The global equine industry provides significant economic contributions worldwide, producing approximately USD $300 billion annually. However, with the continuous national and international movement and importation of horses, there is an ongoing threat of a viral outbreak causing large epidemics and subsequent significant economic losses. Additionally, horses serve as a host for several zoonotic diseases that could cause significant human health problems. The ability to rapidly diagnose equine viral diseases early could lead to better management, treatment, and biosecurity strategies. Current serological and molecular methods cannot be field-deployable and are not suitable for resource-poor laboratories due to the requirement of expensive equipment and trained personnel. Recently, isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR), have been developed to be utilized in-field, and provide rapid results within an hour. We will review current isothermal diagnostic techniques available to diagnose equine viruses of biosecurity and zoonotic concern and provide insight into their potential for in-field deployment.
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Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviruses, including a diverse array of alphaviruses and flaviviruses, lead to hundreds of millions of human infections each year. Current methods for species-level classification of arboviruses adhere to guidelines prescribed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), and generally apply a polyphasic approach that might include information about viral vectors, hosts, geographical distribution, antigenicity, levels of DNA similarity, disease association and/or ecological characteristics. However, there is substantial variation in the criteria used to define viral species, which can lead to the establishment of artificial boundaries between species and inconsistencies when inferring their relatedness, variation and evolutionary history. In this study, we apply a single, uniform principle - that underlying the Biological Species Concept (BSC) - to define biological species of arboviruses based on recombination between genomes. Given that few recombination events have been documented in arboviruses, we investigate the incidence of recombination within and among major arboviral groups using an approach based on the ratio of homoplastic sites (recombinant alleles) to non-homoplastic sites (vertically transmitted alleles). This approach supports many ICTV-designations but also recognizes several cases in which a named species comprises multiple biological species. These findings demonstrate that this metric may be applied to all lifeforms, including viruses, and lead to more consistent and accurate delineation of viral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Angela C O'Donnell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Howard Ochman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
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12
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Wilson SN, López K, Coutermash-Ott S, Auguste DI, Porier DL, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Eastwood G, Auguste AJ. La Crosse Virus Shows Strain-Specific Differences in Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040400. [PMID: 33805389 PMCID: PMC8066585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in North America, and is an important public health pathogen. Historically, studies involving LACV pathogenesis have focused on lineage I strains, but no former work has explored the pathogenesis between or within lineages. Given the absence of LACV disease in endemic regions where a robust entomological risk exists, we hypothesize that some LACV strains are attenuated and demonstrate reduced neuroinvasiveness. Herein, we compared four viral strains representing all three lineages to determine differences in neurovirulence or neuroinvasiveness using three murine models. A representative strain from lineage I was shown to be the most lethal, causing >50% mortality in each of the three mouse studies. However, other strains only presented excessive mortality (>50%) within the suckling mouse neurovirulence model. Neurovirulence was comparable among strains, but viruses differed in their neuroinvasive capacities. Our studies also showed that viruses within lineage III vary in pathogenesis with contemporaneous strains, showing reduced neuroinvasiveness compared to an ancestral strain from the same U.S. state (i.e., Connecticut). These findings demonstrate that LACV strains differ markedly in pathogenesis, and that strain selection is important for assessing vaccine and therapeutic efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Wilson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Krisangel López
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Sheryl Coutermash-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Dawn I. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Danielle L. Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
| | - Philip M. Armstrong
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA; (P.M.A.); (T.G.A.)
| | - Theodore G. Andreadis
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA; (P.M.A.); (T.G.A.)
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Albert J. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.W.); (K.L.); (D.I.A.); (D.L.P.); (G.E.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-6158
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13
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Population bottlenecks and founder effects: implications for mosquito-borne arboviral emergence. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:184-195. [PMID: 33432235 PMCID: PMC7798019 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) involves infection and replication in both arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Nearly all arboviruses are RNA viruses with high mutation frequencies, which leaves them vulnerable to genetic drift and fitness losses owing to population bottlenecks during vector infection, dissemination from the midgut to the salivary glands and transmission to the vertebrate host. However, despite these bottlenecks, they seem to avoid fitness declines that can result from Muller's ratchet. In addition, founder effects that occur during the geographic introductions of human-amplified arboviruses, including chikungunya virus and Zika virus, can affect epidemic and endemic circulation, as well as virulence. In this Review, we discuss the role of genetic drift following population bottlenecks and founder effects in arboviral evolution and spread, and the emergence of human disease.
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14
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Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Reisler RB, Haller JM, Clizbe DP, Rivard RG, Cardile AP, Pierson BC, Norris S, Saunders D, Pittman PR. The Western Equine Encephalitis Lyophilized, Inactivated Vaccine: An Update on Safety and Immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:555464. [PMID: 33240257 PMCID: PMC7680781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.555464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) is a naturally acquired infection and potentially devastating bioweapon, with no specific human countermeasures. An experimental inactivated Western Equine Encephalitis Vaccine (WEEV; WEE TSI-GSD 210) has been used under an IND (investigational New Drug) protocol at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) since 1976. Methods Over 24 years from 1987 to 2011, 876 subjects received 3 primary vaccine doses under 3 studies with 1,537 booster doses administered (FY87-8, phase 2, laboratory workers, vaccine lots 1-81-1, 1-81-2, and 2-1-91; FY99-12, phase 2 laboratory workers, lot 2-1-91; and FY09-02, phase 1 healthy volunteer, lot 3-1-92). Post-vaccination safety and immunogenicity [plaque reduction neutralization test 80% (PRNT80) > 1:40] were analyzed. Results Overall PRNT80 response to the primary series in FY87-8 was 42% (326/770) but dropped to 16% (14/87) in FY99-12, prompting study FY09-02, which achieved 89% (17/19). The first booster response rate was 68% (814/1194) in FY87-8, 53% (171/324) in FY99-12, and 100% (10/10) in FY09-02. The majority of definitely related adverse reactions (AEs) were mild and local with no definitely related serious AEs. No laboratory acquired WEE infection was documented during this period despite 4 reported exposures in vaccinated subjects. Conclusion The TSI-GSD 210 WEE vaccine was immunogenic, safe and well tolerated. Use of this vaccine could be considered in an emergency setting. Despite decades of safe and effective use under IND, full licensure is not planned due to manufacturing constraints, and a strategic decision to develop alternatives. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT01159561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ronald B Reisler
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Jeannine M Haller
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Denise P Clizbe
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Robert G Rivard
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin C Pierson
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Norris
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - David Saunders
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Phillip R Pittman
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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15
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Azar SR, Campos RK, Bergren NA, Camargos VN, Rossi SL. Epidemic Alphaviruses: Ecology, Emergence and Outbreaks. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1167. [PMID: 32752150 PMCID: PMC7464724 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, the emergence/reemergence of arthropod-borne zoonotic agents has been a growing public health concern. In particular, agents from the genus Alphavirus pose a significant risk to both animal and human health. Human alphaviral disease presents with either arthritogenic or encephalitic manifestations and is associated with significant morbidity and/or mortality. Unfortunately, there are presently no vaccines or antiviral measures approved for human use. The present review examines the ecology, epidemiology, disease, past outbreaks, and potential to cause contemporary outbreaks for several alphavirus pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R. Azar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Rafael K. Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | | | - Vidyleison N. Camargos
- Host-Microorganism Interaction Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
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16
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Fatma B, Kumar R, Singh VA, Nehul S, Sharma R, Kesari P, Kuhn RJ, Tomar S. Alphavirus capsid protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for Chikungunya infection. Antiviral Res 2020; 179:104808. [PMID: 32380148 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus and currently, no antiviral drug is available to combat it. Capsid protein (CP) of alphaviruses present at the N-terminus of the structural polyprotein possesses auto-proteolytic activity which is essential for initiating the structural polyprotein processing. We are reporting for the first time antiviral molecules targeting capsid proteolytic activity. Structure-assisted drug-repositioning identified three molecules: P1,P4-Di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (AP4), Eptifibatide acetate (EAC) and Paromomycin sulphate (PSU) as potential capsid protease inhibitors. A FRET-based proteolytic assay confirmed anti-proteolytic activity of these molecules. Additionally, in vitro cell-based antiviral studies showed that EAC, AP4, and PSU drastically stifled CHIKV at the post-entry step with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 4.01 μM, 10.66 μM and 22.91 μM; respectively. Interestingly, the inhibitors had no adverse effect on viral RNA synthesis and treatment of cells with inhibitors diminished levels of CP in virus-infected cells, which confirmed inhibition of capsid auto-proteolytic activity. In conclusion, the discovery of antiviral molecules targeting capsid protease demystifies the alphavirus capsid protease as a potential target for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benazir Fatma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanketkumar Nehul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja Kesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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17
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Bergren NA, Haller S, Rossi SL, Seymour RL, Huang J, Miller AL, Bowen RA, Hartman DA, Brault AC, Weaver SC. "Submergence" of Western equine encephalitis virus: Evidence of positive selection argues against genetic drift and fitness reductions. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008102. [PMID: 32027727 PMCID: PMC7029877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the circumstances under which arboviruses emerge is critical for the development of targeted control and prevention strategies. This is highlighted by the emergence of chikungunya and Zika viruses in the New World. However, to comprehensively understand the ways in which viruses emerge and persist, factors influencing reductions in virus activity must also be understood. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), which declined during the late 20th century in apparent enzootic circulation as well as equine and human disease incidence, provides a unique case study on how reductions in virus activity can be understood by studying evolutionary trends and mechanisms. Previously, we showed using phylogenetics that during this period of decline, six amino acid residues appeared to be positively selected. To assess more directly the effect of these mutations, we utilized reverse genetics and competition fitness assays in the enzootic host and vector (house sparrows and Culex tarsalis mosquitoes). We observed that the mutations contemporary with reductions in WEEV circulation and disease that were non-conserved with respect to amino acid properties had a positive effect on enzootic fitness. We also assessed the effects of these mutations on virulence in the Syrian-Golden hamster model in relation to a general trend of increased virulence in older isolates. However, no change effect on virulence was observed based on these mutations. Thus, while WEEV apparently underwent positive selection for infection of enzootic hosts, residues associated with mammalian virulence were likely eliminated from the population by genetic drift or negative selection. These findings suggest that ecologic factors rather than fitness for natural transmission likely caused decreased levels of enzootic WEEV circulation during the late 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Bergren
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sherry Haller
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Seymour
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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18
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Domingo E. Long-term virus evolution in nature. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153321 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816331-3.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Viruses spread to give rise to epidemics and pandemics, and some key parameters that include virus and host population numbers determine virus persistence or extinction in nature. Viruses evolve at different rates depending on the polymerase copying fidelity during genome replication and a number of environmental influences. Calculated rates of evolution in nature vary depending on the time interval between virus isolations. In particular, intrahost evolution is generally more rapid that interhost evolution, and several possible mechanisms for this difference are considered. The mechanisms by which the error-prone viruses evolve are very unlikely to render the operation of a molecular clock (constant rate of incorporation of mutations in the evolving genomes), although a clock is assumed in many calculations. Several computational tools permit the alignment of viral sequences and the establishment of phylogenetic relationships among viruses. The evolution of the virus in the form of dynamic mutant clouds in each infected individual, together with multiple environmental parameters renders the emergence and reemergence of viral pathogens an unpredictable event, another facet of biological complexity.
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Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010023. [PMID: 31878129 PMCID: PMC7019608 DOI: 10.3390/v12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.
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20
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Barba M, Fairbanks EL, Daly JM. Equine viral encephalitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:99-110. [PMID: 31497528 PMCID: PMC6689664 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s168227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of several different virus families cause equine viral encephalitis, the majority of which are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) with zoonotic potential. The clinical signs caused are rarely pathognomonic; therefore, a clinical diagnosis is usually presumptive according to the geographical region. However, recent decades have seen expansion of the geographical range and emergence in new regions of numerous viral diseases. In this context, this review presents an overview of the prevalence and distribution of the main viral causes of equine encephalitis and discusses their impact and potential approaches to limit their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barba
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma L Fairbanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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21
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Robb LL, Hartman DA, Rice L, deMaria J, Bergren NA, Borland EM, Kading RC. Continued Evidence of Decline in the Enzootic Activity of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus in Colorado. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:584-588. [PMID: 30535264 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis (WEE) was once prevalent and routinely isolated from mosquitoes in Colorado; however, isolations of Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) have not been reported from mosquito pools since the early 1990s. The objective of the present study was to test pools of Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) mosquitoes sampled from Weld County, CO, in 2016 for evidence of WEEV infection. Over 7,000 mosquitoes were tested, but none were positive for WEEV RNA. These data indicate that WEEV either was not circulating enzootically in Northern Colorado, was very rare, and would require much more extensive mosquito sampling to detect, or was heterogeneously distributed spatially and temporally and happened to not be present in the area sampled during 2016. Even though the reported incidence of WEE remains null, screening for WEEV viral RNA in mosquito vectors offers forewarning toward the detection and prevention of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L Robb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lauren Rice
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Justin deMaria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Erin M Borland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Kumar B, Manuja A, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Tripathi B. Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health. Open Virol J 2018; 12:80-98. [PMID: 30288197 PMCID: PMC6142672 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zoonotic diseases are the infectious diseases that can be transmitted to human beings and vice versa from animals either directly or indirectly. These diseases can be caused by a range of organisms including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Viral diseases are highly infectious and capable of causing pandemics as evidenced by outbreaks of diseases like Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, West Nile, SARS-Corona, Nipah, Hendra, Avian influenza and Swine influenza. EXPALANTION Many viruses affecting equines are also important human pathogens. Diseases like Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan-equine encephalitis (VEE) are highly infectious and can be disseminated as aerosols. A large number of horses and human cases of VEE with fatal encephalitis have continuously occurred in Venezuela and Colombia. Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is prevalent in horses in North America and has zoonotic potential causing encephalitis in children. Hendra virus (HeV) causes respiratory and neurological disease and death in man and horses. Since its first outbreak in 1994, 53 disease incidents have been reported in Australia. West Nile fever has spread to many newer territories across continents during recent years.It has been described in Africa, Europe, South Asia, Oceania and North America. Japanese encephalitis has expanded horizons from Asia to western Pacific region including the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Papua New Guinea and Australia. Rabies is rare in horses but still a public health concern being a fatal disease. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but many scientists have mixed opinions. Equine viral diseases of zoonotic importance and their impact on animal and human health have been elaborated in this article. CONCLUSION Equine viral diseases though restricted to certain geographical areas have huge impact on equine and human health. Diseases like West Nile fever, Hendra, VS, VEE, EEE, JE, Rabies have the potential for spread and ability to cause disease in human. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but some experimental and observational evidence show that H3N8 influenza virus has infected man. Despite our pursuit of understanding the complexity of the vector-host-pathogen mediating disease transmission, it is not possible to make generalized predictions concerning the degree of impact of disease emergence. A targeted, multidisciplinary effort is required to understand the risk factors for zoonosis and apply the interventions necessary to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar-125001, India
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Large-Scale Complete-Genome Sequencing and Phylodynamic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Reveals Source-Sink Transmission Dynamics in the United States. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00074-18. [PMID: 29618651 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00074-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) has a high case-fatality rate in horses and humans, and Florida has been hypothesized to be the source of EEEV epidemics for the northeastern United States. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced complete genomes of 433 EEEV strains collected within the United States from 1934 to 2014. Phylogenetic analysis suggested EEEV evolves relatively slowly and that transmission is enzootic in Florida, characterized by higher genetic diversity and long-term local persistence. In contrast, EEEV strains in New York and Massachusetts were characterized by lower genetic diversity, multiple introductions, and shorter local persistence. Our phylogeographic analysis supported a source-sink model in which Florida is the major source of EEEV compared to the other localities sampled. In sum, this study revealed the complex epidemiological dynamics of EEEV in different geographic regions in the United States and provided general insights into the evolution and transmission of other avian mosquito-borne viruses in this region.IMPORTANCE Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infections are severe in horses and humans on the east coast of the United States with a >90% mortality rate in horses, an ∼33% mortality rate in humans, and significant brain damage in most human survivors. However, little is known about the evolutionary characteristics of EEEV due to the lack of genome sequences. By generating large collection of publicly available complete genome sequences, this study comprehensively determined the evolution of the virus, described the epidemiological dynamics of EEEV in different states in the United States, and identified Florida as one of the major sources. These results may have important implications for the control and prevention of other mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas.
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Smith JL, Pugh CL, Cisney ED, Keasey SL, Guevara C, Ampuero JS, Comach G, Gomez D, Ochoa-Diaz M, Hontz RD, Ulrich RG. Human Antibody Responses to Emerging Mayaro Virus and Cocirculating Alphavirus Infections Examined by Using Structural Proteins from Nine New and Old World Lineages. mSphere 2018; 3:e00003-18. [PMID: 29577083 PMCID: PMC5863033 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00003-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are vector-borne alphaviruses that cocirculate in South America. Human infections by these viruses are frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, especially in areas with high dengue virus endemicity. Disease may progress to debilitating arthralgia (MAYV, CHIKV), encephalitis (VEEV), and death. Few standardized serological assays exist for specific human alphavirus infection detection, and antigen cross-reactivity can be problematic. Therefore, serological platforms that aid in the specific detection of multiple alphavirus infections will greatly expand disease surveillance for these emerging infections. In this study, serum samples from South American patients with PCR- and/or isolation-confirmed infections caused by MAYV, VEEV, and CHIKV were examined by using a protein microarray assembled with recombinant capsid, envelope protein 1 (E1), and E2 from nine New and Old World alphaviruses. Notably, specific antibody recognition of E1 was observed only with MAYV infections, whereas E2 was specifically targeted by antibodies from all of the alphavirus infections investigated, with evidence of cross-reactivity to E2 of o'nyong-nyong virus only in CHIKV-infected patient serum samples. Our findings suggest that alphavirus structural protein microarrays can distinguish infections caused by MAYV, VEEV, and CHIKV and that this multiplexed serological platform could be useful for high-throughput disease surveillance. IMPORTANCE Mayaro, chikungunya, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are closely related alphaviruses that are spread by mosquitos, causing diseases that produce similar influenza-like symptoms or more severe illnesses. Moreover, alphavirus infection symptoms can be similar to those of dengue or Zika disease, leading to underreporting of cases and potential misdiagnoses. New methods that can be used to detect antibody responses to multiple alphaviruses within the same assay would greatly aid disease surveillance efforts. However, possible antibody cross-reactivity between viruses can reduce the quality of laboratory results. Our results demonstrate that antibody responses to multiple alphaviruses can be specifically quantified within the same assay by using selected recombinant protein antigens and further show that Mayaro virus infections result in unique responses to viral envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Smith
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine L. Pugh
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily D. Cisney
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah L. Keasey
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Guillermo Comach
- Laboratorio Regional de Diagnostico e Investigación del Dengue y Otras Enfermedades Virales (LARDIDEV), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad de Carabobo (BIOMED.UC), Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Doris Gomez
- Universidad de Cartagena, Doctorado en Medicina Tropical, Grupo UNIMOL, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Margarita Ochoa-Diaz
- Universidad de Cartagena, Doctorado en Medicina Tropical, Grupo UNIMOL, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Robert D. Hontz
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Robert G. Ulrich
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Surveillance for Western Equine Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, and West Nile Viruses Using Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147962. [PMID: 26807734 PMCID: PMC4726549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Collection of mosquitoes and testing for vector-borne viruses is a key surveillance activity that directly influences the vector control efforts of public health agencies, including determining when and where to apply insecticides. Vector control districts in California routinely monitor for three human pathogenic viruses including West Nile virus (WNV), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) offers highly sensitive and specific detection of these three viruses in a single multiplex reaction, but this technique requires costly, specialized equipment that is generally only available in centralized public health laboratories. We report the use of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) to detect WNV, WEEV, and SLEV RNA extracted from pooled mosquito samples collected in California, including novel primer sets for specific detection of WEEV and SLEV, targeting the nonstructural protein 4 (nsP4) gene of WEEV and the 3’ untranslated region (3’-UTR) of SLEV. Our WEEV and SLEV RT-LAMP primers allowed detection of <0.1 PFU/reaction of their respective targets in <30 minutes, and exhibited high specificity without cross reactivity when tested against a panel of alphaviruses and flaviviruses. Furthermore, the SLEV primers do not cross-react with WNV, despite both viruses being closely related members of the Japanese encephalitis virus complex. The SLEV and WEEV primers can also be combined in a single RT-LAMP reaction, with discrimination between amplicons by melt curve analysis. Although RT-qPCR is approximately one order of magnitude more sensitive than RT-LAMP for all three targets, the RT-LAMP technique is less instrumentally intensive than RT-qPCR and provides a more cost-effective method of vector-borne virus surveillance.
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Dai L, Li Z, Tao P. Evolutionary analysis of Tembusu virus: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:124-9. [PMID: 25770418 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently identified Tembusu virus (TMUV) as a causative agent of duck infectious disease, which has spread in China since 2010. A recent study has indicated a potential case of human infection by TMUV, highlighting the need for further study of TMUV, especially its evolution. Because no information exists regarding the evolution of TMUV, we conducted comprehensive phylogenetic analyses using the largest collection of complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences of TMUV. Our results indicated that two lineages of viruses were associated with the 2010 outbreak in China, and lineage II, in particular sublineage II-c, has arisen as the dominant lineage currently circulating. We inferred that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of this TMUV was emerged around 1996. Evidence of natural recombination was also detected in TMUV. Molecular adaptation analyses revealed that strong negative selection shaped the evolution of TMUV, while a number of codons subjected to positive pressure were also identified. Our study, for the first time, illustrated the evolutionary history and character of TMUV and will be helpful for vaccine and diagnostic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Pan Tao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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Evolutionary genetics and vector adaptation of recombinant viruses of the western equine encephalitis antigenic complex provides new insights into alphavirus diversity and host switching. Virology 2014; 474:154-62. [PMID: 25463613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), Highlands J virus (HJV), and Fort Morgan virus (FMV) are the sole representatives of the WEE antigenic complex of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, that are endemic to North America. All three viruses have their ancestry in a recombination event involving eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and a Sindbis (SIN)-like virus that gave rise to a chimeric alphavirus that subsequently diversified into the present-day WEEV, HJV, and FMV. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the genetic, ecological, and evolutionary relationships among these recombinant-origin viruses, including the description of a nsP4 polymerase mutation in FMV that allows it to circumvent the host range barrier to Asian tiger mosquito cells, a vector species that is normally refractory to infection. Notably, we also provide evidence that the recombination event that gave rise to these three WEEV antigenic complex viruses may have occurred in North America.
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