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Anderson J, Do LAH, van Kasteren PB, Licciardi PV. The role of respiratory syncytial virus G protein in immune cell infection and pathogenesis. EBioMedicine 2024; 107:105318. [PMID: 39217853 PMCID: PMC11402919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease in infants and children. The RSV attachment protein (G) has been shown to be critical in invading airway epithelial cells through its CX3C motif interacting with the host receptor CX3CR1. The ubiquitous expression of this receptor on immune cells may explain their susceptibility to RSV infection. The RSV G protein may enhance disease severity through reprogramming of normal cellular functionality leading to inhibition of antiviral responses. While existing preventives targeting the RSV fusion (F) protein are highly effective, there are no RSV therapeutics based on the G protein to limit RSV pathogenesis. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the RSV G protein administered as post-infection therapeutics in mice have been shown to improve the antiviral response, reduce viral load and limit disease severity. Further research is required to better understand how RSV infection of immune cells contributes to pathogenesis for the development of more targeted and efficacious therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Anderson
- Infection, Immunity and Global Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- Infection, Immunity and Global Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Infection, Immunity and Global Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Qousain Naqvi ST, Muhammad SA, Guo J, Zafar S, Ali A, Anderson LJ, Rostad CA, Bai B. Experimental trials of predicted CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349749. [PMID: 38629077 PMCID: PMC11018974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in young children around the world and an important cause of LRTI in the elderly. The available treatments and FDA-approved vaccines for RSV only lessen the severity of the infection and are recommended for infants and elderly people. Methods We focused on developing a broad-spectrum vaccine that activates the immune system to directly combat RSV. The objective of this study is to identify CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes using an immunoinformatics approach to develop RSV vaccines. The efficacy of these peptides was validated through in-vitro and in-vivo studies involving healthy and diseased animal models. Results For each major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I and II, we found three epitopes of RSV proteins including F, G, and SH with an antigenic score of >0.5 and a projected SVM score of <5. Experimental validation of these peptides on female BALB/c mice was conducted before and after infection with the RSV A2 line 19f. We found that the 3RVMHCI (CD8+) epitope of the F protein showed significant results of white blood cells (19.72 × 103 cells/μl), neutrophils (6.01 × 103 cells/μl), lymphocytes (12.98 × 103 cells/μl), IgG antibodies (36.9 µg/ml), IFN-γ (86.96 ng/L), and granzyme B (691.35 pg/ml) compared to control at the second booster dose of 10 µg. Similarly, 4RVMHCII (CD4+) of the F protein substantially induced white blood cells (27.08 × 103 cells/μl), neutrophils (6.58 × 103 cells/μl), lymphocytes (16.64 × 103 cells/μl), IgG antibodies (46.13 µg/ml), IFN-γ (96.45 ng/L), and granzyme B (675.09 pg/ml). In-vitro studies showed that 4RVMHCII produced a significant level of antibodies in sera on day 45 comparable to mice infected with the virus. 4RVMHCII also induced high IFN-γ and IL-2 secretions on the fourth day of the challenge compared to the preinfectional stage. Conclusion In conclusion, epitopes of the F protein showed considerable immune response and are suitable for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Aun Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jinlei Guo
- School of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Sidra Zafar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina A. Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Baogang Bai
- School of Information and Technology, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The First School of Medical, School of Information and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Su P, Jiang C, Zhang Y. The implication of infection with respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric recurrent wheezing and asthma: knowledge expanded post-COVID-19 era. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:403-416. [PMID: 38153660 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been identified to serve as the primary cause of acute lower respiratory infectious diseases in children under the age of one and a significant risk factor for the emergence and development of pediatric recurrent wheezing and asthma, though the exact mechanism is still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we discuss the key routes that lead to recurrent wheezing and bronchial asthma following RSV infection. It is interesting to note that following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the prevalence of RSV changes significantly. This presents us with a rare opportunity to better understand the associated mechanism for RSV infection, its effects on the respiratory system, and the immunological response to RSV following the COVID-19 epidemic. To better understand the associated mechanisms in the occurrence and progression of pediatric asthma, we thoroughly described how the RSV infection directly destroys the physical barrier of airway epithelial tissue, promotes inflammatory responses, enhances airway hyper-responsiveness, and ultimately causes the airway remodeling. More critically, extensive discussion was also conducted regarding the potential impact of RSV infection on host pulmonary immune response. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive perspective to better understand how the RSV infection interacts in the control of the host's pulmonary immune system, causing recurrent wheezing and the development of asthma, and it sheds fresh light on potential avenues for pharmaceutical therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Su
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Congshan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China.
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Loaiza RA, Ramírez RA, Sepúlveda-Alfaro J, Ramírez MA, Andrade CA, Soto JA, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. A molecular perspective for the development of antibodies against the human respiratory syncytial virus. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105783. [PMID: 38145755 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading etiologic agent causing respiratory infections in infants, children, older adults, and patients with comorbidities. Sixty-seven years have passed since the discovery of hRSV, and only a few successful mitigation or treatment tools have been developed against this virus. One of these is immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against structural proteins of the virus, such as Palivizumab, the first prophylactic approach approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA. In this article, we discuss different strategies for the prevention and treatment of hRSV infection, focusing on the molecular mechanisms against each target that underly the rational design of antibodies against hRSV. At the same time, we describe the latest results regarding currently approved therapies against hRSV and the challenges associated with developing new candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Loaiza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Robinson A Ramírez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Javiera Sepúlveda-Alfaro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Mario A Ramírez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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Kim MJ, Chu KB, Lee SH, Mao J, Eom GD, Yoon KW, Moon EK, Quan FS. Assessing the protection elicited by virus-like particles expressing the RSV pre-fusion F and tandem repeated G proteins against RSV rA2 line19F infection in mice. Respir Res 2024; 25:7. [PMID: 38178222 PMCID: PMC10765939 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive pulmonary inflammation is the hallmark of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection hindering efficacious RSV vaccine development. Yet, the vast majority of the experimental RSV vaccine studies use laboratory-adapted RSV strains that do not reflect the highly pathogenic and inflammatory nature of the virus found in clinical settings. Here, we re-evaluated the protective efficacy of the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine co-expressing the pre-fusion (pre-F) protein and G protein with tandem repeats (Gt) reported in our previous study against the recombinant RSV rA2-line19F strain, which inflicts severe mucus production and inflammation in mice. VLP vaccine immunization elicited virus-specific serum antibody responses that mediated RSV rA2-line19F virus neutralization. VLP vaccine immunization promoted Th1 immune response development in the spleens and CD8 + T cell influx into the lungs of mice, which are essential for efficient viral clearance and dampened inflammatory response. When compared to the VLPs expressing only the pre-F antigen, those co-expressing both pre-F and Gt antigens conferred better protection in mice against rA2-line19F challenge infection. Overall, our data suggest that the pre-clinical VLP vaccine co-expressing RSV pre-F and Gt antigens can effectively protect mice against RSV strains that resemble pathogenic clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Back Chu
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Miller RJ, Mousa JJ. Structural basis for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus neutralization. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101337. [PMID: 37544710 PMCID: PMC10421620 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) continue to be a global burden to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In the past ten years, there has been substantial progress in the development of new vaccine candidates and therapies against these viruses. These advancements were guided by the structural elucidation of the major surface glycoproteins for these viruses, the fusion (F) protein and attachment (G) protein. The identification of immunodominant epitopes on the RSV F and hMPV F proteins has expanded current knowledge on antibody-mediated immune responses, which has led to new approaches for vaccine and therapeutic development through the stabilization of pre-fusion constructs of the F protein and pre-fusion-specific monoclonal antibodies with high potency and efficacy. In this review, we describe structural characteristics of known antigenic sites on the RSV and hMPV proteins, their influence on the immune response, and current progress in vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose J Miller
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Bergeron HC, Murray J, Juarez MG, Nangle SJ, DuBois RM, Tripp RA. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an RSV G S177Q central conserved domain nanoparticle vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215323. [PMID: 37457705 PMCID: PMC10338877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause lower respiratory tract disease in infants and elderly populations. Despite decades of research, there remains no safe and approved RSV vaccine. Previously, we showed that an RSV G glycoprotein subunit vaccine candidate with a single point mutation within the central conserved domain (CCD), i.e. S177Q, considerably improved immunogenicity. Methods Here, we examine the development of nanoparticle (NP) vaccines having either an RSV G protein CCD with wild-type sequence (NPWT) or an S177Q mutation (NP-S177Q). The NP vaccine immunogens were adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a TLR4 agonist to improve Th1- type responses. BALB/c mice were primed with 10 μg of NP-WT vaccine, NPS177Q, or vehicle, rested, and then boosted with a high (25 μg) or low (10 μg) dose of the NP-WT or NP-S177Q homologous candidate and subsequently challenged with RSV A2. Results The results showed that mice boosted with NP-S177Q developed superior immunogenicity and neutralizing antibodies compared to NP-WT boosting. IgG from either NP-S177Q or NP-WT vaccinated mice did not interfere with fractalkine (CX3CL1) binding to CX3CR1 and effectively blocked G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 binding. Both NP-WT and NP-S177Q vaccination induced similar neutralizing antibodies to RSV in challenged mice compared to vehicle control. NP-S177Q boosting improved correlates of protection including reduced BAL cell infiltration following RSV challenge. However, the NP vaccine platform will require improvement due to the poor solubility and the unexpectedly weaker Th1-type IgG2a response. Discussion The results from this study support further NP-S177Q vaccine candidate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maria G. Juarez
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Samuel J. Nangle
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Pitiot A, Ferreira M, Parent C, Boisseau C, Cortes M, Bouvart L, Paget C, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Sécher T. Mucosal administration of anti-bacterial antibodies provide long-term cross-protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:312-325. [PMID: 36990281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial respiratory infections, either acute or chronic, are major threats to human health. Direct mucosal administration, through the airways, of therapeutic antibodies (Abs) offers a tremendous opportunity to benefit patients with respiratory infections. The mode of action of anti-infective Abs relies on pathogen neutralization and crystallizable fragment (Fc)-mediated recruitment of immune effectors to facilitate their elimination. Using a mouse model of acute pneumonia induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we depicted the immunomodulatory mode of action of a neutralizing anti-bacterial Abs. Beyond the rapid and efficient containment of the primary infection, the Abs delivered through the airways harnessed genuine innate and adaptive immune responses to provide long-term protection, preventing secondary bacterial infection. In vitro antigen-presenting cells stimulation assay, as well as in vivo bacterial challenges and serum transfer experiments indicate an essential contribution of immune complexes with the Abs and pathogen in the induction of the sustained and protective anti-bacterial humoral response. Interestingly, the long-lasting response protected partially against secondary infections with heterologous P. aeruginosa strains. Overall, our findings suggest that Abs delivered mucosally promotes bacteria neutralization and provides protection against secondary infection. This opens novel perspectives for the development of anti-infective Abs delivered to the lung mucosa, to treat respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubin Pitiot
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Marion Ferreira
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Christelle Parent
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Chloé Boisseau
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Mélanie Cortes
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Laura Bouvart
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Thomas Sécher
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université de Tours, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France.
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Bergeron HC, Murray J, Arora A, Nuñez Castrejon AM, DuBois RM, Anderson LJ, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA. Immune Prophylaxis Targeting the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:1067. [PMID: 37243153 PMCID: PMC10221658 DOI: 10.3390/v15051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant respiratory disease in young infants and the elderly. Immune prophylaxis in infants is currently limited to palivizumab, an anti-RSV fusion (F) protein monoclonal antibody (mAb). While anti-F protein mAbs neutralize RSV, they are unable to prevent aberrant pathogenic responses provoked by the RSV attachment (G) protein. Recently, the co-crystal structures of two high-affinity anti-G protein mAbs that bind the central conserved domain (CCD) at distinct non-overlapping epitopes were solved. mAbs 3D3 and 2D10 are broadly neutralizing and block G protein CX3C-mediated chemotaxis by binding antigenic sites γ1 and γ2, respectively, which is known to reduce RSV disease. Previous studies have established 3D3 as a potential immunoprophylactic and therapeutic; however, there has been no similar evaluation of 2D10 available. Here, we sought to determine the differences in neutralization and immunity to RSV Line19F infection which recapitulates human RSV infection in mouse models making it useful for therapeutic antibody studies. Prophylactic (24 h prior to infection) or therapeutic (72 h post-infection) treatment of mice with 3D3, 2D10, or palivizumab were compared to isotype control antibody treatment. The results show that 2D10 can neutralize RSV Line19F both prophylactically and therapeutically, and can reduce disease-causing immune responses in a prophylactic but not therapeutic context. In contrast, 3D3 was able to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce lung virus titers and IL-13 in a prophylactic and therapeutic regimen suggesting subtle but important differences in immune responses to RSV infection with mAbs that bind distinct epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Aakash Arora
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ana M. Nuñez Castrejon
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (A.M.N.C.)
| | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; (A.M.N.C.)
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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McGinnes Cullen L, Luo B, Wen Z, Zhang L, Durr E, Morrison TG. The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Enhances the Immune Responses to the RSV F Protein in an Enveloped Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate. J Virol 2023; 97:e0190022. [PMID: 36602367 PMCID: PMC9888267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01900-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious human respiratory pathogen, but no RSV vaccine has been licensed. Many vaccine candidates are focused on the viral F protein since the F protein is more conserved than the viral G protein across RSV strains and serotypes; thus, the F protein is thought more likely to induce a broader range of protection from infection. However, it is the G protein that binds the likely receptor, CX3CR1, in lung ciliated epithelial cells, raising the question of the importance of the G protein in vaccine candidates. Using virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates, we have directly compared VLPs containing only the prefusion F protein (pre-F), only the G protein, or both glycoproteins. We report that VLPs containing both glycoproteins bind to anti-F-protein-specific monoclonal antibodies differently than do VLPs containing only the prefusion F protein. In RSV-naive cotton rats, VLPs assembled with only the pre-F protein stimulated extremely weak neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers, as did VLPs assembled with G protein. However, VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins stimulated quite robust neutralizing antibody titers, induced improved protection of the animals from RSV challenge compared to pre-F VLPs, and induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific for F protein antigenic site 0, site III, and the AM14 binding site than did VLPs containing only the pre-F protein. These results indicate that assembly of pre-F protein with G protein in VLPs further stabilized the prefusion conformation or otherwise altered the conformation of the F protein, increasing the induction of protective antibodies. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) results in significant disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Thus, development of an effective vaccine for these populations is a priority. Most ongoing efforts in RSV vaccine development have focused on the viral fusion (F) protein; however, the importance of the inclusion of G in vaccine candidates is unclear. Here, using virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled with only the F protein, only the G protein, or both glycoproteins, we show that VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins are a far superior vaccine in a cotton rat model compared with VLPs containing only F protein or only G protein. The results show that the presence of G protein in the VLPs influences the conformation of the F protein and the immune responses to F protein, resulting in significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers and better protection from RSV challenge. These results suggest that inclusion of G protein in a vaccine candidate may improve its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori McGinnes Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhiyun Wen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eberhard Durr
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trudy G. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Bergeron HC, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA. Anti-G protein antibodies targeting the RSV G protein CX3C chemokine region improve the interferon response. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2023; 10:20499361231161157. [PMID: 36938145 PMCID: PMC10017941 DOI: 10.1177/20499361231161157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a poor inducer of antiviral interferon (IFN) responses which result in incomplete immunity and RSV disease. Several RSV proteins alter antiviral responses, including the non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2) and the major viral surface proteins, that is, fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins. The G protein modifies the host immune response to infection linked in part through a CX3 C chemokine motif. Anti-G protein monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), that is, clones 3D3 and 2D10 that target the G protein CX3C chemokine motif can neutralize RSV and inhibit G protein-CX3CR1 mediated chemotaxis. Objectives Determine how monoclonal antibodies against the RSV F and G proteins modify the type I and III IFN responses to RSV infection. Design As the G protein CX3 C motif is implicated in IFN antagonism, we evaluated two mAbs that block G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 interaction and compared responses to isotype mAb control using a functional cellular assay and mouse model. Methods Mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-15 cells) and BALB/c mice were infected with RSV Line19 F following prophylactic mAb treatment. Cell supernatant or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were assayed for types I and III IFNs. Cells were interrogated for changes in IFN-related gene expression. Results Treatment with an anti-G protein mAb (3D3) resulted in improved IFN responses compared with isotype control following infection with RSV, partially independently of neutralization, and this was linked to upregulated SOCS1 expression. Conclusions These findings show that anti-G protein antibodies improve the protective early antiviral response, which has important implications for vaccine and therapeutic design. Plain Language Summary RSV is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants and the elderly. The only Food and Drug Administration-approved prophylactic treatment is limited to an anti-F protein monoclonal antibody (mAb), that is, palivizumab which has modest efficacy against RSV disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting the RSV attachment (G) protein may provide improved protection from RSV disease. It is known that the G protein is an IFN antagonist, and IFN has been shown to be protective against RSV disease. In this study, we compared IFN responses in mouse lung epithelial (MLE-15) cells and in mice infected with RSV Line19 F treated with anti-G protein or anti-F protein mAbs. The levels of type I and III IFNs were determined. Anti-G protein mAbs improved the levels of IFNs compared with isotype-treated controls. These findings support the concept that anti-G protein mAbs mediate improved IFN responses against RSV disease, which may enable improved treatment of RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Rotundo S, Vecchio E, Abatino A, Giordano C, Mancuso S, Tassone MT, Costa C, Russo A, Trecarichi EM, Cuda G, Costanzo FS, Palmieri C, Torti C. Spike-specific T-cell responses in patients with COVID-19 successfully treated with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 124:55-64. [PMID: 36116671 PMCID: PMC9477616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (moAbs) improves clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 when administered during the initial days of infection. The action of moAbs may impair the generation or maintenance of effective immune memory, similar to that demonstrated in other viral diseases. We aimed to evaluate short-term memory T-cell responses in patients effectively treated with bamlanivimab/etesevimab, casirivimab/imdevimab, or sotrovimab (SOT). METHODS Spike (S)-specific T-cell responses were analyzed in 23 patients with COVID-19 (vaccinated or unvaccinated) before and after a median of 50 (range: 28-93) days from moAb treatment, compared with 11 vaccinated healthy controls. T-cell responses were measured by interferon-γ-enzyme-linked immunospot and flow cytometric activation-induced marker assay. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in S-specific T-cell responses was observed between patients treated with moAb and vaccinated healthy controls. Bamlanivimab/etesevimab and casirivimab/imdevimab groups showed significant increases in cellular responses in paired baseline/postrecovery series, as well as vaccinated patients receiving SOT. In contrast, unvaccinated patients prescribed SOT presented no statistically significant increases in T-cell-responses, suggesting diverse impacts of different moAbs on the evolution of S-specific T-cell responses in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. CONCLUSION The moAbs did not hinder short-term memory S-specific T-cell responses in the overall group of patients; however, differences among moAbs must be further investigated both in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Rotundo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre of Services, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Abatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Serafina Mancuso
- Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Tassone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Costa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre of Services, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy; Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. RSV Replication, Transmission, and Disease Are Influenced by the RSV G Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112396. [PMID: 36366494 PMCID: PMC9692685 DOI: 10.3390/v14112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the features affecting virus replication, fitness, and transmissibility as they contribute to the outcome of infection and affect disease intervention approaches. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major contributor to respiratory disease, particularly in the infant and elderly populations. Although first described over 60 years ago, there are no approved vaccines and there are limited specific antiviral treatments due in part to our incomplete understanding of the features affecting RSV replication, immunity, and disease. RSV studies have typically focused on using continuous cell lines and conventional RSV strains to establish vaccine development and various antiviral countermeasures. This review outlines how the RSV G protein influences viral features, including replication, transmission, and disease, and how understanding the role of the G protein can improve the understanding of preclinical studies.
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14
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Nuñez Castrejon AM, O’Rourke SM, Kauvar LM, DuBois RM. Structure-Based Design and Antigenic Validation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Immunogens. J Virol 2022; 96:e0220121. [PMID: 35266806 PMCID: PMC9006937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02201-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease of children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there are no FDA-approved RSV vaccines. The RSV G glycoprotein is used for viral attachment to host cells and impairment of host immunity by interacting with the human chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Antibodies that disrupt this interaction are protective against infection and disease. Nevertheless, development of an RSV G vaccine antigen has been hindered by its low immunogenicity and safety concerns. A previous study described three engineered RSV G proteins containing single-point mutations that induce higher levels of IgG antibodies and have improved safety profiles compared to wild-type RSV G (H. C. Bergeron, J. Murray, A. M. Nuñez Castrejon, et al., Viruses 13:352, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020352). However, it is unclear if the mutations affect RSV G protein folding and display of its conformational epitopes. In this study, we show that the RSV G S177Q protein retains high-affinity binding to protective human and mouse monoclonal antibodies and has equal reactivity as wild-type RSV G protein to human reference immunoglobulin to RSV. Additionally, we determined the high-resolution crystal structure of RSV G S177Q protein in complex with the anti-RSV G antibody 3G12, further validating its antigenic structure. These studies show for the first time that an engineered RSV G protein with increased immunogenicity and safety retains conformational epitopes to high-affinity protective antibodies, supporting its further development as an RSV vaccine immunogen. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory diseases of children, the elderly, and immunocompromised populations. There currently are no FDA-approved RSV vaccines. Most vaccine development efforts have focused on the RSV F protein, and the field has generally overlooked the receptor-binding antigen RSV G due to its poor immunogenicity and safety concerns. However, single-point mutant RSV G proteins have been previously identified that have increased immunogenicity and safety. In this study, we investigate the antibody reactivities of three known RSV G mutant proteins. We show that one mutant RSV G protein retains high-affinity binding to protective monoclonal antibodies, is equally recognized by anti-RSV antibodies in human sera, and forms the same three-dimensional structure as the wild-type RSV G protein. Our study validates the structure-guided design of the RSV G protein as an RSV vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Nuñez Castrejon
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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15
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Mutation in the CX3C Motif of G Protein Disrupts Its Interaction with Heparan Sulfate: A Calorimetric, Spectroscopic, and Molecular Docking Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041950. [PMID: 35216066 PMCID: PMC8880246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children and infants. To date, there is no effective vaccine available against RSV. Heparan sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan that aids in the attachment of the RSV to the host cell membrane via the G protein. In the present study, the effect of amino acid substitution on the structure and stability of the ectodomain G protein was studied. Further, it was investigated whether mutation (K117A) in the CX3C motif of G protein alters the binding with heparan sulfate. The point mutation significantly affects the conformational stability of the G protein. The mutant protein showed a low binding affinity with heparan sulfate as compared to the wild-type G protein, as determined by fluorescence quenching, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking studies. The low binding affinity and decreased stability suggested that this mutation may play an important role in prevention of attachment of virion to the host cell receptors. Collectively, this investigation suggests that mutation in the CX3C motif of G protein may likely improve the efficacy and safety of the RSV vaccine.
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16
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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17
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Structural Characterization of Ectodomain G Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Its Interaction with Heparan Sulfate: Multi-Spectroscopic and In Silico Studies Elucidating Host-Pathogen Interactions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237398. [PMID: 34885979 PMCID: PMC8658883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of disease caused by a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is becoming more widely recognized in young children and adults. Heparan sulfate helps in attaching the virion through G protein with the host cell membrane. In this study, we examined the structural changes of ectodomain G protein (edG) in a wide pH range. The absorbance results revealed that protein maintains its tertiary structure at physiological and highly acidic and alkaline pH. However, visible aggregation of protein was observed in mild acidic pH. The intrinsic fluorescence study shows no significant change in the λmax except at pH 12.0. The ANS fluorescence of edG at pH 2.0 and 3.0 forms an acid-induced molten globule-like state. The denaturation transition curve monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that urea and GdmCl induced denaturation native (N) ↔ denatured (D) state follows a two-state process. The fluorescence quenching, molecular docking, and 50 ns simulation measurements suggested that heparan sulfate showed excellent binding affinity to edG. Our binding study provides a preliminary insight into the interaction of edG to the host cell membrane via heparan sulfate. This binding can be inhibited using experimental approaches at the molecular level leading to the prevention of effective host–pathogen interaction.
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18
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Vaccines With Central Conserved Domain Mutations Induce CX3C-CX3CR1 Blocking Antibodies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020352. [PMID: 33672319 PMCID: PMC7926521 DOI: 10.3390/v13020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause bronchiolitis, pneumonia, morbidity, and some mortality, primarily in infants and the elderly, for which no vaccine is available. The RSV attachment (G) protein contains a central conserved domain (CCD) with a CX3C motif implicated in the induction of protective antibodies, thus vaccine candidates containing the G protein are of interest. This study determined if mutations in the G protein CCD would mediate immunogenicity while inducing G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 blocking antibodies. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with structurally-guided, rationally designed G proteins with CCD mutations. The results show that these G protein immunogens induce a substantial anti-G protein antibody response, and using serum IgG from the vaccinated mice, these antibodies are capable of blocking the RSV G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 binding while not interfering with CX3CL1, fractalkine.
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19
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Efstathiou C, Abidi SH, Harker J, Stevenson NJ. Revisiting respiratory syncytial virus's interaction with host immunity, towards novel therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5045-5058. [PMID: 32556372 PMCID: PMC7298439 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Every year there are > 33 million cases of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-related respiratory infection in children under the age of five, making RSV the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants. RSV is a global infection, but 99% of related mortality is in low/middle-income countries. Unbelievably, 62 years after its identification, there remains no effective treatment nor vaccine for this deadly virus, leaving infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients at high risk. The success of all pathogens depends on their ability to evade and modulate the host immune response. RSV has a complex and intricate relationship with our immune systems, but a clearer understanding of these interactions is essential in the development of effective medicines. Therefore, in a bid to update and focus our research community's understanding of RSV's interaction with immune defences, this review aims to discuss how our current knowledgebase could be used to combat this global viral threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Efstathiou
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S H Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - J Harker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - N J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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20
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Pacheco GA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Antibody development for preventing the human respiratory syncytial virus pathology. Mol Med 2020; 26:35. [PMID: 32303184 PMCID: PMC7164255 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most important etiological agent causing hospitalizations associated with respiratory diseases in children under 5 years of age as well as the elderly, newborns and premature children are the most affected populations. This viral infection can be associated with various symptoms, such as fever, coughing, wheezing, and even pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Due to its severe symptoms, the need for mechanical ventilation is not uncommon in clinical practice. Additionally, alterations in the central nervous system -such as seizures, encephalopathy and encephalitis- have been associated with cases of hRSV-infections. Furthermore, the absence of effective vaccines or therapies against hRSV leads to elevated expenditures by the public health system and increased mortality rates for the high-risk population. Along these lines, vaccines and therapies can elicit different responses to this virus. While hRSV vaccine candidates seek to promote an active immune response associated with the achievement of immunological memory, other therapies -such as the administration of antibodies- provide a protective environment, although they do not trigger the activation of the immune system and therefore do not promote an immunological memory. An interesting approach to vaccination is the use of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which inhibit the entry of the pathogen into the host cells, therefore impairing the capacity of the virus to replicate. Currently, the most common molecule targeted for antibody design against hRSV is the F protein of this virus. However, other molecular components of the virus -such as the G or the N hRSV proteins- have also been explored as potential targets for the control of this disease. Currently, palivizumab is the only monoclonal antibody approved for human use. However, studies in humans have shown a protective effect only after the administration of at least 3 to 5 doses, due to the stability of this vaccine. Furthermore, other studies suggest that palivizumab only has an effectiveness close to 50% in high-risk infants. In this work, we will review different strategies addressed for the use of antibodies in a prophylactic or therapeutic context and their ability to prevent the symptoms caused by hRSV infection of the airways, as well as in other tissues such as the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Tripp RA. Up-to-date role of biologics in the management of respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1073-1082. [PMID: 32264720 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1753696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in young children and a substantial contributor to respiratory tract disease throughout life. Despite RSV being a high priority for vaccine development, there is currently no safe and effective vaccine available. There are many challenges to developing an RSV vaccine and there are limited antiviral drugs or biologics available for the management of infection. In this article, we review the antiviral treatments, vaccination strategies along with alternative therapies for RSV. AREAS COVERED This review is a summary of the current antiviral and RSV vaccination approaches noting strategies and alternative therapies that may prevent or decrease the disease severity in RSV susceptible populations. EXPERT OPINION This review discusses anti-RSV strategies given that no safe and efficacious vaccines are available, and therapeutic treatments are limited. Various biologicals that target for RSV are considered for disease intervention, as it is likely that it may be necessary to develop separate vaccines or therapeutics for each at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA
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22
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Chirkova T, Ha B, Rimawi BH, Oomens AGP, Hartert TV, Anderson LJ. In vitro model for the assessment of human immune responses to subunit RSV vaccines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229660. [PMID: 32191728 PMCID: PMC7081972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide and a high priority for vaccine development. Despite over 50 years of research, however, no vaccine is yet available. One block to vaccine development is an incomplete understanding of the aberrant memory response to the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) given to children in the 1960s. This vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) with later natural RSV infection. Concern that any non-live virus vaccine may also cause ERD has blocked development of subunit vaccines for young children. A number of animal FI-RSV studies suggest various immune mechanisms behind ERD. However, other than limited data from the original FI-RSV trial, there is no information on the human ERD-associated responses. An in vitro model with human blood specimens may shed light on the immune memory responses likely responsible for ERD. Memory T cell responses to an antigen are guided by the innate responses, particularly dendritic cells that present an antigen in conjunction with co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine signaling. Our in vitro model involves human monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDC) and allogenic T cell cultures to assess innate responses that direct T cell responses. Using this model, we evaluated human responses to live RSV, FI-RSV, and subunit RSV G vaccines (G-containing virus-like particles, G-VLP). Similar to findings in animal studies, FI-RSV induced prominent Th2/Th17-biased responses with deficient type-1 responses compared to live virus. Responses to G-VLPs were similar to live virus, i.e. biased towards a Th1 and not a Th2/Th17. Also mutating CX3C motif in G gave a more pronounced moDC responses associated with type-1 T cell responses. This in vitro model identifies human immune responses likely associated with ERD and provides another pre-clinical tool to assess the safety of RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Binh Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bassam H. Rimawi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonius G. P. Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Comparisons of Antibody Populations in Different Pre-Fusion F VLP-Immunized Cotton Rat Dams and Their Offspring. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010133. [PMID: 32197348 PMCID: PMC7157610 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection poses a significant risk for infants. Since the direct vaccination of infants is problematic, maternal vaccination may provide a safer, more effective approach to their protection. In the cotton rat (CR) model, we have compared the immunization of pregnant CR dams with virus-like particles assembled with the prototype mutation stabilized pre-fusion F protein, DS-Cav1, as well two alternative mutation stabilized pre-fusion proteins (UC-2 F, UC-3 F) and showed that the alternative pre-fusion F VLPs protected the offspring of immunized dams significantly better than DS-Cav1 F VLPs (Blanco, et al. J. Virol. 93: e00914). Here, we have addressed the reasons for this increased protection by characterizing the specificities of antibodies in the sera of both immunized dams and their offspring. The approach was to measure the levels of total anti-pre-F IgG serum antibodies that would block the binding of representative pre-fusion specific monoclonal antibodies to soluble pre-fusion F protein targets. Strikingly, we found that the sera in most offspring of DS-Cav1 F VLP-immunized dams had no mAb D25-blocking antibodies, although their dams had robust levels. In contrast, all offspring of UC-3 F VLP-immunized dams had robust levels of these D25-blocking antibodies. Both sets of pup sera had significant levels of mAb AM14-blocking antibodies, indicating that all pups received maternal antibodies. A lack of mAb D25-blocking antibodies in the offspring of DS-Cav1 F VLP-immunized dams may account for the lower protection of their pups from challenge compared to the offspring of UC-3 F VLP-immunized dams.
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Conformational Flexibility in Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Neutralizing Epitopes. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01879-19. [PMID: 31852779 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01879-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a top cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease and mortality in infants and the elderly. Currently, no vaccine or effective treatment exists for RSV. The RSV G glycoprotein mediates viral attachment to cells and contributes to pathogenesis by modulating host immunity through interactions with the human chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Antibodies targeting the RSV G central conserved domain are protective in both prophylactic and postinfection animal models. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 3G12 bound to the RSV G central conserved domain. Antibody 3G12 binds to a conformational epitope composed of highly conserved residues, explaining its broad neutralization activity. Surprisingly, RSV G complexed with 3G12 adopts a distinct conformation not observed in previously described RSV G-antibody structures. Comparison to other structures reveals that the RSV G central conserved domain is flexible and can adopt multiple conformations in the regions flanking the cysteine noose. We also show that restriction of RSV G flexibility with a proline mutation abolishes binding to antibody 3G12 but not antibody 3D3, which recognizes a different conformation of RSV G. Our studies provide new insights for rational vaccine design, indicating the importance of preserving both the global structural integrity of antigens and local conformational flexibility at antigenic sites, which may elicit a more diverse antibody response and broader protection against infection and disease.IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory infections in infants, young children, and the elderly, and currently, no licensed vaccine exists. In this study, we describe the crystal structure of the RSV surface glycoprotein G in complex with a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody. The antibody binds to RSV G at a highly conserved region stabilized by two disulfide bonds, but it captures RSV G in a conformation not previously observed, revealing that this region is both structured and flexible. Importantly, our findings provide insight for the design of vaccines that elicit diverse antibodies, which may provide broad protection from infection and disease.
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25
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Emerging small and large molecule therapeutics for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:285-294. [PMID: 32096420 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1735349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and can lead to morbidity and mortality in the infant, elderly and immunocompromised. There is no vaccine and therapeutic interventions are limited. RSV disease research has yielded the development of several prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Several promising candidates are currently under investigation.Areas covered: Small and large molecule approaches to RSV treatment were examined and categorized by their mechanism of action using data from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and from the sponsoring organizations publicly available pipeline information. These results are prefaced by an overview of RSV to provide the context for rational therapy development.Expert opinion: While small molecule drugs show promise for RSV treatment, we believe that large molecule therapy using anti-RSV G and F protein monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will most efficaciously and safely ameliorate RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison C Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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26
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van Erp EA, Lakerveld AJ, de Graaf E, Larsen MD, Schepp RM, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Ahout IM, de Haan CA, Wuhrer M, Luytjes W, Ferwerda G, Vidarsson G, van Kasteren PB. Natural killer cell activation by respiratory syncytial virus-specific antibodies is decreased in infants with severe respiratory infections and correlates with Fc-glycosylation. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1112. [PMID: 32099650 PMCID: PMC7029726 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants, and there is no vaccine available. In early life, the most important contributors to protection against infectious diseases are the innate immune response and maternal antibodies. However, antibody-mediated protection against RSV disease is incompletely understood, as both antibody levels and neutralisation capacity correlate poorly with protection. Since antibodies also mediate natural killer (NK) cell activation, we investigated whether this functionality correlates with RSV disease. Methods We performed an observational case-control study including infants hospitalised for RSV infection, hernia surgery or RSV-negative respiratory viral infections. We determined RSV antigen-specific antibody levels in plasma using a multiplex immunoassay. Subsequently, we measured the capacity of these antibodies to activate NK cells. Finally, we assessed Fc-glycosylation of the RSV-specific antibodies by mass spectrometry. Results We found that RSV-specific maternal antibodies activate NK cells in vitro. While concentrations of RSV-specific antibodies did not differ between cases and controls, antibodies from infants hospitalised for severe respiratory infections (RSV and/or other) induced significantly less NK cell interferon-γ production than those from uninfected controls. Furthermore, NK cell activation correlated with Fc-fucosylation of RSV-specific antibodies, but their glycosylation status did not significantly differ between cases and controls. Conclusion Our results suggest that Fc-dependent antibody function and quality, exemplified by NK cell activation and glycosylation, contribute to protection against severe RSV disease and warrant further studies to evaluate the potential of using these properties to evaluate and improve the efficacy of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands.,Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Medical Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anke J Lakerveld
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Graaf
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mads D Larsen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | | | - Inge Ml Ahout
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Medical Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Am de Haan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Virology Division Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Medical Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
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Guvenel A, Jozwik A, Ascough S, Ung SK, Paterson S, Kalyan M, Gardener Z, Bergstrom E, Kar S, Habibi MS, Paras A, Zhu J, Park M, Dhariwal J, Almond M, Wong EH, Sykes A, Del Rosario J, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Mallia P, Sidney J, Peters B, Kon OM, Sette A, Johnston SL, Openshaw PJ, Chiu C. Epitope-specific airway-resident CD4+ T cell dynamics during experimental human RSV infection. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:523-538. [PMID: 31815739 PMCID: PMC6934186 DOI: 10.1172/jci131696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute pulmonary disease and one of the last remaining major infections of childhood for which there is no vaccine. CD4+ T cells play a key role in antiviral immunity, but they have been little studied in the human lung.METHODSHealthy adult volunteers were inoculated i.n. with RSV A Memphis 37. CD4+ T cells in blood and the lower airway were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Bronchial soluble mediators were measured using quantitative PCR and MesoScale Discovery. Epitope mapping was performed by IFN-γ ELISpot screening, confirmed by in vitro MHC binding.RESULTSActivated CD4+ T cell frequencies in bronchoalveolar lavage correlated strongly with local C-X-C motif chemokine 10 levels. Thirty-nine epitopes were identified, predominantly toward the 3' end of the viral genome. Five novel MHC II tetramers were made using an immunodominant EFYQSTCSAVSKGYL (F-EFY) epitope restricted to HLA-DR4, -DR9, and -DR11 (combined allelic frequency: 15% in Europeans) and G-DDF restricted to HLA-DPA1*01:03/DPB1*02:01 and -DPA1*01:03/DPB1*04:01 (allelic frequency: 55%). Tetramer labeling revealed enrichment of resident memory CD4+ T (Trm) cells in the lower airway; these Trm cells displayed progressive differentiation, downregulation of costimulatory molecules, and elevated CXCR3 expression as infection evolved.CONCLUSIONSHuman infection challenge provides a unique opportunity to study the breadth of specificity and dynamics of RSV-specific T-cell responses in the target organ, allowing the precise investigation of Trm recognizing novel viral antigens over time. The new tools that we describe enable precise tracking of RSV-specific CD4+ cells, potentially accelerating the development of effective vaccines.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02755948.FUNDINGMedical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie Ascough
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seng Kuong Ung
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Kalyan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Gardener
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bergstrom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satwik Kar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jie Zhu
- National Heart and Lung Institute and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Sidney
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Immunological Lessons from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development. Immunity 2019; 51:429-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Chirkova T, Anderson LJ. Biology of Infection and Disease Pathogenesis to Guide RSV Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1675. [PMID: 31402910 PMCID: PMC6677153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in young children and a substantial contributor to respiratory tract disease throughout life and as such a high priority for vaccine development. However, after nearly 60 years of research no vaccine is yet available. The challenges to developing an RSV vaccine include the young age, 2-4 months of age, for the peak of disease, the enhanced RSV disease associated with the first RSV vaccine, formalin-inactivated RSV with an alum adjuvant (FI-RSV), and difficulty achieving protection as illustrated by repeat infections with disease that occur throughout life. Understanding the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis has and will continue to guide vaccine development. In this paper, we review the roles that RSV proteins play in the biology of infection and disease pathogenesis and the corresponding contribution to live attenuated and subunit RSV vaccines. Each of RSV's 11 proteins are in the design of one or more vaccines. The G protein's contribution to disease pathogenesis through altering host immune responses as well as its role in the biology of infection suggest it can make a unique contribution to an RSV vaccine, both live attenuated and subunit vaccines. One of G's potential unique contributions to a vaccine is the potential for anti-G immunity to have an anti-inflammatory effect independent of virus replication. Though an anti-viral effect is essential to an effective RSV vaccine, it is important to remember that the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease. Thus, other effects of the infection, such as G's alteration of the host immune response may provide opportunities to induce responses that block this effect and improve an RSV vaccine. Keeping in mind the goal of a vaccine is to prevent disease and not virus replication may help identify new strategies for other vaccine challenges, such as improving influenza vaccines and developing HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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30
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Ha B, Chirkova T, Boukhvalova MS, Sun HY, Walsh EE, Anderson CS, Mariani TJ, Anderson LJ. Mutation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein's CX3C Motif Attenuates Infection in Cotton Rats and Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E69. [PMID: 31330970 PMCID: PMC6789749 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being a high priority for vaccine development, no vaccine is yet available for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A live virus vaccine is the primary type of vaccine being developed for young children. In this report, we describe our studies of infected cotton rats and primary human airway epithelial cells (pHAECs) using an RSV r19F with a mutation in the CX3C chemokine motif in the RSV G protein (CX4C). Through this CX3C motif, RSV binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, CX3CR1, and this binding contributes to RSV infection of pHAECs and virus induced host responses that contribute to disease. In both the cotton rat and pHAECs, the CX4C mutation decreased virus replication and disease and/or host responses to infection. Thus, this mutation, or other mutations that block binding to CX3CR1, has the potential to improve a live attenuated RSV vaccine by attenuating both infection and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Ha
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - He Ying Sun
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Christopher S Anderson
- Department of Neonatology, Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Neonatology, Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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31
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van Erp EA, Luytjes W, Ferwerda G, van Kasteren PB. Fc-Mediated Antibody Effector Functions During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 30967872 PMCID: PMC6438959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalization in infants under 1 year of age and there is currently no market-approved vaccine available. For protection against infection, young children mainly depend on their innate immune system and maternal antibodies. Traditionally, antibody-mediated protection against viral infections is thought to be mediated by direct binding of antibodies to viral particles, resulting in virus neutralization. However, in the case of RSV, virus neutralization titers do not provide an adequate correlate of protection. The current lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which antibodies can protect against RSV infection and disease or, alternatively, contribute to disease severity, hampers the design of safe and effective vaccines against this virus. Importantly, neutralization is only one of many mechanisms by which antibodies can interfere with viral infection. Antibodies consist of two structural regions: a variable fragment (Fab) that mediates antigen binding and a constant fragment (Fc) that mediates downstream effector functions via its interaction with Fc-receptors on (innate) immune cells or with C1q, the recognition molecule of the complement system. The interaction with Fc-receptors can lead to killing of virus-infected cells through a variety of immune effector mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Antibody-mediated complement activation may lead to complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In addition, both Fc-receptor interactions and complement activation can exert a broad range of immunomodulatory functions. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of Fc-mediated antibody effector functions in both protection and pathogenesis for various infectious agents. In this review article, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Fc-mediated antibody effector functions in the context of RSV infection, discuss their potential role in establishing the balance between protection and pathogenesis, and point out important gaps in our understanding of these processes. Furthermore, we elaborate on the regulation of these effector functions on both the cellular and humoral side. Finally, we discuss the implications of Fc-mediated antibody effector functions for the rational design of safe and effective vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A. van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Puck B. van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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32
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Benavente FM, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Lay MK, Riedel C, Bueno SM, Gonzalez PA, Kalergis AM. Human Metapneumovirus: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets Used by the Virus to Avoid the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2466. [PMID: 30405642 PMCID: PMC6207598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus, first reported the year 2001. Since then, it has been described as one of the main etiological agents that causes acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs), which is characterized by symptoms such as bronchiolitis, wheezing and coughing. Susceptible population to hMPV-infection includes newborn, children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This viral agent is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped virus, that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and Metapneumovirus genus. Early reports—previous to 2001—state several cases of respiratory illness without clear identification of the responsible pathogen, which could be related to hMPV. Despite the similarities of hMPV with several other viruses, such as the human respiratory syncytial virus or influenza virus, mechanisms used by hMPV to avoid the host immune system are still unclear. In fact, evidence indicates that hMPV induces a poor innate immune response, thereby affecting the adaptive immunity. Among these mechanisms, is the promotion of an anergic state in T cells, instead of an effective polarization or activation, which could be induced by low levels of cytokine secretion. Further, the evidences support the notion that hMPV interferes with several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell signaling pathways triggered by interferon-associated genes. However, these mechanisms reported in hMPV are not like the ones reported for hRSV, as the latter has two non-structural proteins that are able to inhibit these pathways. Several reports suggest that viral glycoproteins, such as G and SH, could play immune-modulator roles during infection. In this work, we discuss the state of the art regarding the mechanisms that underlie the poor immunity elicited by hMPV. Importantly, these mechanisms will be compared with those elicited by other common respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Benavente
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S Pizarro-Ortega
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Claudia Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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33
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Li Z, Li B, Peng D, Xing H, Wang G, Li P, Wang J, Ye G, Chen J. Expression and clinical significance of PD‑1 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues detected by a novel mouse anti-human PD‑1 monoclonal antibody. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:2079-2092. [PMID: 29620156 PMCID: PMC6929674 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and causes of death worldwide. Research investigating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCC is urgently required. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the programmed cell death‑1 (PD‑1/PDCD1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint have demonstrated substantial clinical benefit for a variety of solid tumors; however, these mAbs have not been well studied in HCC. In the present study, Sp2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from BALB/c mice immunized with the recombinant human PD‑1/PDCD1 protein were fused for the production of novel antibodies. The 9E11 mAb, which exhibited the highest specificity for PD‑1 in HCC tissues in western blot and immunohistochemical staining analyses, was used to investigate the clinical significance of PD‑1 expression in HCC tissues from 77 cases, which were collected and examined histologically. Overexpression of PD‑1 was identified in peritumoral tissues, primarily in the liver portal region. Importantly, by analyzing the clinical data from 77 HCC patients, the expression of PD‑1 was observed to be significantly correlated with larger tumor size (>5 cm) and poorly differentiated tumors. In addition, PD‑1 expression was moderately correlated with venous thrombosis, but not correlated with patient sex or age, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B, tumor, node and metastasis (TNM) stage or tumor location. The results of the present study suggest that high-level PD‑1 expression may be an important factor associated with the immune checkpoint pathway in HCC. The results suggest that PD‑1 serves an important role in tumor immune evasion and may be a valuable immunodiagnostic marker. In addition, PD‑1 may serve as a therapeutic target for patients presenting with poorly differentiated HCC, thus indicating the potential application of a PD‑1 inhibitor for the treatment of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Guanying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - George Ye
- Yes Biotech Laboratories Ltd., Mississauga, ON L5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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34
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Mastrangelo P, Norris MJ, Duan W, Barrett EG, Moraes TJ, Hegele RG. Targeting Host Cell Surface Nucleolin for RSV Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5030027. [PMID: 28925950 PMCID: PMC5620558 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolin (NCL) has been reported as a cellular receptor for the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We studied the effects of re-purposing AS1411, an anti-cancer compound that binds cell surface NCL, as a possible novel strategy for RSV therapy in vitro and in vivo. AS1411 was administered to RSV-infected cultures of non-polarized (HEp-2) and polarized (MDCK) epithelial cells and to virus-infected mice and cotton rats. Results of in vitro experiments showed that AS1411, used in micromolar concentrations, was associated with decreases in the number of virus-positive cells. Intranasal administration of AS1411 (50 mg/kg) to RSV-infected mice and cotton rats was associated with partial reductions in lung viral titers, decreased virus-associated airway inflammation, and decreased IL-4/IFN-γ ratios when compared to untreated, infected animals. In conclusion, our findings indicate that therapeutic use of AS1411 has modest effects on RSV replication and host response. While the results underscore the challenges of targeting cell surface NCL as a potential novel strategy for RSV therapy, they also highlight the potential of cell surface NCL as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mastrangelo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Michael J Norris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada.
| | - Wenming Duan
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada.
| | - Edward G Barrett
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87105, USA.
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada.
| | - Richard G Hegele
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada.
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35
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Kenney AD, Dowdle JA, Bozzacco L, McMichael TM, St Gelais C, Panfil AR, Sun Y, Schlesinger LS, Anderson MZ, Green PL, López CB, Rosenberg BR, Wu L, Yount JS. Human Genetic Determinants of Viral Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2017; 51:241-263. [PMID: 28853921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the identification of specific human gene variants that contribute to enhanced susceptibility or resistance to viral diseases. Herein we review multiple discoveries made with genome-wide or candidate gene approaches that have revealed significant insights into virus-host interactions. Genetic factors that have been identified include genes encoding virus receptors, receptor-modifying enzymes, and a wide variety of innate and adaptive immunity-related proteins. We discuss a range of pathogenic viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T cell leukemia virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, herpes simplex virus, norovirus, rotavirus, parvovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Understanding the genetic underpinnings that affect infectious disease outcomes should allow tailored treatment and prevention approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - James A Dowdle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Leonia Bozzacco
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Target Information Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA;
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA;
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Program in Immunogenomics, John C. Whitehead Presidential Fellows Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
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36
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd SO, Meng J, Barnum TR, Chirkova T, Haynes LM, Jadhao SJ, Tripp RA, Oomens AG, Moore ML, Anderson LJ. Mutating the CX3C Motif in the G Protein Should Make a Live Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Safer and More Effective. J Virol 2017; 91:e02059-16. [PMID: 28275196 PMCID: PMC5411601 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02059-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. Through a CX3C chemokine motif (182CWAIC186) in the G protein, RSV binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, CX3CR1. Since RSV binding to CX3CR1 contributes to disease pathogenesis, we investigated whether a mutation in the CX3C motif by insertion of an alanine, A186, within the CX3C motif, mutating it to CX4C (182CWAIAC187), which is known to block binding to CX3CR1, might decrease disease. We studied the effect of the CX4C mutation in two strains of RSV (A2 and r19F) in a mouse challenge model. We included RSV r19F because it induces mucus production and airway resistance, two manifestations of RSV infection in humans, in mice. Compared to wild-type (wt) virus, mice infected with CX4C had a 0.7 to 1.2 log10-fold lower virus titer in the lung at 5 days postinfection (p.i.) and had markedly reduced weight loss, pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus production, and airway resistance after challenge. This decrease in disease was not dependent on decrease in virus replication but did correspond to a decrease in pulmonary Th2 and inflammatory cytokines. Mice infected with CX4C viruses also had higher antibody titers and a Th1-biased T cell memory response at 75 days p.i. These results suggest that the CX4C mutation in the G protein could improve the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated RSV vaccine.IMPORTANCE RSV binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, CX3CR1, through a CX3C chemokine motif (182CWAIC186) in the G protein. RSV binding to CX3CR1 contributes to disease pathogenesis; therefore, we investigated whether a mutation in the CX3C motif by insertion of an alanine, A186, within the CX3C motif, mutating it to CX4C (182CWAIAC187), known to block binding to CX3CR1, might decrease disease. The effect of this mutation and treatment with the F(ab')2 form of the anti-RSV G 131-2G monoclonal antibody (MAb) show that mutating the CX3C motif to CX4C blocks much of the disease and immune modulation associated with the G protein and should improve the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated RSV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chemokines, CX3C/genetics
- Chemokines, CX3C/immunology
- Chemokines, CX3C/metabolism
- Female
- GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Th1 Cells
- Th2 Cells
- Vaccines, Attenuated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boyoglu-Barnum
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S O Todd
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Meng
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - T R Barnum
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - T Chirkova
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - L M Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S J Jadhao
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - R A Tripp
- University of Georgia, Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - A G Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - M L Moore
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - L J Anderson
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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37
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Schmidt ME, Varga SM. Modulation of the host immune response by respiratory syncytial virus proteins. J Microbiol 2017; 55:161-171. [PMID: 28243940 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory disease in both the very young and the elderly. Nearly all individuals become infected in early childhood, and reinfections with the virus are common throughout life. Despite its clinical impact, there remains no licensed RSV vaccine. RSV infection in the respiratory tract induces an inflammatory response by the host to facilitate efficient clearance of the virus. However, the host immune response also contributes to the respiratory disease observed following an RSV infection. RSV has evolved several mechanisms to evade the host immune response and promote virus replication through interactions between RSV proteins and immune components. In contrast, some RSV proteins also play critical roles in activating, rather than suppressing, host immunity. In this review, we discuss the interactions between individual RSV proteins and host factors that modulate the immune response and the implications of these interactions for the course of an RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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38
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Monoclonal Antibody against G Glycoprotein Increases Respiratory Syncytial Virus Clearance In Vivo and Prevents Vaccine-Enhanced Diseases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169139. [PMID: 28076422 PMCID: PMC5226777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, young children, and the elderly. The G glycoprotein plays a role in host cell attachment and also modulates the host immune response, thereby inducing disease pathogenesis. We generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; 5H6 and 3A5) against G protein core fragment (Gcf), which consisted of amino acid residues 131 to 230 from RSV A2 G protein. Epitope mapping study revealed that 5H6 specifically binds to the G/164-176 peptide that includes conserved sequences shared by both RSV A and B subtypes, and 3A5 binds to the G/190-204 peptide. Studies with mutant Gcf proteins in which cysteine residues were substituted with alanine revealed that 5H6 requires four cysteines for binding and 3A5 binds to Gcf variants with alanine substitutions better than wild-type. To determine if these mAbs reduce pulmonary viral infection, BALB/c mice were administered mAb and subsequently challenged with RSV. On day 4 post-infection, lung viral titers were reduced by up to 93% with the 5H6 injection and 90% with the 3A5 injection, indicating that prophylactic injection of these mAbs contributes to RSV clearance in vivo. Importantly, 5H6 injection reduced vaccine-enhanced diseases. Overall, our results suggest that this novel anti-G mAb could be used as a prophylactic regimen against RSV diseases.
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39
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Ramakrishnan B, Viswanathan K, Tharakaraman K, Dančík V, Raman R, Babcock GJ, Shriver Z, Sasisekharan R. A Structural and Mathematical Modeling Analysis of the Likelihood of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in Influenza. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:933-943. [PMID: 27751627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) for viral infections, such as HIV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza, are increasingly entering clinical development. For influenza, most neutralizing antibodies target influenza virus hemagglutinin. These bNAbs represent an emerging, promising modality for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza due to their multiple mechanisms of antiviral action and generally safe profile. Preclinical work in other viral diseases, such as dengue, has demonstrated the potential for antibody-based therapies to enhance viral uptake, leading to enhanced viremia and worsening of disease. This phenomenon is referred to as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). In the context of influenza, ADE has been used to explain several preclinical and clinical phenomena. Using structural and viral kinetics modeling, we assess the role of ADE in the treatment of influenza with a bNAb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kannan Tharakaraman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA
| | - Gregory J Babcock
- Visterra, Inc. One Kendall Square, Suite B3301, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zachary Shriver
- Visterra, Inc. One Kendall Square, Suite B3301, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA.
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40
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Converting monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies from passive to active: bringing immune complexes into play. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e92. [PMID: 27530750 PMCID: PMC5034104 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which currently constitute the main class of biotherapeutics, are now recognized as major medical tools that are increasingly being considered to fight severe viral infections. Indeed, the number of antiviral mAbs developed in recent years has grown exponentially. Although their direct effects on viral blunting have been studied in detail, their potential immunomodulatory actions have been overlooked until recently. The ability of antiviral mAbs to modulate antiviral immune responses in infected organisms has recently been revealed. More specifically, upon recognition of their cognate antigens, mAbs form immune complexes (ICs) that can be recognized by the Fc receptors expressed on different immune cells of infected individuals. This binding may be followed by the modulation of the host immune responses. Harnessing this immunomodulatory property may facilitate improvements in the therapeutic potential of antiviral mAbs. This review focuses on the role of ICs formed with different viral determinants and mAbs in the induction of antiviral immune responses in the context of both passive immunotherapies and vaccination strategies. Potential deleterious effects of ICs on the host immune response are also discussed.
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41
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Pelegrin M, Naranjo-Gomez M, Piechaczyk M. Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies: Can They Be More Than Simple Neutralizing Agents? Trends Microbiol 2016; 23:653-665. [PMID: 26433697 PMCID: PMC7127033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are increasingly being considered as agents to fight severe viral diseases. So far, they have essentially been selected and used on the basis of their virus-neutralizing activity and/or cell-killing activity to blunt viral propagation via direct mechanisms. There is, however, accumulating evidence that they can also induce long-lasting protective antiviral immunity by recruiting the endogenous immune system of infected individuals during the period of immunotherapy. Exploiting this property may revolutionize antiviral mAb-based immunotherapies, with benefits for both patients and healthcare systems. Antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are promising, high-added-value biotherapeutics. During recent years, the number of antiviral mAbs developed against both acute and chronic viruses has grown exponentially, some of them being currently tested in clinical trials. Antiviral mAbs can be used to blunt viral propagation through direct effects. They can also engage the host's immune system, leading to the induction of long-lasting protective vaccine-like effects. The assessment of mechanisms at play in the induction of vaccine-like effects by antiviral mAbs will help in improving antiviral treatments. Exploiting this effect will translate into therapeutic benefit for patients. The benefit will also help healthcare systems through the reduction of treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pelegrin
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer - Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Mar Naranjo-Gomez
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer - Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer - Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
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42
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Hu Y, Cong X, Chen L, Qi J, Wu X, Zhou M, Yoo D, Li F, Sun W, Wu J, Zhao X, Chen Z, Yu J, Du Y, Wang J. Synergy of TLR3 and 7 ligands significantly enhances function of DCs to present inactivated PRRSV antigen through TRIF/MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23977. [PMID: 27046485 PMCID: PMC4820752 DOI: 10.1038/srep23977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PRRS is one of the most important diseases in swine industry. Current PRRS inactivated vaccine provides only a limited protection and cannot induce sufficient cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we first found that the mRNA and protein levels of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) were significantly increased through TRIF/MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway when porcine peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) were treated with poly (I: C) of TLR3 ligand and imiquimod of TLR7 ligand, along with inactivated PRRSV antigen. Meanwhile, the ability of catching PRRSV antigen was also significantly enhanced. In mice experiment, it was found that the PRRSV-specific T lymphocyte proliferation, the percentages of CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and PRRSV-specific CD3+ T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-4, the levels of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines and the titers of neutralization antibody were significantly enhanced in poly (I: C), imiquimod along with inactivated PRRSV group. Taken together, results of our experiments described for the first time that synergy of TLR3 and 7 ligands could significantly enhance the function of DCs to present inactivated PRRSV antigen through TRIF/MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway and be used as adjuvant candidate for the development of novel PRRS inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of animal biotechnology and disease control and prevention of Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiangju Wu
- Key Laboratory of animal biotechnology and disease control and prevention of Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of animal biotechnology and disease control and prevention of Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jinbao Wang
- Key Laboratory of animal biotechnology and disease control and prevention of Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sangyuan Road No. 8, Jinan 250100, China
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Li C, Zhou X, Zhong Y, Li C, Dong A, He Z, Zhang S, Wang B. A Recombinant G Protein Plus Cyclosporine A-Based Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Elicits Humoral and Regulatory T Cell Responses against Infection without Vaccine-Enhanced Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1721-31. [PMID: 26792805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause severe disease in the lower respiratory tract of infants and older people. Vaccination with a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) and subsequent RSV infection has led to mild to severe pneumonia with two deaths among vaccinees. The vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) was recently demonstrated to be due to an elevated level of Th2 cell responses following loss of regulatory T (Treg) cells from the lungs. To induce high levels of neutralizing Abs and minimize pathogenic T cell responses, we developed a novel strategy of immunizing animals with a recombinant RSV G protein together with cyclosporine A. This novel vaccine induced not only a higher level of neutralizing Abs against RSV infection, but, most importantly, also significantly higher levels of Treg cells that suppressed VED in the lung after RSV infection. The induced responses provided protection against RSV challenge with no sign of pneumonia or bronchitis. Treg cell production of IL-10 was one of the key factors to suppress VED. These finding indicate that G protein plus cyclosporine A could be a promising vaccine against RSV infection in children and older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yiwei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Changgui Li
- Division for Respiratory Viral Vaccines of National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; and
| | - Aihua Dong
- Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology Company, Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhonghuai He
- Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology Company, Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
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Xiao A, Zheng XJ, Song C, Gui Y, Huo CX, Ye XS. Synthesis and immunological evaluation of MUC1 glycopeptide conjugates bearing N-acetyl modified STn derivatives as anticancer vaccines. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7226-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Unnatural STn disaccharides with N-acetyl modifications were incorporated into a 20-amino acid MUC1 tandem repeat sequence. The modified STn-MUC1 glycopeptide–protein conjugates showed high immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yue Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Chang-Xin Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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45
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Cullen LM, Blanco JCG, Morrison TG. Cotton rat immune responses to virus-like particles containing the pre-fusion form of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. J Transl Med 2015; 13:350. [PMID: 26541285 PMCID: PMC4636065 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-like particles (VLPs) based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) core proteins, M and NP, and containing two chimera proteins, F/F and H/G, composed of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F) and glycoprotein (G) ectodomains fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the NDV F and HN proteins, respectively, stimulate durable, protective anti-RSV neutralizing antibodies in mice. Furthermore, immunization of mice with a VLP containing a F/F chimera protein with modifications previously reported to stabilize the pre-fusion form of the RSV F protein resulted in significantly improved neutralizing antibody titers over VLPs containing the wild type F protein. The goal of this study was to determine if VLPs containing the pre-fusion form of the RSV F protein stimulated protective immune responses in cotton rats, a more RSV permissive animal model than mice. METHODS Cotton rats were immunized intramuscularly with VLPs containing stabilized pre-fusion F/F chimera protein as well as the H/G chimera protein. The anti-RSV F and RSV G antibody responses were determined by ELISA. Neutralizing antibody titers in sera of immunized animals were determined in plaque reduction assays. Protection of the animals from RSV challenge was assessed. The safety of the VLP vaccine was determined by monitoring lung pathology upon RSV challenge of immunized animals. RESULTS The Pre-F/F VLP induced neutralizing titers that were well above minimum levels previously proposed to be required for a successful vaccine and titers significantly higher than those stimulated by RSV infection. In addition, Pre-F/F VLP immunization stimulated higher IgG titers to the soluble pre-fusion F protein than RSV infection. Cotton rats immunized with Pre-F/F VLPs were protected from RSV challenge, and, importantly, the VLP immunization did not result in enhanced respiratory disease upon RSV challenge. CONCLUSIONS VLPs containing the pre-fusion RSV F protein have characteristics required for a safe, effective RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori McGinnes Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | | | - Trudy G Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
- Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
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Jorquera PA, Oakley KE, Powell TJ, Palath N, Boyd JG, Tripp RA. Layer-By-Layer Nanoparticle Vaccines Carrying the G Protein CX3C Motif Protect against RSV Infection and Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:829-49. [PMID: 26473935 PMCID: PMC4693221 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children; however no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available. Previous studies have shown that therapeutic treatment with a monoclonal antibody (clone 131-2G) specific to the RSV G glycoprotein CX3C motif, mediates virus clearance and decreases leukocyte trafficking to the lungs of RSV-infected mice. In this study, we show that vaccination with layer-by-layer nanoparticles (LbL-NP) carrying the G protein CX3C motif induces blocking antibodies that prevent the interaction of the RSV G protein with the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) and protect mice against RSV replication and disease pathogenesis. Peptides with mutations in the CX3C motif induced antibodies with diminished capacity to block G protein-CX3CR1 binding. Passive transfer of these anti-G protein antibodies to mice infected with RSV improved virus clearance and decreased immune cell trafficking to the lungs. These data suggest that vaccination with LbL-NP loaded with the CX3C motif of the RSV G protein can prevent manifestations of RSV disease by preventing the interaction between the G protein and CX3CR1 and recruitment of immune cells to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Katie E Oakley
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Thomas J Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - James G Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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47
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd SO, Chirkova T, Barnum TR, Gaston KA, Haynes LM, Tripp RA, Moore ML, Anderson LJ. An anti-G protein monoclonal antibody treats RSV disease more effectively than an anti-F monoclonal antibody in BALB/c mice. Virology 2015; 483:117-25. [PMID: 25965801 PMCID: PMC4516680 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. To clarify the potential for an anti-G mAb, 131-2G which has both anti-viral and anti-inflammatory effects, to effectively treat RSV disease, we determined the kinetics of its effect compared to the effect of the anti-F mAb, 143-6C on disease in mice. Treatment administered three days after RSV rA2-line19F (r19F) infection showed 131-2G decreased breathing effort, pulmonary mucin levels, weight loss, and pulmonary inflammation earlier and more effectively than treatment with mAb 143-6C. Both mAbs stopped lung virus replication at day 5 post-infection. These data show that, in mice, anti-G protein mAb is superior to treating disease during RSV infection than an anti-F protein mAb similar to Palivizumab. This combination of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity makes 131-2G a promising candidate for treating for active human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sean O Todd
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas R Barnum
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey A Gaston
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lia M Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- University of Georgia Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children׳s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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