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An W, Lakhina S, Leong J, Rawat K, Husain M. Host Innate Antiviral Response to Influenza A Virus Infection: From Viral Sensing to Antagonism and Escape. Pathogens 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 39057788 PMCID: PMC11280125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus possesses an RNA genome of single-stranded, negative-sensed, and segmented configuration. Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory disease, commonly known as the "flu" in humans. In some individuals, flu can lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most significant because it causes recurring seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks in human populations, globally. The host innate immune response to IAV infection plays a critical role in sensing, preventing, and clearing the infection as well as in flu disease pathology. Host cells sense IAV infection through multiple receptors and mechanisms, which culminate in the induction of a concerted innate antiviral response and the creation of an antiviral state, which inhibits and clears the infection from host cells. However, IAV antagonizes and escapes many steps of the innate antiviral response by different mechanisms. Herein, we review those host and viral mechanisms. This review covers most aspects of the host innate immune response, i.e., (1) the sensing of incoming virus particles, (2) the activation of downstream innate antiviral signaling pathways, (3) the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, (4) and viral antagonism and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (W.A.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (K.R.)
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2
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Sikorska J, Wyss DF. Recent developments in understanding RIG-I's activation and oligomerization. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241265182. [PMID: 39091074 PMCID: PMC11297509 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241265182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Insights into mechanisms driving either activation or inhibition of immune response are crucial in understanding the pathology of various diseases. The differentiation of viral from endogenous RNA in the cytoplasm by pattern-recognition receptors, such as retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), is one of the essential paths for timely activation of an antiviral immune response through induction of type I interferons (IFN). In this mini-review, we describe the most recent developments centered around RIG-I's structure and mechanism of action. We summarize the paradigm-changing work over the past few years that helped us better understand RIG-I's monomeric and oligomerization states and their role in conveying immune response. We also discuss potential applications of the modulation of the RIG-I pathway in preventing autoimmune diseases or induction of immunity against viral infections. Overall, our review aims to summarize innovative research published in the past few years to help clarify questions that have long persisted around RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel F Wyss
- Daniel F Wyss, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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3
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Yoneyama M, Kato H, Fujita T. Physiological functions of RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:731-751. [PMID: 38599168 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are crucial for pathogen detection and triggering immune responses and have immense physiological importance. In this review, we first summarize the interferon system and innate immunity, which constitute primary and secondary responses. Next, the molecular structure of RLRs and the mechanism of sensing non-self RNA are described. Usually, self RNA is refractory to the RLR; however, there are underlying host mechanisms that prevent immune reactions. Studies have revealed that the regulatory mechanisms of RLRs involve covalent molecular modifications, association with regulatory factors, and subcellular localization. Viruses have evolved to acquire antagonistic RLR functions to escape the host immune reactions. Finally, the pathologies caused by the malfunction of RLR signaling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pandemic and Post-disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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4
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Zheng J, Shi W, Yang Z, Chen J, Qi A, Yang Y, Deng Y, Yang D, Song N, Song B, Luo D. RIG-I-like receptors: Molecular mechanism of activation and signaling. Adv Immunol 2023; 158:1-74. [PMID: 37453753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
During RNA viral infection, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize the intracellular pathogenic RNA species derived from viral replication and activate antiviral innate immune response by stimulating type 1 interferon expression. Three RLR members, namely, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 are homologous and belong to a subgroup of superfamily 2 Helicase/ATPase that is preferably activated by double-stranded RNA. RLRs are significantly different in gene architecture, RNA ligand preference, activation, and molecular functions. As switchable macromolecular sensors, RLRs' activities are tightly regulated by RNA ligands, ATP, posttranslational modifications, and cellular cofactors. We provide a comprehensive review of the structure and function of the RLRs and summarize the molecular understanding of sensing and signaling events during the RLR activation process. The key roles RLR signaling play in both anti-infection and immune disease conditions highlight the therapeutic potential in targeting this important molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenjia Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyuan Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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6
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Islam S, Akhand MRN, Hasan M. Evolutionary trend of bovine β-defensin proteins toward functionality prediction: A domain-based bioinformatics study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14158. [PMID: 36938430 PMCID: PMC10015202 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Defensins are small cationic cysteine-rich and amphipathic peptides that form of three-dimensional β-strand structure connected by disulfide bonds. Defensins form key elements of the innate immune system of multicellular organisms. They not only possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity but also have diverse roles, including cell signaling, ion channel agitation, toxic functions, and enzyme inhibitor activities in various animals. Although the role of β-defensins in immune responses against infectious agents and reproduction could be significant, inadequate genomic information is available to explain the whole β-defensin repertoire in cattle. No domain or motif-based functional analyses have been previously reported. In addition, how do defensins possess this magnitude of functions in the immune system is still not clear. Our present study, therefore, investigated the sequence divergence and evolutionary relations of bovine defensin proteins with those of humans. Our domain-based evolutionary analysis revealed four major clusters with significant domain variation while reserving a main antimicrobial activity. Our study revealed the β-defensin domain as the ancestor domain, and it is preserved in the first group of defensin protein with no α-helix in its structure. Due to natural selection, some domains have evolved independently within clusters II and III, while some proteins have lost their domain characteristics. Cluster IV contains the most recently evolved domains. Some proteins of all but cluster I might have adopted the functional characteristics of α-defensins which is largely absent in cattle. The proteins show different patterns of disulfide bridges and multiple signature patterns which might render them specialized functions in different tissue to combat against various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Islam
- Department of Physiology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
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Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Chen J, Guo Z, Liu Y, Hua H. Exploiting RIG-I-like receptor pathway for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 36755342 PMCID: PMC9906624 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are intracellular pattern recognition receptors that detect viral or bacterial infection and induce host innate immune responses. The RLRs family comprises retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) that have distinctive features. These receptors not only recognize RNA intermediates from viruses and bacteria, but also interact with endogenous RNA such as the mislocalized mitochondrial RNA, the aberrantly reactivated repetitive or transposable elements in the human genome. Evasion of RLRs-mediated immune response may lead to sustained infection, defective host immunity and carcinogenesis. Therapeutic targeting RLRs may not only provoke anti-infection effects, but also induce anticancer immunity or sensitize "immune-cold" tumors to immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of RLRs signaling and discuss the rationale for therapeutic targeting RLRs in cancer. We describe how RLRs can be activated by synthetic RNA, oncolytic viruses, viral mimicry and radio-chemotherapy, and how the RNA agonists of RLRs can be systemically delivered in vivo. The integration of RLRs agonism with RNA interference or CAR-T cells provides new dimensions that complement cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, we update the progress of recent clinical trials for cancer therapy involving RLRs activation and immune modulation. Further studies of the mechanisms underlying RLRs signaling will shed new light on the development of cancer therapeutics. Manipulation of RLRs signaling represents an opportunity for clinically relevant cancer therapy. Addressing the challenges in this field will help develop future generations of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfu Jiang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jinzhu Chen
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zeyu Guo
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Oncogene, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Liu J, Ji Q, Cheng F, Chen D, Geng T, Huang Y, Zhang J, He Y, Song T. The lncRNAs involved in regulating the RIG-I signaling pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1041682. [PMID: 36439216 PMCID: PMC9682092 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1041682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the targets and interactions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) signaling pathway is essential for developing interventions, which would enable directing the host inflammatory response regulation toward protective immunity. In the RIG-I signaling pathway, lncRNAs are involved in the important processes of ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and glycolysis, thus promoting the transport of the interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF3 and IRF7) and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) into the nucleus, and activating recruitment of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory factors to the antiviral action site. In addition, the RIG-I signaling pathway has recently been reported to contain the targets of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related lncRNAs. The molecules in the RIG-I signaling pathway are directly regulated by the lncRNA-microRNAs (miRNAs)-messenger RNA (mRNA) axis. Therefore, targeting this axis has become a novel strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this paper, the studies on the regulation of the RIG-I signaling pathway by lncRNAs during viral infections and cancer are comprehensively analyzed. The aim is to provide a solid foundation of information for conducting further detailed studies on lncRNAs and RIG-I in the future and also contribute to clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qinglu Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dengwang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yueyue Huang
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuqi He
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Tiruvayipati S, Hameed DS, Ahmed N. Play the plug: How bacteria modify recognition by host receptors? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960326. [PMID: 36312954 PMCID: PMC9615552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse microbial community that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract has remarkable effects on the host immune system and physiology resulting in homeostasis or disease. In both scenarios, the gut microbiota interacts with their host through ligand-receptor binding whereby the downstream signaling processes determine the outcome of the interaction as disease or the counteractive immune responses of the host. Despite several studies on microbe-host interactions and the mechanisms by which this intricate process happens, a comprehensive and updated inventory of known ligand-receptor interactions and their roles in disease is paramount. The ligands which originate as a result of microbial responses to the host environment contribute to either symbiotic or parasitic relationships. On the other hand, the host receptors counteract the ligand actions by mounting a neutral or an innate response. The varying degrees of polymorphic changes in the host receptors contribute to specificity of interaction with the microbial ligands. Additionally, pathogenic microbes manipulate host receptors with endogenous enzymes belonging to the effector protein family. This review focuses on the diversity and similarity in the gut microbiome-host interactions both in health and disease conditions. It thus establishes an overview that can help identify potential therapeutic targets in response to critically soaring antimicrobial resistance as juxtaposed to tardy antibiotic development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Tiruvayipati
- Infectious Diseases Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dharjath S. Hameed
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Niyaz Ahmed, ,
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Song J, Li M, Li C, Liu K, Zhu Y, Zhang H. Friend or foe: RIG- I like receptors and diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103161. [PMID: 35926770 PMCID: PMC9343065 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), which are pivotal sensors of RNA virus invasions, mediate the transcriptional induction of genes encoding type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines, successfully establishing host antiviral immune response. A few excellent reviews have elaborated on the structural biology of RLRs and the antiviral mechanisms of RLR activation. In this review, we give a basic understanding of RLR biology and summarize recent findings of how RLR signaling cascade is strictly controlled by host regulatory mechanisms, which include RLR-interacting proteins, post-translational modifications and microRNAs (miRNAs). Furthermore, we pay particular attention to the relationship between RLRs and diseases, especially how RLRs participate in SARS-CoV-2, malaria or bacterial infections, how single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations in RLRs and antibodies against RLRs lead to autoinflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases, and how RLRs are involved in anti-tumor immunity. These findings will provide insights and guidance for antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies targeting RLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Muyuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Caiyan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yaxi Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Li L, Miao EA, Liu P. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins in Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensing Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898724. [PMID: 35795661 PMCID: PMC9250978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is the first-line host defense against pathogens. Cytosolic nucleic acids, including both DNA and RNA, represent a special type of danger signal to initiate an innate immune response. Activation of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is tightly controlled in order to achieve the high sensitivity needed to combat infection while simultaneously preventing false activation that leads to pathologic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on post-translational modifications of key cytosolic nucleic acid sensors that can reversibly or irreversibly control these sensor functions. We will describe phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, acetylation, methylation, succinylation, glutamylation, amidation, palmitoylation, and oxidation modifications events (including modified residues, modifying enzymes, and modification function). Together, these post-translational regulatory modifications on key cytosolic DNA/RNA sensing pathway members reveal a complicated yet elegantly controlled multilayer regulator network to govern innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pengda Liu,
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12
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van Gent M, Chiang JJ, Muppala S, Chiang C, Azab W, Kattenhorn L, Knipe DM, Osterrieder N, Gack MU. The US3 Kinase of Herpes Simplex Virus Phosphorylates the RNA Sensor RIG-I To Suppress Innate Immunity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0151021. [PMID: 34935440 PMCID: PMC8865413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01510-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the signaling activity of the cytosolic pathogen sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is modulated by a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to fine-tune the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response. Whereas K63-linked ubiquitination of the RIG-I caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) catalyzed by TRIM25 or other E3 ligases activates RIG-I, phosphorylation of RIG-I at S8 and T170 represses RIG-I signal transduction by preventing the TRIM25-RIG-I interaction and subsequent RIG-I ubiquitination. While strategies to suppress RIG-I signaling by interfering with its K63-polyubiquitin-dependent activation have been identified for several viruses, evasion mechanisms that directly promote RIG-I phosphorylation to escape antiviral immunity are unknown. Here, we show that the serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase US3 of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) binds to RIG-I and phosphorylates RIG-I specifically at S8. US3-mediated phosphorylation suppressed TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination, RIG-I-MAVS binding, and type I IFN induction. We constructed a mutant HSV-1 encoding a catalytically-inactive US3 protein (K220A) and found that, in contrast to the parental virus, the US3 mutant HSV-1 was unable to phosphorylate RIG-I at S8 and elicited higher levels of type I IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and proinflammatory cytokines in a RIG-I-dependent manner. Finally, we show that this RIG-I evasion mechanism is conserved among the alphaherpesvirus US3 kinase family. Collectively, our study reveals a novel immune evasion mechanism of herpesviruses in which their US3 kinases phosphorylate the sensor RIG-I to keep it in the signaling-repressed state. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latency in the majority of the human population worldwide. HSV-1 occasionally reactivates to produce infectious virus and to facilitate dissemination. While often remaining subclinical, both primary infection and reactivation occasionally cause debilitating eye diseases, which can lead to blindness, as well as life-threatening encephalitis and newborn infections. To identify new therapeutic targets for HSV-1-induced diseases, it is important to understand the HSV-1-host interactions that may influence infection outcome and disease. Our work uncovered direct phosphorylation of the pathogen sensor RIG-I by alphaherpesvirus-encoded kinases as a novel viral immune escape strategy and also underscores the importance of RNA sensors in surveilling DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica J. Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Santoshi Muppala
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Kattenhorn
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Jia J, Fu J, Tang H. Activation and Evasion of RLR Signaling by DNA Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804511. [PMID: 34987495 PMCID: PMC8721196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral innate immune response triggered by nucleic acid recognition plays an extremely important role in controlling viral infections. The initiation of antiviral immune response against RNA viruses through ligand recognition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) was extensively studied. RLR’s role in DNA virus infection, which is less known, is increasing attention. Here, we review the research progress of the ligand recognition of RLRs during the DNA virus infection process and the viral evasion mechanism from host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangan Fu
- Genor Biopharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Regulation of MDA5-dependent anti-Tembusu virus innate immune responses by LGP2 in ducks. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109281. [PMID: 34785476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated factor 5 (MDA5), which belongs to the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) family, has been proved to be a key pattern recognition receptor of innate antiviral signaling in duck, which plays an important role in anti-Tembusu virus (TMUV) infection. However, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), the third member of RLRs family, the regulatory function on antiviral innate immunity of MDA5 is currently unclear. In this study, we investigated the subcellular localization of duck LGP2 (duLGP2) and confirmed that it is an important regulator of the duMDA5-mediated host innate antiviral immune response. The present experimental data demonstrate that the overexpression of duLGP2 inhibits duMDA5 downstream transcriptional factor (IRF-7, IFN-β, and NF-κB) promoter activity, and duMDA5-mediated type I IFNs and ISGs expression were significantly suppressed by duLGP2 regardless of viral infection in vitro. The inhibition of duLGP2 on the antiviral activity of duMDA5 ultimately leads to an increase in viral replication. However, the overexpression of duLGP2 promotes expression of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and duMDA5-mediated proinflammatory cytokines. This study provides a new rationale support for the duLGP2 regulates duMDA5-mediated anti-viral immune signaling pathway theory in duck.
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15
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Thoresen D, Wang W, Galls D, Guo R, Xu L, Pyle AM. The molecular mechanism of RIG-I activation and signaling. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:154-168. [PMID: 34514601 PMCID: PMC9293153 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RIG‐I is our first line of defense against RNA viruses, serving as a pattern recognition receptor that identifies molecular features common among dsRNA and ssRNA viral pathogens. RIG‐I is maintained in an inactive conformation as it samples the cellular space for pathogenic RNAs. Upon encounter with the triphosphorylated terminus of blunt‐ended viral RNA duplexes, the receptor changes conformation and releases a pair of signaling domains (CARDs) that are selectively modified and interact with an adapter protein (MAVS), thereby triggering a signaling cascade that stimulates transcription of interferons. Here, we describe the structural determinants for specific RIG‐I activation by viral RNA, and we describe the strategies by which RIG‐I remains inactivated in the presence of host RNAs. From the initial RNA triggering event to the final stages of interferon expression, we describe the experimental evidence underpinning our working knowledge of RIG‐I signaling. We draw parallels with behavior of related proteins MDA5 and LGP2, describing evolutionary implications of their collective surveillance of the cell. We conclude by describing the cell biology and immunological investigations that will be needed to accurately describe the role of RIG‐I in innate immunity and to provide the necessary foundation for pharmacological manipulation of this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thoresen
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenshuai Wang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Drew Galls
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rong Guo
- Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Yang Z, Wang J, He B, Zhang X, Li X, Kuang E. RTN3 inhibits RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses by impairing TRIM25-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination. eLife 2021; 10:e68958. [PMID: 34313226 PMCID: PMC8315805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon viral RNA recognition, the RIG-I signalosome continuously generates IFNs and cytokines, leading to neutrophil recruitment and inflammation. Thus, attenuation of excessive immune and inflammatory responses is crucial to restore immune homeostasis and prevent unwarranted damage, yet few resolving mediators have been identified. In the present study, we demonstrated that RTN3 is strongly upregulated during RNA viral infection and acts as an inflammation-resolving regulator. Increased RTN3 aggregates on the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with both TRIM25 and RIG-I, subsequently impairing K63-linked polyubiquitination and resulting in both IRF3 and NF-κB inhibition. Rtn3 overexpression in mice causes an obvious inflammation resolving phenomenon when challenged with VSV, Rtn3-overexpressing mice display significantly decreased neutrophil numbers and inflammatory cell infiltration, which is accompanied by reduced tissue edema in the liver and thinner alveolar interstitium. Taken together, our findings identify RTN3 as a conserved negative regulator of immune and inflammatory responses and provide insights into the negative feedback that maintains immune and inflammatory homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bailin He
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
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17
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Zhou Y, Lei Y, Lu LF, Chen DD, Zhang C, Li ZC, Zhou XY, Li S, Zhang YA. cGAS Is a Negative Regulator of RIG-I-Mediated IFN Response in Cyprinid Fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:784-798. [PMID: 34290106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes cytosolic dsDNA to induce the type I IFN response. However, the functional role of cGAS in the IFN response of fish remains unclear or controversial. In this study, we report that cGAS orthologs from crucian carp Carassius auratus (CacGAS) and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus (CicGAS) target the dsRNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) for negative regulation of the IFN response. First, poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid-, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-, and spring viremia of carp virus-induced IFN responses were impaired by overexpression of CacGAS and CicGAS. Then, CacGAS and CicGAS interacted with CiRIG-I and CiMAVS and inhibited CiRIG-I- and CiMAVS-mediated IFN induction. Moreover, the K63-linked ubiquitination of CiRIG-I and the interaction between CiRIG-I and CiMAVS were attenuated by CacGAS and CicGAS. Finally, CacGAS and CicGAS decreased CiRIG-I-mediated the cellular antiviral response and facilitated viral replication. Taken together, data in this study identify CacGAS and CicGAS as negative regulators in RIG-I-like receptor signaling, which extends the current knowledge regarding the role of fish cGAS in the innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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18
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Xu D, Tian Y, Xia Q, Ke B. The cGAS-STING Pathway: Novel Perspectives in Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682736. [PMID: 33995425 PMCID: PMC8117096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a major global health burden accounting for approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. The liver functions as a primary immune organ that is largely enriched with various innate immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, and NKT cells. Activation of these cells orchestrates the innate immune response and initiates liver inflammation in response to the danger signal from pathogens or injured cells and tissues. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a crucial signaling cascade of the innate immune system activated by cytosol DNA. Recognizing DNA as an immune-stimulatory molecule is an evolutionarily preserved mechanism in initiating rapid innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. The cGAS is a cytosolic DNA sensor eliciting robust immunity via the production of cyclic GMP-AMPs that bind and activate STING. Although the cGAS-STING pathway has been previously considered to have essential roles in innate immunity and host defense, recent advances have extended the role of the cGAS-STING pathway to liver diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that overactivation of cGAS-STING may contribute to the development of liver disorders, implying that the cGAS-STING pathway is a promising therapeutic target. Here, we review and discuss the role of the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing signaling pathway in a variety of liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC), and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), with highlights on currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Xu
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhu Tian
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bibo Ke
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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19
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Onomoto K, Onoguchi K, Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:539-555. [PMID: 33462384 PMCID: PMC7812568 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the human genome, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, which contain N-terminal caspase recruitment domains, are activated upon the detection of viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Activated RLRs induce downstream signaling via their interactions with mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins and activate the production of type I and III interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shown that RLR-mediated signaling is regulated by interactions with endogenous RNAs and host proteins, such as those involved in stress responses and posttranslational modifications. Since RLR-mediated cytokine production is also involved in the regulation of acquired immunity, the deregulation of RLR-mediated signaling is associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Moreover, RLR-mediated signaling might be involved in the aberrant cytokine production observed in coronavirus disease 2019. Since the discovery of RLRs in 2004, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the activation and regulation of RLR-mediated signaling pathways. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of regulated RNA recognition and signal activation by RLRs, focusing on the interactions between various host and viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Onoguchi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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20
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Sun B, Zeng H, Liang J, Zhang L, Hu H, Wang Q, Meng W, Li C, Ye F, Wang C, Zhu J. NSUN5 Facilitates Viral RNA Recognition by RIG-I Receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:3408-3418. [PMID: 33177158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The RIG-I receptor induces the innate antiviral responses upon sensing RNA viruses. The mechanisms through which RIG-I optimizes the strength of the downstream signaling remain incompletely understood. In this study, we identified that NSUN5 could potentiate the RIG-I innate signaling pathway. Deficiency of NSUN5 enhanced RNA virus proliferation and inhibited the induction of the downstream antiviral genes. Consistently, NSUN5-deficient mice were more susceptible to RNA virus infection than their wild-type littermates. Mechanistically, NSUN5 bound directly to both viral RNA and RIG-I, synergizing the recognition of dsRNA by RIG-I. Collectively, to our knowledge, this study characterized NSUN5 as a novel RIG-I coreceptor, playing a vital role in restricting RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Haoyang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiaqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; and
| | - Haiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fuqiang Ye
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China;
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China;
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21
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Larson SR, Bortell N, Illies A, Crisler WJ, Matsuda JL, Lenz LL. Myeloid Cell CK2 Regulates Inflammation and Resistance to Bacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590266. [PMID: 33363536 PMCID: PMC7752951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase activity plays an essential role in the regulation of immune cell defenses against pathogens. The protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) is an evolutionarily conserved kinase with hundreds of identified substrates. CK2 is ubiquitously expressed in somatic and immune cells, but the roles of CK2 in regulation of immune cell function remain largely elusive. This reflects the essential role of CK2 in organismal development and limited prior work with conditional CK2 mutant murine models. Here, we generated mice with a conditional (floxed) allele of Csnk2a, which encodes the catalytic CK2α subunit of CK2. When crossed to Lyz2-cre mice, excision of Csnk2a sequence impaired CK2α expression in myeloid cells but failed to detectably alter myeloid cell development. By contrast, deficiency for CK2α increased inflammatory myeloid cell recruitment, activation, and resistance following systemic Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection. Results from mixed chimera experiments indicated that CK2α deficiency in only a subset of myeloid cells was not sufficient to reduce bacterial burdens. Nor did cell-intrinsic deficiency for CK2α suffice to alter accumulation or activation of monocytes and neutrophils in infected tissues. These data suggest that CK2α expression by Lyz2-expressing cells promotes inflammatory and anti-bacterial responses through effects in trans. Our results highlight previously undescribed suppressive effects of CK2 activity on inflammatory myeloid cell responses and illustrate that cell-extrinsic effects of CK2 can shape inflammatory and protective innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Larson
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nikki Bortell
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alysha Illies
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Crisler
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Laurel L. Lenz
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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22
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Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of virus infection, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons and other genes that collectively establish an antiviral host response. Recent studies have revealed that both viral and host-derived RNAs can trigger RLR activation; this can lead to an effective antiviral response but also immunopathology if RLR activities are uncontrolled. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the types of RNA sensed by RLRs in the contexts of viral infection, malignancies and autoimmune diseases. We further describe how the activity of RLRs is controlled by host regulatory mechanisms, including RLR-interacting proteins, post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss key outstanding questions in the RLR field, including how our knowledge of RLR biology could be translated into new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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23
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Liu G, Gack MU. Distinct and Orchestrated Functions of RNA Sensors in Innate Immunity. Immunity 2020; 53:26-42. [PMID: 32668226 PMCID: PMC7367493 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Faithful maintenance of immune homeostasis relies on the capacity of the cellular immune surveillance machinery to recognize "nonself", such as the presence of pathogenic RNA. Several families of pattern-recognition receptors exist that detect immunostimulatory RNA and then induce cytokine-mediated antiviral and proinflammatory responses. Here, we review the distinct features of bona fide RNA sensors, Toll-like receptors and retinoic-acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors in particular, with a focus on their functional specificity imposed by cell-type-dependent expression, subcellular localization, and ligand preference. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances on the roles of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors and DEAD-box or DEAH-box RNA helicases in an orchestrated RNA-sensing network and also discuss the relevance of RNA sensor polymorphisms in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuanQun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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24
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF. Targeting Casein kinase 2 with quercetin or enzymatically modified isoquercitrin as a strategy for boosting the type 1 interferon response to viruses and promoting cardiovascular health. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109800. [PMID: 32388479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase CK2 has been shown to down-regulate the production of type 1 interferons in response to viral infections by conferring an inhibitory phosphorylation on RIG-I, which functions to detect double-stranded RNA generated during replication of RNA viruses. Quercetin and certain other planar flavones/flavonols can inhibit CK2 in high nanomolar concentrations; this may explain quercetin's ability to slow the proliferation of RNA viruses in cell cultures and in mice. Limited clinical evidence suggests that supplemental quercetin may decrease risk for upper respiratory infections in humans. Quercetin and enzymatically-modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ - a food additive/nutraceutical that upon oral administration achieves far higher plasma concentrations of quercetin than quercetin per se) also have exerted a range of vascular-protective effects clinically and in rodents - improving endothelial function, warding off atherosclerosis, lowering blood pressure, decreasing C-reactive protein, aiding glycemic control, stabilizing platelets - that might also, at least in part, reflect CK2 inhibition. The utility of quercetin, EMIQ, and other clinically feasible CK2 inhibitors for aiding control of viral infections and promoting vascular and metabolic health merits further evaluation.
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25
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Refolo G, Vescovo T, Piacentini M, Fimia GM, Ciccosanti F. Mitochondrial Interactome: A Focus on Antiviral Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:8. [PMID: 32117959 PMCID: PMC7033419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, proteomics has represented a valuable approach to elucidate key aspects in the regulation of type I/III interferons (IFNs) and autophagy, two main processes involved in the response to viral infection, to unveil the molecular strategies that viruses have evolved to counteract these processes. Besides their main metabolic roles, mitochondria are well recognized as pivotal organelles in controlling signaling pathways essential to restrain viral infections. In particular, a major role in antiviral defense is played by mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, an adaptor protein that coordinates the activation of IFN inducing pathways and autophagy at the mitochondrial level. Here, we provide an overview of how mass spectrometry-based studies of protein–protein interactions and post-translational modifications (PTMs) have fostered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the mitochondria-mediated antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Refolo
- Lazzaro Spallanzani, National Institute for Infectious Diseases - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vescovo
- Lazzaro Spallanzani, National Institute for Infectious Diseases - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Lazzaro Spallanzani, National Institute for Infectious Diseases - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Lazzaro Spallanzani, National Institute for Infectious Diseases - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Ciccosanti
- Lazzaro Spallanzani, National Institute for Infectious Diseases - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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26
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Lee HC, Chathuranga K, Lee JS. Intracellular sensing of viral genomes and viral evasion. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31827068 PMCID: PMC6906418 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, virus-derived cytosolic nucleic acids are recognized by host intracellular specific sensors. The efficacy of this recognition system is crucial for triggering innate host defenses, which then stimulate more specific adaptive immune responses against the virus. Recent studies show that signal transduction pathways activated by sensing proteins are positively or negatively regulated by many modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have evolved several strategies to counteract/evade host immune reactions. These systems involve viral proteins that interact with host sensor proteins and prevent them from detecting the viral genome or from initiating immune signaling. In this review, we discuss key regulators of cytosolic sensor proteins and viral proteins based on experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Cheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
- Central Research Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd, Shiheung, 15094, Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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27
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Huang B, Wang ZX, Zhang C, Zhai SW, Han YS, Huang WS, Nie P. Identification of a novel RIG-I isoform and its truncating variant in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:373-380. [PMID: 31533080 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor that triggers the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines during viral infection. RIG-I gene has been identified previously in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. In the present study, we have characterized a novel isoform of RIG-I (designated as AjRIG-Ib) and its truncated variant (AjRIG-Ibv). The AjRIG-Ib encodes 940 amino acids (aa) consisting of two N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), a DEX(D/H) box RNA helicase domain, and a C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD). The AjRIG-Ibv encodes a protein of 843 aa, that shares similar structural organization with AjRIG-Ib, but lacking CTD. The gene expression analyses showed that AjRIG-Ib and AjRIG-Ibv were detectable in all tissues/organs examined, and AjRIG-Ib was the predominant form. The mRNA level of AjRIG-Ibv was upregulated rapidly at 8 h after the Poly I:C injection, and the significant increase of AjRIG-Ib was observed at 16 and 24 h post-injection (hpi). Laser confocal microscopy showed that AjRIG-Ib and AjRIG-Ibv were both located in cytoplasm. In addition, the overexpression of AjRIG-Ib or AjRIG-Ibv led to the increased activity of IFN promoter in transient transfection assay. Taken together, our results indicated that AjRIG-Ib and AjRIG-Ibv may play cooperative or somewhat complementary roles in coordinating the antiviral response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Z X Wang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - C Zhang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - S W Zhai
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Y S Han
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - W S Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, PR China.
| | - P Nie
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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28
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Cao P, Luo WW, Li C, Tong Z, Zheng ZQ, Zhou L, Xiong Y, Li S. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNPM inhibits RNA virus-triggered innate immunity by antagonizing RNA sensing of RIG-I-like receptors. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007983. [PMID: 31433824 PMCID: PMC6703689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viral RNA by the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), including RIG-I and MDA5, initiates innate antiviral responses. Although regulation of RLR-mediated signal transduction has been extensively investigated, how the recognition of viral RNA by RLRs is regulated remains enigmatic. In this study, we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNPM) as a negative regulator of RLR-mediated signaling. Overexpression of hnRNPM markedly inhibited RNA virus-triggered innate immune responses. Conversely, hnRNPM-deficiency increased viral RNA-triggered innate immune responses and inhibited replication of RNA viruses. Viral infection caused translocation of hnRNPM from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. hnRNPM interacted with RIG-I and MDA5, and impaired the binding of the RLRs to viral RNA, leading to inhibition of innate antiviral response. Our findings suggest that hnRNPM acts as an important decoy for excessive innate antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Luo
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WWL); (SL)
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tong
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou-Qin Zheng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WWL); (SL)
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29
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Yang Q, Bai SY, Li LF, Li S, Zhang Y, Munir M, Qiu HJ. Human Hemoglobin Subunit Beta Functions as a Pleiotropic Regulator of RIG-I/MDA5-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2019; 93:e00718-19. [PMID: 31167908 PMCID: PMC6675906 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00718-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin is an important oxygen-carrying protein and plays crucial roles in establishing host resistance against pathogens and in regulating innate immune responses. The hemoglobin subunit beta (HB) is an essential component of hemoglobin, and we have previously demonstrated that the antiviral role of the porcine HB (pHB) is mediated by promoting type I interferon pathways. Thus, considering the high homology between human HB (hHB) and pHB, we hypothesized that hHB also plays an important role in the antiviral innate immunity. In this study, we characterized hHB as a regulatory factor for the replication of RNA viruses by differentially regulating the RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling pathways. Furthermore, we showed that hHB directly inhibited MDA5-mediated signaling by reducing the MDA5-double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) interaction. Additionally, hHB required hHB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to promote RIG-I-mediated signaling through enhancement of K63-linked RIG-I ubiquitination. Taken together, our findings suggest that hHB is a pleiotropic regulator of RIG-I/MDA5-mediated antiviral responses and further highlight the importance of the intercellular microenvironment, including the redox state, in regulating antiviral innate immune responses.IMPORTANCE Hemoglobin, the most important oxygen-carrying protein, is involved in the regulation of innate immune responses. We have previously reported that the porcine hemoglobin subunit beta (HB) exerts antiviral activity through regulation of type I interferon production. However, the antiviral activities and the underlying mechanisms of HBs originating from other animals have been poorly understood. Here, we identified human HB (hHB) as a pleiotropic regulator of the replication of RNA viruses through regulation of RIG-I/MDA5-mediated signaling pathways. hHB enhances RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses by promoting RIG-I ubiquitination depending on the hHB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), while it blocks MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling by suppressing the MDA5-dsRNA interaction. Our results contribute to an understanding of the crucial roles of hHB in the regulation of the RIG-I/MDA5-mediated signaling pathways. We also provide novel insight into the correlation of the intercellular redox state with the regulation of antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Si-Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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30
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Takaoka A, Yamada T. Regulation of signaling mediated by nucleic acid sensors for innate interferon-mediated responses during viral infection. Int Immunol 2019; 31:477-488. [PMID: 30985869 PMCID: PMC7110195 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type III interferons are important anti-viral cytokines that are massively induced during viral infection. This dynamic process is regulated by many executors and regulators for efficient eradication of invading viruses and protection from harmful, excessive responses. An array of innate sensors recognizes virus-derived nucleic acids to activate their downstream signaling to evoke cytokine responses including interferons. In particular, a cytoplasmic RNA sensor RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) is involved in the detection of multiple types of not only RNA viruses but also DNA viruses. Accumulating findings have revealed that activation of nucleic acid sensors and the related signaling mediators is regulated on the basis of post-translational modification such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation. In addition, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated as a new class of regulators in innate signaling. A comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of innate sensor activation and its signaling in host-virus interaction will provide a better therapeutic strategy to efficiently control viral infection and maintain immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taisho Yamada
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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31
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Brisse M, Ly H. Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1586. [PMID: 31379819 PMCID: PMC6652118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the form of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) motifs to induce expression of type 1 interferons (IFN1) (IFNα and IFNβ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines during the early stage of viral infection. While RIG-I and MDA5 share many genetic, structural and functional similarities, there is increasing evidence that they can have significantly different strategies to recognize different pathogens, PAMPs, and in different host species. This review article discusses the similarities and differences between RIG-I and MDA5 from multiple perspectives, including their structures, evolution and functional relationships with other cellular proteins, their differential mechanisms of distinguishing between host and viral dsRNAs and interactions with host and viral protein factors, and their immunogenic signaling. A comprehensive comparative analysis can help inform future studies of RIG-I and MDA5 in order to fully understand their functions in order to optimize potential therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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32
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Lindenblatt D, Horn M, Götz C, Niefind K, Neundorf I, Pietsch M. Design of CK2β-Mimicking Peptides as Tools To Study the CK2α/CK2β Interaction in Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:833-841. [PMID: 30786177 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr kinase CK2 is a key regulator in a variety of key processes in normal and malignant cells. Due to its distinctive anti-apoptotic and tumor-driving properties, elevated levels of CK2 have frequently been found in tumors of different origin. In recent years, development of CK2 inhibitors has largely been focused on ATP-competitive compounds; however, targeting the CK2α/CK2β interface has emerged as a further concept that might avoid selectivity issues. To address the CK2 subunit interaction site, we have synthesized halogenated CK2β-mimicking cyclic peptides modified with the cell-penetrating peptide sC18 to mediate cellular uptake. We investigated the binding of the resulting chimeric peptides to recombinant human CK2α using a recently developed fluorescence anisotropy assay. The iodinated peptide sC18-I-Pc was identified as a potent CK2α ligand (Ki =0.622 μm). It was internalized in cells to a high extent and exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward cancerous HeLa cells (IC50 =37 μm) in contrast to non-cancerous HEK-293 cells. The attractive features and functionalities of sC18-I-Pc offer the opportunity for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Lindenblatt
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mareike Horn
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str., Building 44, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Niefind
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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33
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Khan S, Godfrey V, Zaki MH. Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensors in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:215-253. [PMID: 30798989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense microbial pattern molecules. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by various PPRs located on the cell membrane or in the cytosol leads to the activation of cell signaling pathways and production of inflammatory mediators. Nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, and their derivatives are potent PAMPs which can be recognized by multiple PRRs to induce inflammatory responses. While nucleic acid sensors can also sense endogenous nucleic acids, they are capable of discriminating self from non-self. However, defects in nucleic acid sensing PRRs or dysregulation of nucleic acid sensing signaling pathways may cause excessive activation of the immune system resulting in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the major pathways for sensing intracellular nucleic acids and how defects in these nucleic acid sensing are associated with different kinds of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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34
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Qi D, Hu L, Jiao T, Zhang T, Tong X, Ye X. Phosphatase Cdc25A Negatively Regulates the Antiviral Immune Response by Inhibiting TBK1 Activity. J Virol 2018; 92:e01118-18. [PMID: 30021902 PMCID: PMC6146813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01118-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase Cdc25A plays an important role in cell cycle regulation by dephosphorylating its substrates, such as cyclin-dependent kinases. In this study, we demonstrate that Cdc25A negatively regulates RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling. We found that ectopic expression of Cdc25A in 293T cells inhibits the activation of beta interferon (IFN-β) induced by Sendai virus and poly(I·C), while knockdown of Cdc25A enhances the transcription of IFN-β stimulated by RNA virus infection. The inhibitory effect of Cdc25A on the antiviral immune response is mainly dependent on its phosphatase activity. Data from a luciferase assay indicated that Cdc25A can inhibit TBK1-mediated activation of IFN-β. Further analysis indicated that Cdc25A can interact with TBK1 and reduce the phosphorylation of TBK1 at S172, which in turn decreases the phosphorylation of its downstream substrate IRF3. Consistently, knockdown of Cdc25A upregulates the phosphorylation of both TBK1-S172 and IRF3 in Sendai virus-infected or TBK1-transfected 293T cells. In addition, we confirmed that Cdc25A can directly dephosphorylate TBK1-S172-p. These results demonstrate that Cdc25A inhibits the antiviral immune response by reducing the active form of TBK1. Using herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection, an IFN-β reporter assay, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we demonstrated that Cdc25A can also inhibit DNA virus-induced activation of IFN-β. Using a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection assay, we confirmed that Cdc25A can repress the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated antiviral immune response and influence the antiviral status of cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Cdc25A negatively regulates the antiviral immune response by inhibiting TBK1 activity.IMPORTANCE The RLR-mediated antiviral immune response is critical for host defense against RNA virus infection. However, the detailed mechanism for balancing the RLR signaling pathway in host cells is not well understood. We found that the phosphatase Cdc25A negatively regulates the RNA virus-induced innate immune response. Our studies indicate that Cdc25A inhibits the RLR signaling pathway via its phosphatase activity. We demonstrated that Cdc25A reduces TBK1 activity and consequently restrains the activation of IFN-β transcription as well as the antiviral status of nearby cells. We showed that Cdc25A can also inhibit DNA virus-induced activation of IFN-β. Taken together, our findings uncover a novel function and mechanism for Cdc25A in regulating antiviral immune signaling. These findings reveal Cdc25A as an important negative regulator of antiviral immunity and demonstrate its role in maintaining host cell homeostasis following viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tinghong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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35
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Lee NR, Choi JY, Yoon IH, Lee JK, Inn KS. Positive regulatory role of c-Src-mediated TRIM25 tyrosine phosphorylation on RIG-I ubiquitination and RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling pathway. Cell Immunol 2018; 332:94-100. [PMID: 30100205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) detects viral RNAs and induces antiviral responses. During viral RNA recognition by RIG-I, tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25) plays a critical regulatory role by inducing K63-linked RIG-I polyubiquitination. Previous proteomics analysis revealed several phosphorylation sites on TRIM25, including tyrosine 278 (Y278), yet the roles of these modifications remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated that TRIM25 interacted with c-Src and underwent tyrosine phosphorylation by c-Src kinase upon viral infection and the phosphorylation is required for the complete activation of RIG-I signaling. Analysis using a c-Src inhibitor and TRIM25 mutant, in which tyrosine 278 is substituted by phenylalanine (Y278F), suggested that the phosphorylation positively regulates K63-linked polyubiquitination of RIG-I and subsequent antiviral signaling. The TRIM25 Y278F mutant displayed decreased E3-ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro, suggesting that this phosphorylation event affects the E3-ligase activity of TRIM25. Thus, we provide a molecular mechanism of c-Src-mediated positive regulation of RIG-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Rae Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Choi
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hee Yoon
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Núñez RD, Budt M, Saenger S, Paki K, Arnold U, Sadewasser A, Wolff T. The RNA Helicase DDX6 Associates with RIG-I to Augment Induction of Antiviral Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1877. [PMID: 29949917 PMCID: PMC6073104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections induce sensitive antiviral responses within the host cell. The RNA helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a key sensor of influenza virus RNA that induces the expression of antiviral type I interferons. Recent evidence suggests a complex pattern of RIG-I regulation involving multiple interactions and cellular sites. In an approach employing affinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified proteins with increased binding to RIG-I in response to influenza B virus infection. Among them was the RIG-I related RNA helicase DEAD box helicase 6 (DDX6), a known component of cytoplasmic mRNA-ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granules like P-bodies and stress granules (SGs). RIG-I and DDX6 both localized to the cytosol and were detected in virus-induced SGs. Coimmunoprecipitation assays detected a basal level of complexes harboring RIG-I and DDX6 that increased after infection. Functionally, DDX6 augmented RIG-I mediated induction of interferon (IFN)-β expression. Notably, DDX6 was found to bind viral RNA capable to stimulate RIG-I. These findings imply a novel function for DDX6 as an RNA co-sensor and signaling enhancer for RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Daviña Núñez
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG17-Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Budt
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG17-Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sandra Saenger
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG17-Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Paki
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG17-Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Arnold
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG17-Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anne Sadewasser
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG17-Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Robert Koch-Institut, FG17-Division of Influenza Viruses and other Respiratory Viruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Arenaviral Nucleoproteins Suppress PACT-Induced Augmentation of RIG-I Function To Inhibit Type I Interferon Production. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00482-18. [PMID: 29669840 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00482-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a major cytoplasmic sensor of viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) RNA and induces type I interferon (IFN) production upon viral infection. A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein, PACT, plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function. We have shown previously that arenaviral nucleoproteins (NPs) suppress type I IFN production via their RNase activity to degrade PAMP RNA. We report here that NPs of arenaviruses block the PACT-induced enhancement of RIG-I function to mediate type I IFN production and that this inhibition is dependent on the RNase function of NPs, which is different from that of a known mechanism of other viral proteins to abolish the interaction between PACT and RIG-I. To understand the biological roles of PACT and RIG-I in authentic arenavirus infection, we analyze growth kinetics of recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV), a prototypical arenavirus, in RIG-I knockout (KO) and PACT KO mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Wild-type (WT) PICV grew at higher titers in both KO MEF lines than in normal MEFs, suggesting the important roles of these cellular proteins in restricting virus replication. PICV carrying the NP RNase catalytically inactive mutation could not grow in normal MEFs but could replicate to some extent in both KO MEF lines. The level of virus growth was inversely correlated with the amount of type I IFNs produced. These results suggest that PACT plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function to produce type I IFNs in order to restrict arenavirus replication and that viral NP RNase activity is essential for optimal viral replication by suppressing PACT-induced RIG-I activation.IMPORTANCE We report here a new role of the nucleoproteins of arenaviruses that can block type I IFN production via their specific inhibition of the cellular protein sensors of virus infection (RIG-I and PACT). Our results suggest that PACT plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function to produce type I IFNs in order to restrict arenavirus replication. This new knowledge can be exploited for the development of novel antiviral treatments and/or vaccines against some arenaviruses that can cause severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever diseases in humans.
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Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra- and extracellular spaces for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition and binding to cognate PAMP ligand by specific PRRs initiates signaling cascades that culminate in a coordinated intracellular innate immune response designed to control infection. In particular, our immune system has evolved specialized PRRs to discriminate viral nucleic acid from host. These are critical sensors of viral RNA to trigger innate immunity in the vertebrate host. Different families of PRRs of virus infection have been defined and reveal a diversity of PAMP specificity for wide viral pathogen coverage to recognize and extinguish virus infection. In this review, we discuss recent insights in pathogen recognition by the RIG-I-like receptors, related RNA helicases, Toll-like receptors, and other RNA sensor PRRs, to present emerging themes in innate immune signaling during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
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Abstract
Innate immunity is traditionally thought of as the first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body. It is typically characterized as a rather weak defense mechanism, designed to restrict pathogen replication until the adaptive immune response generates a tailored response and eliminates the infectious agent. However, intensive research in recent years has resulted in better understanding of innate immunity as well as the discovery of many effector proteins, revealing its numerous powerful mechanisms to defend the host. Furthermore, this research has demonstrated that it is simplistic to strictly separate adaptive and innate immune functions since these two systems often work synergistically rather than sequentially. Here, we provide a broad overview of innate pattern recognition receptors in antiviral defense, with a focus on the TRIM family, and discuss their signaling pathways and mechanisms of action with special emphasis on the intracellular antibody receptor TRIM21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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40
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Gebhardt A, Laudenbach BT, Pichlmair A. Discrimination of Self and Non-Self Ribonucleic Acids. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 37:184-197. [PMID: 28475460 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most virus infections are controlled through the innate and adaptive immune system. A surprisingly limited number of so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have the ability to sense a large variety of virus infections. The reason for the broad activity of PRRs lies in the ability to recognize viral nucleic acids. These nucleic acids lack signatures that are present in cytoplasmic cellular nucleic acids and thereby marking them as pathogen-derived. Accumulating evidence suggests that these signatures, which are predominantly sensed by a class of PRRs called retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors and other proteins, are not unique to viruses but rather resemble immature forms of cellular ribonucleic acids generated by cellular polymerases. RIG-I-like receptors, and other cellular antiviral proteins, may therefore have mainly evolved to sense nonprocessed nucleic acids typically generated by primitive organisms and pathogens. This capability has not only implications on induction of antiviral immunity but also on the function of cellular proteins to handle self-derived RNA with stimulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gebhardt
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Munich, Germany
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41
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Zhang X, Yang W, Wang X, Zhang X, Tian H, Deng H, Zhang L, Gao G. Identification of new type I interferon-stimulated genes and investigation of their involvement in IFN-β activation. Protein Cell 2018; 9:799-807. [PMID: 29427062 PMCID: PMC6107486 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs). IFNs bind to their heterodimeric receptors to initiate downstream cascade of signaling, leading to the up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs play very important roles in innate immunity through a variety of mechanisms. Although hundreds of ISGs have been identified, it is commonly recognized that more ISGs await to be discovered. The aim of this study was to identify new ISGs and to probe their roles in regulating virus-induced type I IFN production. We used consensus interferon (Con-IFN), an artificial alpha IFN that was shown to be more potent than naturally existing type I IFN, to treat three human immune cell lines, CEM, U937 and Daudi cells. Microarray analysis was employed to identify those genes whose expressions were up-regulated. Six hundred and seventeen genes were up-regulated more than 3-fold. Out of these 617 genes, 138 were not previously reported as ISGs and thus were further pursued. Validation of these 138 genes using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed 91 genes. We screened 89 genes for those involved in Sendai virus (SeV)-induced IFN-β promoter activation, and PIM1 was identified as one whose expression inhibited SeV-mediated IFN-β activation. We provide evidence indicating that PIM1 specifically inhibits RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated IFN-β signaling. Our results expand the ISG library and identify PIM1 as an ISG that participates in the regulation of virus-induced type I interferon production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huabin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangxia Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Du Y, Duan T, Feng Y, Liu Q, Lin M, Cui J, Wang RF. LRRC25 inhibits type I IFN signaling by targeting ISG15-associated RIG-I for autophagic degradation. EMBO J 2018; 37:351-366. [PMID: 29288164 PMCID: PMC5793803 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are critical for protection against RNA virus infection, and their activities must be stringently controlled to maintain immune homeostasis. Here, we report that leucine-rich repeat containing protein 25 (LRRC25) is a key negative regulator of RLR-mediated type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Upon RNA virus infection, LRRC25 specifically binds to ISG15-associated RIG-I to promote interaction between RIG-I and the autophagic cargo receptor p62 and to mediate RIG-I degradation via selective autophagy. Depletion of either LRRC25 or ISG15 abrogates RIG-I-p62 interaction as well as the autophagic degradation of RIG-I. Collectively, our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of LRRC25 in type I IFN signaling activation by which LRRC25 acts as a secondary receptor to assist RIG-I delivery to autophagosomes for degradation in a p62-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhao Duan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanchun Feng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, TX, USA
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43
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Mahony R, Broadbent L, Maier-Moore JS, Power UF, Jefferies CA. The RNA binding protein La/SS-B promotes RIG-I-mediated type I and type III IFN responses following Sendai viral infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14537. [PMID: 29109527 PMCID: PMC5673980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
La/SS-B (or La) is a 48 kDa RNA-binding protein and an autoantigen in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). La involvement in regulating the type I interferon (IFN) response is controversial - acting through both positive and negative regulatory mechanisms; inhibiting the IFN response and enhancing viral growth, or directly inhibiting viral replication. We therefore sought to clarify how La regulates IFN production in response to viral infection. ShRNA knockdown of La in HEK 293 T cells increased Sendai virus infection efficiency, decreased IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and interferon-stimulated chemokine gene expression. In addition, knockdown attenuated CCL-5 and IFN-λ1 secretion. Thus, La has a positive role in enhancing type I and type III IFN production. Mechanistically, we show that La directly binds RIG-I and have mapped this interaction to the CARD domains of RIG-I and the N terminal domain of La. In addition, we showed that this interaction is induced following RIG-I activation and that overexpression of La enhances RIG-I-ligand binding. Together, our results demonstrate a novel role for La in mediating RIG-I-driven responses downstream of viral RNA detection, ultimately leading to enhanced type I and III IFN production and positive regulation of the anti-viral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mahony
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lindsay Broadbent
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Jacen S Maier-Moore
- The University of Texas at El Paso College of Health Sciences, Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Ultan F Power
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Caroline A Jefferies
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA.
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Zhou Y, He C, Wang L, Ge B. Post-translational regulation of antiviral innate signaling. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1414-1426. [PMID: 28744851 PMCID: PMC7163624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system initiates immune responses by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRR). Virus‐derived nucleic acids are sensed by the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptor (RLR) family and the toll‐like receptor (TLR) family as well as the DNA sensor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors activate IRF3/7 and NF‐κB signaling pathways to induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines firing antiviral responses within the cell. However, to achieve a favorable outcome for the host, a balanced production of IFNs and activation of antiviral responses is required. Post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are crucial for this immune homeostasis in antiviral responses. Canonical PTMs including phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been extensively studied and other PTMs such as methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ADP‐ribosylation and glutamylation are being increasingly implicated in antiviral innate immunity. Here we summarize our recent understanding of the most important PTMs regulating the antiviral innate immune response, and their role in virus‐related immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Milek M, Imami K, Mukherjee N, Bortoli FD, Zinnall U, Hazapis O, Trahan C, Oeffinger M, Heyd F, Ohler U, Selbach M, Landthaler M. DDX54 regulates transcriptome dynamics during DNA damage response. Genome Res 2017; 27:1344-1359. [PMID: 28596291 PMCID: PMC5538551 DOI: 10.1101/gr.218438.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to genotoxic stress is mediated by a well-characterized network of DNA surveillance pathways. The contribution of post-transcriptional gene regulatory networks to the DNA damage response (DDR) has not been extensively studied. Here, we systematically identified RNA-binding proteins differentially interacting with polyadenylated transcripts upon exposure of human breast carcinoma cells to ionizing radiation (IR). Interestingly, more than 260 proteins, including many nucleolar proteins, showed increased binding to poly(A)+ RNA in IR-exposed cells. The functional analysis of DDX54, a candidate genotoxic stress responsive RNA helicase, revealed that this protein is an immediate-to-early DDR regulator required for the splicing efficacy of its target IR-induced pre-mRNAs. Upon IR exposure, DDX54 acts by increased interaction with a well-defined class of pre-mRNAs that harbor introns with weak acceptor splice sites, as well as by protein-protein contacts within components of U2 snRNP and spliceosomal B complex, resulting in lower intron retention and higher processing rates of its target transcripts. Because DDX54 promotes survival after exposure to IR, its expression and/or mutation rate may impact DDR-related pathologies. Our work indicates the relevance of many uncharacterized RBPs potentially involved in the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Milek
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Koshi Imami
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Neelanjan Mukherjee
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca De Bortoli
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zinnall
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Orsalia Hazapis
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Trahan
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, H2W 1R7 Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, H3A 1A3 Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, H2W 1R7 Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, H3A 1A3 Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, H3T 1J4 Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florian Heyd
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Ohler
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- IRI Life Sciences, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Baker PJ, De Nardo D, Moghaddas F, Tran LS, Bachem A, Nguyen T, Hayman T, Tye H, Vince JE, Bedoui S, Ferrero RL, Masters SL. Posttranslational Modification as a Critical Determinant of Cytoplasmic Innate Immune Recognition. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1165-1209. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface innate immune receptors can directly detect a variety of extracellular pathogens to which cytoplasmic innate immune sensors are rarely exposed. Instead, within the cytoplasm, the environment is rife with cellular machinery and signaling pathways that are indirectly perturbed by pathogenic microbes to activate intracellular sensors, such as pyrin, NLRP1, NLRP3, or NLRC4. Therefore, subtle changes in key intracellular processes such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other pathways leading to posttranslational protein modification are key determinants of innate immune recognition in the cytoplasm. This concept is critical to establish the “guard hypothesis” whereby otherwise homeostatic pathways that keep innate immune sensors at bay are released in response to alterations in their posttranslational modification status. Originally identified in plants, evidence that a similar guardlike mechanism exists in humans has recently been identified, whereby a mutation that prevents phosphorylation of the innate immune sensor pyrin triggers a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease. It is also noteworthy that even when a cytoplasmic innate immune sensor has a direct ligand, such as bacterial peptidoglycan (NOD1 or NOD2), RNA (RIG-I or MDA5), or DNA (cGAS or IFI16), it can still be influenced by posttranslational modification to dramatically alter its response. Therefore, due to their existence in the cytoplasmic milieu, posttranslational modification is a key determinant of intracellular innate immune receptor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Le Son Tran
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tan Nguyen
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Hayman
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hazel Tye
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James E. Vince
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Xu XX, Wan H, Nie L, Shao T, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. RIG-I: a multifunctional protein beyond a pattern recognition receptor. Protein Cell 2017; 9:246-253. [PMID: 28593618 PMCID: PMC5829270 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It was widely known that retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) functions as a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that initiates innate antiviral immunity by detecting exogenous viral RNAs. However, recent studies showed that RIG-I participates in other various cellular activities by sensing endogenous RNAs under different circumstances. For example, RIG-I facilitates the therapy resistance and expansion of breast cancer cells and promotes T cell-independent B cell activation through interferon signaling activation by recognizing non-coding RNAs and endogenous retroviruses in certain situations. While in hepatocellular carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia, RIG-I acts as a tumor suppressor through either augmenting STAT1 activation by competitively binding STAT1 against its negative regulator SHP1 or inhibiting AKT-mTOR signaling pathway by directly interacting with Src respectively. These new findings suggest that RIG-I plays more diverse roles in various cellular life activities, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, than previously known. Taken together, the function of RIG-I exceeds far beyond that of a pattern recognition receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Han Wan
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Nie
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tong Shao
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China.
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48
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Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are cytosolic innate immune sensors that detect pathogenic RNA and induce a systemic antiviral response. During the last decade, many studies focused on their molecular characterization and the identification of RNA agonists. Therefore, it became more and more clear that RLR activation needs to be carefully regulated, because constitutive signaling or detection of endogenous RNA through loss of specificity is detrimental. Here, we review the current understanding of RLR activation and selectivity. We specifically focus upon recent findings on the function of the helicase domain in discriminating between different RNAs, and whose malfunctioning causes serious autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lässig
- From the Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich and
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- From the Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich and
- the Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 81377 Munich, Germany
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49
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Liu Y, Olagnier D, Lin R. Host and Viral Modulation of RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 7:662. [PMID: 28096803 PMCID: PMC5206486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Rapid and efficient detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern-recognition receptors is essential for the host to mount defensive and protective responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is critical in triggering antiviral and inflammatory responses for the control of viral replication in response to cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA structures. Upon viral RNA recognition, RIG-I recruits the mitochondrial adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, which leads to a signaling cascade that coordinates the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), as well as a large variety of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes. The RIG-I activation is tightly regulated via various posttranslational modifications for the prevention of aberrant innate immune signaling. By contrast, viruses have evolved mechanisms of evasion, such as sequestrating viral structures from RIG-I detections and targeting receptor or signaling molecules for degradation. These virus–host interactions have broadened our understanding of viral pathogenesis and provided insights into the function of the RIG-I pathway. In this review, we summarize the recent advances regarding RIG-I pathogen recognition and signaling transduction, cell-intrinsic control of RIG-I activation, and the viral antagonism of RIG-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Liu
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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50
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Ghildiyal R, Sen E. CK2 induced RIG-I drives metabolic adaptations in IFNγ-treated glioma cells. Cytokine 2017; 89:219-228. [PMID: 26631910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the known anti-tumorigenic properties of IFNγ, its effect on glioma cell survival was investigated. Though IFNγ had no effect on glioma cell viability, it induced cell cycle arrest. This was accompanied by increased expression of p53 and retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG-I). While RIG-I had no effect on glioma cell survival, it increased expression of p53 and its downstream target TP53 induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR). IFNγ induced mitochondrial co-localization of RIG-I was concomitant with its ability to regulate ROS generation, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and key enzymes involved in glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. Importantly, metabolic gene profiling indicated a suppressed glycolytic pathway in glioma cells upon IFNγ treatment. In addition, IFNγ mediated increase in casein kinase 2 (CK2) expression positively regulated RIG-I expression. These findings demonstrate how IFNγ induced CK2 regulates RIG-I to drive a complex program of metabolic adaptation and redox homeostasis, crucial for determining glioma cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Ghildiyal
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122 051, Haryana, India
| | - Ellora Sen
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122 051, Haryana, India.
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