1
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Padoan B, Casar C, Krause J, Schultheiss C, Baumdick ME, Niehrs A, Zecher BF, Pujantell M, Yuki Y, Martin M, Remmerswaal EBM, Dekker T, van der Bom-Baylon ND, Noble JA, Carrington M, Bemelman FJ, van Lier RAW, Binder M, Gagliani N, Bunders MJ, Altfeld M. NKp44/HLA-DP-dependent regulation of CD8 effector T cells by NK cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114089. [PMID: 38615318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells are recognized for their modulation of immune responses, the mechanisms by which human NK cells mediate immune regulation are unclear. Here, we report that expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP, a ligand for the activating NK cell receptor NKp44, is significantly upregulated on CD8+ effector T cells, in particular in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)+ individuals. HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cells expressing NKp44-binding HLA-DP antigens activate NKp44+ NK cells, while HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cells not expressing NKp44-binding HLA-DP antigens do not. In line with this, frequencies of HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cells are increased in individuals not encoding for NKp44-binding HLA-DP haplotypes, and contain hyper-expanded CD8+ T cell clones, compared to individuals expressing NKp44-binding HLA-DP molecules. These findings identify a molecular interaction facilitating the HLA-DP haplotype-specific editing of HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cell effector populations by NKp44+ NK cells and preventing the generation of hyper-expanded T cell clones, which have been suggested to have increased potential for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Padoan
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Casar
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Krause
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christoph Schultheiss
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Baumdick
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Niehrs
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta F Zecher
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Pujantell
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuko Yuki
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maureen Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamara Dekker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nelly D van der Bom-Baylon
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janelle A Noble
- Department of Pediatrics UCSF, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Frederike J Bemelman
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mascha Binder
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Bai R, Cui J. Burgeoning Exploration of the Role of Natural Killer Cells in Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886931. [PMID: 35634343 PMCID: PMC9133458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been considered breakthrough therapies for a variety of solid and hematological malignancies. Although cytotoxic T cells play an important antitumor role during checkpoint blockade, they still show a potential killing effect on tumor types showing loss of/low major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and/or low neoantigen load; this knowledge has shifted the focus of researchers toward mechanisms of action other than T cell-driven immune responses. Evidence suggests that the blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may also improve natural killer (NK)-cell function and activity through direct or indirect mechanisms, which enhances antitumor cytotoxic effects; although important, this topic has been neglected in previous studies. Recently, some studies have reported evidence of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in human NK cells, performed exploration of the intrinsic mechanism by which PD-1/PD-L1 blockade enhances NK-cell responses, and made some progress. This article summarizes the recent advances regarding the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 molecules on the surface of NK cells as well as the interaction between anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs and NK cells and associated molecular mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- *Correspondence: Jiuwei Cui, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6496-7550
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3
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Diniz MO, Schurich A, Chinnakannan SK, Duriez M, Stegmann KA, Davies J, Kucykowicz S, Suveizdyte K, Amin OE, Alcock F, Cargill T, Barnes E, Maini MK. NK cells limit therapeutic vaccine-induced CD8 +T cell immunity in a PD-L1-dependent manner. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi4670. [PMID: 35417187 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of mechanisms that regulate CD8+T cell responses to therapeutic vaccines is needed to develop approaches to enhance vaccine efficacy for chronic viral infections and cancers. We show here that NK cell depletion enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses to chimp adenoviral vector (ChAdOx) vaccination in a mouse model of chronic HBV infection (CHB). Probing the mechanism underlying this negative regulation, we observed that CHB drove parallel up-regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on liver-resident NK cells and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on intrahepatic T cells. PD-L1-expressing liver-resident NK cells suppressed PD-1hiCD8+T cells enriched within the HBV-specific response to therapeutic vaccination. Cytokine activation of NK cells also induced PD-L1, and combining cytokine activation with PD-L1 blockade resulted in conversion of NK cells into efficient helpers that boosted HBV-specific CD8+T cell responses to therapeutic vaccination in mice and to chronic infection in humans. Our findings delineate an immunotherapeutic combination that can boost the response to therapeutic vaccination in CHB and highlight the broader importance of PD-L1-dependent regulation of T cells by cytokine-activated NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Senthil K Chinnakannan
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion Duriez
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kornelija Suveizdyte
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Frances Alcock
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Tamsin Cargill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
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4
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Fuentes-Villalobos F, Garrido JL, Medina MA, Zambrano N, Ross N, Bravo F, Gaete-Argel A, Oyarzún-Arrau A, Amanat F, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F, Ocampo R, Esveile C, Ferreira L, Cabrera J, Torres V, Rioseco ML, Riquelme R, Barría S, Alvarez R, Pinos Y, Krammer F, Calvo M, Barria MI. Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence. Front Immunol 2022; 13:796481. [PMID: 35197972 PMCID: PMC8859986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.796481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has left researchers scrambling to identify the humoral immune correlates of protection from COVID-19. To date, the antibody mediated correlates of virus neutralization have been extensively studied. However, the extent that non-neutralizing functions contribute to anti-viral responses are ill defined. In this study, we profiled the anti-spike antibody subtype/subclass responses, along with neutralization and antibody-dependent natural killer cell functions in 83 blood samples collected between 4 and 201 days post-symptoms onset from a cohort of COVID-19 outpatients. We observed heterogeneous humoral responses against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Overall, anti-spike profiles were characterized by a rapid rise of IgA and sustained IgG titers. In addition, strong antibody-mediated natural killer effector responses correlated with milder disease and being female. While higher neutralization profiles were observed in males along with increased severity. These results give an insight into the underlying function of antibodies beyond neutralization and suggest that antibody-mediated natural killer cell activity is a key function of the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Garrido
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Matías A Medina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicole Zambrano
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Ross
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Leonila Ferreira
- Hospital Clínico Regional Dr. Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Vivianne Torres
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria L Rioseco
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raúl Riquelme
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sebastián Barría
- Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Calvo
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria I Barria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
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5
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Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:86-98. [PMID: 34583856 PMCID: PMC8423992 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) still claims more lives daily around the world due to the lack of a definitive treatment and the rapid tendency of virus to mutate, which even jeopardizes vaccination efficacy. At the forefront battle against SARS-CoV-2, an effective innate response to the infection has a pivotal role in the initial control and treatment of disease. However, SARS-CoV-2 subtly interrupts the equations of immune responses, disrupting the cytolytic antiviral effects of NK cells, while seriously activating infected macrophages and other immune cells to induce an unleashed "cytokine storm", a dangerous and uncontrollable inflammatory response causing life-threatening symptoms in patients. Notably, the NK cell exhaustion with ineffective cytolytic function against the sources of exaggerated cytokine release, acts as an Achilles' heel which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Given this, approaches that improve NK cell cytotoxicity may benefit treatment protocols. As a suggestion, adoptive transfer of NK or CAR-NK cells with proper cytotolytic potentials and the lowest capacity of cytokine-release (for example CD56dim NK cells brightly express activating receptors), to severe COVID-19 patients may provide an effective cure especially in cases suffering from cytokine storms. More intriguingly, the ongoing evidence for persistent clonal expansion of NK memory cells characterized by an activating phenotype in response to viral infections, can benefit the future studies on vaccine development and adoptive NK cell therapy in COVID-19. Whether vaccinated volunteers or recovered patients can also be considered as suitable candidates for cell donation could be the subject of future research.
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6
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Huang Z, Kang SG, Li Y, Zak J, Shaabani N, Deng K, Shepherd J, Bhargava R, Teijaro JR, Xiao C. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promotes persistent virus infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabb8087. [PMID: 33771858 PMCID: PMC7997497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of type 1 interferon (IFN-I) signaling promotes the control of persistent virus infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Ifnar1 specifically in natural killer (NK) cells led to elevated numbers of T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells and improved antiviral T cell function, resulting in hastened virus clearance that was comparable to IFNAR1 neutralizing antibody treatment. Antigen-specific B cells and antiviral antibodies were essential for the accelerated control of LCMV Cl13 infection following IFNAR1 blockade. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promoted NK cell function and general killing of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Therefore, inhibition of IFN-I signaling in NK cells enhances CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, promotes humoral immune responses, and thereby facilitates the control of persistent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular Bioscience/Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunqiao Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Deng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Jovan Shepherd
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raag Bhargava
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Bachiller M, Battram AM, Perez-Amill L, Martín-Antonio B. Natural Killer Cells in Immunotherapy: Are We Nearly There? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3139. [PMID: 33120910 PMCID: PMC7694052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent anti-tumor and anti-microbial cells of our innate immune system. They are equipped with a vast array of receptors that recognize tumor cells and other pathogens. The innate immune activity of NK cells develops faster than the adaptive one performed by T cells, and studies suggest an important immunoregulatory role for each population against the other. The association, observed in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving haploidentical killer-immunoglobulin-like-receptor-mismatched NK cells, with induction of complete remission was the determinant to begin an increasing number of clinical studies administering NK cells for the treatment of cancer patients. Unfortunately, even though transfused NK cells demonstrated safety, their observed efficacy was poor. In recent years, novel studies have emerged, combining NK cells with other immunotherapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, which might improve clinical efficacy. Moreover, genetically-modified NK cells aimed at arming NK cells with better efficacy and persistence have appeared as another option. Here, we review novel pre-clinical and clinical studies published in the last five years administering NK cells as a monotherapy and combined with other agents, and we also review chimeric antigen receptor-modified NK cells for the treatment of cancer patients. We then describe studies regarding the role of NK cells as anti-microbial effectors, as lessons that we could learn and apply in immunotherapy applications of NK cells; these studies highlight an important immunoregulatory role performed between T cells and NK cells that should be considered when designing immunotherapeutic strategies. Lastly, we highlight novel strategies that could be combined with NK cell immunotherapy to improve their targeting, activity, and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.-A.)
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8
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Ivanova DL, Krempels R, Denton SL, Fettel KD, Saltz GM, Rach D, Fatima R, Mundhenke T, Materi J, Dunay IR, Gigley JP. NK Cells Negatively Regulate CD8 T Cells to Promote Immune Exhaustion and Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:313. [PMID: 32733814 PMCID: PMC7360721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells regulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in acute viral infection, vaccination, and the tumor microenvironment. NK cells also become exhausted in chronic activation settings. The mechanisms causing these ILC responses and their impact on adaptive immunity are unclear. CD8+ T cell exhaustion develops during chronic Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection resulting in parasite reactivation and death. How chronic T. gondii infection impacts the NK cell compartment is not known. We demonstrate that NK cells do not exhibit hallmarks of exhaustion. Their numbers are stable and they do not express high PD1 or LAG3. NK cell depletion with anti-NK1.1 is therapeutic and rescues chronic T. gondii infected mice from CD8+ T cell exhaustion dependent death, increases survival after lethal secondary challenge and alters cyst burdens in brain. Anti-NK1.1 treatment increased polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses in spleen and brain and reduced CD8+ T cell apoptosis in spleen. Chronic T. gondii infection promotes the development of a modified NK cell compartment, which does not exhibit normal NK cell characteristics. NK cells are Ly49 and TRAIL negative and are enriched for expression of CD94/NKG2A and KLRG1. These NK cells are found in both spleen and brain. They do not produce IFNγ, are IL-10 negative, do not increase PDL1 expression, but do increase CD107a on their surface. Based on the NK cell receptor phenotype we observed NKp46 and CD94-NKG2A cognate ligands were measured. Activating NKp46 (NCR1-ligand) ligand increased and NKG2A ligand Qa-1b expression was reduced on CD8+ T cells. Blockade of NKp46 rescued the chronically infected mice from death and reduced the number of NKG2A+ cells. Immunization with a single dose non-persistent 100% protective T. gondii vaccination did not induce this cell population in the spleen, suggesting persistent infection is essential for their development. We hypothesize chronic T. gondii infection induces an NKp46 dependent modified NK cell population that reduces functional CD8+ T cells to promote persistent parasite infection in the brain. NK cell targeted therapies could enhance immunity in people with chronic infections, chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Krempels
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Stephen L Denton
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kevin D Fettel
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Giandor M Saltz
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - David Rach
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Rida Fatima
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Tiffany Mundhenke
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joshua Materi
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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9
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Kumar V. Innate lymphoid cell and adaptive immune cell cross-talk: A talk meant not to forget. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:397-417. [PMID: 32557732 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mir0420-500rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a relatively new class of innate immune cells with phenotypical characters of lymphocytes but genotypically or functionally behave as typical innate immune cells. They have been classically divided into 3 groups (group 1 ILCs or ILC1s, group 2 ILCs or ILC2s, and group 3 ILCs or ILC3s). They serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens and allergens at mucosal surfaces. The adaptive immune response works effectively in association with innate immunity as innate immune cells serve as APCs to directly stimulate the adaptive immune cells (various sets of T and B cells). Additionally, innate immune cells also secrete various effector molecules, including cytokines or chemokines impacting the function, differentiation, proliferation, and reprogramming among adaptive immune cells to maintain immune homeostasis. Only superantigens do not require their processing by innate immune cells as they are recognized directly by T cells and B cells. Thus, a major emphasis of the current article is to describe the cross-talk between different ILCs and adaptive immune cells during different conditions varying from normal physiological situations to different infectious diseases to allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Alvarez M, Simonetta F, Baker J, Morrison AR, Wenokur AS, Pierini A, Berraondo P, Negrin RS. Indirect Impact of PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade on a Murine Model of NK Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:7. [PMID: 32117218 PMCID: PMC7026672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of exhaustion on effector immune cells is an important limiting factor for cancer immunotherapy efficacy as these cells undergo a hierarchical loss of proliferation and cytolytic activity due to chronic stimulation. Targeting PD-1 has shown unprecedented clinical benefits for many cancers, which have been attributed to the prevention of immune suppression and exhaustion with enhanced anti-tumor responses. In this study, we sought to evaluate the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in murine natural killer (NK) cell activation, function, and exhaustion. In an in vivo IL-2-dependent exhaustion mouse model, neutralization of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway improved NK cell activation after chronic stimulation when compared to control-treated mice. These cells displayed higher proliferative capabilities and enhanced granzyme B production. However, the blockade of these molecules during long-term in vitro IL-2 stimulation did not alter the progression of NK cell exhaustion (NCE), suggesting an indirect involvement of PD-1/PD-L1 on NCE. Given the expansion of CD8 T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) observed upon acute and chronic stimulation with IL-2, either of these two populations could influence NK cell homeostasis after PD-L1/PD-1 therapy. Importantly, CD8 T cell activation and functional phenotype were indeed enhanced by PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, particularly with anti-PD-1 treatment that resulted in the highest upregulation of CD25 during chronic stimulation and granted an advantage for IL-2 over NK cells. These results indicate a competition for resources between NK and CD8 T cells that arguably delays the onset of NCE rather than improving its activation during chronic stimulation. Supporting this notion, the depletion of CD8 T cells reversed the benefits of PD-1 therapy on chronically stimulated NK cells. These data suggest a bystander effect of anti-PD1 on NK cells, resulting from the global competition that exists between NK and CD8 T cells for IL-2 as a key regulator of these cells' activation. Thus, achieving an equilibrium between these immune cells might be important to accomplish long-term efficacy during anti-PD-1/IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Alvarez
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Federico Simonetta
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alyssa R Morrison
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Arielle S Wenokur
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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11
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Gyurova IE, Ali A, Waggoner SN. Natural Killer Cell Regulation of B Cell Responses in the Context of Viral Infection. Viral Immunol 2019; 33:334-341. [PMID: 31800366 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of both neutralizing and nonneutralizing virus-specific antibodies by B cells is a key component of immune control of many virus infections and a critical benchmark of successful preventative vaccines. Natural killer (NK) cells also play a vital role in antiviral immune defense via cytolytic elimination of infected cells and production of proinflammatory antiviral cytokines. Accumulating evidence points to multifaceted crosstalk between NK cells and antiviral B cell responses that can determine virus elimination, pathogenesis of infection, and efficacy of vaccine-elicited protection. These outcomes are a result of both positive and negative influences of NK cells on the B cell responses, as well as canonical antiviral killing of infected B cells. On one hand, NK cell-derived cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) may promote B cell activation and enhance immunoglobulin production. In contrast, NK cell immunoregulatory killing of CD4 T cells can limit affinity maturation in germinal centers resulting in weak infection or vaccine induction of antiviral neutralizing antibodies. In this review, we will discuss these and other dueling contributions of NK cells to B cell responses during virus infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ayad Ali
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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12
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Ashraf MI, Sarwar A, Kühl AA, Hunger E, Sattler A, Aigner F, Regele H, Sauter M, Klingel K, Schneeberger S, Resch T, Kotsch K. Natural Killer Cells Promote Kidney Graft Rejection Independently of Cyclosporine A Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2279. [PMID: 31616441 PMCID: PMC6769038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells have recently been recognized as key players in antibody-mediated chronic allograft failure, thus requiring a comprehensive understanding whether NK cells can escape conventional immunosuppressive regimens. Influence of cyclosporine A (CyA) on NK cell function was studied in a mouse model of allogeneic kidney transplantation (KTX, BALB/c to C57BL/6). Recipients were treated daily with CyA (10 mg/kg) for seven or 14 days for long term survival (day 56). Administration of CyA in recipients resulted in significantly reduced frequencies of intragraft and splenic CD8+ T cells, whereas the latter illustrated reduced IFNγ production. In contrast, intragraft and splenic NK cell frequencies remained unaffected in CyA recipients and IFNγ production and degranulation of NK cells were not reduced as compared with controls. Depletion of NK cells in combination with CyA resulted in an improvement in kidney function until day 7 and prolonged graft survival until day 56 as compared to untreated controls. Surviving animals demonstrated higher intragraft frequencies of proliferating CD4+FoxP3+Ki67+ regulatory T (TREG) cells as well as higher frequencies of CD8+CD122+ TREG. We here demonstrate that NK cell depletion combined with CyA synergistically improves graft function and prolongs graft survival, suggesting that NK cell targeting constitutes a novel approach for improving KTX outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attia Sarwar
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPath.Berlin-Immunopathology for Experimental Models, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Hunger
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Sattler
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Aigner
- Department of Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Regele
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Sauter
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Resch
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katja Kotsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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NKG2A is a NK cell exhaustion checkpoint for HCV persistence. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1507. [PMID: 30944315 PMCID: PMC6447531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaustion of cytotoxic effector natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells have important functions in the establishment of persistent viral infections, but how exhaustion is induced during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains poorly defined. Here we show, using the humanized C/OTg mice permissive for persistent HCV infection, that NK and CD8+ T cells become sequentially exhausted shortly after their transient hepatic infiltration and activation in acute HCV infection. HCV infection upregulates Qa-1 expression in hepatocytes, which ligates NKG2A to induce NK cell exhaustion. Antibodies targeting NKG2A or Qa-1 prevents NK exhaustion and promotes NK-dependent HCV clearance. Moreover, reactivated NK cells provide sufficient IFN-γ that helps rejuvenate polyclonal HCV CD8+ T cell response and clearance of HCV. Our data thus show that NKG2A serves as a critical checkpoint for HCV-induced NK exhaustion, and that NKG2A blockade sequentially boosts interdependent NK and CD8+ T cell functions to prevent persistent HCV infection. Immune cells may become less responsive, or ‘exhausted’, upon chronic viral infection, but the underlying mechanism and crosstalk are still unclear. Here the authors show that, upon chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, natural killer cell exhaustion is induced by NKG2A signalling to instruct downstream exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and HCV persistence.
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14
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de Jonge K, Ebering A, Nassiri S, Maby-El Hajjami H, Ouertatani-Sakouhi H, Baumgaertner P, Speiser DE. Circulating CD56 bright NK cells inversely correlate with survival of melanoma patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4487. [PMID: 30872676 PMCID: PMC6418246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of NK cells in human melanoma remain only partially understood. We characterized NK cells from peripheral blood ex vivo by flow cytometry obtained from late stage (III/IV) melanoma patients. Interestingly, we found that the abundance of CD56bright NK cells negatively correlate with overall patient survival, together with distant metastases, in a multivariate cox regression analysis. The patients' CD56bright NK cells showed upregulation of CD11a, CD38 and CD95 as compared to healthy controls, pointing to an activated phenotype as well as a possible immune regulatory role in melanoma patients. After stimulation in vitro, CD56bright NK cells produced less TNFα and GMCSF in patients than controls. Furthermore, IFNγ production by the CD56bright NK cells correlated inversely with overall survival. Our results highlight that abundance and function of CD56bright NK cells are associated with melanoma patient survival, emphasizing the potential of NK cell subsets for biomarker discovery and future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat de Jonge
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anna Ebering
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sina Nassiri
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Ali A, Gyurova IE, Waggoner SN. Mutually assured destruction: the cold war between viruses and natural killer cells. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:130-139. [PMID: 30877885 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a multitude of antiviral roles that are significant enough to provoke viral counterefforts to subvert their activity. As innate lymphocytes, NK cells provide a rapid source of pro-inflammatory antiviral cytokines and bring to bear cytolytic activities that are collectively meant to constrain viral replication and dissemination. Additionally, NK cells participate in adaptive immunity both by shaping virus-specific T-cell responses and by developing adaptive features themselves, including enhanced antibody-dependent effector functions. The relative importance of different functional activities of NK cells are poorly understood, thereby obfuscating clinical use of these cells. Here we focus on opposing efforts of NK cells and viruses to gain tactical superiority during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Ali
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States.
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16
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Ivanova DL, Denton SL, Fettel KD, Sondgeroth KS, Munoz Gutierrez J, Bangoura B, Dunay IR, Gigley JP. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Protection, Pathology, and Adaptive Immunity During Apicomplexan Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:196. [PMID: 30873151 PMCID: PMC6403415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a diverse and complex group of protozoan pathogens including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and Babesia spp. They infect a wide variety of hosts and are a major health threat to humans and other animals. Innate immunity provides early control and also regulates the development of adaptive immune responses important for controlling these pathogens. Innate immune responses also contribute to immunopathology associated with these infections. Natural killer (NK) cells have been for a long time known to be potent first line effector cells in helping control protozoan infection. They provide control by producing IL-12 dependent IFNγ and killing infected cells and parasites via their cytotoxic response. Results from more recent studies indicate that NK cells could provide additional effector functions such as IL-10 and IL-17 and might have diverse roles in immunity to these pathogens. These early studies based their conclusions on the identification of NK cells to be CD3–, CD49b+, NK1.1+, and/or NKp46+ and the common accepted paradigm at that time that NK cells were one of the only lymphoid derived innate immune cells present. New discoveries have lead to major advances in understanding that NK cells are only one of several populations of innate immune cells of lymphoid origin. Common lymphoid progenitor derived innate immune cells are now known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and comprise three different groups, group 1, group 2, and group 3 ILC. They are a functionally heterogeneous and plastic cell population and are important effector cells in disease and tissue homeostasis. Very little is known about each of these different types of ILCs in parasitic infection. Therefore, we will review what is known about NK cells in innate immune responses during different protozoan infections. We will discuss what immune responses attributed to NK cells might be reconsidered as ILC1, 2, or 3 population responses. We will then discuss how different ILCs may impact immunopathology and adaptive immune responses to these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Stephen L Denton
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kevin D Fettel
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | | | - Juan Munoz Gutierrez
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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17
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Oh JH, Kim MJ, Choi SJ, Ban YH, Lee HK, Shin EC, Lee KM, Ha SJ. Sustained Type I Interferon Reinforces NK Cell-Mediated Cancer Immunosurveillance during Chronic Virus Infection. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:584-599. [PMID: 30808680 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of natural killer (NK) cells in the early immune response to viral or bacterial infection is well known. However, the phenotype, function, and physiologic role of NK cells during the late stage of persistent viral infection have not been extensively studied. Here, we characterized NK cells in mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 and showed that in contrast to NK cells from acutely infected or uninfected mice, NK cells from chronically infected mice expressed a terminally differentiated phenotype, stronger cytotoxicity, and reduced inhibitory receptor expression. In an in vivo tumor model, chronically infected mice exhibited significantly delayed tumor progression in an NK cell-dependent manner. NK cells from chronically infected mice also expressed high STAT1, and blocking the type I interferon (IFN) receptor revealed that type I IFN signaling directly regulated NK cell cytotoxicity. Our findings indicate that sustained type I IFN signaling during chronic viral infection potentiates the cytolytic function of NK cells and contributes to NK cell-dependent host immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ban
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kahan SM, Zajac AJ. Immune Exhaustion: Past Lessons and New Insights from Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E156. [PMID: 30781904 PMCID: PMC6410286 DOI: 10.3390/v11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a paradigm-forming experimental system with a remarkable track record of contributing to the discovery of many of the fundamental concepts of modern immunology. The ability of LCMV to establish a chronic infection in immunocompetent adult mice was instrumental for identifying T cell exhaustion and this system has been invaluable for uncovering the complexity, regulators, and consequences of this state. These findings have been directly relevant for understanding why ineffective T cell responses commonly arise during many chronic infections including HIV and HCV, as well as during tumor outgrowth. The principal feature of exhausted T cells is the inability to elaborate the array of effector functions necessary to contain the underlying infection or tumor. Using LCMV to determine how to prevent and reverse T cell exhaustion has highlighted the potential of checkpoint blockade therapies, most notably PD-1 inhibition strategies, for improving cellular immunity under conditions of antigen persistence. Here, we discuss the discovery, properties, and regulators of exhausted T cells and highlight how LCMV has been at the forefront of advancing our understanding of these ineffective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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19
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Straub T, Freudenberg MA, Schleicher U, Bogdan C, Gasteiger G, Pircher H. Bacterial coinfection restrains antiviral CD8 T-cell response via LPS-induced inhibitory NK cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4117. [PMID: 30297690 PMCID: PMC6175863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of specific pathogen-free mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a widely used model to study antiviral T-cell immunity. Infections in the real world, however, are often accompanied by coinfections with unrelated pathogens. Here we show that in mice, systemic coinfection with E. coli suppresses the LCMV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and virus elimination in a NK cell- and TLR2/4-dependent manner. Soluble TLR4 ligand LPS also induces NK cell-mediated negative CTL regulation during LCMV infection. NK cells in LPS-treated mice suppress clonal expansion of LCMV-specific CTLs by a NKG2D- or NCR1-independent but perforin-dependent mechanism. These results suggest a TLR4-mediated immunoregulatory role of NK cells during viral-bacterial coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina A Freudenberg
- Institute for Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Adenovirus Vector Vaccination Impacts NK Cell Rheostat Function following Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2018. [PMID: 29514912 PMCID: PMC5952142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02103-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells respond rapidly as a first line of defense against infectious pathogens. In addition, NK cells may provide a "rheostat" function and have been shown to reduce the magnitude of antigen-specific T cell responses following infection to avoid immunopathology. However, it remains unknown whether NK cells similarly modulate vaccine-elicited T cell responses following virus challenge. We used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 infection model to address whether NK cells regulate T cell responses in adenovirus vector-vaccinated mice following challenge. As expected, NK cell depletion in unvaccinated mice resulted in increased virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and immunopathology following LCMV challenge. In contrast, NK cell depletion had minimal to no impact on antigen-specific T cell responses in mice that were vaccinated with an adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-GP vector prior to LCMV challenge. Moreover, NK cell depletion in vaccinated mice prior to challenge did not result in immunopathology and did not compromise protective efficacy. These data suggest that adenovirus vaccine-elicited T cells may be less sensitive to NK cell rheostat regulation than T cells primed by LCMV infection.IMPORTANCE Recent data have shown that NK cell depletion leads to enhanced virus-elicited T cell responses that can result in severe immunopathology following LCMV infection in mice. In this study, we observed that NK cells exerted minimal to no impact on vaccine-elicited T cells following LCMV challenge, suggesting that adenovirus vaccine-elicited T cells may be less subject to NK cell regulation. These data contribute to our understanding of NK cell regulatory functions and T cell-based vaccines.
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21
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Weak vaccinia virus-induced NK cell regulation of CD4 T cells is associated with reduced NK cell differentiation and cytolytic activity. Virology 2018; 519:131-144. [PMID: 29715623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control antiviral adaptive immune responses in mice during some virus infections, but the universality of this phenomenon remains unknown. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice triggered potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells (NKLCMV) against activated CD4 T cells, tumor cells, and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, NK cells activated by vaccinia virus (VACV) infection (NKVACV) exhibited weaker cytolytic activity against each of these target cells. Relative to NKLCMV cells, NKVACV cells exhibited a more immature (CD11b-CD27+) phenotype, and lower expression levels of the activation marker CD69, cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin, granzyme B), and the transcription factor IRF4. NKVACV cells expressed higher levels of the inhibitory molecule NKG2A than NKLCMV cells. Consistent with this apparent lethargy, NKVACV cells only weakly constrained VACV-specific CD4 T-cell responses. This suggests that NK cell regulation of adaptive immunity, while universal, may be limited with viruses that poorly activate NK cells.
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22
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Dustin LB. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Chronic HCV Infection. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:826-843. [PMID: 26302811 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150825110532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a public health problem of global importance, even in the era of potent directly-acting antiviral drugs. In this chapter, I discuss immune responses to acute and chronic HCV infection. The outcome of HCV infection is influenced by viral strategies that limit or delay the initiation of innate antiviral responses. This delay may enable HCV to establish widespread infection long before the host mounts effective T and B cell responses. HCV's genetic agility, resulting from its high rate of replication and its error prone replication mechanism, enables it to evade immune recognition. Adaptive immune responses fail to keep up with changing viral epitopes. Neutralizing antibody epitopes may be hidden by decoy structures, glycans, and lipoproteins. T cell responses fail due to changing epitope sequences and due to exhaustion, a phenomenon that may have evolved to limit immune-mediated pathology. Despite these difficulties, innate and adaptive immune mechanisms do impact HCV replication. Immune-mediated clearance of infection is possible, occurring in 20-50% of people who contract the disease. New developments raise hopes for effective immunological interventions to prevent or treat HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Dustin
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
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23
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Schmidt S, Tramsen L, Rais B, Ullrich E, Lehrnbecher T. Natural killer cells as a therapeutic tool for infectious diseases - current status and future perspectives. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20891-20907. [PMID: 29755697 PMCID: PMC5945539 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are involved in the host immune response against infections due to viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens, all of which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Since the recovery of the immune system has a major impact on the outcome of an infectious complication, there is major interest in strengthening the host response in immunocompromised patients, either by using cytokines or growth factors or by adoptive cellular therapies transfusing immune cells such as granulocytes or pathogen-specific T-cells. To date, relatively little is known about the potential of adoptively transferring NK cells in immunocompromised patients with infectious complications, although the anti-cancer property of NK cells is already being investigated in the clinical setting. This review will focus on the antimicrobial properties of NK cells and the current standing and future perspectives of generating and using NK cells as immunotherapy in patients with infectious complications, an approach which is promising and might have an important clinical impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Schmidt
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Tramsen
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bushra Rais
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Wang B, Kang W, Zuo J, Kang W, Sun Y. The Significance of Type-I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1431. [PMID: 29163506 PMCID: PMC5671973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are a widely expressed family that could promote antivirus immunity in the process of pathogens invasion. In a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-infected individual, the production of IFN-I can be detected as early as the acute phase and will persist throughout the course of infection. However, sustained stimulation of immune system by IFN-I also contributes greatly to host-mediated immunopathology and diseases progression. Although the protective effects of IFN-I in the acute phase of HIV-1 infection have been observed, more studies recently focus on their detrimental role in the chronic stage. Inhibition of IFN-I signaling may reverse HIV-1-induced immune hyperactivation and furthermore reduce HIV-1 reservoirs, which suggest this strategy may provide a potential way to enhance the therapeutic effect of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, we review the role of IFN-I in HIV-1 progression, their effects on different immunocytes, and therapeutic prospects targeting the IFN-I system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahui Zuo
- Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenzhen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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25
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Hasan MS, Ryan PL, Bergmeier LA, Fortune F. Circulating NK cells and their subsets in Behçet's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:311-322. [PMID: 28170096 PMCID: PMC5383445 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is an autoinflammatory, chronic relapsing/remitting disease of unknown aetiology with both innate and acquired immune cells implicated in disease pathogenesis. Peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells and their CD56Dim /CD56Bright subsets were surface phenotyped using CD27 and CD16 surface markers in 60 BD patients compared to 60 healthy controls (HCs). Functional potential was assessed by production of interferon (IFN)-γ, granzyme B, perforin and the expression of degranulation marker CD107a. The effects of disease activity (BDActive versus BDQuiet ) and BD medication on NK cells were also investigated. Peripheral blood NK cells (P < 0·0001) and their constituent CD56Dim (P < 0·0001) and CD56Bright (P = 0·0015) subsets were depleted significantly in BD patients compared to HCs, and especially in those with active disease (BDActive ) (P < 0·0001). BD patients taking azathioprine also had significantly depleted NK cells compared to HCs (P < 0·0001). A stepwise multivariate linear regression model confirmed BD activity and azathioprine therapy as significant independent predictor variables of peripheral blood NK percentage (P < 0·001). In general, CD56Dim cells produced more perforin (P < 0·0001) and granzyme B (P < 0·01) expressed higher CD16 levels (P < 0·0001) compared to CD56Bright cells, confirming their increased cytotoxic potential with overall higher NK cell CD107a expression in BD compared to HCs (P < 0·01). Interestingly, IFN-γ production and CD27 expression were not significantly different between CD56Dim /CD56Bright subsets. In conclusion, both BD activity and azathioprine therapy have significant independent depletive effects on the peripheral blood NK cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hasan
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - P L Ryan
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - L A Bergmeier
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - F Fortune
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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26
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in viral immunity. In the setting of HIV infection, epidemiologic and functional evidence support a role for NK cells in both protection from new infection and in viral control. Specifically, NK cells directly mediate immune pressure leading to virus evolution, and NK cell receptor genotypic profiles, clonal repertoires, and functional capacity have all been implicated in virus containment. In addition, indirect NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity has been linked to vaccine-induced protective immunity against HIV infection. With recent advances in our understanding of NK cell deficiency, development, memory-like responses, and editing of the adaptive immune system, the opportunities to direct and exploit NK cell antiviral immunity to target HIV have exponentially grown. In this review, we seek to highlight the intersections between discoveries in basic NK cell biology and the challenges of HIV chronic infection, vaccine development, and cure/eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Scully
- />Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- />Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02130 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- />Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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27
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Huang WC, Easom NJ, Tang XZ, Gill US, Singh H, Robertson F, Chang C, Trowsdale J, Davidson BR, Rosenberg WM, Fusai G, Toubert A, Kennedy PT, Peppa D, Maini MK. T Cells Infiltrating Diseased Liver Express Ligands for the NKG2D Stress Surveillance System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1172-1182. [PMID: 28031333 PMCID: PMC5253436 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NK cells, which are highly enriched in the liver, are potent regulators of antiviral T cells and immunopathology in persistent viral infection. We investigated the role of the NKG2D axis in T cell/NK cell interactions in hepatitis B. Activated and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cells, particularly the CD4 fraction, expressed NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL), which were not found on T cells from healthy controls (p < 0.001). NKG2DL-expressing T cells were strikingly enriched within HBV-infected livers compared with the periphery or to healthy livers (p < 0.001). NKG2D+NK cells were also increased and preferentially activated in the HBV-infected liver (p < 0.001), in direct proportion to the percentage of MICA/B-expressing CD4 T cells colocated within freshly isolated liver tissue (p < 0.001). This suggests that NKG2DL induced on T cells within a diseased organ can calibrate NKG2D-dependent activation of local NK cells; furthermore, NKG2D blockade could rescue HBV-specific and MICA/B-expressing T cells from HBV-infected livers. To our knowledge, this is the first ex vivo demonstration that non-virally infected human T cells can express NKG2DL, with implications for stress surveillance by the large number of NKG2D-expressing NK cells sequestered in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Huang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.,Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas J Easom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-Zi Tang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Harsimran Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Robertson
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Chiwen Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - William M Rosenberg
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 1160, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris 75013, France
| | - Patrick T Kennedy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom;
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28
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Lam VC, Lanier LL. NK cells in host responses to viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 44:43-51. [PMID: 27984782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that play an important role in viral clearance. NK cell responses to viral infections were originally believed to be non-specific and lacked immune memory recall responses. It is now appreciated that NK cell responses to viral infections can be specific and in some cases memory recall responses are established. Increasing evidence also illuminates the complexity of NK cell interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we summarize the evidence for NK cell-specific memory responses to viral infections and the intricate reciprocal interactions between NK cells and other immune cells that dictate their activation and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola C Lam
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, United States.
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29
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Mbanwi AN, Wang C, Geddes K, Philpott DJ, Watts TH. Irreversible splenic atrophy following chronic LCMV infection is associated with compromised immunity in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 47:94-106. [PMID: 27730627 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV13) infection of mice is a widely used model for investigating the mechanisms driving persistent viral infection in humans. LCMV13 disrupts splenic architecture early during infection, but this returns to normal within a few weeks. However, the long-term effects of LCMV13 infection on splenic structure have not been reported. Here, we report that persistent infection with LCMV13 results in sustained splenic atrophy that persists for at least 500 days following infection, whereas infection with the acutely infecting LCMV Armstrong is associated with a return to preinfection spleen weights. Splenic atrophy is associated with loss of T, B, and non-B non-T cells, with B cells most significantly affected. These effects were partly ameliorated by anti-NK1.1 or anti-CD8 antibody treatment. Antigen presentation was detectable at the time of contraction of the spleen, but no longer detected at late time points, suggesting that continued antigen presentation is not required to maintain splenic atrophy. Immunity to Salmonella infection and influenza vaccination were decreased after the virus was no longer detected. Thus splenic atrophy following LCMV13 infection is irreversible and may contribute to impaired immunity following clearance of LCMV13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achire N Mbanwi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaoru Geddes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Pallmer K, Oxenius A. Recognition and Regulation of T Cells by NK Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:251. [PMID: 27446081 PMCID: PMC4919350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of T cell responses by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is increasingly documented and studied. Direct or indirect crosstalk between ILCs and T cells early during and after T cell activation can affect their differentiation, polarization, and survival. Natural killer (NK) cells that belong to the ILC1 group were initially described for their function in recognizing and eliminating "altered self" and as source of early inflammatory cytokines, most notably type II interferon. Using signals conveyed by various germ-line encoded activating and inhibitory receptors, NK cells are geared to sense sudden cellular changes that can be caused by infection events, malignant transformation, or cellular stress responses. T cells, when activated by TCR engagement (signal 1), costimulation (signal 2), and cytokines (signal 3), commit to a number of cellular alterations, including entry into rapid cell cycling, metabolic changes, and acquisition of effector functions. These abrupt changes may alert NK cells, and T cells might thereby expose themselves as NK cell targets. Here, we review how activated T cells can be recognized and regulated by NK cells and what consequences such regulation bears for T cell immunity in the context of vaccination, infection, or autoimmunity. Conversely, we will discuss mechanisms by which activated T cells protect themselves against NK cell attack and outline the significance of this safeguard mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
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31
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Townsley E, O'Connor G, Cosgrove C, Woda M, Co M, Thomas SJ, Kalayanarooj S, Yoon I, Nisalak A, Srikiatkhachorn A, Green S, Stephens HAF, Gostick E, Price DA, Carrington M, Alter G, McVicar DW, Rothman AL, Mathew A. Interaction of a dengue virus NS1-derived peptide with the inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1 on natural killer cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 183:419-30. [PMID: 26439909 PMCID: PMC4750593 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) interact with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands and play a key role in the regulation and activation of NK cells. The functional importance of KIR-HLA interactions has been demonstrated for a number of chronic viral infections, but to date only a few studies have been performed in the context of acute self-limited viral infections. During our investigation of CD8(+) T cell responses to a conserved HLA-B57-restricted epitope derived from dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein-1 (NS1), we observed substantial binding of the tetrameric complex to non-T/non-B lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a long-standing clinical cohort in Thailand. We confirmed binding of the NS1 tetramer to CD56(dim) NK cells, which are known to express KIRs. Using depletion studies and KIR-transfected cell lines, we demonstrated further that the NS1 tetramer bound the inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1. Phenotypical analysis of PBMC from HLA-B57(+) subjects with acute DENV infection revealed marked activation of NS1 tetramer-binding natural killer (NK) cells around the time of defervescence in subjects with severe dengue disease. Collectively, our findings indicate that subsets of NK cells are activated relatively late in the course of acute DENV illness and reveal a possible role for specific KIR-HLA interactions in the modulation of disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Townsley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - G. O'Connor
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental ImmunologyLeidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - C. Cosgrove
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT And HarvardMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - M. Woda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - M. Co
- Division of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - S. J. Thomas
- Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - S. Kalayanarooj
- Queen Sirikit National Institute for Child HealthBangkokThailand
| | - I.‐K. Yoon
- Department of VirologyArmed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
| | - A. Nisalak
- Department of VirologyArmed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
| | - A. Srikiatkhachorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - S. Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - H. A. F. Stephens
- Centre for Nephrology and the Anthony Nolan TrustRoyal Free Campus, University CollegeLondonUK
| | - E. Gostick
- Cardiff University School of MedicineInstitute of Infection and ImmunityCardiffUK
| | - D. A. Price
- Cardiff University School of MedicineInstitute of Infection and ImmunityCardiffUK
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - M. Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental ImmunologyLeidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT And HarvardMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - G. Alter
- Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT And HarvardMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - D. W. McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental ImmunologyLeidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - A. L. Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode IslandProvidenceRIUSA
| | - A. Mathew
- Division of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
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32
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NLRC5 shields T lymphocytes from NK-cell-mediated elimination under inflammatory conditions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10554. [PMID: 26861112 PMCID: PMC4749981 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRC5 is a transcriptional regulator of MHC class I (MHCI), which maintains high MHCI expression particularly in T cells. Recent evidence highlights an important NK–T-cell crosstalk, raising the question on whether NLRC5 specifically modulates this interaction. Here we show that NK cells from Nlrc5-deficient mice exhibit moderate alterations in inhibitory receptor expression and responsiveness. Interestingly, NLRC5 expression in T cells is required to protect them from NK-cell-mediated elimination upon inflammation. Using T-cell-specific Nlrc5-deficient mice, we show that NK cells surprisingly break tolerance even towards ‘self' Nlrc5-deficient T cells under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, during chronic LCMV infection, the total CD8+ T-cell population is severely decreased in these mice, a phenotype reverted by NK-cell depletion. These findings strongly suggest that endogenous T cells with low MHCI expression become NK-cell targets, having thus important implications for T-cell responses in naturally or therapeutically induced inflammatory conditions. NK cell tolerance to self-MHCI levels is calibrated during their development. Here the authors show that this tolerance is overcome by an inflammatory environment and that NLRC5 protects T cells from NK cell-mediated elimination by maintaining high MHCI expression.
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33
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Bosinger SE, Utay NS. Type I interferon: understanding its role in HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 12:41-53. [PMID: 25662992 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 30 years of research, the contribution of type I interferons (IFN-Is) to both the control of HIV replication and initiation of immunologic damage remains debated. In acute infection, IFN-Is, likely from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), activate NK cells and upregulate restriction factors targeting virtually the entire HIV life cycle. In chronic infection, IFN-Is may also contribute to CD4 T cell loss and immune exhaustion. pDCs subsequently infiltrate lymphoid and mucosal tissues, and their circulating populations wane in chronic infection; IFN-I may be produced by other cells. Data from nonhuman primates indicate prompt IFN-I signaling is critical in acute infection. Whereas some studies showed IFN-I administration without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is beneficial, others suggest that stimulating or blocking IFN-I signaling in chronic ART-suppressed HIV infection has had positive results. Here, we describe the history of HIV and IFN-I, IFN-I's sources, IFN-I's effects on HIV control and host defense, and recent interventional studies in SIV and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center Bldg. 3028, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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34
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Wang L, Wang K, Zou ZQ. Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in hepatitis B virus infection. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2980-2991. [PMID: 26730277 PMCID: PMC4691701 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i30.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. HBV is not directly cytotoxic to infected hepatocytes; the clinical outcome of infection results from complicated interactions between the virus and the host immune system. In acute HBV infection, initiation of a broad, vigorous immune response is responsible for viral clearance and self-limited inflammatory liver disease. Effective and coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses are critical for viral clearance and the development of long-lasting immunity. Chronic hepatitis B patients fail to mount efficient innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus. In particular, HBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, which are crucial for HBV clearance, are hyporesponsiveness to HBV infection. Accumulating experimental evidence obtained from the development of animal and cell line models has highlighted the importance of innate immunity in the early control of HBV spread. The virus has evolved immune escape strategies, with higher HBV loads and HBV protein concentrations associated with increasing impairment of immune function. Therefore, treatment of HBV infection requires inhibition of HBV replication and protein expression to restore the suppressed host immunity. Complicated interactions exist not only between innate and adaptive responses, but also among innate immune cells and different components of adaptive responses. Improved insight into these complex interactions are important in designing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment HBV infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the cross-talk between the innate and adaptive immune responses and among different immunocytes in HBV infection.
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35
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Boni C, Lampertico P, Talamona L, Giuberti T, Invernizzi F, Barili V, Fisicaro P, Rossi M, Cavallo MC, Vecchi A, Pedrazzi G, Alfieri A, Colombo M, Missale G, Ferrari C. Natural killer cell phenotype modulation and natural killer/T-cell interplay in nucleos(t)ide analogue-treated hepatitis e antigen-negative patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2015; 62:1697-709. [PMID: 26361374 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural killer (NK) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cells are functionally impaired in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Understanding to what extent nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) therapy can improve T- and NK-cell responses is important in the perspective of immunomonitoring strategies for a safe and earlier NUC withdrawal and of novel combination therapies based on modulation of antiviral immunity. To gain further insights into T/NK-cell interplay, we studied NK-cell phenotype and function in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic HBV patients either untreated (25) or NUC treated (36 hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg](+) and 10 HBsAg(-)/hepatitis B surface antibody [anti-HBs](+)). Interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by HBV-specific T cells was also analyzed in NUC-treated patients. NK cells from chronic naïve patients showed an "inflammatory" phenotype defined by increased expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), CD38, and Ki67 that significantly declined upon viremia suppression and alanine aminotransferase normalization induced by NUC therapy. Reversion to a quiescent NK-cell phenotype was associated with restoration of the HBV-specific T-cell function. T- and NK-cell responses showed an inverse correlation, with an opposite behavior in individual NUC-treated patients. NK-cell depletion as well as TRAIL and NKG2D pathway blockade induced a significant improvement of the HBV-specific T-cell function. CONCLUSIONS NK cells can express regulatory activity on T cells in NUC-treated patients with prevalent inhibition of CD4 T cells, likely needed to limit persistent T-cell activation. NK-cell phenotype is modulated by NUC therapy and its reversion to quiescence mirrors efficient HBV-specific T-cell responses. Thus, changes of NK-cell phenotype may predict acquisition of antiviral control before anti-HBs seroconversion and represent the groundwork for future studies aimed at assessing whether NK phenotyping can be translated into the clinical practice to guide NUC suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Boni
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lavinia Talamona
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Giuberti
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Barili
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Rossi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cavallo
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pedrazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biophysics and Medical Physics Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Arianna Alfieri
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Colombo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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36
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Honke N, Shaabani N, Merches K, Gassa A, Kraft A, Ehrhardt K, Häussinger D, Löhning M, Dittmer U, Hengel H, Recher M, Lang PA, Lang KS. Immunoactivation induced by chronic viral infection inhibits viral replication and drives immunosuppression through sustained IFN-I responses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:372-80. [PMID: 26507703 PMCID: PMC5063111 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute or chronic viral infections can lead to generalized immunosuppression. Several mechanisms, such as immunopathology of CD8+ T cells, inhibitory receptors, or regulatory T (Treg) cells, contribute to immune dysfunction. Moreover, patients with chronic viral infections usually do not respond to vaccination, a finding that has not been previously explained. Recently, we reported that CD169+ macrophages enforce viral replication, which is essential for guaranteeing antigen synthesis and efficient adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we used a chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection mouse model to determine whether this mechanism is affected by chronic viral infection, which may impair the activation of adaptive immunity. We found that enforced viral replication of a superinfecting virus is completely blunted in chronically infected mice. This absence of enforced viral replication in CD169+ macrophages is not explained by CD8+ T‐cell‐mediated immunopathology but rather by prolonged IFN‐I responses. Consequently, the absence of viral replication impairs both antigen production and the adaptive immune response against the superinfecting virus. These findings indicate that chronic infection leads to sustained IFN‐I action, which is responsible for the absence of an antiviral immune response against a secondary viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Honke
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Merches
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Asmae Gassa
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin and German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiency, Medical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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37
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Waggoner SN, Reighard SD, Gyurova IE, Cranert SA, Mahl SE, Karmele EP, McNally JP, Moran MT, Brooks TR, Yaqoob F, Rydyznski CE. Roles of natural killer cells in antiviral immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 16:15-23. [PMID: 26590692 PMCID: PMC4821726 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NK cells can kill virus-infected cells and protect against severe infections. Long-lived memory NK cells may develop after vaccination or infection. NK cells are potent regulatory of antiviral T and B cell responses. The role of NK cells in human infection is complex and context-dependent.
Natural killer (NK) cells are important in immune defense against virus infections. This is predominantly considered a function of rapid, innate NK-cell killing of virus-infected cells. However, NK cells also prime other immune cells through the release of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and other cytokines. Additionally, NK cells share features with long-lived adaptive immune cells and can impact disease pathogenesis through the inhibition of adaptive immune responses by virus-specific T and B cells. The relative contributions of these diverse and conflicting functions of NK cells in humans are poorly defined and likely context-dependent, thereby complicating the development of therapeutic interventions. Here we focus on the contributions of NK cells to disease in diverse virus infections germane to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Seth D Reighard
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stacey A Cranert
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sarah E Mahl
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Erik P Karmele
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P McNally
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael T Moran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Taylor R Brooks
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Fazeela Yaqoob
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Carolyn E Rydyznski
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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38
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Understanding Experimental LCMV Infection of Mice: The Role of Mathematical Models. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:739706. [PMID: 26576439 PMCID: PMC4631900 DOI: 10.1155/2015/739706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections represent complex biological systems governed by multiple-level regulatory processes of virus replication and host immune responses. Understanding of the infection means an ability to predict the systems behaviour under various conditions. Such predictions can only rely upon quantitative mathematical models. The model formulations should be tightly linked to a fundamental step called “coordinatization” (Hermann Weyl), that is, the definition of observables, parameters, and structures that enable the link with a biological phenotype. In this review, we analyse the mathematical modelling approaches to LCMV infection in mice that resulted in quantification of some fundamental parameters of the CTL-mediated virus control including the rates of T cell turnover, infected target cell elimination, and precursor frequencies. We show how the modelling approaches can be implemented to address diverse aspects of immune system functioning under normal conditions and in response to LCMV and, importantly, make quantitative predictions of the outcomes of immune system perturbations. This may highlight the notion that data-driven applications of meaningful mathematical models in infection biology remain a challenge.
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39
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Gut microbiota modulate the immune effect against hepatitis B virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2139-47. [PMID: 26272175 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus (HBV) initiates and maintains acute or chronic infection, even the formation of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are still undefined. An increasing number of studies have shown that intestinal flora regulate immune homeostasis, and, thus, protect the immunologic function against hepatitis virus infection. In this article, we discuss gut microbiota and its potential immune effects against HBV infection. It may provide a novel insight into the pathogenesis of HBV infection, as well as a potential therapeutic target to HBV-related disease.
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40
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Rydyznski CE, Waggoner SN. Boosting vaccine efficacy the natural (killer) way. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:536-46. [PMID: 26272882 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of the innate and adaptive immune systems is paramount to the development of protective humoral and cellular immunity following vaccination. Natural killer (NK) cells are front-line soldiers of the innate immune system, and recent studies have revealed functions for NK cells in long-lived immune memory and the regulation of adaptive immune responses. These findings suggest that NK cells may play important roles in the development of efficacious vaccines, as well as, in some contexts, failed immunizations. Here, we review the current understanding of the immunomodulatory and memory differentiation capabilities of NK cells. We examine the context dependency of the mechanisms and the nature of NK cell-mediated modulation of the immune response, and discuss how these insights may impact immunization strategies and the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Rydyznski
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, S6.214, MLC 15012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE) and Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, S6.214, MLC 15012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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41
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Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus (HPgV; formerly known as GBV-C) inhibits IL-12 dependent natural killer cell function. Virology 2015; 485:116-27. [PMID: 26245365 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human Pegivirus (HPgV, formally GB virus C) infects lymphocytes and NK cells in vivo, and infection is associated with reduced T cell and NK cell activation in HIV-infected individuals. The mechanism by which HPgV inhibits NK cell activation has not been assessed. Following IL-12 stimulation, IFNγ expression was lower in HIV-HPgV co-infected subjects compared to HIV mono-infected subjects (p=0.02). In addition, HPgV positive human sera, extracellular vesicles containing E2 protein, recombinant E2 protein and synthetic E2 peptides containing a predicted Tyk2 interacting motif inhibited NK cell IL-12-mediated IFNγ release. E2 protein also inhibited Tyk2 activation following IL-12 stimulation. In contrast, cytolytic NK cell function was not altered by HPgV. Inhibition of NK cell-induced proinflammatory/antiviral cytokines may contribute to both HPgV persistence and reduced immune activation during HIV-coinfection. Understanding mechanisms by which HPgV alters immune activation may contribute towards novel immunomodulatory therapies to treat HIV and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nirjal Bhattarai
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - James H McLinden
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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42
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Pahl J, Cerwenka A. Tricking the balance: NK cells in anti-cancer immunity. Immunobiology 2015; 222:11-20. [PMID: 26264743 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are classically considered innate immune effector cells involved in the first line of defense against infected and malignant cells. More recently, NK cells have emerged to acquire properties of adaptive immunity in response to certain viral infections such as expansion of specific NK cell subsets and long-lasting virus-specific responses to secondary challenges. NK cells distinguish healthy cells from abnormal cells by measuring the net input of activating and inhibitory signals perceived from target cells through NK cell surface receptors. Acquisition of activating ligands in combination with reduced expression of MHC class I molecules on virus-infected and cancer cells activates NK cell cytotoxicity and release of immunostimulatory cytokines like IFN-γ. In the cancer microenvironment however, NK cells become functionally impaired by inhibitory factors produced by immunosuppressive immune cells and cancer cells. Here we review recent progress on the role of NK cells in cancer immunity. We describe regulatory factors of the tumor microenvironment on NK cell function which determine cancer cell destruction or escape from immune recognition. Finally, recent strategies that focus on exploiting NK cell anti-cancer responses for immunotherapeutic approaches are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pahl
- Innate Immunity Group, D080, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69221 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, D080, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69221 Heidelberg, Germany.
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43
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Cook KD, Kline HC, Whitmire JK. NK cells inhibit humoral immunity by reducing the abundance of CD4+ T follicular helper cells during a chronic virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:153-62. [PMID: 25986014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4hi1214-594r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to understand better how to improve B cell responses and immunity to persisting virus infections, which often cause debilitating illness or death. People with chronic virus infection show evidence of improved virus control when there is a strong neutralizing antibody response, and conversely, B cell dysfunction is associated with higher viral loads. We showed previously that NK cells inhibit CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to disseminating LCMV infection and that depletion of NK cells attenuates chronic infection. Here, we examined the effect of NK cell depletion on B cell responses to LCMV infection in mice. Whereas mice infected acutely generated a peak level of antibody soon after the infection was resolved, mice infected chronically showed a continued increase in antibody levels that exceeded those after acute infection. We found that early NK cell depletion rapidly increased virus-specific antibody levels to chronic infection, and this effect depended on CD4(+) T cells and was associated with elevated numbers of CXCR5(+)CD4(+) TFH cells. However, the NK cell-depleted mice controlled the infection and by 1 mo pi, had lower TFH cell numbers and antibody levels compared with mice with sustained infection. Finally, we show that NK cell depletion improved antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses only when B cells and virus-specific antibody were present. Our data indicate that NK cells diminish immunity to chronic infection, in part, by suppressing TFH cell and antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Cook
- *Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hannah C Kline
- *Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- *Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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44
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Sun C, Sun H, Zhang C, Tian Z. NK cell receptor imbalance and NK cell dysfunction in HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:292-302. [PMID: 25308752 PMCID: PMC4654321 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer mortality and a common poor-prognosis malignancy due to postoperative recurrence and metastasis. There is a significant correlation between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. As the first line of host defense against viral infections and tumors, natural killer (NK) cells express a large number of immune recognition receptors (NK receptors (NKRs)) to recognize ligands on hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells and Kupffer cells, which maintain the balance between immune response and immune tolerance of NK cells. Unfortunately, the percentage and absolute number of liver NK cells decrease significantly during the development and progression of HCC. The abnormal expression of NK cell receptors and dysfunction of liver NK cells contribute to the progression of chronic HBV infection and HCC and are significantly associated with poor prognosis for liver cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of NK cell receptors in anti-tumor immune responses in HCC, particularly HBV-related HCC. We discuss specifically how tumor cells evade attack from NK cells and how emerging understanding of NKRs may aid the development of novel treatments for HCC. Novel mono- and combination therapeutic strategies that target the NK cell receptor-ligand system may potentially lead to successful and effective immunotherapy in HCC.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 6 October 2014; doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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45
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T cell exhaustion during persistent viral infections. Virology 2015; 479-480:180-93. [PMID: 25620767 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior, exhausted, T cell responses. Exhaustion develops in a step-wise and progressive manner, ranges in severity, and can culminate in the deletion of the anti-viral T cells. This disarming of the response is consequential as it compromises viral control and potentially serves to dampen immune-mediated damage. Exhausted T cells are unable to elaborate typical anti-viral effector functions. They are characterized by the sustained upregulation of inhibitory receptors and display a gene expression profile that distinguishes them from prototypic effector and memory T cell populations. In this review we discuss the properties of exhausted T cells; the virological and immunological conditions that favor their development; the cellular and molecular signals that sustain the exhausted state; and strategies for preventing and reversing exhaustion to favor viral control.
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46
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Kahan SM, Zajac AJ. A stay of execution: type I interferons pardon T cells from death by natural killers. Immunity 2014; 40:861-2. [PMID: 24950208 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Crouse et al., (2014) and Xu et al., (2014), show that by modulating the expression of natural killer (NK) cell receptor ligands, type I interferons protect responding T cells against culling by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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47
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Sandler NG, Bosinger SE, Estes JD, Zhu RTR, Tharp GK, Boritz E, Levin D, Wijeyesinghe S, Makamdop KN, del Prete GQ, Hill BJ, Timmer JK, Reiss E, Yarden G, Darko S, Contijoch E, Todd JP, Silvestri G, Nason M, Norgren RB, Keele BF, Rao S, Langer JA, Lifson JD, Schreiber G, Douek DC. Type I interferon responses in rhesus macaques prevent SIV infection and slow disease progression. Nature 2014; 511:601-5. [PMID: 25043006 PMCID: PMC4418221 DOI: 10.1038/nature13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in HIV infection is predictive of non-AIDS morbidity and death, higher set point plasma virus load and virus acquisition; thus, therapeutic agents are in development to reduce its causes and consequences. However, inflammation may simultaneously confer both detrimental and beneficial effects. This dichotomy is particularly applicable to type I interferons (IFN-I) which, while contributing to innate control of infection, also provide target cells for the virus during acute infection, impair CD4 T-cell recovery, and are associated with disease progression. Here we manipulated IFN-I signalling in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission and acute infection with two complementary in vivo interventions. We show that blockade of the IFN-I receptor caused reduced antiviral gene expression, increased SIV reservoir size and accelerated CD4 T-cell depletion with progression to AIDS despite decreased T-cell activation. In contrast, IFN-α2a administration initially upregulated expression of antiviral genes and prevented systemic infection. However, continued IFN-α2a treatment induced IFN-I desensitization and decreased antiviral gene expression, enabling infection with increased SIV reservoir size and accelerated CD4 T-cell loss. Thus, the timing of IFN-induced innate responses in acute SIV infection profoundly affects overall disease course and outweighs the detrimental consequences of increased immune activation. Yet, the clinical consequences of manipulation of IFN signalling are difficult to predict in vivo and therapeutic interventions in human studies should be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya G Sandler
- 1] Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- 1] Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA [2] Non-Human Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Richard T R Zhu
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- 1] Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA [2] Non-Human Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eli Boritz
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Doron Levin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Krystelle Nganou Makamdop
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gregory Q del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Brenna J Hill
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - J Katherina Timmer
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Emma Reiss
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ganit Yarden
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eduardo Contijoch
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John Paul Todd
- Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Robert B Norgren
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jerome A Langer
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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48
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Dustin LB, Cashman SB, Laidlaw SM. Immune control and failure in HCV infection--tipping the balance. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:535-48. [PMID: 25015956 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ri0214-126r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of potent antiviral drugs, HCV remains a global health problem; global eradication is a long way off. In this review, we discuss the immune response to HCV infection and particularly, the interplay between viral strategies that delay the onset of antiviral responses and host strategies that limit or even eradicate infected cells but also contribute to pathogenesis. Although HCV can disable some cellular virus-sensing machinery, IFN-stimulated antiviral genes are induced in the infected liver. Whereas epitope evolution contributes to escape from T cell-mediated immunity, chronic high antigen load may also blunt the T cell response by activating exhaustion or tolerance mechanisms. The evasive maneuvers of HCV limit sterilizing humoral immunity through rapid evolution of decoy epitopes, epitope masking, stimulation of interfering antibodies, lipid shielding, and cell-to-cell spread. Whereas the majority of HCV infections progress to chronic hepatitis with persistent viremia, at least 20% of patients spontaneously clear the infection. Most of these are protected from reinfection, suggesting that protective immunity to HCV exists and that a prophylactic vaccine may be an achievable goal. It is therefore important that we understand the correlates of protective immunity and mechanisms of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Dustin
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhán B Cashman
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Laidlaw
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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49
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Monnier J, Zabel BA. Anti-asialo GM1 NK cell depleting antibody does not alter the development of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99350. [PMID: 24922516 PMCID: PMC4055641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite circumstantial evidence postulating a protective role for NK cells in many fibrotic conditions, their contribution to the development of pulmonary fibrosis has yet to be tested. Lung-migrating NK cells are thought to attenuate the development of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis (BIPF) by providing anti-fibrotic mediators and cytokines, such as IFN-γ. If true, we reasoned that depletion of NK cells during experimentally-induced fibrotic disease would lead to exacerbated fibrosis. To test this, we treated mice with NK cell-depleting antisera (anti-asialo GM1) and evaluated lung inflammation and fibrosis in the BIPF model. While NK cell infiltration into the airways was maximal at day 10 after bleomycin injection, NK cells represented a minor portion (1-3%) of the total leukocytes in BAL fluid. Anti-asialo GM1 significantly abrogated NK cell numbers over the course of the disease. Depletion of NK cells with anti-asialo GM1 before and throughout the BIPF model, or during just the fibrotic phase did not alter fibrosis development or affect the levels of any of the pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic cytokines measured (IL-1β, IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β and TNF-α). In addition, adoptively transferred NK cells, which were detectable systemically and in the airways throughout BIPF, failed to impact lung fibrosis. These findings indicate that NK cells likely do not play an essential protective role in controlling pulmonary fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Monnier
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Zabel
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Xu HC, Grusdat M, Pandyra AA, Polz R, Huang J, Sharma P, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Rahbar R, Diefenbach A, Gibbert K, Löhning M, Höcker L, Waibler Z, Häussinger D, Mak TW, Ohashi PS, Lang KS, Lang PA. Type I interferon protects antiviral CD8+ T cells from NK cell cytotoxicity. Immunity 2014; 40:949-60. [PMID: 24909887 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite development of new antiviral drugs, viral infections are still a major health problem. The most potent antiviral defense mechanism is the innate production of type I interferon (IFN-I), which not only limits virus replication but also promotes antiviral T cell immunity through mechanisms, which remain insufficiently studied. Using the murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus model system, we show here that IFN-I signaling on T cells prevented their rapid elimination in vivo. Microarray analyses uncovered that IFN-I triggered the expression of selected inhibitory NK-cell-receptor ligands. Consequently, T cell immunity of IFN-I receptor (IFNAR)-deficient T cells could be restored by NK cell depletion or in NK-cell-deficient hosts (Nfil3(-/-)). The elimination of Ifnar1(-/-) T cells was dependent on NK-cell-mediated perforin expression. In summary, we identified IFN-I as a key player regulating the protection of T cells against regulatory NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Melanie Grusdat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aleksandra A Pandyra
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Robin Polz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Ramtin Rahbar
- Campell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gibbert
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Höcker
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tak W Mak
- Campell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Campell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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