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Ferez M, Knudson CJ, Lev A, Wong EB, Alves-Peixoto P, Tang L, Stotesbury C, Sigal LJ. Viral infection modulates Qa-1b in infected and bystander cells to properly direct NK cell killing. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201782. [PMID: 33765134 PMCID: PMC8006856 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activation depends on the signaling balance of activating and inhibitory receptors. CD94 forms inhibitory receptors with NKG2A and activating receptors with NKG2E or NKG2C. We previously demonstrated that CD94-NKG2 on NK cells and its ligand Qa-1b are important for the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to lethal ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection. We now show that NKG2C or NKG2E deficiency does not increase susceptibility to lethal ECTV infection, but overexpression of Qa-1b in infected cells does. We also demonstrate that Qa-1b is down-regulated in infected and up-regulated in bystander inflammatory monocytes and B cells. Moreover, NK cells activated by ECTV infection kill Qa-1b-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, during viral infection, recognition of Qa-1b by activating CD94/NKG2 receptors is not critical. Instead, the levels of Qa-1b expression are down-regulated in infected cells but increased in some bystander immune cells to respectively promote or inhibit their killing by activated NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Avital Lev
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric B. Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Research Group in Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics-Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Adamek M, Oschilewski A, Wohlsein P, Jung-Schroers V, Teitge F, Dawson A, Gela D, Piackova V, Kocour M, Adamek J, Bergmann SM, Steinhagen D. Experimental infections of different carp strains with the carp edema virus (CEV) give insights into the infection biology of the virus and indicate possible solutions to problems caused by koi sleepy disease (KSD) in carp aquaculture. Vet Res 2017; 48:12. [PMID: 28222784 PMCID: PMC5320791 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of koi sleepy disease (KSD) caused by carp edema virus (CEV) may seriously affect populations of farmed common carp, one of the most important fish species for global food production. The present study shows further evidence for the involvement of CEV in outbreaks of KSD among carp and koi populations: in a series of infection experiments, CEV from two different genogroups could be transmitted to several strains of naïve common carp via cohabitation with fish infected with CEV. In recipient fish, clinical signs of KSD were induced. The virus load and viral gene expression results confirm gills as the target organ for CEV replication. Gill explants also allowed for a limited virus replication in vitro. The in vivo infection experiments revealed differences in the virulence of the two CEV genogroups which were associated with infections in koi or in common carp, with higher virulence towards the same fish variety as the donor fish. When the susceptibility of different carp strains to a CEV infection and the development of KSD were experimentally investigated, Amur wild carp showed to be relatively more resistant to the infection and did not develop clinical signs for KSD. However, the resistance could not be related to a higher magnitude of type I IFN responses of affected tissues. Despite not having a mechanistic explanation for the resistance of Amur wild carp to KSD, we recommend using this carp strain in breeding programs to limit potential losses caused by CEV in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Anna Oschilewski
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andy Dawson
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - David Gela
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jerzy Adamek
- Experimental Fish Farm in Zator, The Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, 32-640, Zator, Poland
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17498, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Ectromelia virus is a mouse-specific orthopoxvirus that, following footpad infection or natural transmission, causes mousepox in most strains of mice, while a few strains, such as C57BL/6, are resistant to the disease but not to the infection. Mousepox is an acute, systemic, highly lethal disease of remarkable semblance to smallpox, caused by the human-specific variola virus. Starting in 1929 with its discovery by Marchal, work with ECTV has provided essential information for our current understanding on how viruses spread lympho-hematogenously, the genetic control of antiviral resistance, the role of different components of the innate and adaptive immune system in the control of primary and secondary infections with acute viruses, and how the mechanisms of immune evasion deployed by the virus affect virulence in vivo. Here, I review the literature on the pathogenesis and immunobiology of ECTV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Sigal
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region.
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5
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Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the response to viral infection has grown rapidly. Not only do we realize viruses have many immune-evasion strategies to escape NK cell responses, but that stimulation of NK cell subsets during an antiviral response occurs through receptors seemingly geared directly at viral products and that NK cells can provide a memory response to viral pathogens. Tremendous knowledge has been gained in this area through the study of herpes viruses, but appreciation for the significance of NK cells in the response to other types of viral infections is growing. The function of NK cells in defense against poxviruses has emerged over several decades beginning with the early seminal studies showing the role of NK cells and the NK gene complex in susceptibility of mouse strains to ectromelia, a poxvirus pathogen of mice. More recently, greater understanding has emerged of the molecular details of the response. Given that human diseases caused by poxviruses can be as lethal as smallpox or as benign as Molluscum contagiosum, and that vaccinia virus, the prototypic member of the pox family, persists as a mainstay of vaccine design and has potential as an oncolytic virus for tumor therapy, further research in this area remains important. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the role of NK cells in the immune response to poxviruses, the receptors involved in activation of NK cells during poxvirus infection, and the viral evasion strategies poxviruses employ to avoid the NK response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah N Burshtyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Moussa P, Marton J, Vidal SM, Fodil-Cornu N. Genetic dissection of NK cell responses. Front Immunol 2013; 3:425. [PMID: 23346087 PMCID: PMC3548222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of Natural Killer (NK) cell deficiencies with disease susceptibility has established a central role for NK cells in host defence. In this context, genetic approaches have been pivotal in elucidating and characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying NK cell function. To this end, homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis in humans have identified mutations that impact NK cell function and cause life-threatening diseases. However, several critical restrictions accompany genetic studies in humans. Studying NK cell pathophysiology in a mouse model has therefore proven a useful tool. The relevance of the mouse model is underscored by the similarities that exist between cell-structure-sensing receptors and the downstream signaling that leads to NK cell activation. In this review, we provide an overview of how human and mouse quantitative trait locis (QTLs) have facilitated the identification of genes that modulate NK cell development, recognition, and killing of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moussa
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Life Sciences Complex Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zumbrun EE, Abdeltawab NF, Bloomfield HA, Chance TB, Nichols DK, Harrison PE, Kotb M, Nalca A. Development of a murine model for aerosolized ebolavirus infection using a panel of recombinant inbred mice. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23207275 PMCID: PMC3528275 DOI: 10.3390/v4123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Countering aerosolized filovirus infection is a major priority of biodefense research. Aerosol models of filovirus infection have been developed in knock-out mice, guinea pigs and non-human primates; however, filovirus infection of immunocompetent mice by the aerosol route has not been reported. A murine model of aerosolized filovirus infection in mice should be useful for screening vaccine candidates and therapies. In this study, various strains of wild-type and immunocompromised mice were exposed to aerosolized wild-type (WT) or mouse-adapted (MA) Ebola virus (EBOV). Upon exposure to aerosolized WT-EBOV, BALB/c, C57BL/6 (B6), and DBA/2 (D2) mice were unaffected, but 100% of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and 90% of signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat1) knock-out (KO) mice became moribund between 7–9 days post-exposure (dpe). Exposure to MA-EBOV caused 15% body weight loss in BALB/c, but all mice recovered. In contrast, 10–30% lethality was observed in B6 and D2 mice exposed to aerosolized MA-EBOV, and 100% of SCID, Stat1 KO, interferon (IFN)-γ KO and Perforin KO mice became moribund between 7–14 dpe. In order to identify wild-type, inbred, mouse strains in which exposure to aerosolized MA-EBOV is uniformly lethal, 60 BXD (C57BL/6 crossed with DBA/2) recombinant inbred (RI) and advanced RI (ARI) mouse strains were exposed to aerosolized MA-EBOV, and monitored for disease severity. A complete spectrum of disease severity was observed. All BXD strains lost weight but many recovered. However, infection was uniformly lethal within 7 to 12 days post-exposure in five BXD strains. Aerosol exposure of these five BXD strains to 10-fold less MA-EBOV resulted in lethality ranging from 0% in two strains to 90–100% lethality in two strains. Analysis of post-mortem tissue from BXD strains that became moribund and were euthanized at the lower dose of MA-EBOV, showed liver damage in all mice as well as lung lesions in two of the three strains. The two BXD strains that exhibited 90–100% mortality, even at a low dose of airborne MA-EBOV will be useful mouse models for testing vaccines and therapies. Additionally, since disease susceptibility is affected by complex genetic traits, a systems genetics approach was used to identify preliminary gene loci modulating disease severity among the panel BXD strains. Preliminary quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified that are likely to harbor genes involved in modulating differential susceptibility to Ebola infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Zumbrun
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (H.A.B.); (P.E.H); (A.N)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-301-619-3792; Fax: +1-301-619-6911
| | - Nourtan F. Abdeltawab
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (N.F.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Holly A. Bloomfield
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (H.A.B.); (P.E.H); (A.N)
| | - Taylor B. Chance
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.B.C.); (D.K.N)
| | - Donald K. Nichols
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (T.B.C.); (D.K.N)
| | - Paige E. Harrison
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (H.A.B.); (P.E.H); (A.N)
| | - Malak Kotb
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (N.F.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA; (H.A.B.); (P.E.H); (A.N)
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8
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Esteban D, Parker S, Schriewer J, Hartzler H, Buller RM. Mousepox, a small animal model of smallpox. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 890:177-98. [PMID: 22688768 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-876-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus infections in the laboratory mouse have emerged as a valuable model to investigate human orthopoxvirus infections to understand the progression of disease, to discover and characterize antiviral treatments, and to study the host-pathogen relationship as it relates to pathogenesis and the immune response. Here we describe how to safely work with the virus and protocols for common procedures for the study of ectromelia virus in the laboratory mouse including the preparation of virus stocks, the use of various routes of inoculation, and collection of blood and tissue from infected animals. In addition, several procedures are described for assessing the host response to infection: for example, measurement of virus-specific CD8 T cells and the use of ELISA and neutralization assays to measure orthopoxvirus-specific antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Esteban
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
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9
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10
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Fang M, Orr MT, Spee P, Egebjerg T, Lanier LL, Sigal LJ. CD94 is essential for NK cell-mediated resistance to a lethal viral disease. Immunity 2011; 34:579-89. [PMID: 21439856 PMCID: PMC3081423 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells confer resistance to many viral diseases, but in only a few instances the molecular mechanisms whereby NK cells recognize virus-infected cells are known. Here we show that CD94, a molecule preferentially expressed by NK cells, is essential for the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to mousepox, a disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus. Ectromelia virus-infected cells expressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule Qa-1b are specifically recognized by the activating receptor formed by CD94 and NKG2E. Because CD94-NKG2 receptors and their ligands are highly conserved in rodents and humans, a similar mechanism may exist during human infections with the smallpox and monkeypox viruses, which are highly homologous to ectromelia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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11
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Seidman MA, Chew TW, Schenkel AR, Muller WA. PECAM-independent thioglycollate peritonitis is associated with a locus on murine chromosome 2. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4316. [PMID: 19180231 PMCID: PMC2628736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that knockout or inhibition of Platelet/Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM, CD31) in a number of murine strains results in impaired inflammatory responses, but that no such phenotype is seen in the C57BL/6 (B6) murine background. Methodology/Principal Findings We have undertaken a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping effort between FVB/n (FVB) and B6 mice deficient for PECAM to identify the gene or genes responsible for this unique feature of B6 mice. We have identified a locus on murine chromosome 2 at approximately 35.8 Mb that is strongly associated (LOD score = 9.0) with inflammatory responses in the absence of PECAM. Conclusions/Significance These data potentiate further study of the diapedesis machinery, as well as potential identification of new components of this machinery. As such, this study is an important step to better understanding the processes of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Seidman
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tina W. Chew
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William A. Muller
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Jones BC, Beard JL, Gibson JN, Unger EL, Allen RP, McCarthy KA, Earley CJ. Systems genetic analysis of peripheral iron parameters in the mouse. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R116-24. [PMID: 17475678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00608.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is one of the most critical functions in living systems. Too little iron can lead to anemia and tissue-specific disorders, such as splenomegaly. Excessive systemic iron is characteristic of hemochromatosis and is implicated in the brain in Parkinson's disease. With the exception of some single gene diseases like hemochromatosis, we know little about genetic-based, individual differences in iron-related parameters and their impact on biology. To model genetic control of iron homeostasis, we measured liver, spleen, and plasma iron concentrations, hematocrit and hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, and total iron-binding capacity in several BXD/Ty recombinant inbred mouse strains derived from C57BL/6 and DBA/2 progenitors. At 120 days of age, the animals were killed for iron analysis. All measures showed genetic-based variability consistent with polygenic influence. Analysis of principal components of the seven measures revealed three factors that we named availability, transport, and storage. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed one suggestive QTL on chromosome 5 for availability, two suggestive QTL (one on chromosome 1 and the other on chromosome 7) for transport, and one weak QTL on chromosome 2 for storage. The results show that iron homeostasis is a complex trait and is influenced by multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Jones
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16827, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Despite the success of the WHO-led smallpox eradication programme a quarter of a century ago, there remains considerable fear that variola virus, or other related pathogenic poxviruses such as monkeypox, could re-emerge and spread disease in the human population. Even today, we are still mostly ignorant about why most poxvirus infections of vertebrate hosts show strict species specificity, or how zoonotic poxvirus infections occur when poxviruses occasionally leap into novel host species. Poxvirus tropism at the cellular level seems to be regulated by intracellular events downstream of virus binding and entry, rather than at the level of specific host receptors as is the case for many other viruses. This review summarizes our current understanding of poxvirus tropism and host range, and discusses the prospects of exploiting host-restricted poxvirus vectors for vaccines, gene therapy or tissue-targeted oncolytic viral therapies for the treatment of human cancers. Poxvirus host range varies markedly ? some viruses, such as variola and molluscum contagiosum virus (both of which are human-specific), exhibit strict species tropism, whereas others such as cowpox virus are able to infect multiple host species. Members of four of the eight genera of chordopoxviruses can zoonotically infect man. For example, monkeypox virus can cause severe smallpox-like disease in humans that clinically resembles variola virus. The species tropism that is exhibited by many poxviruses in terms of causing disease is frequently quite different from the range of cultured cells that can be infected by these viruses. Specific host-cell receptors do not mediate the distinction between cells that are permissive as opposed to non-permissive for poxvirus infection. Rather, restrictive host cells fail to support the full replication cycle of the infecting poxvirus at a point downstream of binding and entry. A variety of poxviral host-range genes have been identified that contribute to the control of permissive versus non-permissive infection of cultured mammalian cells. The gene products of these host-range genes regulate the ability of the virus to complete its cytoplasmic replication cycle. The development of host-restricted vaccines, like modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), that do not replicate in humans but that retain potent immunogenicity, will provide safer platforms for recombinant vaccines. Another advance has been the development of poxvirus-based oncolytic vectors that replicate preferentially in human tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant McFadden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, and Robarts Research Institute, Siebens-Drake Building, Room 133, 1400 Western Road, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada.
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Chaudhri G, Panchanathan V, Buller RML, van den Eertwegh AJM, Claassen E, Zhou J, de Chazal R, Laman JD, Karupiah G. Polarized type 1 cytokine response and cell-mediated immunity determine genetic resistance to mousepox. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9057-62. [PMID: 15184649 PMCID: PMC428472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402949101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV), a natural mouse pathogen and an orthopoxvirus, has been used to investigate the correlation between polarized type 1 or type 2 immune responses and resistance to disease in poxvirus infections by using well defined resistant and susceptible mouse strains. Our data show that distinct differences exist in the cytokine profiles expressed in resistant and susceptible mice infected with ECTV. Resistant C57BL/6 mice generate a type 1 cytokine response [IFN-gamma, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)], within the first few days of infection, which is associated with strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) and recovery from ECTV infection. Susceptible strains of mice (BALB/c and A/J) on the other hand generate a type 2 cytokine response (IL-4 but little or no IFN-gamma and IL-2), which is associated with a weak or an absent CTL response, resulting in uncontrolled virus replication and death. Although deletion of IL-4 function alone did not change the outcome of infection in susceptible mice, the loss of IFN-gamma function in resistant mice abrogated natural killer (NK) cell and CTL effector functions resulting in fulminant disease and 100% mortality. Therefore, a clear link exists between the early production of specific type 1 cytokines, in particular, IFN-gamma, the nature of the cellular immune response, and disease outcome in this virus model. This finding in the mousepox model raises the possibility that inappropriate cytokine responses may result in increased susceptibility to smallpox in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Chaudhri
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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15
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López Solís RO, Weis UK, Ceballos AR, Salas GH. Differential expression of isoproterenol-induced salivary polypeptides in two mouse strains that are congenic for the H-2 histocompatibility gene complex. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:945-56. [PMID: 14624454 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two inbred mouse strains, A/Snell and A.Swiss, which were produced as congenic with regard to the H-2 histocompatibility gene complex, are homozygous for two different groups of isoproterenol-induced salivary polypeptides (IISP). These polypeptides, which have been considered as markers of the hypertrophic growth of the parotid acinar cells, are members of the complex family of salivary proline-rich proteins (PRP) on the basis of both their massive accumulation in the parotid acinar cells in response to chronic isoproterenol, secretory character, high solubility in trichloroacetic acid and metachromatic staining by Coomassie blue. IISP expressed in both mouse strains were identified by unidimensional SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and Coomassie blue staining both in parotid gland homogenates and in whole salivas obtained from mice repeatedly stimulated at 24-h intervals with isoproterenol. Parotid glands from 40 mice (20 A/Snell and 20 A.Swiss) and salivas from 270 mice (200 A/Snell and 70 A.Swiss) were analyzed. One of the congenic strains (A/Snell) expressed five IISP (Mr 65, 61, 51.5, 38, and 37 kDa) and the other strain (A.Swiss) expressed six IISP (Mr 59, 57, 54.5, 46, 36, and 34 kDa). No inter-individual intra-strain variations were observed, thus defining strain-associated patterns of IISP (PRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigio O López Solís
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7, Chile.
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16
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are best known for their capacity to kill tumors but they are also critical in early innate responses to infection, especially herpesviruses. Recent studies indicate that NK cell receptors involved in tumor target specificity are also involved in responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne M Yokoyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8045, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Lee SH, Webb JR, Vidal SM. Innate immunity to cytomegalovirus: the Cmv1 locus and its role in natural killer cell function. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:1491-503. [PMID: 12505521 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of genetic loci that contribute to patterns of susceptibility/resistance to infection provide important insights into the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. Genetic heterogeneity across the population makes the characterization of such traits in humans technically difficult; however, inbred animal models represent an ideal tool for such analyses. This review illustrates the power of mouse genetics as utilized for the identification and characterization of the locus conferring early resistance to murine cytomegalovirus infection, Cmv1. This locus encodes an activating C-type lectin receptor of the Ly49 family that promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytolysis of infected cells. Although NK cells are usually able to detect and destroy virally infected cells via recognition of the downregulation of MHC class I molecules, the Cmv1 locus provides the first example of an NK receptor that is able to mediate clearance of viral infection via direct recognition of a virally encoded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, room 4207, 451 Smyth Road, Ont., K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in limiting the severity of diseases caused by a range of viruses. Recent data have shown that the effector functions of NK cells can be specifically stimulated when NK cell activation receptors engage cellular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like ligands induced after infection or by specific viral gene products. However, to counter this NK cell response viruses have evolved an array of strategies to subvert efficient NK cell activation. These data indicate that the balance of host NK cell responses and viral NK cell escape mechanisms can be strategically poised as each strives for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Scalzo
- Dept of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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19
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Urosevic N, Shellam GR. Host genetic resistance to Japanese encephalitis group viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 267:153-70. [PMID: 12082988 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/genetics
- Animals, Wild/immunology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Defective Viruses/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/classification
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/genetics
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/immunology
- Flavivirus Infections/genetics
- Flavivirus Infections/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- N Urosevic
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands 6907, Australia
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20
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21
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Thach DC, Kleeberger SR, Tucker PC, Griffin DE. Genetic control of neuroadapted sindbis virus replication in female mice maps to chromosome 2 and associates with paralysis and mortality. J Virol 2001; 75:8674-80. [PMID: 11507212 PMCID: PMC115112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.18.8674-8680.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV) infection of mice causes hindlimb paralysis and 100% mortality in the C57BL/6 mouse strain, while adults of the BALB/cBy mouse strain are resistant to fatal encephalomyelitis. Levels of viral RNA are higher in the brains of infected C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/cBy mice (D. C. Thach et al., J. Virol. 74:6156-6161, 2000). These phenotypic differences between the two strains allowed us to map genetic loci involved in mouse susceptibility to NSV and to find relationships between mortality, paralysis, and viral RNA levels. Analysis of percent mortality in H2-congenic and F(1) mice suggested that the H2 locus, sex linkage, and imprinting were not involved in determining susceptibility and that resistance was partially dominant over susceptibility. Segregation analysis using CXB recombinant inbred (RI) mice indicated that the percent mortality was multigenic. Interval mapping detected a suggestive quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 2 near marker D2Mit447. Analysis of paralysis in the RI mice detected the same suggestive QTL. Viral RNA level in F(1) mice was intermediate. Interval mapping using viral RNA levels in RI mice detected a significant QTL near marker D2Mit447 that explained 69% of the genetic variance. This QTL was confirmed in F2 mice and was designated as Nsv1. Viral RNA level, percent paralyzed, and percent mortality were linearly correlated (r = 0.8 to 0.9). These results indicate that mortality, paralysis, and viral RNA levels are related complex traits and that Nsv1 controls early viral load and determines the likelihood of paralysis and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Thach
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2179, USA
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22
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Abstract
Males of many species are more susceptible than females to infections caused by parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. One proximate cause of sex differences in infection is differences in endocrine-immune interactions. Specifically, males may be more susceptible to infection than females because sex steroids, specifically androgens in males and estrogens in females, modulate several aspects of host immunity. It is, however, becoming increasingly more apparent that in addition to affecting host immunity, sex steroid hormones alter genes and behaviors that influence susceptibility and resistance to infection. Thus, males may be more susceptible to infection than females not only because androgens reduce immunocompetence, but because sex steroid hormones affect disease resistance genes and behaviors that make males more susceptible to infection. Consideration of the cumulative effects of sex steroid hormones on susceptibility to infection may serve to clarify current discrepancies in the literature and offer alternative hypotheses to the view that sex steroid hormones only alter susceptibility to infection via changes in host immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA.
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23
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Ihrig M, Schrenzel MD, Fox JG. Differential susceptibility to hepatic inflammation and proliferation in AXB recombinant inbred mice chronically infected with Helicobacter hepaticus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:571-82. [PMID: 10433949 PMCID: PMC1868606 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus is a naturally occurring pathogen of mice and has been used to develop models of chronic hepatitis, liver cancer, and, more recently, inflammatory bowel disease, in selected mouse strains. A/JCr mice are particularly susceptible to H. hepaticus-induced hepatitis and subsequent development of liver neoplasms, whereas C57BL/6 mice are resistant. In this study, we inoculated nine AXB recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains, derived from A/J and C57BL/6 mice, with H. hepaticus to determine the genetic basis of resistance to Helicobacter-induced liver disease. Mice were surveyed 14 months after inoculation by culture and PCR for H. hepaticus colonization of the liver and cecum, and microscopic morphometric evaluations of the liver were performed to quantify and correlate the severity of inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Analysis of variance of hepatic inflammation demonstrated significant variation among the RI strains (P < 0.0001), and the strain distribution pattern suggested a multigenic basis of disease resistance. Quantitative trait analysis using linear regression suggested possible linkage to loci on mouse chromosome 19. Hepatocellular and biliary epithelial apoptosis and proliferation indices, including proliferation of oval cells, were markedly increased and correlated with severity of inflammation. Prevalence of hepatic neoplasia was also increased in susceptible RI strains. These findings demonstrate a genetic basis for susceptibility to Helicobacter-induced disease and provide insight into its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ihrig
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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HOST GENETIC RESISTANCE. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VIROLOGY 1999. [PMCID: PMC7149690 DOI: 10.1006/rwvi.1999.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Brownstein DG, Gras L. Differential pathogenesis of lethal mousepox in congenic DBA/2 mice implicates natural killer cell receptor NKR-P1 in necrotizing hepatitis and the fifth component of complement in recruitment of circulating leukocytes to spleen. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1997; 150:1407-20. [PMID: 9094996 PMCID: PMC1858154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate resistance of C57BL/6 (B6) mice to lethal mousepox is controlled by multiple genes. Previously, four resistance genes were localized to specific subchromosomal regions and transferred onto a susceptible DBA/2 (D2) background by serial backcrossing and intercrossing to produce congenic strains. Intraperitoneally inoculated ectromelia virus was uniformly lethal and achieved similar titers in B6 and D2 mice but elicited differential responses in liver, spleen, and circulating blood leukocytes. The distribution of these response phenotypes in congenic strains linked control of phenotypes with specific subchromosomal regions. D2.R1 mice, which carried a differential segment of chromosome 6, exhibited a B6 liver response and intermediate spleen and circulating leukocyte responses. D2.R2 and D2.R4 mice, which carried differential segments of chromosomes 2 and 1, respectively, exhibited a D2 liver response, a B6 spleen response, and an intermediate circulating leukocyte response. The localization of control of liver response phenotypes to chromosome 6 implicates cells that express natural killer (NK) cell receptor NKR-P1 alloantigens. The localization of control of spleen and circulating leukocyte responses to chromosomes 1, 2, and 6 implicates NK cells, the fifth component of complement, and a gene near the selectin gene complex in recruitment of circulating leukocytes to spleen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/toxicity
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Complement C5/genetics
- Complement C5/toxicity
- Crosses, Genetic
- Ectromelia, Infectious/etiology
- Ectromelia, Infectious/genetics
- Ectromelia, Infectious/immunology
- Ectromelia, Infectious/mortality
- Ectromelia, Infectious/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Linkage
- Hepatitis, Animal/etiology
- Hepatitis, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Animal/pathology
- Immunity, Innate
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Microsatellite Repeats
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Necrosis
- Spleen/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Brownstein
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA
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26
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Brown MG, Scalzo AA, Matsumoto K, Yokoyama WM. The natural killer gene complex: a genetic basis for understanding natural killer cell function and innate immunity. Immunol Rev 1997; 155:53-65. [PMID: 9059882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The natural killer gene complex encodes proteins, some of which are structurally unrelated, that impact on NK-cell function. Detailed analyses have indicated that these molecules are involved in NK-cell recognition, activation, and inhibition. The importance of this genomic region is highlighted by studies indicating that NKC-associated genes significantly influence NK cell-mediated innate host defense against life-threatening pathogens and that the NKC is conserved among diverse species. Thus, further elucidation of the NKC and its gene products will provide a genetic basis for understanding innate immunity and NK-cell activity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Brown
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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27
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Moulia C, Le Brun N, Renaud F. Mouse-parasite interactions: from gene to population. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1996; 38:119-67. [PMID: 8701795 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Moulia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Comparée, URA CNRS 698, Université Montpellier II, France
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28
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Brownstein DG, Gras L. Chromosome mapping of Rmp-4, a gonad-dependent gene encoding host resistance to mousepox. J Virol 1995; 69:6958-64. [PMID: 7474114 PMCID: PMC189614 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.6958-6964.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DBA/2 (D2) mice are susceptible and C57BL/6 (B6) mice are resistant to lethal mousepox. A congenic resistant strain, D2.B6-Rmp-4r (D2.R4), was developed by serially backcrossing male mice that survived ectromelia virus infection with D2 mice, beginning with (B6 x D2)F1 mice. Male D2.R4 mice were at least 300-fold more resistant to lethal mousepox than male D2 mice. Female D2.R4 mice were 100-fold more resistant than male D2.R4 mice and 500-fold more resistant than female D2 mice. Neonatal gonadectomy prevented development of resistance in D2.R4 mice of both sexes. Differences in resistance between strains and between sexes correlated with restriction of virus replication in spleen and liver, but gender differences were less evident in liver than in spleen. High-resolution interval mapping of the 19 autosomes of D2.R4 mice using dispersed informative microsatellites as marker loci revealed a segment of distal chromosome 1 to be of B6 origin. Haplotypes for a marker locus, D1Mit57, from the differential segment were determined in (D2.R4 x D2)F1 x D2 backcross mice, which were then infected with ectromelia virus. Significantly more heterozygotes than homozygotes survived ectromelia virus infection in both sexes. Whereas nearly all surviving males were heterozygotes, 44% of surviving females were homozygotes. These results indicate that resistance in D2.R4 mice is determined by a gonad-dependent gene on distal chromosome 1, provisionally named Rmp-4, and by an ovary-dependent factor that is not genetically linked to Rmp-4.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Chromosome Mapping
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA, Satellite/analysis
- DNA, Satellite/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Ectromelia, Infectious/genetics
- Ectromelia, Infectious/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Orchiectomy
- Ovariectomy
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Poxviridae/physiology
- Sex Characteristics
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/virology
- Time Factors
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Brownstein
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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29
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Delano ML, Brownstein DG. Innate resistance to lethal mousepox is genetically linked to the NK gene complex on chromosome 6 and correlates with early restriction of virus replication by cells with an NK phenotype. J Virol 1995; 69:5875-7. [PMID: 7637035 PMCID: PMC189465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.9.5875-5877.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most inbred strains of mice, including DBA/2 (D2), are highly susceptible to the lethal effects of ectromelia virus, but C57BL/6 (B6) mice are innately resistant. Resistance is controlled by multiple, unlinked, autosomal dominant genes. Of 101 male (B6 x D2)F1 x D2 backcrossed (N2) mice, 18 died after ectromelia virus challenge and all were homozygous for the D2 allele at the proline-rich protein (Prp) locus on distal chromosome 6 (P < 0.001). This association was suggested by the patterns of susceptibility to lethal mousepox in recombinant inbred strains derived from B6 and D2 mice (D. G. Brownstein, P. N. Bhatt, L. Gras, and R. O. Jacoby, J. Virol. 65:1946-1951, 1991). The association between the Prp locus and susceptibility to lethal mousepox also held for N2 male mice that were castrated as neonates, which increased the percentage that were susceptible to 40. Spleen virus titers were significantly augmented in B6 (NK1.1+) mice depleted of asialo GM1+ or NK1.1+ cells, whereas spleen virus titers were unaffected in D2 (NK1.1-) mice depleted of asialo GM1+ cells. These results suggest that a gene or genes within the natural killer gene complex, adjacent to the Prp locus, determine strain variations in resistance to lethal ectromelia virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Delano
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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30
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Abstract
Human resistance to infectious diseases is often regulated by multiple genes that control different aspects of host-parasite interaction. Genetically distinct inbred strains of mice that differ in their susceptibility to specific pathogens are invaluable for dissecting such complex patterns and have allowed the identification of several host-resistance loci that regulate natural and acquired immunity in response to infection. Cloning these genes is the first step in elucidating their roles in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malo
- McGill Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Canada
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31
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Brown C, McLeod R. Mechanisms of survival of mice during acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994; 10:290-2. [PMID: 15275421 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(94)90076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Brown
- Department of Medicine, 114 Baumgarten, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, 2929 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60616-3390, USA
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32
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Brownstein DG, Bhatt PN, Gras L. Ectromelia virus replication in major target organs of innately resistant and susceptible mice after intravenous infection. Arch Virol 1993; 129:65-75. [PMID: 7682406 DOI: 10.1007/bf01316885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of ectromelia virus replication in the spleen and liver and of alpha/beta interferon production in the spleen were determined during the first 3 days after intravenous infection with the virulent Moscow strain in resistant C57 BL/6 and susceptible DBA/2 mice. Virus replication in the spleen as measured by assays for virus DNA and infectious centers was suppressed in C57BL/6 mice relative to DBA/2 mice within the first 1 or 2 days of infection. Infectious centers increased in DBA/2 mice but not in C57 BL/6 mice. Differences in virus replication between strains were less discrete when spleens were assayed for infectious virus than when they were assayed for infectious centers because infectious centers of most C57 BL/6 mice had more infectious virus than infectious centers of DBA/2 mice. Virus replication in the liver, the major target organ, as measured by virus DNA and infectious virus assays, was suppressed in C57 BL/6 mice relative to DBA/2 mice 3 days after infection but not before that interval. The results indicate that genetic control of ectromelia virus replication begins within the first 1 or 2 days of infection in the spleen but is delayed in the liver and that genetic control is directed at the prevention of virus spread more than at virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Brownstein
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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33
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Brownstein DG, Bhatt PN, Gras L, Budris T. Serial backcross analysis of genetic resistance to mousepox, using marker loci for Rmp-2 and Rmp-3. J Virol 1992; 66:7073-9. [PMID: 1433507 PMCID: PMC240377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7073-7079.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
At least three genes from C57BL/6 mice that mediate dominant resistance to lethal mousepox were isolated and transferred onto a susceptible DBA/2 background. Three [(C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 x DBA/2] male mice that survived infection were selected as founders on the basis of different complements of marker loci for two resistance genes, Rmp-2r (Hc1) and Rmp-3r (H-2Db). They were crossed with DBA/2 mice, male progeny were infected with ectromelia virus, and the cycle was repeated with surviving male progeny through seven backcross generations. Two founders carried a marker locus for Rmp-2r or Rmp-3r, and the third carried neither marker locus. Resistance pedigrees were analyzed for passage of marker loci. From the three founders, resistance was passaged through multiple generations, producing backcross lines with intermediate-male-resistance phenotypes (20% resistant). Females of backcross lines with intermediate male resistance had high resistance (> 50%). High-resistance backcross lines (40% male resistance) also developed from the founders that carried marker loci for Rmp-2r and Rmp-3r, and marker loci were passaged through all generations of high resistance but not intermediate-resistance lines. About one-third of all resistant mice in high-resistance lines sired by mice that carried marker loci for Rmp-2r and Rmp-3r did not carry the respective marker locus. In lines that carried Rmp-2r, this was apparently not the result of recombination between Rmp-2r and Hc1, because Rmp-2 was not in the predicted location on chromosome 2 and because mice that did not inherit Hc1 transmitted significantly less male resistance than Hc1-positive mice, although female resistance remained high. These results confirmed that C57BL/6 mice have redundant resistance mechanisms, two of which are controlled at least in part by Rmp-2r and Rmp-3r, and provided evidence for a fourth resistance gene, herein presumptively named Rmp-4, which protects females more than males and which may be epistatic to Rmp-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Brownstein
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Siracusa
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541
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