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Rahman T, Das A, Abir MH, Nafiz IH, Mahmud AR, Sarker MR, Emran TB, Hassan MM. Cytokines and their role as immunotherapeutics and vaccine Adjuvants: The emerging concepts. Cytokine 2023; 169:156268. [PMID: 37320965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are a protein family comprising interleukins, lymphokines, chemokines, monokines and interferons. They are significant constituents of the immune system, and they act in accordance with specific cytokine inhibiting compounds and receptors for the regulation of immune responses. Cytokine studies have resulted in the establishment of newer therapies which are being utilized for the treatment of several malignant diseases. The advancement of these therapies has occurred from two distinct strategies. The first strategy involves administrating the recombinant and purified cytokines, and the second strategy involves administrating the therapeutics which inhibits harmful effects of endogenous and overexpressed cytokines. Colony stimulating factors and interferons are two exemplary therapeutics of cytokines. An important effect of cytokine receptor antagonist is that they can serve as anti-inflammatory agents by altering the treatments of inflammation disorder, therefore inhibiting the effects of tumour necrosis factor. In this article, we have highlighted the research behind the establishment of cytokines as therapeutics and vaccine adjuvants, their role of immunotolerance, and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rifat Sarker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chattogram 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Niedre-Otomere B, Bogdanova A, Skrastina D, Zajakina A, Bruvere R, Ose V, Gerlich WH, Garoff H, Pumpens P, Glebe D, Kozlovska T. Recombinant Semliki Forest virus vectors encoding hepatitis B virus small surface and pre-S1 antigens induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19:664-73. [PMID: 22863271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2012.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines consist of viral small surface (S) protein subtype adw2 expressed in yeast cells. In spite of good efficacy, HBV-genotype and subtype differences, escape mutants and insufficient Th1 activation remain potential problems. To address these problems, we generated recombinant Semliki Forest virus (rSFV) vectors encoding S protein, subtype adw2 or ayw2, or a fragment of the large surface protein, amino acids 1-48 of the pre-S1 domain, fused to S (pre-S1.1-48/S). The antigen loop in S protein and the selected pre-S1 sequences are known targets of neutralizing antibodies. BALB/c mice were immunized intravenously with 10(7) rSFV particles and 10(8) rSFV particles 3 weeks later. Antibodies induced by rSFV encoding S proteins reacted preferentially with subtype determinants of yeast-derived S antigen but equally well with patient-derived S antigen. Immunization with rSFV encoding pre-S1.1-48/S resulted in formation of pre-S1- and S-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), while immunization with the isogenic mutant without S start codon induced pre-S1 antibodies only. Neutralizing antibodies were determined by mixing with plasma-derived HBV/ayw2 and subsequent inoculation of susceptible primary hepatocyte cultures from Tupaia belangeri. S/adw2 antisera neutralized HBV/ayw2 as effectively as antisera raised with S/ayw2. The pre-S1 antibodies also completely neutralized HBV infectivity. The IgG1/IgG2a ratios ranged from 0.28 to 0.88 in the four immunized groups and were lowest for the pre-S1.1-48/S vector, indicating the strongest Th1 response. This vector type may induce subtype-independent and S-escape-resistant neutralizing antibodies against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Niedre-Otomere
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, Germany
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Bordbar B, Gnidehou S, Ndam NT, Doritchamou J, Moussiliou A, Quiviger M, Deloron P, Scherman D, Bigey P. Electroporation-mediated genetic vaccination for antigen mapping: application to Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA protein. Bioelectrochemistry 2011; 87:132-7. [PMID: 22265101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genetic vaccination, consisting in delivering a genetically engineered plasmid DNA by a non-viral vector or technique into a tissue, is currently of great interest. New delivery technique including DNA transfer by electroporation recently greatly improved the potency of this concept. Because it avoids the step of producing a recombinant protein, it is particularly of use in studying the immunogenic properties of large proteins. Here we describe the use of electroporation mediated DNA immunization to identify important protective epitopes from the large VAR2CSA protein from Plasmodium falciparum implicated in the pathology of placental malaria. Immunizing mice and rabbit with DNA plasmids encoding different fragments of VAR2CSA leads to high titer antisera. Moreover an N-terminal region of the protein was found to induce protective functional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Bordbar
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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4
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Rochard A, Scherman D, Bigey P. Genetic immunization with plasmid DNA mediated by electrotransfer. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:789-98. [PMID: 21631165 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of DNA immunization was first advanced in the early 1990s, but was not developed because of an initial lack of efficiency. Recent technical advances in plasmid design and gene delivery techniques have allowed renewed interest in the idea. Particularly, a better understanding of genetic immunization has led to construction of optimized plasmids and the use of efficient molecular adjuvants. The field also took great advantage of new delivery techniques such as electrotransfer. This is a simple physical technique consisting of injecting plasmid DNA into a target tissue and applying an electric field, allowing up to a thousandfold more expression of the transgene than naked DNA. DNA immunization mediated by electrotransfer is now effective in a variety of preclinical models against infectious or acquired diseases such as cancer or autoimmune diseases, and is making its way through the clinics in several ongoing phase I human clinical trials. This review will briefly describe genetic immunization mediated by electrotransfer and the main fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rochard
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, CNRS, UMR8151, Paris, F-75006 France
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Szabo G, Wands JR, Eken A, Osna NA, Weinman SA, Machida K, Wang HJ. Alcohol and hepatitis C virus--interactions in immune dysfunctions and liver damage. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:1675-86. [PMID: 20608905 PMCID: PMC3253556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection affects 170 million people worldwide, and the majority of individuals exposed to HCV develop chronic hepatitis leading to progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer. The natural history of HCV infection is influenced by genetic and environmental factors of which chronic alcohol use is an independent risk factor for cirrhosis in HCV-infected individuals. Both the hepatitis C virus and alcohol damage the liver and result in immune alterations contributing to both decreased viral clearance and liver injury. This review will capture the major components of the interactions between alcohol and HCV infection to provide better understanding for the molecular basis of the dangerous combination of alcohol use and HCV infection. Common targets of HCV and alcohol involve innate immune recognition and dendritic cells, the critical cell type in antigen presentation and antiviral immunity. In addition, both alcohol and HCV affect intracellular processes critical for hepatocyte and immune cell functions including mitochondrial and proteasomal activation. Finally, both chronic alcohol use and hepatitis C virus infection increase the risk of hepatocellular cancer. The common molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological interactions between alcohol and HCV include the modulation of cytokine production, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-TLR4 signaling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. LPS-induced chronic inflammation is not only a major cause of progressive liver injury and fibrosis, but it can also contribute to modification of the tissue environment and stem cells to promote hepatocellular cancer development. Alteration of these processes by alcohol and HCV produces an environment of impaired antiviral immune response, greater hepatocellular injury, and activation of cell proliferation and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Corresponding authors: Gyongyi Szabo, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, LRB215 University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 Tel: (508) 856-5275 FAX: (508) 856-4770, , H. Joe Wang, PhD, Division of Metabolism and Health Effect, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, room 2029, MSC 9304, Bethesda, MD 20892-9304, Tel: 301-451-0747, Fax: 301-594-0673,
| | - Jack R. Wands
- The Liver Research Center, Brown Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI02903
| | - Ahmet Eken
- The Liver Research Center, Brown Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI02903
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Dept Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Liver Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS66160
| | - Keigo Machida
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - H. Joe Wang
- Division of Metabolism and Health Effects, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
- Corresponding authors: Gyongyi Szabo, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, LRB215 University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 Tel: (508) 856-5275 FAX: (508) 856-4770, , H. Joe Wang, PhD, Division of Metabolism and Health Effect, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, room 2029, MSC 9304, Bethesda, MD 20892-9304, Tel: 301-451-0747, Fax: 301-594-0673,
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Abstract
This review will focus on the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (HCV) infection in alcoholics with and without liver disease. Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that ethanol and chronic HCV infection synergistically accelerate liver injury. Some of the major postulated mechanisms responsible for disease progression include high rates of apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species with reduced antioxidant capacity of the liver. Acquisition and persistence of HCV infection may be due to the adverse effects of ethanol on humoral and cellular immune responses to HCV. Dendritic cells (DC) appear to be one of the major targets for ethanol's action and DC dysfunction impairs the ability of the host to generate viral specific cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) immune responses. There is a relationship between increased alcohol intake and decreased response to interferon (IFN) therapy, which may be reversed by abstinence. Clinical studies are needed to optimize treatment responses in alcoholic patients with chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Siu
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Julie Foont
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jack R. Wands
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Generation of high-titer neutralizing antibodies against botulinum toxins A, B, and E by DNA electrotransfer. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2221-9. [PMID: 19237523 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01269-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are known to be among the most toxic known substances. They produce severe paralysis by preventing the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Thus, new strategies for efficient production of safe and effective anti-botulinum neurotoxin antisera have been a high priority. Here we describe the use of DNA electrotransfer into the skeletal muscle to enhance antiserum titers against botulinum toxin serotypes A, B, and E in mice. We treated animals with codon-optimized plasmid DNA encoding the nontoxic but highly immunogenic C-terminal heavy chain fragment of the toxin. By employing both codon optimization and the electrotransfer procedure, the immune response and corresponding neutralizing antiserum titers were markedly increased. The cellular localization of the antigen and the immunization regimens were also shown to increase neutralizing titers to >100 IU/ml. This study demonstrates that DNA electrotransfer is an effective procedure for raising neutralizing antiserum titers to remarkably high levels.
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Primary human hepatocytes are susceptible to infection by hepatitis delta virus assembled with envelope proteins of woodchuck hepatitis virus. J Virol 2008; 82:7276-83. [PMID: 18495772 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00576-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) share the HBV envelope proteins. When woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) are superinfected with HDV, they produce HDV with a WHV envelope, wHDV. Several lines of evidence are provided that wHDV infects not only cultured primary woodchuck hepatocytes (PWH) but also primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Surprisingly, HBV-enveloped HDV (hHDV) and wHDV infected PHH with comparable efficiencies; however, hHDV did not infect PWH. The basis for these host range specificities was investigated using as inhibitors peptides bearing species-specific pre-S (where S is the small envelope protein) sequences. It was found that pre-S1 contributed to the ability of wHDV to infect both PHH and PWH. In addition, the inability of hHDV to infect PWH was not overcome using a chimeric form of hHDV containing WHV S protein, again supporting the essential role of pre-S1 in infection of target cells. One interpretation of these data is that host range specificity of HDV is determined entirely by pre-S1 and that the WHV and HBV pre-S1 proteins recognize different receptors on PHH.
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Halverscheid L, Mannes NK, Weth R, Kleinschmidt M, Schultz U, Reifenberg K, Schirmbeck R, Nassal M, Blum HE, Reimann J, Geissler M. Transgenic mice replicating hepatitis B virus but lacking expression of the major HBsAg. J Med Virol 2008; 80:583-90. [PMID: 18297704 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) transgenic mice replicating the viral genome at high level but lacking expression of the small envelope protein (HBsAg) have been produced using a terminally redundant viral DNA construct (HBV 1.4). The generation of viable infectious progeny was dependent on sex and age of mice. Viral mRNA was abundant in liver and kidneys and at low levels in other organs of the mice. No viral particles or HBV envelope proteins could be detected in sera of mice. Despite expression of non-secreted LHBs and MHBs proteins in the liver, there was no accumulation of viral particles in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and no necroinflammatory hepatitis was observed. Therefore, these mice represent an excellent model for studies of the role of HBsAg in viral assembly, antiviral immune responses, the further understanding of HBV immunopathogenesis, and the development of antiviral vaccines.
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Abstract
This article reviews the molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus in an effort to explain its natural history from a molecular perspective. The life cycle of the virus, with special attention to virus replication, polypeptide production, and morphogenesis, is described. The way in which these steps may influence the natural history of viral pathogenesis, as well as the effectiveness of interventions, receives special consideration.
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Aloman C, Gehring S, Wintermeyer P, Kuzushita N, Wands JR. Chronic ethanol consumption impairs cellular immune responses against HCV NS5 protein due to dendritic cell dysfunction. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:698-708. [PMID: 17258730 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic patients with and without chronic liver disease have a high incidence of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Long-term ethanol consumption in mice has been associated with a strikingly reduced CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to HCV nonstructural proteins following DNA-based immunization. This study evaluated the effect of ethanol on dendritic cells (DCs) as a mechanism(s) for reduced CTL activity. METHODS Mice were fed an ethanol-containing or isocaloric pair-fed control diet for 8 weeks, followed by DC isolation from the spleen. DCs were evaluated with respect to endocytosis properties, cell surface markers, allostimulatory activity, and cytokine production following stimulation. Immune responses to HCV NS5 protein were generated by genetic immunization. Syngeneic transfer was used to determine if DC dysfunction contributed to abnormal cellular immune responses. RESULTS Long-term ethanol exposure resulted in a reduced number of splenic DCs but did not alter endocytosis capacity. There was an increase in the myeloid and a reduction in the lymphoid DC population. Ethanol reduced expression of CD40 and CD86 costimulatory molecules on resting DCs, which was corrected following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or poly I:C. There was impaired allostimulatory activity. Cytokine profiles of DCs isolated from ethanol-fed mice were characterized by enhanced interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-10 and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-12, interferon gamma, and IL-6 secretion. Impaired CTL responses to NS5 were corrected by syngeneic transfer of control DCs. CONCLUSIONS Altered DC function is one of the major changes induced by long-term ethanol consumption, which subsequently impairs the cellular immune response necessary for viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costica Aloman
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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12
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Little SR, Langer R. Nonviral delivery of cancer genetic vaccines. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 99:93-118. [PMID: 16568889 DOI: 10.1007/10_004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of genetic vaccines to address numerous diseases including cancer is promising, but currently unrealized. Here, we review advances in the nonviral delivery of antigen-encoded plasmid DNA for the purpose of treating cancer through the human immune system, as this disease has drawn the most attention in this field to date. Brief overviews of dendritic cell immunobiology and the mechanism of immune activation through genetic vaccines set the stage for the desirability of delivery technology. Several promising nonviral delivery techniques are discussed along with a mention of targeting strategies aimed at improving the potency of vaccine formulations. Implications for the future of genetic vaccines are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02142, USA
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Szabo G, Aloman C, Polyak SJ, Weinman SA, Wands J, Zakhari S. Hepatitis C infection and alcohol use: A dangerous mix for the liver and antiviral immunity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:709-19. [PMID: 16573590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the proceedings of a symposium presented at the meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, held in Santa Barbara, California, in June 2005. The organizers and chairs were Sam Zakhari and Gyongyi Szabo. The presentations included (1) Mitochondrial Abnormalities Induced by Hepatitis C -Alcohol Interaction by Steven Weinman; (2) Effects of Acute and Chronic Ethanol on Innate Antiviral Signaling Pathways, Hepatitis C Replication, and Human Liver Cell Transcription by Stephen Polyak; (3) Ethanol Alters Dendritic Cell Function In Vivo and Impairs the Subsequent Cellular Immune Responses to Hepatitis C Proteins by Costica Aloman; and (4) Pathogenic Interactions Between Hepatitis C Virus and Alcohol Use in Humans: Dendritic Cells as Common Targets by Gyongyi Szabo. This symposium summarizes the state of knowledge of cellular and molecular pathways by which alcohol and HCV have pathogenic interactions resulting in depression of the immune response and liver damage in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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Block TM, Mehta AS, Blumberg BS, Dwek RA. Does rapid oligomerization of hepatitis B envelope proteins play a role in resistance to proteasome degradation and enhance chronicity? DNA Cell Biol 2006; 25:165-70. [PMID: 16569195 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2006.25.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the nature of hepatitis B and C chronicity from a virological perspective. Work described in the literature and our in vitro studies of HBV polypeptide morphogenesis lead us to speculate about a role for HBsAg complex formation in immune evasion that may be especially important during the initial period of infection. Briefly, although viral structural proteins do eventually provide epitopes recognized by the host, we suggest that these HBs Ag complexes, which may themselves be refractory to proteasomal degradation, are an important way by which the virus shields its epitopes and evades early recognition by the cellular immune system. This suggests a central strategy by which the virus has evolved, structurally, to enable the establishment of persistent infection of its host. The concept offers an explanation for the nearly unidirectional and rapid kinetics whereby HBV proteins form multimers and generate a surplus of viral structures that have not been thought to serve any useful structural purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Block
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, USA.
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Du DW, Jia ZS, Li GY, Zhou YY. HBV DNA vaccine with adjuvant cytokines induced specific immune responses against HBV infection. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:108-11. [PMID: 12508362 PMCID: PMC4728221 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To seek for an effective method to improve the immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing HBV surface antigen (pCR3.1-S) in Balb/c mice (H-2d).
METHODS: The pCR3.1-S plasmid and the eukaryotic expression vectors expressing murine IL-2 (pDOR-IL-2) or IL-12 (pWRG3169) were injected into mice subcutaneously. The immune responses to pCR3.1-S and the adjuvant effect of the cytokines plasmid were studied. Meanwhile the effect of pCR3.1-S on anti-translated subcutaneous tumor of P815 mastocytoma cells stably expressing HBsAg (P815-HBV-S) was also studied. Anti-HBs in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay (ELISA) and HBsAg specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) activity was measured by 51Cr release assay. After three weeks of DNA immunization, the cells of P815-HBV-S were inoculated into mice subcutaneously and the tumor growth was measured every five days. The survival rate and living periods of mice were also calculated.
RESULTS: After 8 wk DNA immunization, the A 450 nm values of sera in mice immunized with pCR3.1, pCR3.1-S and pCR3.1-S codeliveried with IL-2 or IL-12 plasmids were 0.03 ± 0.01, 1.24 ± 0.10, 1.98 ± 0.17 and 1.67 ± 0.12 respectively. Data in mice codeliveried pCR3.1-S with IL-2 or IL-12 plasmids were significantly higher than that of mice injected pCR3.1 or pCR3.1-S only. The HBsAg specific CTL activities in mice coinjected with pCR3.1-S and IL-2 or IL-12 eukaryotic expression vectors were (61.9 ± 7.1)% and (73.3 ± 8.8)%, which were significantly higher than that of mice injected with pCR3.1 (10.1 ± 2.1)% or pCR3.1-S (50.5 ± 6.4)%. The HBsAg specific CTL activities in mice injected with pCR3.1, pCR3.1-S, pCR3.1-S combined with IL-2 or IL-12 eukaryotic expression vectors decreased significantly to (3.2 ± 0.8)%, (10.6 ± 1.4)%, (13.6 ± 1.3)% and (16.9 ± 2.3)% respectively after the spleen cells were treated by anti-CD8+ monoclonal antibody, but presented no significant change to anti-CD4+ monoclonal antibody or unrelated to monoclonal antibody. The HBV-S DNA vaccine (pCR3.1-S) could evidently inhibit the tumor growth, prolong the survival period of mice and improve the survival rate of mice and these effects could be improved by IL-12 gene codeliveried.
CONCLUSION: HBV DNA vaccine has a strong antigenicity in humoral and cellular immunities, which can be promoted by plasmid expressing IL-2 or IL-12. CD8+ cells executed the CTL activities. DNA vaccine may be useful for both prophylaxis and treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wei Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
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16
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Egan MA, Israel ZR. The use of cytokines and chemokines as genetic adjuvants for plasmid DNA vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1529-1049(02)00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Mauch C, Grimm C, Meckel S, Wands JR, Blum HE, Roggendorf M, Geissler M. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against hepatitis delta virus antigens which protect against tumor formation in mice. Vaccine 2001; 20:170-80. [PMID: 11567762 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cellular immune response is a crucial defense mechanism against hepatotropic viruses and in chronic viral hepatitis prevention. Moreover, hepatitis delta virus (HDV) immunogenicity may be an important component in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Therefore, we evaluated the immunogenicity of the small (HDAg) or large delta antigen (LHDAg) to be used as a DNA-based vaccine. We immunized different mouse haplotypes, determined cellular immune responses, and tested protection of animals against tumor formation using syngeneic tumor cells stably expressing the delta antigens. Both LHDAg and HDAg primed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity against both forms of delta antigens. CD8+ T cell frequencies were about 1% and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells remained detectable directly ex vivo for at least 35 days post-injection. No anti-delta antibody responses could be detected despite multiple detection systems and varied immunization approaches. We observed protection against syngeneic tumor formation and growth in mice immunized with DNA plasmids encoding secreted or intracellular forms of HDAg and LHDAg but not with recombinant HDAg establishing the generation of significant cellular immunity in vivo. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required for antitumoral activity as determined by in vivo T cell depletion experiments. The results indicate that DNA-based immunization with genes encoding LHDAg and HDAg induces strong T cell responses and, therefore, is an attractive approach for the construction of therapeutic and prophylactic T cell vaccines against HDV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Defective Viruses/immunology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Haplotypes
- Hepatitis Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis Delta Virus/immunology
- Hepatitis delta Antigens
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mast-Cell Sarcoma/immunology
- Mast-Cell Sarcoma/pathology
- Mast-Cell Sarcoma/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mauch
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Geissler M, Mohr L, Weth R, Köhler G, Grimm CF, Krohne TU, von Weizsäcker F, Blum HE. Immunotherapy directed against alpha-fetoprotein results in autoimmune liver disease during liver regeneration in mice. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:931-9. [PMID: 11606506 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.28019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Priming immune responses against alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) highly expressed in the majority of hepatocellular carcinomas results in significant antitumoral T-cell responses. Liver regeneration in humans and mice, however, is also associated with increased AFP expression. Therefore, we evaluated the risk of AFP-directed immunotherapeutic approaches to induce autoimmunity against the regenerating liver. METHODS Mice were immunized with DNA encoding mouse AFP. For induction of liver regeneration, partial hepatectomy was performed and mice were monitored by serial histopathologic examinations and measurements of serum ALT activities (U/L), and by determination of the kinetics of AFP-specific T-cell responses. RESULTS Livers of AFP immune mice without partial hepatectomy were characterized by minor lymphocytic infiltrations without transaminase elevations. By contrast, a significant hepatocyte damage was observed in regenerating liver that correlated well with the number of AFP-specific CD8(+) T cells, the activity of liver regeneration, and the level of AFP synthesis. Autoimmune liver damage was mediated by CD4(+) T cell-dependent CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results show that priming of T-cell responses against shared tumor-specific self antigens may be accompanied by induction of autoimmunity dependent on the level of expression of the self antigen and have important implications for the development of antitumoral vaccines targeted against antigens that are not strictly tumor-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geissler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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19
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Grimm CF, Ortmann D, Mohr L, Michalak S, Krohne TU, Meckel S, Eisele S, Encke J, Blum HE, Geissler M. Mouse alpha-fetoprotein-specific DNA-based immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma leads to tumor regression in mice. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1104-12. [PMID: 11040197 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.18157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor-associated protein that is frequently expressed at high levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the study was to characterize self-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directed against murine AFP (mAFP) after DNA-based immunization in mice. METHODS To study CTL responses, mAFP-expressing recombinant vaccinia viruses were generated. An HCC tumor model was established in C57L/J mice by injection of syngeneic endogenously mAFP-expressing Hepa1-6 cells. RESULTS Gene gun and intramuscular coimmunizations of DNA expression vectors encoding mAFP with plasmids encoding murine interleukin (IL)-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or IL-18 induced weak CTL activity against mAFP in different mouse strains. Some mice developed anti-mAFP antibody responses, suggesting breaking of immunologic ignorance. No hepatocyte damage was detectable despite low-level endogenous hepatic mAFP expression. Therapeutic immunizations of mice bearing mAFP-expressing murine HCCs induced partial regression of tumors. A significant survival benefit was observed in mice immunized with mAFP expression vector DNA but not in untreated mice or in mice immunized with mock/cytokine plasmid DNA. CONCLUSIONS The data show that AFP may be used as a potential self tumor antigen to induce CTL and CD4(+) T cell-mediated regression of AFP-expressing HCC by DNA-based immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Grimm
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Benvenuti F, Burrone OR, Efremov DG. Anti-idiotypic DNA vaccines for lymphoma immunotherapy require the presence of both variable region genes for tumor protection. Gene Ther 2000; 7:605-11. [PMID: 10819576 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with immunogenic formulations of lymphoma-derived immunoglobulin can elicit strong anti-idiotypic immune responses which have proved effective in murine B cell tumor challenge experiments and suggested possible benefits in recent human clinical trials. Naked plasmid DNA vaccines encoding the Id determinants as scFv fragments provide the most promising alternative to protein immunization. With this approach the addition of an immunogenic domain linked to the scFv has proved essential for the induction of a protective immune response. In this study we have produced a scFv gene construct linked to the CH3 exon of the human IgG1 constant region and tested its efficacy in inducing protective immunity against the mouse BCL1 lymphoma. We have also generated a second construct in which the BCL1 VL gene was deleted to investigate whether the VH region domain contains sufficient antigenic determinants for a protective immune response. Both constructs induced anti-idiotypic antibodies that specifically reacted with the BCL1 IgM protein in ELISA and with BCL1 tumor cells in flow cytometry assays. Protection against tumor challenge was fully achieved with the complete scFv construct whereas immunization with the construct lacking the VL gene resulted in only a slight prolongation of the survival. We therefore conclude that a plasmid DNA vaccine containing the VH and VL genes of the lymphoma Ig linked to the human IgG1 CH3 exon is highly effective in inducing a protective immune response in the BCL1 model. We also demonstrated that VH gene immunization can induce strong anti-idiotypic antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benvenuti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy
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