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Srisai P, Suriyaprom S, Panya A, Pekkoh J, Tragoolpua Y. Inhibitory effects of algal polysaccharide extract from Cladophora spp. against herpes simplex virus infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11914. [PMID: 38789457 PMCID: PMC11126740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a causative agent of fever blister, genital herpes, and neonatal herpes. Nowadays, edible algae are recognized as health food due to high nutrition content and their many active compounds that are beneficial to health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects of algal polysaccharide extract from Cladophora spp. against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 on Vero cells. In this study, the structure of polysaccharide extract is presented as S=O and C-O-S of the sulfate group, as identified by the FT-IR technique. The toxicity of algal polysaccharide extract on Vero cells was determined by MTT assay. The algal extract showed low toxicity on the cells, with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) value greater than 5000 µg mL-1. The inhibition of HSV infection by the algal extract was then evaluated on Vero cells using plaque reduction assay. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of algal extract exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-1 upon treatment before, during, and after viral adsorption with and without removal of the extract were 70.31, 15.17, > 5000 and 9.78 µg mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the EC50 values of algal extract against HSV-2 upon treatment before, during and after viral adsorption with, and without removal of the extract were 5.85, 2.57, > 5000 and 26.96 µg mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the algal extract demonstrated direct inactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions as well as inhibitory effect against HSV replication. Accordingly, algal polysaccharide extract containing sulfated polysaccharides showed strong activity against HSV. Therefore, it is proved to be useful to apply Cladophora spp. polysaccharide extract as an anti-HSV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchayuth Srisai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Suriyaprom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Natural Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Natural Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Yingmanee Tragoolpua
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Natural Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Liljeqvist JÅ, Önnheim K, Tunbäck P, Eriksson K, Görander S, Bäckström M, Bergström T. Human Antibodies against Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Glycoprotein G Do Not Neutralize but Mediate Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:40. [PMID: 38804308 PMCID: PMC11130973 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted infection affecting 491 million individuals globally. Consequently, there is a great need for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Unfortunately, several vaccine clinical trials, primarily employing the glycoprotein D of HSV-2 (gD-2), have failed. The immune protection conferred by human anti-HSV-2 antibodies in genital infection and disease remains elusive. It is well-known that gD-2 elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, i.e., anti-gD-2 antibodies recognize gD in HSV-1 (gD-1). In contrast, anti-glycoprotein G in HSV-2 (mgG-2) antibodies are exclusively type-specific for HSV-2. In this study, truncated versions of gD-2 and mgG-2 were recombinantly produced in mammalian cells and used for the purification of anti-gD-2 and anti-mgG-2 antibodies from the serum of five HSV-2-infected subjects, creating a pool of purified antibodies. These antibody pools were utilized as standards together with purified mgG-2 and gD-2 antigens in ELISA to quantitatively estimate and compare the levels of cross-reactive anti-gD-1 and anti-gD-2 antibodies, as well as anti-mgG-2 antibodies in sera from HSV-1+2-, HSV-2-, and HSV-1-infected subjects. The median concentration of anti-mgG-2 antibodies was five times lower in HSV-1+2-infected subjects as compared with cross-reactive anti-gD-1 and anti-gD-2 antibodies, and three times lower in HSV-2 infected subjects as compared with anti-gD-2 antibodies. The pool of purified anti-gD-2 antibodies presented neutralization activity at low concentrations, while the pool of purified anti-mgG-2 antibodies did not. Instead, these anti-mgG-2 antibodies mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by human granulocytes, monocytes, and NK-cells, but displayed no complement-dependent cytotoxicity. These findings indicate that antibodies to mgG-2 in HSV-2-infected subjects are present at low concentrations but mediate the killing of infected cells via ADCC rather than by neutralizing free viral particles. We, and others, speculate that Fc-receptor mediated antibody functions such as ADCC following HSV-2 vaccination may serve as a better marker of protection correlate instead of neutralizing activity. In an mgG-2 therapeutic vaccine, our findings of low levels of anti-mgG-2 antibodies in HSV-2-infected subjects may suggest an opportunity to enhance the immune responses against mgG-2. In a prophylactic HSV-2 mgG-2 vaccine, a possible interference in cross-reactive immune responses in already infected HSV-1 subjects can be circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.Ö.); (S.G.); (T.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Önnheim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.Ö.); (S.G.); (T.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Tunbäck
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Staffan Görander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.Ö.); (S.G.); (T.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Bäckström
- Mammalian Protein Expression Core Facility, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.Ö.); (S.G.); (T.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Dey M, Sharma A, Dhanawat G, Gupta D, Harshan KH, Parveen N. Synergistic Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 and Gangliosides in Native Lipid Membranes. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:907-916. [PMID: 38412250 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Viruses utilize cell surface glycans and plasma membrane receptors to attain an adequate attachment strength for initiating cellular entry. We show that SARS-CoV-2 particles bind to endogenous ACE2 receptors and added sialylated gangliosides in near-native membranes. This was explored using supported membrane bilayers (SMBs) that were formed using plasma membrane vesicles having endogenous ACE2 and GD1a gangliosides reconstituted in lipid vesicles. The virus binding rate to the SMBs is influenced by GD1a and inhibition of the ganglioside reduces the extent of virus binding to the membrane receptors. Using combinations of inhibition assays, we confirm that added GD1a in lipid membranes increases the availability of the endogenous ACE2 receptor and results in the synergistic binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the membrane receptors in SMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manorama Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Garvita Dhanawat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Divya Gupta
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Krishnan H Harshan
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nagma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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4
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Zhong X, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Xu L, Luo X, Wu R, Xi Z, Li Y, Xu H. Prunella vulgaris polysaccharide inhibits herpes simplex virus infection by blocking TLR-mediated NF-κB activation. Chin Med 2024; 19:6. [PMID: 38185640 PMCID: PMC10773030 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prunella vulgaris polysaccharide extracted by hot water and 30% ethanol precipitation (PVE30) was reported to possess potent antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. However, its anti-HSV mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of PVE30 against HSV infection. METHODS Antiviral activity was evaluated by a plaque reduction assay, and the EC50 value was calculated. Immunofluorescence staining and heparin bead pull-down assays confirmed the interactions between PVE30 and viral glycoproteins. Real-time PCR was conducted to determine the mRNA levels of viral genes, including UL54, UL29, UL27, UL44, and US6, and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. The protein expression of viral proteins (ICP27, ICP8, gB, gC, and gD), the activity of the TLR-NF-κB signalling pathway, and necroptotic-associated proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. The proportion of necroptotic cells was determined by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS The P. vulgaris polysaccharide PVE30 was shown to compete with heparan sulfate for interaction with HSV surface glycoprotein B and gC, thus strongly inhibiting HSV attachment to cells. In addition, PVE30 downregulated the expression of IE genes, which subsequently downregulated the expression of E and L viral gene products, and thus effectively restricted the yield of progeny virus. Further investigation confirmed that PVE30 inhibited TLR2 and TLR3 signalling, leading to the effective suppression of NF-κB activation and IL-6 and TNF-α expression levels, and blocked HSV-1-induced necroptosis by reducing HSV-1-induced phosphorylation of MLKL. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the P. vulgaris polysaccharide PVE30 is a potent anti-HSV agent that blocks TLR-mediated NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanlei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Jing T, Hu Y, Chen X. Research Progress on Antiviral Activity of Heparin. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 36740803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230203124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, as a glycosaminoglycan, is known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties for several decades. Heparin is a life-saving drug and is widely used for anticoagulation in medical practice. In recent years, there have been extensive studies that heparin plays an important role in non-anticoagulant diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, anti-metastatic effects, and so on. Clinical observation and in vitro experiments indicate that heparin displays a potential multitarget effect. In this brief review, we will summarize heparin and its derivative's recently studied progress for the treatment of various viral infections. The aim is to maximize the benefits of drugs through medically targeted development, to meet the unmet clinical needs of serious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shandong VeriSign Test Detection Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianyuan Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiushan Chen
- Zhenjiang Runjing High Purity Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Rahangdale R, Tender T, Balireddy S, Goswami K, Pasupuleti M, Hariharapura RC. A critical review on antiviral peptides derived from viral glycoproteins and host receptors to decoy herpes simplex virus. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2036-2052. [PMID: 37740682 PMCID: PMC10616652 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the human population has been continuously challenged by viral infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the common causes of illness and can lead to death in immunocompromised patients. Existing anti-HSV therapies are not completely successful in eliminating the infection due to anti-viral drug resistance, ineffectiveness against the latent virus and high toxicity over prolonged use. There is a need to update our knowledge of the current challenges faced in anti-HSV therapeutics and realize the necessity of developing alternative treatment approaches. Protein therapeutics are now being explored as a novel approach due to their high specificity and low toxicity. This review highlights the significance of HSV viral glycoproteins and host receptors in the pathogenesis of HSV infection. Proteins or peptides derived from HSV glycoproteins gC, gB, gD, gH and host cell receptors (HSPG, nectin and HVEM) that act as decoys to inhibit HSV attachment, entry, or fusion have been discussed. Few researchers have tried to improve the efficacy and stability of the identified peptides by modifying them using a peptidomimetic approach. With these efforts, we think developing an alternative treatment option for immunocompromised patients and drug-resistant organisms is not far off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rahangdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Kamini Goswami
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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7
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Solís-Cruz GY, Alvarez-Roman R, Rivas-Galindo VM, Galindo-Rodríguez SA, Silva-Mares DA, Marino-Martínez IA, Escobar-Saucedo M, Pérez-López LA. Formulation and optimization of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with riolozatrione: a promising nanoformulation with potential antiherpetic activity. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:457-473. [PMID: 37708959 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Riolozatrione (RZ) is a diterpenoid compound isolated from a dichloromethane extract of the Jatropha dioica root. This compound has been shown to possess moderate antiherpetic activity in vitro. However, because of the poor solubility of this compound in aqueous vehicles, generating a stable formulation for potential use in the treatment of infection is challenging. The aim of this work was to optimize and physio-chemically characterize Eudragit® L100-55-based polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with RZ (NPR) for in vitro antiherpetic application. The NPs formulation was initially optimized using the dichloromethane extract of J. dioica, the major component of which was RZ. The optimized NPR formulation was stable, with a size of 263 nm, polydispersity index < 0.2, the zeta potential of -37 mV, and RZ encapsulation efficiency of 89 %. The NPR showed sustained release of RZ for 48 h with release percentages of 95 and 97 % at neutral and slightly acidic pH, respectively. Regarding in vitro antiherpetic activity, the optimized NPR showed a selectivity index for HSV-1 of ≈16 and for HSV-2 of 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Y Solís-Cruz
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Analytical Chemistry Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Rocío Alvarez-Roman
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Analytical Chemistry Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Verónica M Rivas-Galindo
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Analytical Chemistry Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Sergio Arturo Galindo-Rodríguez
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - David A Silva-Mares
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Analytical Chemistry Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Iván A Marino-Martínez
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Magdalena Escobar-Saucedo
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Analytical Chemistry Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Luis A Pérez-López
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Analytical Chemistry Monterrey 66460, Nuevo León, México
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8
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Gandy LA, Canning AJ, Lou H, Xia K, He P, Su G, Cairns T, Liu J, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Cohen G, Wang C. Molecular determinants of the interaction between HSV-1 glycoprotein D and heparan sulfate. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1043713. [PMID: 36419932 PMCID: PMC9678342 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1043713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature has well-established the importance of 3-O-sulfation of neuronal cell surface glycan heparan sulfate (HS) to its interaction with herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D (gD). Previous investigations of gD to its viral receptors HVEM and nectin-1 also highlighted the conformational dynamics of gD's N- and C-termini, necessary for viral membrane fusion. However, little is known on the structural interactions of gD with HS. Here, we present our findings on this interface from both the glycan and the protein perspective. We used C-terminal and N-terminal gD variants to probe the role of their respective regions in gD/HS binding. The N-terminal truncation mutants (with Δ1-22) demonstrate equivalent or stronger binding to heparin than their intact glycoproteins, indicating that the first 22 amino acids are disposable for heparin binding. Characterization of the conformational differences between C-terminal truncated mutants by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation distinguished between the "open" and "closed" conformations of the glycoprotein D, highlighting the region's modulation of receptor binding. From the glycan perspective, we investigated gD interacting with heparin, heparan sulfate, and other de-sulfated and chemically defined oligosaccharides using surface plasmon resonance and glycan microarray. The results show a strong preference of gD for 6-O-sulfate, with 2-O-sulfation becoming more important in the presence of 6-O-S. Additionally, 3-O-sulfation shifted the chain length preference of gD from longer chain to mid-chain length, reaffirming the sulfation site's importance to the gD/HS interface. Our results shed new light on the molecular details of one of seven known protein-glycan interactions with 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Gandy
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ashley J. Canning
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Huan Lou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Peng He
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Tina Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Glycan Therapeutics, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Gary Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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9
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Tomaszewska E, Ranoszek-Soliwoda K, Bednarczyk K, Lech A, Janicka M, Chodkowski M, Psarski M, Celichowski G, Krzyzowska M, Grobelny J. Anti-HSV Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Sulfonates vs. Polyphenols. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13104. [PMID: 36361890 PMCID: PMC9657688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The antiviral activity of nanoparticles results from the multivalent interactions of nanoparticles with viral surface components, which result from the nanometer size of the material and the presence of functional compounds adsorbed on the nanomaterial surface. A critical step in the virus infection process is docking and entry of the virus into the host cell. This stage of the infection can be influenced by functional nanomaterials that exhibit high affinity to the virus surface and hence can disrupt the infection process. The affinity of the virus to the nanomaterial surface can be tuned by the specific surface functionalization of the nanomaterial. The main purpose of this work was to determine the influence of the ligand type present on nanomaterial on the antiviral properties against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. We investigated the metallic nanoparticles (gold and silver) with different sizes (5 nm and 30 nm), coated either with polyphenol (tannic acid) or sulfonates (ligands with terminated sulfonate groups). We found that the antiviral activity of nano-conjugates depends significantly on the ligand type present on the nanoparticle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Tomaszewska
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ranoszek-Soliwoda
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bednarczyk
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lech
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Martyna Janicka
- Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4 St., 01-063 Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4 St., 01-063 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Psarski
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Celichowski
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4 St., 01-063 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Grobelny
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Cancro FP, Bellino M, Esposito L, Romei S, Centore M, D'Elia D, Cristiano M, Maglio A, Carrizzo A, Rasile B, Alfano C, Vecchione C, Galasso G. Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Pathophysiology and Translational Perspectives. Transl Med UniSa 2022; 24:1-11. [PMID: 36447945 PMCID: PMC9673986 DOI: 10.37825/2239-9754.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) may complicate the clinical course of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is still unclear whether this condition is a direct consequence of the primary disease. However, several mechanisms including direct cellular damage, endothelial dysfunction, in-situ thrombosis, systemic inflammatory response, and oxygen supply-demand imbalance have been described in patients with COVID-19. The onset of a prothrombotic state may also be facilitated by the endothelial dysfunction secondary to the systemic inflammatory response and to the direct viral cell damage. Moreover, dysfunctional endothelial cells may enhance vasospasm and platelet aggregation. The combination of these factors promotes atherosclerotic plaque instability, thrombosis and, consequently, type 1 myocardial infarction. Furthermore, severe hypoxia due to extensive pulmonary involvement, in association with other conditions described in COVID-19 such as sepsis, tachyarrhythmias, anemia, hypotension, and shock, may lead to mismatch between oxygen supply and demand, and cause type 2 myocardial infarction. A deeper understanding of the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ACS in patients with COVID-19 could help the therapeutic management of these very high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P. Cancro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Michele Bellino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy,Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, Largo Città di Ippocrate, 84131 Salerno, Italy. Fax: +39 089 089 672805. E-mail address: (M. Bellino)
| | - Luca Esposito
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Stefano Romei
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Mario Centore
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Debora D'Elia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Mario Cristiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Angelantonio Maglio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy,Vascular Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia,
Italy
| | - Barbara Rasile
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Carmine Alfano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy,Vascular Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia,
Italy
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno,
Italy
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11
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Abidine Y, Liu L, Wallén O, Trybala E, Olofsson S, Bergström T, Bally M. Cellular Chondroitin Sulfate and the Mucin-like Domain of Viral Glycoprotein C Promote Diffusion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 While Heparan Sulfate Restricts Mobility. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081836. [PMID: 36016458 PMCID: PMC9412521 DOI: 10.3390/v14081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of viruses at the cell membrane is essential to reach a suitable entry site and initiate subsequent internalization. Although many viruses take advantage of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to bind to the cell surface, little is known about the dynamics of the virus–GAG interactions. Here, single-particle tracking of the initial interaction of individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions reveals a heterogeneous diffusive behavior, regulated by cell-surface GAGs with two main diffusion types: confined and normal free. This study reports that different GAGs can have competing influences in mediating diffusion on the cells used here: chondroitin sulfate (CS) enhances free diffusion but hinders virus attachment to cell surfaces, while heparan sulfate (HS) promotes virus confinement and increases entry efficiency. In addition, the role that the viral mucin-like domains (MLD) of the HSV-1 glycoprotein C plays in facilitating the diffusion of the virus and accelerating virus penetration into cells is demonstrated. Together, our results shed new light on the mechanisms of GAG-regulated virus diffusion at the cell surface for optimal internalization. These findings may be extendable to other GAG-binding viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Abidine
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Wallén
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ling J, Li J, Khan A, Lundkvist Å, Li JP. Is heparan sulfate a target for inhibition of RNA virus infection? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C605-C613. [PMID: 35196165 PMCID: PMC8977144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide attached to a core protein, forming heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of almost all mammalian cells and the extracellular matrix. HS orchestrates the binding of various signal molecules to their receptors, thus, regulating many biological processes, including homeostasis, metabolism, and various pathological processes. Due to its wide distribution and negatively charged properties, HS is exploited by many viruses as a co-factor to attach to host cells. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between virus and HS is proposed as a promising approach to mitigate viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the interaction manners of HS with viruses with focus on significant pathogenic RNA viruses, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses. We also provide an overview of the challenges we may face when using HS-mimetics as antivirals for clinical treatment. More studies are needed to provide a further understanding of the interplay between HS and viruses both in vitro and in vivo, which will favor the development of specific antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ling
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinlin Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asifa Khan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,SciLifeLab Uppsala, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4936571. [PMID: 34484561 PMCID: PMC8410438 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4936571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are frequently reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may impact patient clinical course and mortality. Although the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear, several potential mechanisms have been hypothesized, including oxygen supply/demand imbalance, direct viral cellular damage, systemic inflammatory response with cytokine-mediated injury, microvascular thrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction. The severe hypoxic state, combined with other conditions frequently reported in COVID-19, namely sepsis, tachyarrhythmias, anemia, hypotension, and shock, can induce a myocardial damage due to the mismatch between oxygen supply and demand and results in type 2 myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, COVID-19 promotes atherosclerotic plaque instability and thrombus formation and may precipitate type 1 MI. Patients with severe disease often show decrease in platelets count, higher levels of d-dimer, ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers, tissue factor, and prolongation of prothrombin time, which reflects a prothrombotic state. An endothelial dysfunction has been described as a consequence of the direct viral effects and of the hyperinflammatory environment. The expression of tissue factor, von Willebrand factor, thromboxane, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes the prothrombotic status. In addition, endothelial cells generate superoxide anions, with enhanced local oxidative stress, and endothelin-1, which affects the vasodilator/vasoconstrictor balance and platelet aggregation. The optimal management of COVID-19 patients is a challenge both for logistic and clinical reasons. A deeper understanding of ACS pathophysiology may yield novel research insights and therapeutic perspectives in higher cardiovascular risk subjects with COVID-19.
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14
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Hao W, Ma B, Li Z, Wang X, Gao X, Li Y, Qin B, Shang S, Cui S, Tan Z. Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to glycans. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1205-1214. [PMID: 33495714 PMCID: PMC7816574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a high number of deaths in the world. To combat it, it is necessary to develop a better understanding of how the virus infects host cells. Infection normally starts with the attachment of the virus to cell-surface glycans like heparan sulfate (HS) and sialic acid-containing glycolipids/glycoproteins. In this study, we examined and compared the binding of the subunits and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory disease (MERS)-CoV to these glycans. Our results revealed that the S proteins and subunits can bind to HS in a sulfation-dependent manner and no binding with sialic acid residues was detected. Overall, this work suggests that HS binding may be a general mechanism for the attachment of these coronaviruses to host cells, and supports the potential importance of HS in infection and in the development of antiviral agents against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaopan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Bo Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shiying Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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15
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Trybala E, Peerboom N, Adamiak B, Krzyzowska M, Liljeqvist JÅ, Bally M, Bergström T. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Mucin-Like Glycoprotein mgG Promotes Virus Release from the Surface of Infected Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050887. [PMID: 34065826 PMCID: PMC8150390 DOI: 10.3390/v13050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of virus components to liberation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) progeny virions from the surface of infected cells is poorly understood. We report that the HSV-2 mutant deficient in the expression of a mucin-like membrane-associated glycoprotein G (mgG) exhibited defect in the release of progeny virions from infected cells manifested by ~2 orders of magnitude decreased amount of infectious virus in a culture medium as compared to native HSV-2. Electron microscopy revealed that the mgG deficient virions were produced in infected cells and present at the cell surface. These virions could be forcibly liberated to a nearly native HSV-2 level by the treatment of cells with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mimicking oligosaccharides. Comparative assessment of the interaction of mutant and native virions with surface-immobilized chondroitin sulfate GAG chains revealed that while the mutant virions associated with GAGs ~fourfold more extensively, the lateral mobility of bound virions was much poorer than that of native virions. These data indicate that the mgG of HSV-2 balances the virus interaction with GAG chains, a feature critical to prevent trapping of the progeny virions at the surface of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Beata Adamiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Koganti R, Memon A, Shukla D. Emerging Roles of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Viral Pathogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:283-294. [PMID: 33851373 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan present in nearly all mammalian tissues. Heparan sulfate moieties are attached to the cell surface via heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) which are composed of a protein core bound to multiple heparan sulfate chains. HSPGs contribute to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix and participate in cell signaling by releasing bound cytokines and chemokines once cleaved by an enzyme, heparanase. HSPGs are often exploited by viruses during infection, particularly during attachment and egress. Loss or inhibition of HSPGs initially during infection can yield significant decreases in viral entry and infectivity. In this review, we provide an overview of HSPGs in the lifecycle of multiple viruses, including herpesviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, human papillomavirus, and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abdullah Memon
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Godino C, Scotti A, Maugeri N, Mancini N, Fominskiy E, Margonato A, Landoni G. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with COVID-19? -Rationale and Evidence. Int J Cardiol 2021; 324:261-266. [PMID: 33002521 PMCID: PMC7521414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In patients with severe or critical Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations, a thromboinflammatory syndrome, with diffuse microvascular thrombosis, is increasingly evident as the final step of pro-inflammatory cytokines storm. Actually, no proven effective therapies for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection exist. Preliminary observations on anticoagulant therapy appear to be associated with better outcomes in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients with signs of coagulopathy and in those requiring mechanical ventilation. The pathophysiology underlying the prothrombotic state elicited by SARS-CoV-2 outlines possible protective mechanisms of antithrombotic therapy (in primis anticoagulants) for this viral illness. The indications for antiplatelet/anticoagulant use (prevention, prophylaxis, therapy) are guided by the clinical context and the COVID-19 severity. We provide a practical approach on antithrombotic therapy management for COVID-19 patients from a multidisciplinary point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmo Godino
- Clinical Cardiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Scotti
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Evgeny Fominskiy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Margonato
- Clinical Cardiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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18
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Demir S, Timucin Atayoglu A, Galeotti F, Garzarella EU, Zaccaria V, Volpi N, Karagoz A, Sahin F. Antiviral activity of different extracts of standardized propolis preparations against HSV. Antivir Ther 2021; 25:353-363. [DOI: 10.3851/imp3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Kumar M, Madan J, Sodhi RK, Singh SB, Katyal A. Decoding the silent walk of COVID-19: Halting its spread using old bullets. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110891. [PMID: 33227700 PMCID: PMC7572089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) develops within 3-14 days when CoV2 invades epithelial, myeloid cells in the nasopharynx and pneumocytes in the respiratory tract through angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). Infection swiftly disseminates to gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal organs as well as immune system to deregulate their normal functioning through unique and distinct mechanisms. The health system and economy has been intensely thwarted by the rapid spread and exorbitant mortality caused by COVID-19 disease across the globe. The acute progression of the disease and high infection rate pose an enormous challenge for its therapeutic management and critical care. The viral structure, genome and proteome have been deciphered which yielded cues for targeting already available therapeutic entities. More than 200 compounds have been screened and till date approximately 69 therapeutic agents are undergoing clinical trials across the world. Among these, remedesivir (RMD), chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), noscapine (NOS) and heparin have demonstrated fairly promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. Recently, RMD has been approved by USFDA for the management of COVID 19. However, intense research is going on to screen and ace the 'magic bullets' for the management of SARS-CoV2 infection worldwide. The current review illustrates the plausible therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV2 important for inhibition of virus cycle. In addition, the role of RMD, CQ, HCQ, NOS and heparin in combating infection has been addressed. The importance of vitamin C and D supplements as adjunct therapies in the prevention of SARS-CoV2 virus infection have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Sodhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anju Katyal
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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20
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Mycroft-West CJ, Su D, Pagani I, Rudd TR, Elli S, Gandhi NS, Guimond SE, Miller GJ, Meneghetti MCZ, Nader HB, Li Y, Nunes QM, Procter P, Mancini N, Clementi M, Bisio A, Forsyth NR, Ferro V, Turnbull JE, Guerrini M, Fernig DG, Vicenzi E, Yates EA, Lima MA, Skidmore MA. Heparin Inhibits Cellular Invasion by SARS-CoV-2: Structural Dependence of the Interaction of the Spike S1 Receptor-Binding Domain with Heparin. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1700-1715. [PMID: 33368089 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.28.066761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of development and homeostasis in animals on the interaction of hundreds of extracellular regulatory proteins with the peri- and extracellular glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) is exploited by many microbial pathogens as a means of adherence and invasion. Heparin, a widely used anticoagulant drug, is structurally similar to HS and is a common experimental proxy. Exogenous heparin prevents infection by a range of viruses, including S-associated coronavirus isolate HSR1. Here, we show that heparin inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) invasion of Vero cells by up to 80% at doses achievable through prophylaxis and, particularly relevant, within the range deliverable by nebulisation. Surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrate that heparin and enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin which is a clinical anticoagulant, bind and induce a conformational change in the spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. A library of heparin derivatives and size-defined fragments were used to probe the structural basis of this interaction. Binding to the RBD is more strongly dependent on the presence of 2-O or 6-O sulfate groups than on N-sulfation and a hexasaccharide is the minimum size required for secondary structural changes to be induced in the RBD. It is likely that inhibition of viral infection arises from an overlap between the binding sites of heparin/HS on S1 RBD and that of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. The results suggest a route for the rapid development of a first-line therapeutic by repurposing heparin and its derivatives as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 and other members of the Coronaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Mycroft-West
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dunhao Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- Analytical and Biological Sciences Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott E Guimond
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Miller
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C Z Meneghetti
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Helena B Nader
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M Nunes
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas R Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Molecular and Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Yadavalli T, Mallick S, Patel P, Koganti R, Shukla D, Date AA. Pharmaceutically Acceptable Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Polymers Show Activity and Selectivity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 and Synergy with Antiviral Drugs. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2926-2937. [PMID: 33078609 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyanionic macromolecules including carboxylate-terminated polymers (polycarboxylates) are capable of inhibiting sexually transmitted viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a pharmaceutically acceptable pH-sensitive polycarboxylate polymer, showed promising prophylactic activity against HIV and HSV, but the instability of CAP in an aqueous environment prevented its clinical development. Interestingly, several pharmaceutically acceptable polycarboxylates have features similar to CAP with an aqueous stability significantly higher than that of CAP. However, their activity against sexually transmitted viruses remains unexplored. Here, we evaluate the activity of various polycarboxylates such as polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), various grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP-50, HPMCP-55, and HPMCP-55S), and various grades of methacrylic acid copolymers (Eudragit L100-55, Eudragit L100, Eudragit S100, and Kollicoat MAE 100P) against HSV. We, for the first time, demonstrate that PVAP, HPMCP-55S, and Eudragit S100 have activity and selectivity against HSV-1 and HSV-2. Further, we report that polycarboxylates can be easily transformed into nanoparticles (NPs) and in the nanoparticulate form, they show similar or enhanced activity against HSV. Finally, using PVAP NPs, as a model, we demonstrate using in vitro HSV therapy studies that polycarboxylate NPs are capable of synergizing with antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (ACV), tenofovir, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Thus, pharmaceutically acceptable carboxylic acid-terminated polymers and their NPs have the potential to be developed into topical formulations for the prevention and treatment of HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sudipta Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Pratikkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Abhijit A. Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
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22
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Thorsteinsson K, Olsén E, Schmidt E, Pace H, Bally M. FRET-Based Assay for the Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles and Other Vesicles of Complex Composition. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15336-15343. [PMID: 33179908 PMCID: PMC7735656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Research in the field of extracellular
vesicles is rapidly expanding
and finding footholds in many areas of medical science. However, the
availability of methodologies to quantify the concentration of membrane
material present in a sample remains limited. Herein, we present a
novel approach for the quantification of vesicle material, specifically
the quantification of the total lipid membrane surface area, found
in a sample using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET).
In this assay, sonication is used to drive the fusion between vesicles
in the sample to be quantified and liposomes containing a pair of
FRET fluorophores. The change in emission spectrum upon vesicle fusion
is directly related to the total membrane surface area of the sample
added, and a calibration curve allows for the quantification of a
variety of vesicle species, including enveloped viruses, bacterial
outer membrane vesicles, and mammalian extracellular vesicles. Without
extensive optimization of experimental parameters, we were able to
quantify down to ∼109 vesicles/mL, using as little
as 60 μL of the sample. The assay precision was comparable to
that of a commercial nanoparticle tracking analysis system. While
its limit of detection was slightly higher, the FRET assay is superior
for the detection of small vesicles, as its performance is vesicle-size-independent.
Taken together, the FRET assay is a simple, robust, and versatile
method for the quantification of a variety of purified vesicle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Thorsteinsson
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Olsén
- Division of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eneas Schmidt
- Division of Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hudson Pace
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Salamanna F, Landini MP, Fini M. Overt and non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation and the potential role of heparin in the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Ther Adv Hematol 2020; 11:2040620720951655. [PMID: 33149873 PMCID: PMC7580128 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720951655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | | | - Milena Fini
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Kwak-Kim J, Ota K, Sung N, Huang C, Alsubki L, Lee S, Han JW, Han A, Yang X, Saab W, Derbala Y, Wang WJ, He Q, Liao A, Takahashi T, Cavalcante MB, Barini R, Bao S, Fukui A, Lédée N, Coulam C. COVID-19 and immunomodulation treatment for women with reproductive failures. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 141:103168. [PMID: 32603991 PMCID: PMC7291967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is affecting various areas of health care, including human reproduction. Many women with reproductive failures, during the peri-implantation period and pregnancy, are on the immunotherapy using immune modulators and immunosuppressant due to underlying autoimmune diseases, cellular immune dysfunction, and rheumatic conditions. Many questions have been raised for women with immunotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic, including infection susceptibility, how to manage women with an increased risk of and active COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus, and not enough information exists. Yet, we aim to review the data from previous coronavirus outbreaks and current COVID-19 and provide interim guidelines for immunotherapy in women with reproductive failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 830 West End Court, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA.
| | - Kuniaki Ota
- Fukushima Medical Center for Children and Women, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Nayoung Sung
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 830 West End Court, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 830 West End Court, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA; Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, China
| | - Lujain Alsubki
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 830 West End Court, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh. Saudi Arabia
| | - Sungki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Myuonggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae Won Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Myuonggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Aera Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MizMedi Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wael Saab
- The Centre for Reproductive & Genetic Health, 230-232 Great Portland St, Fitzrovia, London W1W 5QS, UK
| | - Youssef Derbala
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn, Grosse Pointe, MI, USA
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Reproduction Medical Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Qiaohua He
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Toshifumi Takahashi
- Fukushima Medical Center for Children and Women, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Marcelo Borges Cavalcante
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fortaleza University (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; CONCEPTUS - Reproductive Medicine, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Barini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Campinas University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Shihua Bao
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Atsushi Fukui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Nathalie Lédée
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, 29 rue du faubourg St Jacques, 75014 Paris, France; Centre d'assistance médicale à la procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, 4 rue Lasson, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Carolyn Coulam
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, 60064, IL, USA
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25
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Liu ZH, Niu FJ, Xie YX, Xie SM, Liu YN, Yang YY, Zhou CZ, Wan XH. A review: Natural polysaccharides from medicinal plants and microorganisms and their anti-herpetic mechanism. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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26
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Li Puma DD, Marcocci ME, Lazzarino G, De Chiara G, Tavazzi B, Palamara AT, Piacentini R, Grassi C. Ca 2+ -dependent release of ATP from astrocytes affects herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of neurons. Glia 2020; 69:201-215. [PMID: 32818313 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide metabolic support for neurons and modulate their functions by releasing a plethora of neuroactive molecules diffusing to neighboring cells. Here we report that astrocytes also play a role in cortical neurons' vulnerability to Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection through the release of extracellular ATP. We found that the interaction of HSV-1 with heparan sulfate proteoglycans expressed on the plasma membrane of astrocytes triggered phospholipase C-mediated IP3 -dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients causing extracellular release of ATP. ATP binds membrane purinergic P2 receptors (P2Rs) of both neurons and astrocytes causing an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that activates the Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)-3β, whose action is necessary for HSV-1 entry/replication in these cells. Indeed, in co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes HSV-1-infected neurons were only found in proximity of infected astrocytes releasing ATP, whereas in the presence of fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of astrocyte metabolism, switching-off the HSV-1-induced ATP release, very few neurons were infected. The addition of exogenous ATP, mimicking that released by astrocytes after HSV-1 challenge, restored the ability of HSV-1 to infect neurons co-cultured with metabolically-inhibited astrocytes. The ATP-activated, P2R-mediated, and GSK-3-dependent molecular pathway underlying HSV-1 infection is likely shared by neurons and astrocytes, given that the blockade of either P2Rs or GSK-3 activation inhibited infection of both cell types. These results add a new layer of information to our understanding of the critical role played by astrocytes in regulating neuronal functions and their response to noxious stimuli including microbial agents via Ca2+ -dependent release of neuroactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Basic biotechnological sciences, intensivological and perioperative clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele Pisana, IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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27
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Groß R, Bauer R, Krüger F, Rücker-Braun E, Olari LR, Ständker L, Preising N, Rodríguez AA, Conzelmann C, Gerbl F, Sauter D, Kirchhoff F, Hagemann B, Gačanin J, Weil T, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Sanchez-Garcia E, Forssmann WG, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Stenger S, Walther P, Wiese S, Spellerberg B, Münch J. A Placenta Derived C-Terminal Fragment of β-Hemoglobin With Combined Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:508. [PMID: 32328038 PMCID: PMC7153485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta acts as physical and immunological barrier against the transmission of viruses and bacteria from mother to fetus. However, the specific mechanisms by which the placenta protects the developing fetus from viral and bacterial pathogens are poorly understood. To identify placental peptides and small proteins protecting from viral and bacterial infections, we generated a peptide library from 10 kg placenta by chromatographic means. Screening the resulting 250 fractions against Herpes-Simplex-Virus 2 (HSV-2), which is rarely transmitted through the placenta, in a cell-based system identified two adjacent fractions with significant antiviral activity. Further rounds of chromatographic purification and anti-HSV-2 testing allowed to purify the bioactive peptide. Mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a 36-mer derived from the C-terminal region of the hemoglobin β subunit. The purified and corresponding chemically synthesized peptide, termed HBB(112–147), inhibited HSV-2 infection in a dose-dependent manner, with a mean IC50 in the median μg/ml range. Full-length hemoglobin tetramer had no antiviral activity. HBB(112–147) did not impair infectivity by direct targeting of the virions but prevented HSV-2 infection at the cell entry level. The peptide was inactive against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Rubella and Zika virus infection, suggesting a specific anti-HSV-2 mechanism. Notably, HBB(112–147) has previously been identified as broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. It is abundant in placenta, reaching concentrations between 280 and 740 μg/ml, that are well sufficient to inhibit HSV-2 and prototype Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. We here additionally show, that HBB(112–147) also acts potently against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (including a multi-drug resistant strain) in a dose dependent manner, while full-length hemoglobin is inactive. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of HBB(112–147) was increased under acidic conditions, a hallmark of infection and inflammatory conditions. Indeed, we found that HBB(112–147) is released from the hemoglobin precursor by Cathepsin D and Napsin A, acidic proteases highly expressed in placental and other tissues. We propose that upon viral or bacterial infection, the abundant hemoglobin precursor is proteolytically processed to release HBB(112–147), a broadly active antimicrobial innate immune defense peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard Bauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Krüger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elke Rücker-Braun
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lia-Raluca Olari
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nico Preising
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Armando A Rodríguez
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Gerbl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hagemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jasmina Gačanin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Computational Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Annette Mankertz
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Santibanez
- WHO Measles/Rubella European RRL and NRC Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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28
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Heparanase-Regulated Syndecan-1 Shedding Facilitates Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Egress. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01672-19. [PMID: 31827001 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01672-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can infect virtually all cell types in vitro An important reason lies in its ability to exploit heparan sulfate (HS) for attachment to cells. HS is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan located on the cell surface and tethered to proteoglycans such as syndecan-1. Previously, we have shown that heparanase (HPSE) facilitates the release of viral particles by cleaving HS. Here, we demonstrate that HPSE is a master regulator where, in addition to directly enabling viral release via HS removal, it also facilitates cleavage of HS-containing ectodomains of syndecan-1, thereby further enhancing HSV-1 egress from infected cells. Syndecan-1 cleavage is mediated by upregulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that accompanies higher HPSE expression in infected cells. By overexpressing HPSE, we have identified MMP-3 and MMP-7 as important sheddases of syndecan-1 shedding in corneal epithelial cells, which are natural targets of HSV-1 infection. MMP-3 and MMP-7 were also naturally upregulated during HSV-1 infection. Altogether, this paper shows a new connection between HSV-1 release and syndecan-1 shedding, a phenomenon that is regulated by HPSE and executed by the MMPs. Our results also identify new molecular markers for HSV-1 infection and new targets for future interventions.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 is a common cause of recurrent viral infections in humans. The virus can cause a range of mucosal pathologies. Efficient viral egress from infected cells is an important step for HSV-1 transmission and virus-associated pathologies. Host mechanisms that contribute to HSV-1 egress from infected cells are poorly understood. Syndecan-1 is a common heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed by many natural target cells. Despite its known connection with heparanase, a recently identified mediator of HSV-1 release, syndecan-1 has not been previously investigated in HSV-1 release. In this study, we demonstrate that the shedding of syndecan-1 by MMP-3 and MMP-7 supports viral egress. We show that the mechanism behind the activation of these MMPs is mediated by heparanase, which is upregulated upon HSV-1 infection. Our study elucidates a new connection between HSV-1 egress, heparanase, and matrix metallopeptidases; identifies new molecular markers of infection; and provides potential new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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29
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Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. EV-A71 infection is sometimes associated with severe neurological diseases such as acute encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and cardiopulmonary failure. Therefore, EV-A71 is a serious public health concern. Scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is a type III transmembrane protein that belongs to the CD36 family and is a major receptor for EV-A71. SCARB2 supports attachment and internalization of the virus and initiates conformational changes that lead to uncoating of viral RNA in the cytoplasm. The three-dimensional structure of the virus-receptor complex was elucidated by cryo-electron microscopy. Two α-helices in the head domain of SCARB2 bind to the G-H loop of VP1 and the E-F loop of VP2 capsid proteins of EV-A71. Uncoating takes place in a SCARB2- and low pH-dependent manner. In addition to SCARB2, other molecules support cell surface binding of EV-A71. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, sialylated glycan, annexin II, vimentin, fibronectin, and prohibitin enhance viral infection by retaining the virus on the cell surface. These molecules are known as “attachment receptors” because they cannot initiate uncoating. In vivo, SCARB2 expression was observed in EV-A71 antigen-positive neurons and epithelial cells in the crypts of the palatine tonsils in patients that died of EV-A71 infection. Adult mice are not susceptible to infection by EV-A71, but transgenic mice that express human SCARB2 become susceptible to EV-A71 infection and develop neurological diseases similar to those observed in humans. Attachment receptors may also be involved in EV-A71 infection in vivo. Although heparan sulfate proteoglycans are expressed by many cultured cell lines and enhance infection by a subset of EV-A71 strains, they are not expressed by cells that express SCARB2 at high levels in vivo. Thus, heparan sulfate-positive cells merely adsorb the virus and do not contribute to replication or dissemination of the virus in vivo. In addition to these attachment receptors, cyclophilin A and human tryptophanyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase act as an uncoating regulator and an entry mediator that can confer susceptibility to non-susceptibile cells in the absence of SCARB2, respectively. The roles of attachment receptors and other molecules in EV-A71 pathogenesis remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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Totsch SK, Schlappi C, Kang KD, Ishizuka AS, Lynn GM, Fox B, Beierle EA, Whitley RJ, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Bernstock JD, Friedman GK. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus immunotherapy for brain tumors: current pitfalls and emerging strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 2019; 38:6159-6171. [PMID: 31289361 PMCID: PMC6771414 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) continue to be a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both
children and adults. Traditional therapies for malignant brain tumors consist of surgical resection and adjuvant chemoradiation;
such approaches are often associated with extreme morbidity. Accordingly, novel, targeted therapeutics for neoplasms of the CNS,
such as immunotherapy with oncolytic engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV) therapy, are urgently warranted. Herein, we discuss
treatment challenges related to HSV virotherapy delivery, entry, replication, and spread, and in so doing focus on host antiviral
immune responses and the immune microenvironment. Strategies to overcome such challenges including viral re-engineering,
modulation of the immunoregulatory microenvironment and combinatorial therapies with virotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors,
radiation, and vaccination are also examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie K Totsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles Schlappi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Brandon Fox
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Avidea Technologies, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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31
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Delguste M, Peerboom N, Le Brun G, Trybala E, Olofsson S, Bergström T, Alsteens D, Bally M. Regulatory Mechanisms of the Mucin-Like Region on Herpes Simplex Virus during Cellular Attachment. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:534-542. [PMID: 30735356 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-like regions, characterized by a local high density of O-linked glycosylation, are found on the viral envelope glycoproteins of many viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), for example, exhibits a mucin-like region on its glycoprotein gC, a viral protein involved in initial recruitment of the virus to the cell surface via interaction with sulfated glycosaminoglycans. So far, this mucin-like region has been proposed to play a key role in modulating the interactions with cellular glycosaminoglycans, and in particular to promote release of HSV-1 virions from infected cells. However, the molecular mechanisms and the role as a pathogenicity factor remains unclear. Using single virus particle tracking, we show that the mobility of chondroitin sulfate-bound HSV-1 virions is decreased in absence of the mucin-like region. This decrease in mobility correlates with an increase in HSV-1-chondroitin sulfate binding forces as observed using atomic force microscopy-based force spectroscopy. Our data suggest that the mucin-like region modulates virus-glycosaminoglycan interactions by regulating the affinity, type, and number of glycoproteins involved in the virus-glycosaminoglycan interaction. This study therefore presents new evidence for a role of the mucin-like region in balancing the interaction of HSV-1 with glycosaminoglycans and provides further insights into the molecular mechanisms used by the virus to ensure both successful cell entry and release from the infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Delguste
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Grégoire Le Brun
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
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Kaltenbach DD, Jaishankar D, Hao M, Beer JC, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30555321 PMCID: PMC6282075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinary binding site generated in heparan sulfate (HS) structures, during its biosynthesis, provides a unique opportunity to interact with multiple protein ligands including viral proteins, and therefore adds tremendous value to this master molecule. An example of such a moiety is the sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine residues in HS chain via 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzymes, which generates a unique virus-cell fusion receptor during herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Emerging evidence now suggests that the unique patterns in HS sulfation assist multiple viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycles. In addition, sulfated-HS structures are known to assist in invading host defense mechanisms and initiating multiple inflammatory processes; a critical event in the disease development. All these processes are detrimental for the host and therefore raise the question of how HS-sulfation is regulated. Epigenetic modulations have been shown to be implicated in these reactions during HSV infection as well as in HS modifying enzyme sulfotransferases, and therefore pose a critical component in answering it. Interestingly, heparanase (HPSE) activity is shown to be upregulated during virus infection and multiple other diseases assisting in virus replication to promote cell and tissue damage. These phenomena suggest that sulfotransferases and HPSE serve as key players in extracellular matrix remodeling and possibly generating unique signatures in a given disease. Therefore, identifying the epigenetic regulation of OST genes, and HPSE resulting in altered yet specific sulfation patterns in HS chain during virus infection, will be a significant a step toward developing potential diagnostic markers and designing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meng Hao
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C Beer
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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Peerboom N, Schmidt E, Trybala E, Block S, Bergström T, Pace HP, Bally M. Cell Membrane Derived Platform To Study Virus Binding Kinetics and Diffusion with Single Particle Sensitivity. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:944-953. [PMID: 29688001 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Discovery and development of new antiviral therapies essentially rely on two key factors: an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in viral infection and the development of fast and versatile drug screening platforms. To meet those demands, we present a biosensing platform to probe virus-cell membrane interactions on a single particle level. Our method is based on the formation of supported lipid bilayers from cell membrane material. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we report the contribution of viral and cellular components to the interaction kinetics of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the cell membrane. Deletion of glycoprotein C (gC), the main viral attachment glycoprotein, or deletion of heparan sulfate, an attachment factor on the cell membrane, leads to an overall decrease in association of virions to the membrane and faster dissociation from the membrane. In addition to this, we perform binding inhibition studies using the antiviral compound heparin to estimate its IC50 value. Finally, single particle tracking is used to characterize the diffusive behavior of the virus particles on the supported lipid bilayers. Altogether, our results promote this platform as a complement to existing bioanalytical assays, being at the interface between simplified artificial membrane models and live cell experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eneas Schmidt
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 141 95 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hudson P. Pace
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, NUS Målpunkt R, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Azab W, Osterrieder K. Initial Contact: The First Steps in Herpesvirus Entry. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 223:1-27. [PMID: 28528437 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The entry process of herpesviruses into host cells is complex and highly variable. It involves a sequence of well-orchestrated events that begin with virus attachment to glycan-containing proteinaceous structures on the cell surface. This initial contact tethers virus particles to the cell surface and results in a cascade of molecular interactions, including the tight interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins to specific cell receptors. These interactions trigger intracellular signaling and finally virus penetration after fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. Based on the engaged cellular receptors and co-receptors, and the subsequent signaling cascades, the entry pathway will be decided on the spot. A number of viral glycoproteins and many cellular receptors and molecules have been identified as players in one or several of these events during virus entry. This chapter will review viral glycoproteins, cellular receptors and signaling cascades associated with the very first interactions of herpesviruses with their target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Duck plague virus Glycoprotein J is functional but slightly impaired in viral replication and cell-to-cell spread. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4069. [PMID: 29511274 PMCID: PMC5840427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyse the function of the duck plague virus (DPV) glycoprotein J homologue (gJ), two different mutated viruses, a gJ deleted mutant ΔgJ and a gJR rescue mutant gJR with US5 restored were generated. All recombinant viruses were constructed by using two-step of RED recombination system implemented on the duck plague virus Chinese virulent strain (DPV CHv) genome cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome. DPV-mutants were characterized on non-complementing DEF cells compared with parental virus. Viral replication kinetics of intracellular and extracellular viruses revealed that the ΔgJ virus produce a 10-fold reduction of viral titers than the gJR and parental virus, which especially the production of extracellular infectivity was affected. In addition, the ΔgJ virus produced viral plaques on DEF cells that was on average approximately 11% smaller than those produced by the gJR and parental viruses. Electron microscopy confirmed that although DPV CHv without gJ could efficiently carry out viral replication, virion assembly and envelopment within infected cells, the ΔgJ virus produced and accumulated high levels of anuclear particles in the nuclear and cytoplasm. These results show that the gJ slightly impaired in viral replication, virion assembly and cell-to-cell spread, and is not essential in virion envelopment.
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Tang H, Mori Y. Glycoproteins of HHV-6A and HHV-6B. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:145-165. [PMID: 29896667 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) were classified into distinct species. Although these two viruses share many similarities, cell tropism is one of their striking differences, which is partially because of the difference in their entry machinery. Many glycoproteins of HHV-6A/B have been identified and analyzed in detail, especially in their functions during entry process into host cells. Some of these glycoproteins were unique to HHV-6A/B. The cellular factors associated with these viral glycoproteins (or glycoprotein complex) were also identified in recent years. Detailed interaction analyses were also conducted, which could partially prove the difference of entry machinery in these two viruses. Although there are still issues that should be addressed, all the knowledges that have been earned in recent years could not only help us to understand these viruses' entry mechanism well but also would contribute to the development of the therapy and/or prophylaxis methods for HHV-6A/B-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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37
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Khanna M, Ranasinghe C, Jackson R, Parish CR. Heparan sulfate as a receptor for poxvirus infections and as a target for antiviral agents. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2556-2568. [PMID: 28933686 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish the importance of virus-heparan sulfate (HS) interactions in virus infectivity, the poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) was used, as it binds HS and has both enveloped virus (EV) and non-enveloped mature virus (MV) forms. Initial studies showed that heparin inhibited plaque formation by both MV-rich WR and EV-rich IHD-J strains of VACV, with the EV-rich strain also losing trademark 'comet'-shaped plaques. However, using GFP-tagged EV and MV forms of VACV, based on IC50 values, heparin was 16-fold more effective at inhibiting the infectivity of the EV form compared to the MV form. Furthermore, 6-O and N-sulfation of the glucosamine residues of heparin was essential for inhibition of the infectivity of both VACV forms. Several low-molecular-weight HS mimetics were also shown to have substantial antiviral activity, with glycosidic linkages, chain length and monosaccharide backbone being important contributors towards anti-VACV activity. In fact, the d-mannose-based sulfated oligosaccharide mixture, PI-88 (Muparfostat), was four-fold more active than heparin at inhibiting MV infections. Paradoxically, despite heparin and HS mimetics being potent inhibitors of VACV infections, removal of HS from cell surfaces by enzymatic or genetic means resulted in only a modest reduction in infectivity. It is unlikely that this paradox can be explained by steric hindrance, due to the low molecular weight of the HS mimetics (~1-2.5 kDa), with a more likely explanation being that binding of heparin/HS mimetics to free VACV initiates an abortive viral infection. Based on this explanation, HS mimetics have considerable potential as antivirals against HS-binding viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Khanna
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ronald Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Richard Parish
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Group, ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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38
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Peerboom N, Block S, Altgärde N, Wahlsten O, Möller S, Schnabelrauch M, Trybala E, Bergström T, Bally M. Binding Kinetics and Lateral Mobility of HSV-1 on End-Grafted Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans. Biophys J 2017; 113:1223-1234. [PMID: 28697896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, including herpes simplex (HSV), are recruited to their host cells via interaction between their envelope glycoproteins and cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This initial attachment is of a multivalent nature, i.e., it requires the establishment of multiple bonds between amino acids of viral glycoproteins and sulfated saccharides on the GAG chain. To gain understanding of how this binding process is modulated, we performed binding kinetics and mobility studies using end-grafted GAG chains that mimic the end attachment of these chains to proteoglycans. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was used to probe binding and release, as well as the diffusion of single HSV-1 particles. To verify the hypothesis that the degree of sulfation, but also the arrangement of sulfate groups along the GAG chain, plays a key role in HSV binding, we tested two native GAGs (chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate) and compared our results to chemically sulfated hyaluronan. HSV-1 recognized all sulfated GAGs, but not the nonsulfated hyaluronan, indicating that binding is specific to the presence of sulfate groups. Furthermore we observed that a notable fraction of GAG-bound virions exhibit lateral mobility, although the multivalent binding to the immobilized GAG brushes ensures firm virus attachment to the interface. Diffusion was faster on the two native GAGs, one of which, chondroitin sulfate, was also characterized by the highest association rate per GAG chain. This highlights the complexity of multivalent virus-GAG interactions and suggests that the spatial arrangement of sulfates along native GAG chains may play a role in modulating the characteristics of the HSV-GAG interaction. Altogether, these results, obtained with a minimal and well-controlled model of the cell membrane, provide, to our knowledge, new insights into the dynamics of the HSV-GAG interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noomi Altgärde
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olov Wahlsten
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Adamson-Small L, Potter M, Byrne BJ, Clément N. Sodium Chloride Enhances Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Production in a Serum-Free Suspension Manufacturing Platform Using the Herpes Simplex Virus System. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2017; 28:1-14. [PMID: 28117600 PMCID: PMC5346630 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in effective treatments using recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors has underscored the importance of scalable, high-yield manufacturing methods. Previous work from this group reported the use of recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (rHSV) vectors to produce rAAV in adherent HEK293 cells, demonstrating the capacity of this system and quality of the product generated. Here we report production and optimization of rAAV using the rHSV system in suspension HEK293 cells (Expi293F) grown in serum and animal component-free medium. Through adjustment of salt concentration in the medium and optimization of infection conditions, titers greater than 1 × 1014 vector genomes per liter (VG/liter) were observed in purified rAAV stocks produced in Expi293F cells. Furthermore, this system allowed for high-titer production of multiple rAAV serotypes (2, 5, and 9) as well as multiple transgenes (green fluorescent protein and acid α-glucosidase). A proportional increase in vector production was observed as this method was scaled, with a final 3-liter shaker flask production yielding an excess of 1 × 1015 VG in crude cell harvests and an average of 3.5 × 1014 total VG of purified rAAV9 material, resulting in greater than 1 × 105 VG/cell. These results support the use of this rHSV-based rAAV production method for large-scale preclinical and clinical vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adamson-Small
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL
| | - Mark Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL
| | - Nathalie Clément
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL
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40
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Suramin interacts with the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the EV-A71 capsid and inhibits multiple enterovirus A. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42902. [PMID: 28218309 PMCID: PMC5317167 DOI: 10.1038/srep42902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was previously shown to bind to the EV-A71 capsid through its naphthalenetrisulfonic acid groups, thereby reducing virus-cell binding and inhibiting viral replication. Here, we identify VP1-145 as the critical amino acid that accounts for the differential sensitivity of EVA-71 viruses to suramin. A single Q or G to E substitution at VP1-145 results in an approximately 30-fold shift of IC50 or IC90 values reproducing the inhibition profile observed with field isolates expressing either the 145Q or E mutation. Our data support the conclusion that suramin binds to the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the capsid and consequently blocks the virus attachment and entry into host cells. In order to assess the antiviral-spectrum of suramin, we analyzed 18 representative enteroviruses: A (n = 7), B (n = 5), C (n = 5) and D (n = 1). We show that suramin potency is restricted to enterovirus A species. Clinical development of suramin is further supported by pharmacokinetic data demonstrating bioactive plasma levels after a single dose intramuscular administration in macaques. Altogether, our findings support the clinical development of suramin as a novel entry inhibitor for the treatment of enterovirus A infections.
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41
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Tan CW, Sam IC, Lee VS, Wong HV, Chan YF. VP1 residues around the five-fold axis of enterovirus A71 mediate heparan sulfate interaction. Virology 2016; 501:79-87. [PMID: 27875780 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a neurotropic enterovirus that uses heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor. The molecular determinants of EV-A71-heparan sulfate interaction are unknown. With In silico heparin docking and mutagenesis of all possible lysine residues in VP1, we identified that K162, K242 and K244 are responsible for heparin interaction and inhibition. EV-A71 mutants with K242A and K244A rapidly acquired compensatory mutations, T100K or E98A, and Q145R-T237N respectively, which restored the heparin-binding phenotype. Both VP1-98 and VP1-145 modulates heparin binding. Heparin-binding phenotype was completely abolished with VP1-E98-E145, but was restored by an E98K or E145Q substitution. During cell culture adaptation, EV-A71 rapidly acquired K98 or Q/G145 to restore the heparin-binding phenotype. Together with next-generation sequencing analysis, our results implied that EV-A71 has high genetic plasticity by modulating positively-charged residues at the five-fold axis during in vitro heparin adaptation. Our finding has impact on EV-A71 vaccine production, evolutionary studies and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Computational Simulation Modelling Laboratory (CSML), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Hui Vern Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Lisov A, Vrublevskaya V, Lisova Z, Leontievsky A, Morenkov O. A 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid-Gelatin Conjugate: The Synthesis, Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Antiviral Action Against Two Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:5343-60. [PMID: 26501311 PMCID: PMC4632386 DOI: 10.3390/v7102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various natural and synthetic polyanionic polymers with different chemical structures are known to exhibit potent antiviral activity in vitro toward a variety of enveloped viruses and may be considered as promising therapeutic agents. A water-soluble conjugate of 2,5-dihydroxybezoic acid (2,5-DHBA) with gelatin was synthesized by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of 2,5-DHBA in the presence of gelatin, and its antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus (PRV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), two members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, was studied. The conjugate produced no direct cytotoxic effect on cells, and did not inhibit cell growth at concentrations up to 1000 µg/mL. It exhibited potent antiviral activity against PRV (IC50, 1.5-15 µg/mL for different virus strains) and BoHV-1 (IC50, 0.5-0.7 µg/mL). When present during virus adsorption, the conjugate strongly inhibited the attachment of PRV and BoHV-1 to cells. The 2,5-DHBA-gelatin conjugate had no direct virucidal effect on the viruses and did not influence their penetration into cells, cell-to-cell spread, production of infectious virus particles in cells, and expression of PRV glycoproteins E and B. The results indicated that the 2,5-DHBA-gelatin conjugate strongly inhibits the adsorption of alphaherpesviruses to cells and can be a promising synthetic polymer for the development of antiviral formulations against alphaherpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lisov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Veronika Vrublevskaya
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Zoy Lisova
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Alexey Leontievsky
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
- Pushchino State Institute of Life Sciences, ProspektNauki 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Oleg Morenkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
- Pushchino State Institute of Life Sciences, ProspektNauki 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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43
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Argenta DF, Silva IT, Bassani VL, Koester LS, Teixeira HF, Simões CMO. Antiherpes evaluation of soybean isoflavonoids. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2335-42. [PMID: 26156104 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral effects of soybean isoflavonoids have been investigated recently, especially those of genistein. It has been reported that this isoflavone is able to inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication, which is associated with skin and epithelial mucosa infections. The treatment of these infections with antiherpes drugs has resulted in the emergence of resistant viral strains. Based on this evidence, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-HSV effects of soybean isoflavonoids: daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and coumestrol. Genistein and coumestrol inhibited HSV-1 (KOS and 29R strains, which are acyclovir sensitive and acyclovir resistant, respectively) and HSV-2 (333 strain) replication, whereas no antiviral effects were detected for daidzein and glycitein. The mechanisms of action were evaluated by different methodological strategies. Coumestrol affected the early stages of viral infection, and both compounds were able to reduce HSV-1 protein expression, as well as HSV-2 cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Argenta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
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Hussein HAM, Walker LR, Abdel-Raouf UM, Desouky SA, Montasser AKM, Akula SM. Beyond RGD: virus interactions with integrins. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2669-81. [PMID: 26321473 PMCID: PMC7086847 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Viruses successfully infect host cells by initially binding to the surfaces of the cells, followed by an intricate entry process. As multifunctional heterodimeric cell-surface receptor molecules, integrins have been shown to usefully serve as entry receptors for a plethora of viruses. However, the exact role(s) of integrins in viral pathogen internalization has yet to be elaborately described. Notably, several viruses harbor integrin-recognition motifs displayed on viral envelope/capsid-associated proteins. The most common of these motifs is the minimal peptide sequence for binding integrins, RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp), which is known for its role in virus infection via its ability to interact with over half of the more than 20 known integrins. Not all virus-integrin interactions are RGD-dependent, however. Non-RGD-binding integrins have also been shown to effectively promote virus entry and infection as well. Such virus-integrin binding is shown to facilitate adhesion, cytoskeleton rearrangement, integrin activation, and increased intracellular signaling. Also, we have attempted to discuss the role of carbohydrate moieties in virus interactions with receptor-like host cell surface integrins that drive the process of internalization. As much as possible, this article examines the published literature regarding the role of integrins in terms of virus infection and virus-encoded glycosylated proteins that mediate interactions with integrins, and it explores the idea of targeting these receptors as a therapeutic treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Lia R Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Usama M Abdel-Raouf
- Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Desouky
- Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | | | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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Altgärde N, Eriksson C, Peerboom N, Phan-Xuan T, Moeller S, Schnabelrauch M, Svedhem S, Trybala E, Bergström T, Bally M. Mucin-like Region of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Attachment Protein Glycoprotein C (gC) Modulates the Virus-Glycosaminoglycan Interaction. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21473-85. [PMID: 26160171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein C (gC) mediates the attachment of HSV-1 to susceptible host cells by interacting with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the cell surface. gC contains a mucin-like region located near the GAG-binding site, which may affect the binding activity. Here, we address this issue by studying a HSV-1 mutant lacking the mucin-like domain in gC and the corresponding purified mutant protein (gCΔmuc) in cell culture and GAG-binding assays, respectively. The mutant virus exhibited two functional alterations as compared with native HSV-1 (i.e. decreased sensitivity to GAG-based inhibitors of virus attachment to cells and reduced release of viral particles from the surface of infected cells). Kinetic and equilibrium binding characteristics of purified gC were assessed using surface plasmon resonance-based sensing together with a surface platform consisting of end-on immobilized GAGs. Both native gC and gCΔmuc bound via the expected binding region to chondroitin sulfate and sulfated hyaluronan but not to the non-sulfated hyaluronan, confirming binding specificity. In contrast to native gC, gCΔmuc exhibited a decreased affinity for GAGs and a slower dissociation, indicating that once formed, the gCΔmuc-GAG complex is more stable. It was also found that a larger number of gCΔmuc bound to a single GAG chain, compared with native gC. Taken together, our data suggest that the mucin-like region of HSV-1 gC is involved in the modulation of the GAG-binding activity, a feature of importance both for unrestricted virus entry into the cells and release of newly produced viral particles from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noomi Altgärde
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Eriksson
- the Department of Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nadia Peerboom
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tuan Phan-Xuan
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Moeller
- the Department of Biomaterials, INNOVENT e.V., Pruessingstrasse 27 B, D-07745 Jena, Germany, and
| | - Matthias Schnabelrauch
- the Department of Biomaterials, INNOVENT e.V., Pruessingstrasse 27 B, D-07745 Jena, Germany, and
| | - Sofia Svedhem
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- the Department of Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- the Department of Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- From the Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, the Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS, UMR 168, Physico-Chimie Curie, F-75248 Paris, France
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Huan CC, Wang Y, Ni B, Wang R, Huang L, Ren XF, Tong GZ, Ding C, Fan HJ, Mao X. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus uses cell-surface heparan sulfate as an attachment factor. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1621-8. [PMID: 25896095 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that many viruses use heparan sulfate as the initial attachment factor. In the present study, we determined whether porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an emerging veterinary virus, infects Vero cells by attaching to heparan sulfate. Western blot analysis, real-time PCR, and plaque formation assay revealed that PEDV infection was inhibited when the virus was pretreated with heparin (an analogue of heparan sulfate). There was no inhibitory effect when the cells were pre-incubated with heparin. We next demonstrated that enzymatic removal of the highly sulfated domain of heparan sulfate by heparinase I treatment inhibited PEDV infection. We also confirmed that sodium chlorate, which interferes with heparan sulfate biosynthesis, also inhibited PEDV infection. Furthermore, we examined the effect of two heparin derivatives with different types of sulfation on PEDV infection. The data suggested de-N-sulfated heparin, but not N-acetyl-de-O-sulfated heparin, inhibits PEDV infection. In summary, our studies revealed that heparan sulfate acts as the attachment factor of PEDV in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-chao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
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Tiwari V, Tarbutton MS, Shukla D. Diversity of heparan sulfate and HSV entry: basic understanding and treatment strategies. Molecules 2015; 20:2707-27. [PMID: 25665065 PMCID: PMC6272628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) generates fusion receptor for herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Primary cultures of corneal fibroblasts derived from human eye donors have shown the clinical significance of this receptor during HSV corneal infection. 3-OS HS- is a product of a rare enzymatic modification at C3 position of glucosamine residue which is catalyzed by 3-O-sulfotransferases (3-OSTs) enzymes. From humans to zebrafish, the 3-OST enzymes are highly conserved and widely expressed in cells and tissues. There are multiple forms of 3-OSTs each producing unique subset of sulfated HS making it chemically diverse and heterogeneous. HSV infection of cells or zebrafish can be used as a unique tool to understand the structural-functional activities of HS and 3-OS HS and likewise, the infection can be used as a functional assay to screen phage display libraries for identifying HS and 3-OS HS binding peptides or small molecule inhibitors. Using this approach over 200 unique 12-mer HS and 3-OS HS recognizing peptides were isolated and characterized against HSV corneal infection where 3-OS HS is known to be a key receptor. In this review we discuss emerging role of 3-OS HS based therapeutic strategies in preventing viral infection and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Morgan S Tarbutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Cardozo FTGDS, Camelini CM, Leal PC, Kratz JM, Nunes RJ, Mendonça MMD, Simões CMO. Antiherpetic mechanism of a sulfated derivative of Agaricus brasiliensis fruiting bodies polysaccharide. Intervirology 2014; 57:375-83. [PMID: 25359160 DOI: 10.1159/000365194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity of a (1→6)-(1→3)-β-D-glucan isolated from Agaricus brasiliensis fruiting bodies (FR) as well as its chemically sulfated derivative (FR-S). METHODS The antiherpetic activity and mechanism of action was studied by viral plaque assay applying different methodological strategies. RESULTS Although FR presented no in vitro antiherpetic action at 1 mg/ml, FR-S displayed promising anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activities in both simultaneous and postinfection treatments, resulting in selectivity indices (CC₅₀/EC₅₀) higher than 393. FR-S had no virucidal effect, but significantly suppressed HSV-1 (EC₅₀ = 0.32 µg/ml) and HSV-2 (EC₅₀ = 0.10 µg/ml) adsorption. FR-S was less effective on adsorption inhibition of mutant virus strains devoid of gC (HSV-1 gC⁻39 and HSV-2 gCneg1), indicating a possible interaction with this glycoprotein. The reduction of viral adsorption upon cell pretreatment with FR-S also suggests its interaction with cellular components. FR-S inhibited HSV-1 (EC₅₀ = 8.39 µg/ml) and HSV-2 (EC₅₀ = 2.86 µg/ml) penetration more efficiently than heparin. FR-S reduced HSV-1 and HSV-2 cell-to-cell spread. A synergic effect between FR-S and acyclovir was also detected. CONCLUSIONS FR-S displays an interesting mechanism of antiviral action and represents a promising candidate for the treatment and/or prevention of herpetic infections, to be used as a single therapeutic agent or in combination with acyclovir.
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Lundin A, Bergström T, Trybala E. Screening and evaluation of anti-respiratory syncytial virus compounds in cultured cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1030:345-63. [PMID: 23821281 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-484-5_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious pathogen that infects mainly ciliated cells of respiratory epithelium and type 1 pneumocytes in the alveoli frequently causing serious respiratory disease in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. At present, prevention/treatment of RSV infection is limited to the use of specific anti-RSV antibody or an aerosol formulation of ribavirin, a drug of suboptimal efficacy and low safety profile. There is an urgent need for development of novel anti-RSV drugs and virucides. Here we describe the cell culture-based methods used in our laboratory in identification of novel inhibitors of RSV including the P13 fusion inhibitor, and the PG545 virucide. Protocols for antiviral screening, evaluation of anti-RSV potency, and elucidation of mode of antiviral activity of test compounds are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lundin
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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50
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Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate and lactic acid combinations reduce herpes simplex virus infectivity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3806-14. [PMID: 23716050 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00659-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the efficacy of using multiple mechanisms as part of a topical microbicide to inactivate herpes simplex virus (HSV) by combining theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3) and lactic acid (LA) over the pH range of 4.0 to 5.7 to mimic conditions in the female reproductive tract. Six clinical isolates of HSV-2 and two clinical isolates of HSV-1 were almost completely inactivated when TF-3 (100 μM) was present with LA over the pH range of 4.5 to 5.7, whereas four additional HSV-1 clinical isolates required TF-3 concentrations of 250 to 500 μM for comparable virus titer reduction. LA (1%) alone at pH 4.0 reduced the titers of laboratory and clinical isolates of HSV-1 and HSV-2 by ≥ 5 log10, but most LA-dependent antiviral activity was lost at a pH of ≥ 4.5. When HSV-1 and HSV-2 were incubated at pH 4.0 without LA virus titers were not reduced. At pH 4.0, HSV-1 and HSV-2 titers were reduced 5 log(10) in 20 min by LA alone. TF-3 reduced HSV-2 titers by 5 log10 in 20 to 30 min at pH 4.5, whereas HSV-1 required 60 min for comparable inactivation. Mixtures of TF-3 and LA stored at 37 °C for 1 month at pH 4.0 to 5.7 maintained antiviral activity. Semen, but not cervical vaginal fluid, decreased LA-dependent antiviral activity at pH 4.0, but adding TF-3 to the mixture reduced HSV titers by 4 to 5 log10. These results indicate that a combination microbicide containing TF-3 and LA could reduce HSV transmission.
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