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Pang F, Long Q, Liang S. Designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Orf virus using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Virulence 2024; 15:2398171. [PMID: 39258802 PMCID: PMC11404621 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2398171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is an acute contact, epitheliotropic, zoonotic, and double-stranded DNA virus that causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry. The objective of this study is to design an immunoinformatics-based multi-epitope subunit vaccine against ORFV. Various immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and B-cell epitopes from the B2L, F1L, and 080 protein of ORFV were selected and linked by short connectors to construct a multi-epitope subunit vaccine. Immunogenicity was enhanced by adding an adjuvant β-defensin to the N-terminal of the vaccine using the EAAAK linker. The vaccine exhibited a significant degree of antigenicity and solubility, without allergenicity or toxicity. The 3D formation of the vaccine was subsequently anticipated, improved, and verified. The optimized model exhibited a lower Z-score of -4.33, indicating higher quality. Molecular docking results demonstrated that the vaccine strongly binds to TLR2 and TLR4. Molecular dynamics results indicated that the docked vaccine-TLR complexes were stable. Immune simulation analyses further confirmed that the vaccine can induce a marked increase in IgG and IgM antibody titers, and elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Finally, the optimized DNA sequence of the vaccine was cloned into the vector pET28a (+) for high expression in the E.coli expression system. Overall, the designed multi-epitope subunit vaccine is highly stable and can induce robust humoral and cellular immunity, making it a promising vaccine candidate against ORFV.
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MESH Headings
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Animals
- Orf virus/immunology
- Orf virus/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Mice
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/chemistry
- Ecthyma, Contagious/prevention & control
- Ecthyma, Contagious/immunology
- Ecthyma, Contagious/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinqin Long
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shaobo Liang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Graf A, Rziha HJ, Krebs S, Wolf E, Blum H, Büttner M. Parapoxvirus species revisited by whole genome sequencing: A retrospective analysis of bovine virus isolates. Virus Res 2024; 346:199404. [PMID: 38782262 PMCID: PMC11152744 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Parapoxviruses (PPV) of animals are spread worldwide. While the Orf virus (ORFV) species is a molecularly well-characterized prototype pathogen of small ruminants, the genomes of virus species affecting large ruminants, namely Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), are less well known. Using Nanopore sequencing we retrospectively show the whole genome sequences (WGS) of six BPSV, three PCPV isolates and an attenuated ORFV strain, originating from different geographic locations. A phylogenetic tree shows that the de novo assembled genomes belong to PPV species including WGS of reference PPV. Remarkably, Nanopore sequencing allowed the molecular resolution of inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and the hairpin loop within the de novo assembled WGS. Additionally, peculiarities regarding map location of two genes and the heterogeneity of a genomic region were noted. Details for the molecular variability of an interferon response modulatory gene (ORF116) and the PCPV specificity of gene 073.5 are reported. In summary, WGS gained by Nanopore sequencing allowed analysis of complete PPV genomes and confident virus species attribution within a phylogenetic tree avoiding uncertainty of limited gene-based diagnostics. Nanopore-based WGS provides robust comparison of PPV genomes and reliable identity determination of new Poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hanns-Joachim Rziha
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Dept. Genomics, Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Khudhair YI, Rhyif AG, Mayea KQ, Said MB. Prevalence, clinico-epidemiological features, and molecular characterization of bovine papular stomatitis virus in cattle in Iraq. Arch Virol 2024; 169:152. [PMID: 38902518 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) is a parapoxvirus that infects cattle, causing skin lesions on the udder and mouth. There have been few studies on the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BPSV in Iraq. Here, we describe the prevalence, phylogenetic analysis, and clinico-epidemiological features of BPSV in cattle in Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. A total of 264 animals were examined for teat and oral lesions, and BPSV was detected by PCR in 79.9% (211/264) of cattle and calves with skin lesions. The lesions included ulcers, papules, and scabby proliferative areas. The BPSV strains from Iraq clustered phylogenetically with BPSV strains detected in the USA. Further studies are needed to explore the evolution and epidemiology of this virus in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahia Ismail Khudhair
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq.
| | - Atiaf Ghanim Rhyif
- Department of pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Khetam Qaid Mayea
- Unit of Zoonotic Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qadisiyah University, Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia.
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4
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Hosen MI, Mia ME, Islam MN, Khatun MUS, Emon TH, Hossain MA, Akter F, Kader MA, Jeba SH, Faisal A, Miah MA. In-silico approach to characterize the structure and function of a hypothetical protein of Monkeypox virus exploring Chordopox-A20R domain-containing protein activity. Antivir Ther 2024; 29:13596535241255199. [PMID: 38801671 DOI: 10.1177/13596535241255199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background: Monkeypox has emerged as a noteworthy worldwide issue due to its daily escalating case count. This illness presents diverse symptoms, including skin manifestations, which have the potential to spread through contact. The transmission of this infectious agent is intricate and readily transfers between individuals.Methods: The hypothetical protein MPXV-SI-2022V502225_00135 strain of monkeypox underwent structural and functional analysis using NCBI-CD Search, Pfam, and InterProScan. Quality assessment utilized PROCHECK, QMEAN, Verify3D, and ERRAT, followed by protein-ligand docking, visualization, and a 100-nanosecond simulation on Schrodinger Maestro.Results: Different physicochemical properties were estimated, indicating a stable molecular weight (49147.14) and theoretical pI (5.62) with functional annotation tools predicting the target protein to contain the domain of Chordopox_A20R domain. In secondary structure analysis, the helix coil was found to be predominant. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the protein was obtained using a template protein (PDB ID: 6zyc.1), which became more stable after YASARA energy minimization and was validated by quality assessment tools like PROCHECK, QMEAN, Verify3D, and ERRAT. Protein-ligand docking was conducted using PyRx 9.0 software to examine the binding and interactions between a ligand and a hypothetical protein, focusing on various amino acids. The model structure, active site, and binding site were visualized using the CASTp server, FTsite, and PyMOL. A 100 nanosecond simulation was performed with ligand CID_16124688 to evaluate the efficiency of this protein.Conclusion: The analysis revealed significant binding interactions and enhanced stability, aiding in drug or vaccine design for effective antiviral treatment and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Iqbal Hosen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Easin Mia
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nur Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tanvir Hossain Emon
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Anwar Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Akter
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kader
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Hossain Jeba
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Asm Faisal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abunasar Miah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
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5
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Suraweera CD, Espinoza B, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M. Mastering Death: The Roles of Viral Bcl-2 in dsDNA Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:879. [PMID: 38932171 PMCID: PMC11209288 DOI: 10.3390/v16060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 family regulate cellular fate via multiple mechanisms including apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, metabolism, inflammation, redox homeostasis, and calcium flux. There are several regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and autophagy, that use distinct molecular mechanisms to elicit the death response. However, the same proteins/genes may be deployed in multiple biochemical pathways. In apoptosis, Bcl-2 proteins control the integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) by regulating the formation of pores in the MOM and apoptotic cell death. A number of prosurvival genes populate the genomes of viruses including those of the pro-survival Bcl-2 family. Viral Bcl-2 proteins are sequence and structural homologs of their cellular counterparts and interact with cellular proteins in apoptotic and autophagic pathways, potentially allowing them to modulate these pathways and determine cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura D. Suraweera
- Genome Sciences and Cancer Division, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Benjamin Espinoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark G. Hinds
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Genome Sciences and Cancer Division, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
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Noll JCG, Rani R, Butt SL, Fernandes MHV, do Nascimento GM, Martins M, Caserta LC, Covaleda L, Diel DG. Identification of an Immunodominant B-Cell Epitope in African Swine Fever Virus p30 Protein and Evidence of p30 Antibody-Mediated Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Viruses 2024; 16:758. [PMID: 38793639 PMCID: PMC11125664 DOI: 10.3390/v16050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a large dsDNA virus that encodes at least 150 proteins. The complexity of ASFV and lack of knowledge of effector immune functions and protective antigens have hindered the development of safe and effective ASF vaccines. In this study, we constructed four Orf virus recombinant vectors expressing individual ASFV genes B602L, -CP204L, E184L, and -I73R (ORFVΔ121-ASFV-B602L, -CP204L, -E184L, and -I73R). All recombinant viruses expressed the heterologous ASFV proteins in vitro. We then evaluated the immunogenicity of the recombinants by immunizing four-week-old piglets. In two independent animal studies, we observed high antibody titers against ASFV p30, encoded by CP204L gene. Using Pepscan ELISA, we identified a linear B-cell epitope of 12 amino acids in length (Peptide 15) located in an exposed loop region of p30 as an immunodominant ASFV epitope. Additionally, antibodies elicited against ASFV p30 presented antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. These results underscore the role of p30 on antibody responses elicited against ASFV and highlight an important functional epitope that contributes to p30-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA (S.L.B.); (M.H.V.F.); (M.M.); (L.C.C.); (L.C.)
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7
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Dalton CS, Tomaselli M, Rothenburger JL, Mavrot F, Di Francesco J, Leclerc LM, Ytrehus B, Checkley S, Kutz S, Abdul-Careem MF, van der Meer F. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Orf Virus and Muskox Rhadinovirus 1 from Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in the Canadian Arctic. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:461-473. [PMID: 38334201 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Orf virus (genus Parapoxvirus) has been associated with gross skin lesions on muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) from Victoria Island, Nunavut, Canada, where muskox populations are experiencing population declines. Orf virus causes painful proliferative and necrotizing dermatitis upon viral replication and shedding, which may lead to animal morbidity or mortality through secondary infections and starvation. Herpesvirus, known to cause gross lesions on skin and mucosa during active viral replication, has also been documented in muskoxen but to date has not been associated with clinical disease. Our objective was to characterize the variation of orf virus and herpesvirus in wild muskoxen of the Canadian Arctic. Tissue samples including gross skin lesions from the nose, lips, and/or legs were opportunistically collected from muskoxen on Victoria Island, Nunavut and Northwest Territories, and mainland Nunavut, Canada, from 2015 to 2017. Sampled muskoxen varied in age, sex, location, hunt type, and body condition. Tissues from 60 muskoxen were tested for genetic evidence of orf virus and herpesvirus infection using PCR targeting key viral genes. Tissues from 38 muskoxen, including 15 with gross lesions, were also examined for histological evidence of orf virus and herpesvirus infection. Eleven muskoxen (10 from Victoria Island and one from mainland Nunavut) with gross lesions had microscopic lesions consistent with orf virus infection. Muskox rhadinovirus 1, a gammaherpesvirus endemic to muskoxen, was detected in 33 (55%) muskoxen including 17 with gross lesions. In all tissues examined, there was no histological evidence of herpesvirus-specific disease. Sequencing and characterization of amplified PCR products using phylogenetic analysis indicated that a strain of orf virus, which appears to be unique, is likely to be endemic in muskoxen from Victoria Island and mainland Nunavut. Many of the muskoxen are also subclinically infected with a known muskox-endemic strain of herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimoné Stefni Dalton
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Matilde Tomaselli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Polar Knowledge Canada, Canadian High Arctic Research Station, 1 Uvajuq Rd., P.O. Box 2150, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut X0B 0C0, Canada
| | - Jamie L Rothenburger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Fabien Mavrot
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Juliette Di Francesco
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lisa-Marie Leclerc
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, P.O. 377, Kugluktuk, Nunavut X0B 0E0, Canada
| | - Bjørnar Ytrehus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Susan Kutz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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do Nascimento GM, de Oliveira PSB, Butt SL, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of chimeric hemagglutinins delivered by an orf virus vector platform against swine influenza virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1322879. [PMID: 38482020 PMCID: PMC10933025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1322879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is a large DNA virus that can harbor and efficiently deliver viral antigens in swine. Here we used ORFV as a vector platform to deliver chimeric hemagglutinins (HA) of Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S). Vaccine development against IAV-S faces limitations posed by strain-specific immunity and the antigenic diversity of the IAV-S strains circulating in the field. A promising alternative aiming at re-directing immune responses on conserved epitopes of the stalk segment of the hemagglutinin (HA2) has recently emerged. Sequential immunization with chimeric HAs comprising the same stalk but distinct exotic head domains can potentially induce cross-reactive immune responses against conserved epitopes of the HA2 while breaking the immunodominance of the head domain (HA1). Here, we generated two recombinant ORFVs expressing chimeric HAs encoding the stalk region of a contemporary H1N1 IAV-S strain and exotic heads derived from either H6 or H8 subtypes, ORFVΔ121cH6/1 and ORFVΔ121cH8/1, respectively. The resulting recombinant viruses were able to express the heterologous protein in vitro. Further, the immunogenicity and cross-protection of these vaccine candidates were assessed in swine after sequential intramuscular immunization with OV-cH6/1 and OV-cH8/1, and subsequent challenge with divergent IAV-S strains. Humoral responses showed that vaccinated piglets presented increasing IgG responses in sera. Additionally, cross-reactive IgG and IgA antibody responses elicited by immunization were detected in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), respectively, by ELISA against different viral clades and a diverse range of contemporary H1N1 IAV-S strains, indicating induction of humoral and mucosal immunity in vaccinated animals. Importantly, viral shedding was reduced in nasal swabs from vaccinated piglets after intranasal challenge with either Oh07 (gamma clade) or Ca09 (npdm clade) IAV-S strains. These results demonstrated the efficiency of ORFV-based vectors in delivering chimeric IAV-S HA-based vaccine candidates and underline the potential use of chimeric-HAs for prevention and control of influenza in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Salman Latif Butt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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9
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Coradduzza E, Scarpa F, Rocchigiani AM, Cacciotto C, Lostia G, Fiori MS, Rodriguez Valera Y, De Pascali AM, Brandolini M, Azzena I, Locci C, Casu M, Bechere R, Pintus D, Ligios C, Scagliarini A, Sanna D, Puggioni G. The Global Evolutionary History of Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats Revealed by Whole Genomes Data. Viruses 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38275968 PMCID: PMC10820850 DOI: 10.3390/v16010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (Poxviridae family). It is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (CE) that is an economically detrimental disease affecting small ruminants globally. Contagious ecthyma outbreaks are usually reported in intensive breeding of sheep and goats but they have also been reported in wildlife species. Notably, ORFV can infect humans, leading to a zoonotic disease. This study aims to elucidate the global evolutionary history of ORFV genomes in sheep and goats, including the first genomes from Central America in the analyses. In comparison to the last study on ORFV whole genomes, the database now includes 11 more sheep and goat genomes, representing an increase of 42%. The analysis of such a broader database made it possible to obtain a fine molecular dating of the coalescent time for ORFV S and G genomes, further highlighting the genetic structuring between sheep and goat genomes and corroborating their emergence in the latter half of 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Maria Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giada Lostia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Mariangela Stefania Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Locci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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10
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Yao X, Jing T, Geng Q, Pang M, Zhao X, Li S, Chen D, Ma W. Dual analysis of wild-type and attenuated Orf virus and host cell transcriptomes revealed novel virus-host cell interactions. mSphere 2023; 8:e0039823. [PMID: 37982609 PMCID: PMC10732022 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00398-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Currently, the only available commercial vaccines for Orf virus (ORFV) are live attenuated vaccines, which present a potential risk of reversion to virulence. Therefore, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of different virulent strains of ORFV and host immune responses triggered by these viruses is crucial for developing new vaccines and interventions. In this study, we found that the attenuated strain downregulates the host innate immune response and antiviral activity. In addition, we noted that the wild-type strain can induce the immune response pattern centered on interferon-stimulated genes and interferon regulatory factor gene family. We predicted that STAT1 and STAT2 are the main transcription factors upstream of target gene promoters through gene regulatory networks and exert significant regulatory effects on co-expressed genes. Our study elucidated the complex interaction between ORFV strains and host cell immune responses, providing new insights into vaccine research for ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingru Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuanduo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaofei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Virtanen J, Hautala K, Utriainen M, Dutra L, Eskola K, Airas N, Uusitalo R, Ahvenainen E, Smura T, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Kant R, Virtala AMK, Kinnunen PM. Equine dermatitis outbreak associated with parapoxvirus. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 38117290 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parapoxviruses (PPV) cause skin and mucous membrane lesions in several animal species, and of the five recognized PPVs, at least three are zoonotic. Equine PPV (EqPPV) is the sixth one initially described in humans in the United States and later in a severely sick horse in Finland in 2013-2015. In 2021-2022, a large-scale pustulo-vesicular pastern dermatitis outbreak occurred in horses all over Finland. This study aimed at analysing the outbreak, identifying and describing the causative agent, describing clinical signs, and searching for risk factors. EqPPV was identified as a probable causative agent and co-infections with several potentially pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria were observed. Histopathologically, suppurative and ulcerative dermatitis was diagnosed. Due to the lack of specific tests for this virus, we developed a novel diagnostic EqPPV-PCR with sensitivity of 10 copies/reaction. Based on a large proportion of the genome sequenced directly from clinical samples, very little variation was detected between the sequences of the case from 2013 and the cases from 2021 to 2022. Based on an epidemiological survey, the main risk factor for pastern dermatitis was having racehorses. Approximately one third of the horses at each affected stable got clinical dermatitis, manifesting as severe skin lesions. Skin lesions were also occasionally reported in humans, indicating potential zoonotic transmission. Case stables commonly reported attendance at race events before acquiring the disease. Survey also identified differences in practises between case and control stables. Taken together, these results enable a better preparedness, diagnostics, and guidelines for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Virtanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Hautala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mira Utriainen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lara Dutra
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarina Eskola
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Animal Health and Welfare Department, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Airas
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruut Uusitalo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ella Ahvenainen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija K Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula M Kinnunen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Delhon G, Khatiwada S, Doub D, Harris S, Chaulagain S, El-Gaffary M, Rock DL. Bovine papular stomatitis virus as a vaccine vector for cattle. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001914. [PMID: 37976092 PMCID: PMC10768693 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus vectored vaccines are not available commercially for cattle even though compelling potential applications exist. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), a highly prevalent parapoxvirus, causes self-limited oral lesions in cattle. Ability of virus to accommodate large amounts of foreign DNA, induce low level of antiviral immunity, and circulate and likely persist in cattle populations, make BPSV an attractive candidate viral vector. Here, recombinant BPSV were constructed expressing either Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein gD (BPSVgD), or gD and gB (BPSVgD/gB). Immunization of BPSV serologically-positive calves with BPSVgD or BPSVgD/gB induced BoHV-1 neutralization antibodies and provided protection for three of four animals following a high dose BoHV-1 challenge at day 70 pi. Results indicate BPSV suitability as a candidate virus vector for cattle vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Delhon
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sushil Khatiwada
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David Doub
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Seth Harris
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sabal Chaulagain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mostafa El-Gaffary
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Present address: Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Daniel L. Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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13
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Joshi LR, do Nascimento GM, Diel DG. The transcriptome of the parapoxvirus Orf virus reveals novel promoters for heterologous gene expression by poxvirus vectors. Virology 2023; 587:109864. [PMID: 37595395 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) has been used as a vaccine delivery vector for multiple animal species. Several strategies are being used to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of ORFV vectors, including the use of poxviral promoter(s) with strong early and late activity capable of driving the expression of the heterologous genes for a prolonged time and eliciting a potent immune response. Here, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach to analyze the transcriptome of ORFV during infection in primary ovine cells. Based on the transcriptional profile of individual ORFV genes, we identified ORFV promoters with strong early and late activity and have shown that they can be used to express heterologous genes in ORFV vectors. Our results show that the intergenic regulatory sequence containing core promoter sequences present upstream of ORF112 (p112) and ORF116 (p116) lead to markedly higher transgene expression than conventional poxviral promoters. Thus, these promoters are valuable alternatives to express transgenes in poxviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.
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14
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Li S, Jing T, Zhu F, Chen Y, Yao X, Tang X, Zuo C, Liu M, Xie Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Li D, Li L, Gao S, Chen D, Zhao H, Ma W. Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus (ORFV) Strains Isolated from Goats in China: Insights into Epidemiological Characteristics and Evolutionary Patterns. Virus Res 2023; 334:199160. [PMID: 37402415 PMCID: PMC10410590 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an acute infectious zoonosis caused by orf virus (ORFV) that mainly infects sheep and goats and causes obvious lesions and low market value of livestock, resulting in huge economic losses for farmers. In this study, two strains of ORFV were isolated from Shaanxi Province and Yunnan Province in China, named FX and LX. The two ORFVs were located in the major clades of domestic strains respectively, and exhibited distinct sequence homology. We analyzed the genetic data of core genes (B2L, F1L, VIR, ORF109) and variable genes (GIF, ORF125 and vIL-10) of ORFV to investigate its epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics. The sequences from 2007 to 2018 constituted the majority of the viral population, predominantly concentrated in India and China. Most genes were clustered into SA00-like type and IA82-like type, and the hotspots in East and South Asia were identified in the ORFV transmission trajectories. For these genes, VIR had the highest substitution rate of 4.85 × 10-4, both VIR and vIL-10 suffered the positive selection pressure during ORFV evolution. Many motifs associated with viral survival were distributed among ORFVs. In addition, some possible viral epitopes have been predicted, which still require validation in vivo and in vitro. This work gives more insight into the prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of existing orf viruses and facilitate better vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Tian Jing
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xiaoting Yao
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xidian Tang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Chenxiang Zuo
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yanfei Xie
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yuecai Jiang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Dengliang Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Shikong Gao
- Shenmu Animal Husbandry Development Center, Shenmu, Shaanxi Province 719399, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Wentao Ma
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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15
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Dan Y, Yang L, Zhang H, Ren Y, He H, Yang F, Zhu J, Xiang H. The orf virus 129 protein can inhibit immune responses by interacting with host complement C1q binding protein in goat turbinate bone cells. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109782. [PMID: 37270925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contagious ecthyma is a severe and highly contagious disease caused by an orf virus (ORFV). The virus is responsible for substantial economic losses in the goat industry and threatens humans. We previously determined the role of ORFV129 protein, one of the five ankyrin-repeat proteins coded by the orf genome, in suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ. In the present study, we identified 14 cellular proteins (complement C1q binding protein [C1QBP], MCM7, EIF5A, PKM, SLC6A, TSPAN6, ATP6AP2, GPS1, MMADHC, HSPB6, SLC35B1, MTF1, P3H4, and IL15RA) that interact with ORFV129 using a yeast two-hybrid system in goat turbinate bone cells (GFTCs). The interaction between ORFV129 and (C1QBP), an immune-related protein, was confirmed using immunofluorescence co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation assays. C1QBP overexpression inhibited ORFV replication, whereas the knockdown of C1QBP promoted ORFV replication in GFTCs. Furthermore, ORFV or ORFV129 increased C1QBP expression in GFTCs, indicated that ORFV129-C1QBP interaction might contribute to the ORFV-induced host immune process. In addition, our research showed that ORFV increased the expression of ORFV129, cytokine IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ. C1QBP overexpression induced IFN-γ production and reduced IL-6 and IL-1β production. Conversely, C1QBP knockdown induced IL-1β production and reduced IFN-γ and IL-1β production. Moreover, augmentation of ORFV129 expression enhanced the inhibition of the secretion of cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ induced by the altered expression of C1QBP. These findings suggest different downstream pathways might be involved in regulating different cytokines induced by ORFV129 expression in GFTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Dan
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghong He
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Falong Yang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hua Xiang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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do Nascimento GM, Bugybayeva D, Patil V, Schrock J, Yadagiri G, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. An Orf-Virus (ORFV)-Based Vector Expressing a Consensus H1 Hemagglutinin Provides Protection against Diverse Swine Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:994. [PMID: 37112974 PMCID: PMC10147081 DOI: 10.3390/v15040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV-S) belonging to the H1 subtype are endemic in swine worldwide. Antigenic drift and antigenic shift lead to a substantial antigenic diversity in circulating IAV-S strains. As a result, the most commonly used vaccines based on whole inactivated viruses (WIVs) provide low protection against divergent H1 strains due to the mismatch between the vaccine virus strain and the circulating one. Here, a consensus coding sequence of the full-length of HA from H1 subtype was generated in silico after alignment of the sequences from IAV-S isolates obtained from public databases and was delivered to pigs using the Orf virus (ORFV) vector platform. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the resulting ORFVΔ121conH1 recombinant virus were evaluated against divergent IAV-S strains in piglets. Virus shedding after intranasal/intratracheal challenge with two IAV-S strains was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and virus titration. Viral genome copies and infectious virus load were reduced in nasal secretions of immunized animals. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the frequency of T helper/memory cells, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), were significantly higher in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the vaccinated groups compared to unvaccinated animals when they were challenged with a pandemic strain of IAV H1N1 (CA/09). Interestingly, the percentage of T cells was higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage of vaccinated animals in relation to unvaccinated animals in the groups challenged with a H1N1 from the gamma clade (OH/07). In summary, delivery of the consensus HA from the H1 IAV-S subtype by the parapoxvirus ORFV vector decreased shedding of infectious virus and viral load of IAV-S in nasal secretions and induced cellular protective immunity against divergent influenza viruses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Dina Bugybayeva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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17
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Dalton CS, Workentine ML, Leclerc LM, Kutz S, van der Meer F. Next-generation sequencing approach to investigate genome variability of Parapoxvirus in Canadian muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 109:105414. [PMID: 36775047 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the first orf virus, a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus of the genus parapoxvirus, from a muskox was isolated on Victoria Island, Nunavut (NU), Canada. We used deep sequencing on DNA extracted from orf virus-positive tissues from wild muskoxen from locations on Victoria Island and the adjacent mainland. Orf virus sequence reads derived from four samples were nearly identical. The consensus sequences generated from pooled reads of MxOV comprises of a large contiguous sequence (contig) of 131,759 bp and a smaller right terminal contig of 3552 bp, containing all coding sequences identified as Parapoxvirus. Individual gene comparisons reveal that MxOV shares genetic characteristics with reference strains from both sheep and goat origin. Recombination analysis using Bootscan, MAXCHI, GENECONV, CHIMAERA, SISCAN, and RDP algorithms within the RDP4 software predicted recombination events in two virulence factors, and a large 3000 bp segment of the MxOV genome. Partial B2L nucleotide sequences from strains around the world and other North American isolates were compared to MxOV using MUSCLE alignments and RAxML phylogenetic trees. MxOV was identical to our previously characterized isolate, and shared similarity with orf virus isolated from sheep and goats. The phylogenetic grouping of partial B2L nucleotide sequences did not follow the sample geographic distribution. More full genomes of orf virus, or at least full B2L gene squences, in wildlife are needed especially in North America to better understand the epidemiology of the disease in muskoxen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimone S Dalton
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Workentine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Lisa-Marie Leclerc
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, P.O. 377, Kugluktuk, NU X0B 0E0, Canada
| | - Susan Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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18
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Cui H, Guan J, Lu H, Liu J, Tu F, Zhang C, Su K, Guo Z, Zhao K. Rapid Onsite Visual Detection of Orf Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020494. [PMID: 36836851 PMCID: PMC9968157 DOI: 10.3390/life13020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf is an important zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) which can cause contagious pustular dermatitis in goats and sheep. Orf is widespread in most sheep-raising countries in the world, causing huge economic losses. Although diagnostic methods for ORFV infection already exist, it is still necessary to develop a time-saving, labor-saving, specific, low-cost and visual diagnostic method for rapid detection of ORFV in the field and application in grassroots laboratories. This study establishes a DNA extraction-free, real-time, visual recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) method for the rapid detection of ORFV. This method is specific to ORFV and does not cross-react with other common DNA viruses. The detection limits of the real-time RAA and visual judgment of the RAA assay at 95% probability were 13 and 21 copies per reaction for ORFV, respectively. Compared with qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the real-time RAA assay were 100%, and those of the visual RAA assay were 92.31% and 100.0%, respectively. The DNA extraction-free visual detection method of RAA established in this study can meet the needs of rapid onsite detection and grassroots laboratories and has important reference value and significance for the early diagnosis of diseased animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fei Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kai Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
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Yu Y, Zhang F, Duan X, Yang C, Cui Y, Yu L. ORFV can carry TRAP gene expression via intracellular CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. J Virol Methods 2023; 312:114652. [PMID: 36493528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orf is an acute and highly contracted human and animal infection caused by orf virus (ORFV), which mainly affects sheep, goats, and other species. Clinically, opportunistic or conditional pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are often detected in cases of orf, which greatly increases the risk of disease progression and clinical death. It has been reported that TRAP gene products of S. aureus can broadly influence bacterial life and pathogenicity in vivo, and introduction of exogenous TRAP genes may help to inhibit the proliferation of bacteria. In order to achieve the combined control of ORFV and S. aureus, a novel approach to design a S. aureus TRAP gene vaccine using a live attenuated ORFV vector is proposed. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to disable vascular endothelial growth factor E of ORFV (VEGF-v) and introduced TRAP gene into this position. TRAP gene expression was detected in keratinocytes infected with recombinant virus. The construction and experimental verification of recombinant ORFV (ORFV-v/TRAP) will provide a reference for in-depth studies on the prevention and control of mixed infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongZhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xuyang Duan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - ChaoQun Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - YuDong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Deletion of gene OV132 attenuates Orf virus more effectively than gene OV112. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:835-851. [PMID: 36484827 PMCID: PMC9734686 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), a Parapoxvirus in Poxviridae, infects sheep and goats resulting in contagious pustular dermatitis. ORFV is regarded as a promising viral vector candidate for vaccine development and oncolytic virotherapy. Owing to their potential clinical application, safety concerns have become increasingly important. Deletion of either the OV132 (encoding vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) or OV112 (encoding the chemokine binding protein, CBP) genes reduced ORFV infectivity, which has been independently demonstrated in the NZ2 and NZ7 strains, respectively. This study revealed that the VEGF and CBP gene sequences of the local strain (TW/Hoping) shared a similarity of 47.01% with NZ2 and 90.56% with NZ7. Due to the high sequence divergence of these two immunoregulatory genes among orf viral strains, their contribution to the pathogenicity of Taiwanese ORFV isolates was comparatively characterized. Initially, two ORFV recombinants were generated, in which either the VEGF or CBP gene was deleted and replaced with the reporter gene EGFP. In vitro assays indicated that both the VEGF-deletion mutant ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP and the CBP deletion mutant ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP were attenuated in cells. In particular, ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP significantly reduced plaque size and virus yield compared to ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP and the wild-type control. Similarly, in vivo analysis revealed no virus yield in the goat skin biopsy infected by ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP, and significantly reduced the virus yield of ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP relative to the wild-type control. These results confirmed the loss of virulence of both deletion mutants in the Hoping strain, whereas the VEGF-deletion mutant was more attenuated than the CBP deletion strain in both cell and goat models. KEY POINTS: • VEGF and CBP genes are crucial in ORFV pathogenesis in the TW/Hoping strain • The VEGF-deletion mutant virus was severely attenuated in both cell culture and animal models • Deletion mutant viruses are advantageous vectors for the development of vaccines and therapeutic regimens.
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Hussain I, Khan MUR, Aslam A, Rabbani M, Masood S, Anjum A. Identification, molecular characterization, and pathological features of orf virus in sheep and goats in Punjab province, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 55:24. [PMID: 36562854 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes an acute, contagious, skin disease of sheep and goats which is economically important. The objectives of this study were to identify ORFV and to explore its pathological and phylogenetic profiles in 350 goats and 91 sheep of 14 districts of Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2020 to July 2021. Skin scrapings (total no. of samples = 441) of suspected animals were subjected to polymerase chain reactions, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological observations. The partial length of GIF/IL-2 gene (408 bp) was successfully amplified in 58/441 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of GIF/IL2 gene showed that the study isolates belonged to ORFV-cluster I, together with the viruses reported in India and China. Pakistan ORFV isolates were shared 97.6-98.7% nucleotide and 97.6-100% amino acid identities with the reference strain (NC_005336). Moreover, Chinese ORFV-isolates were detected unique multiple amino acid substitutions (F11L, Q21H, D27N, I46V, N49S, N82D, D103N, S129G) with study isolates. Naturally infected animals were anorexic, emaciated, dull, and depressed. The macroscopic lesions included multifocal to coalescing, ulceration followed by proliferative papules, pustules, and crust formation on the epidermis of gums, lips, mouth commissure, muzzles, nose, and udder. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia, anastomosing rete ridges formation and degenerative changes, including spongiosis and vacuolation of epidermal cells. Keratinocytes exhibited eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with pyknotic and karyorrhexis nuclei. This is the first report on molecular characterization of ORFV from Pakistan, with insight into its pathogenesis and comparative analysis of pathological alterations and genetic diversity between ORFV strains reported in different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irtaza Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muti Ur Rehman Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Asim Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Anjum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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22
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Mangga HK, Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Bukar AM, Lawan Z, Gambo A, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. Genome-Wide Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Orf Virus Strain UPM/HSN-20 Isolated From Goat in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:877149. [PMID: 35898905 PMCID: PMC9309513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.877149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma commonly known as Orf is a globally important, highly contagious zoonotic, transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. The disease is of great economic significance causing an immense impact on animal health, welfare, productivity, and trade. Detailed analysis of the viral genome is crucial to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of Orf virus (ORFV) pathogenesis. In the present study, a confluent monolayer of lamb testicle cells was infected with the processed scab sample obtained from an infected goat. The presence of the virus was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy, while its genome was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. The genome sequence of Malaysian ORFV strain UPM/HSN-20 was found to contain 132,124 bp with a G + C content of 63.7%. The homology analysis indicates that UPM/HSN-20 has a high level of identity 97.3–99.0% with the other reference ORFV strain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV strain UPM/HSN-20 is genetically more closely related to ORFV strain XY and NP from China. The availability of the genome-wide analysis of ORFV UPM/HSN-20 strain from Malaysia will serve as a good platform for further understanding of genetic diversity, ORFV infection, and strategic development for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Hassana Kyari Mangga,
| | - Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Nigeria
| | - Auwal Gambo
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Mohd-Lila Mohd-Azmi,
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23
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Coradduzza E, Sanna D, Scarpa F, Azzena I, Fiori MS, Scivoli R, Rocchigiani AM, Bechere R, Dettori MA, Pintus D, Evangelista E, Casu M, Ligios C, Puggioni G. A Deeper Insight into Evolutionary Patterns and Phylogenetic History of ORF Virus through the Whole Genome Sequencing of the First Italian Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071473. [PMID: 35891452 PMCID: PMC9318404 DOI: 10.3390/v14071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is distributed worldwide and is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma that mainly occurs in sheep and goats. This disease was reported for the first time at the end of 18th century in Europe but very little is currently known about the temporal and geographic origins of this virus. In the present study, the use of new Italian whole genomes allowed for better inference on the evolutionary history of ORFV. In accordance with previous studies, two genome types (S and G) were described for infection of sheep and goats, respectively. These two well-differentiated groups of genomes originated for evolutive convergence in the late 1800s in two different areas of the world (Europe for S type and Asia for G type), but it was only in the early 1900s that the effective size of ORFV increased among hosts and the virus spread across the whole European continent. The Italian strains which were sequenced in the present study were isolated on the Mediterranean island of Sardinian and showed to be exclusive to this geographic area. One of them is likely representative of the early European forms of ORFV which infected sheep and became extinct about one century ago. Such an ancient Sardinian strain may have reached the island simple by chance, where it quickly adapted to the new habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Mariangela S. Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Angela M. Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria A. Dettori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Eloisa Evangelista
- Ames Polydiagnostic Group Center SRL, Casalnuovo di Napoli, 80013 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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24
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Zhou Y, Guan J, Lv L, Cui H, Xu M, Wang S, Yu Z, Zhen R, He S, Fang Z, Zhong J, Cui S, Yu S, Song D, He W, Gao F, Zhao K. Complete genomic sequences and comparative analysis of two Orf virus isolates from Guizhou Province and Jilin Province, China. Virus Genes 2022; 58:403-413. [PMID: 35780442 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV, species Orf virus) belongs to the typical species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae, which infects sheep, goats, and humans with worldwide distribution. Although outbreaks of Orf have been reported sequentially in several Chinese provinces, the epidemiology of Orf and genetic diversity of ORFV strains still needs to be further characterized. To further reveal the genomic organization of the ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 isolates, the complete genome sequences of two recently obtained ORFV isolates were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technology and analyzed, which had been deposited in the GenBank database under accession number MN648218 and MN648219, respectively. The complete genomic sequence of ORFV-CL18 was 138,495 bp in length, including 131 potential open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3481 bp at both ends, which has genomic structure typical Parapoxviruses. The overall genomic organization of the fully sequenced genome of ORFV-GZ18 was consistent with ORFV-CL18 genome, with a complete genome size of 138,446 nucleotides, containing 131 ORFs flanked by ITRs of 3469 bp. Additionally, the overall G + C contents of ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 genome sequences were about 63.9% and 63.8%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis showed that both ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 were genetically closely related to ORFV-SY17 derived from sheep. In summary, the complete genomic sequences of ORFV-GZ18 and ORFV-CL18 are reported, with the hope it will be useful to investigate the host range, geographic distribution, and genetic evolution of the virus in Southern West and Northern East China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Lijun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Mengshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ruixue Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shishi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Shiying Yu
- Liupanshui Agriculture Bureau, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
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25
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Koç BT. Molecular evidence for concurrent infection of goats by orf virus and bovine herpesvirus 1. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895479 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Orf is a disease of small ruminant animals, including goats and sheep, that is caused by a parapoxvirus. Although the mortality rate is low, economic losses may occur due to the clinical signs. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection is known to cause respiratory and reproductive disorders mainly in cattle; however, it has been found to circulate among goats and sheep as well. In contrast to orf virus (ORFV), BoHV-1 does not induce clinical disease in goats. In this study, we aimed to detect the presence of ORFV by molecular methods and to uncover eventual simultaneous herpesvirus infections masked by orf disease signs. To this end, 82 goats, housed near to a cattle herd, were tested. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), three goats (3.7%) were found to harbour both viruses, while an additional goat was positive for ORFV only. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed. This study revealed that ORFV and BoHV-1 may be present simultaneously in an animal causing a concurrent infection. These data should be taken into consideration when looking for secondary pathogens in diseased goats, and the prevention methods should be developed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Taylan Koç
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09016 Isikli Efeler, Aydin, Turkey
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Genetic analysis of two viroceptor genes of orf virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1577-1582. [PMID: 35567695 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the chemokine-binding protein (CBP) and the GM-CSF/IL-2 inhibition factor (GIF) of orf virus (ORFV) isolates of sheep and goat origin from different geographical regions of India. Both are immunomodulatory proteins known for their unique strategy of establishing short-term immunity and re-infection in their host. The GIF gene is highly conserved, whereas the CBP gene is highly variable. Both the proteins have conserved potential N-glycosylation sites. The GIF protein contains the "WDPWV" motif responsible for receptor activation. In addition, the SUSHI/short consensus repeats (SCR) domain is reported for the first time in ORFV. Both proteins could potentially be used as immunotherapeutic agents in inflammatory diseases related to the overexpression of specific cytokines.
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27
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Parapoxvirus Interleukin-10 Homologues Vary in Their Receptor Binding, Anti-Inflammatory, and Stimulatory Activities. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050507. [PMID: 35631028 PMCID: PMC9143231 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologues of interleukin (IL)-10, a pleiotropic immunomodulatory cytokine, have been identified in the Parapoxvirus genus. The first identified, Orf virus (ORFV) IL-10, greatly enhanced infection of its host, exhibiting immune modulatory effects equivalent to human IL-10. IL-10-like genes were then identified in Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), Red deerpox virus (RDPV) and Grey sealpox virus (GSPV). This study aimed to produce and characterise recombinant parapoxvirus IL-10s, then quantitatively compare their receptor binding and immunomodulatory activities. Recombinant IL-10s were expressed, purified, then characterised using bioinformatic, biochemical and enzymatic analyses. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in lipoteichoic acid-activated THP-1 monocytes, and stimulatory effects in MC/9 mast cells. IL-10 receptor (IL-10R)1 binding was detected in a competitive displacement assay. BPSV IL-10 inhibited production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-8 and IL-1β, induced mast cell proliferation, and bound IL-10R1 similarly to ORFV IL-10. PCPV IL-10 showed reduced MCP-1 inhibition, mast cell proliferation, and IL-10R1 binding. RDPV IL-10 displayed reduced inhibition of IL-8 and MCP-1 production. GSPV IL-10 showed limited inhibition of IL-1β production and stimulation of mast cell proliferation. These findings provide valuable insight into IL-10 receptor interactions, and suggest that the parapoxvirus IL-10s play similar pathogenic roles during infection of their hosts.
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28
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Yu Y, Lian Z, Cui Y. The OH system: A panorama view of the PPV-host interaction. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105220. [PMID: 35066165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a family of specialized cytoplasm-parasitic DNA viruses that replicate and assembly in virus factory. In Parapoxvirus (PPV) genus, with the orf virus (ORFV) as a representative species of this genus, their behaviors are significantly different from that of Orthopoxvirus, and the plots of viral practical solutions for evading host immunity are intricate and fascinating, particularly to anti-host and host's antiviral mechanisms. In order to protect the virus factory from immune elimination caused by infection, PPVs attempt to interfere with multiple stress levels of host, mainly by modulating innate immunity response (IIR) and adaptive immunity response (AIR). Given that temporarily constructed by virus infection, ORFV-HOST (OH) system accompanied by viral strategies is carefully managed in the virus factory, thus directing many life-critical events once undergoing the IIR and AIR. Evolutionarily, to reduce the risk of system destruction, ORFV have evolved into a mild-looking mode to avoid overstimulation. Moreover, the current version of development also focus on recognizing and hijacking more than eight antiviral security mechanisms of host cells, such as the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L and PKR systems, the ubiquitin protease system (UPS), and so on. In summary, this review assessed inescapable pathways as mentioned above, through which viruses compete with their hosts strategically. The OH system provides a panoramic view and a powerful platform for us to study the PPV-Host interaction, as well as the corresponding implications on a great application potential in anti-virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus ORF116 gene encodes an antagonist of the interferon response. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34890310 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Genetic and functional studies have revealed ORFV has multiple immunomodulatory genes that manipulate innate immune responses, during the early stage of infection. ORF116 is a novel gene of ORFV with hitherto unknown function. Characterization of an ORF116 deletion mutant showed that it replicated in primary lamb testis cells with reduced levels compared to the wild-type and produced a smaller plaque phenotype. ORF116 was shown to be expressed prior to DNA replication. The potential function of ORF116 was investigated by gene-expression microarray analysis in HeLa cells infected with wild-type ORFV or the ORF116 deletion mutant. The analysis of differential cellular gene expression revealed a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) differentially expressed at either 4 or 6 h post infection. IFI44 showed the greatest differential expression (4.17-fold) between wild-type and knockout virus. Other ISGs that were upregulated in the knockout included RIG-I, IFIT2, MDA5, OAS1, OASL, DDX60, ISG20 and IFIT1 and in addition the inflammatory cytokine IL-8. These findings were validated by infecting HeLa cells with an ORF116 revertant recombinant virus and analysis of transcript expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). These observations suggested a role for the ORFV gene ORF116 in modulating the IFN response and inflammatory cytokines. This study represents the first functional analysis of ORF116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Joshi LR, Knudsen D, Piñeyro P, Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. Protective Efficacy of an Orf Virus-Vector Encoding the Hemagglutinin and the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus in Swine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747574. [PMID: 34804030 PMCID: PMC8602839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses challenges to public health given its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are needed and highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs, with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (NA) being detected in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals pre-challenge infection. Although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S-specific proliferating CD8+ T cells upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in incremental protection against challenge infection as evidenced by a reduced secondary antibody response (NA and HI antibodies) following IAV-S challenge and reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions (lower viral RNA loads and frequency of animals shedding viral RNA and infectious virus), when compared to animals in the OV-HA group. Interestingly, broader cross neutralization activity was also observed in serum of OV-HA-NP-immunized animals against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolates representing the major genetic clades circulating in swine. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - David Knudsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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31
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Raele DA, Stoffolano JG, Vasco I, Pennuzzi G, Nardella La Porta MC, Cafiero MA. Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, Musca domestica, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112185. [PMID: 34835311 PMCID: PMC8623399 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ORF virus (Poxviridae) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (soremouth), a disease primarily affecting sheep and goats worldwide, but also humans exposed to disease-ridden animals. Pathogens are shed with scabs, and infection mainly occurs by direct contact. Although the disease is relatively benign and self-limiting, the morbidity rate is high in livestock with subsequent significant financial and economic impact. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate the potential for the housefly, Musca domestica, to act as a mechanical vector of the virus. Homogenate of crusted scabs from ORFV-positive sheep (Italy, Apulia) were used to infect laboratory-reared flies. Flies walking on viral mixture and flies inoculated on their wings were individually placed in Falcon tubes and the ORFV DNA was searched by PCR on tube walls; flies were fed on the same homogenized crusts and their crop and spots (vomit and feces) molecularly examined for ORF DNA at 2, 4, and 6 h. All of the flies (100%) used in the experiments were able to pick up and transmit the viral genome to contact surfaces; 60% were found ORF virus (DNA)-positive in both spots and crop. These results suggest that M. domestica could play a role as potential mechanical vector and/or reservoir in the epidemiology of the ORF virus infection. Thus, house fly management should be considered in the measures to control the disease in ovine-caprine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Antonio Raele
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (I.V.); (G.P.); (M.C.N.L.P.); (M.A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - John G. Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Ilaria Vasco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (I.V.); (G.P.); (M.C.N.L.P.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Germana Pennuzzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (I.V.); (G.P.); (M.C.N.L.P.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria Concetta Nardella La Porta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (I.V.); (G.P.); (M.C.N.L.P.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria Assunta Cafiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (I.V.); (G.P.); (M.C.N.L.P.); (M.A.C.)
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Khatiwada S, Delhon G, Chaulagain S, Rock DL. The novel ORFV protein ORFV113 activates LPA-p38 signaling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009971. [PMID: 34614034 PMCID: PMC8523077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert critical cellular signaling pathways that regulate a wide range of cellular functions, including cell differentiation, proliferation and chemotaxis, and innate immune responses. Here, we describe a novel ORFV protein, ORFV113, that interacts with the G protein-coupled receptor Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1). Consistent with its interaction with LPA1, ORFV113 enhances p38 kinase phosphorylation in ORFV infected cells in vitro and in vivo, and in cells transiently expressing ORFV113 or treated with soluble ORFV113. Infection of cells with virus lacking ORFV113 (OV-IA82Δ113) significantly decreased p38 phosphorylation and viral plaque size. Infection of cells with ORFV in the presence of a p38 kinase inhibitor markedly diminished ORFV replication, highlighting importance of p38 signaling during ORFV infection. ORFV113 enhancement of p38 activation was prevented in cells in which LPA1 expression was knocked down and in cells treated with LPA1 inhibitor. Infection of sheep with OV-IA82Δ113 led to a strikingly attenuated disease phenotype, indicating that ORFV113 is a major virulence determinant in the natural host. Notably, ORFV113 represents the first viral protein that modulates p38 signaling via interaction with LPA1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Khatiwada
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Delhon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sabal Chaulagain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Hirano S, Soga Y, Kuno Y, Doai S, Tokutake S, Shibahara T, Indo T. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of bovine papular stomatitis viruses detected in Saga, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1489-1494. [PMID: 34334509 PMCID: PMC8498829 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of six bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) field strains detected from Japanese beef calves kept on a farm in Saga prefecture, a southwest part of Japan, from 2017 to 2020. The phylogenetic analysis based on a partial B2L gene (554-nt) showed that these field strains were divided into two lineages, a lineage (A-lineage) constructed by a Saga strain and strains obtained from various regions of Japan and the world, and other lineage (B-lineage) constructed by five Saga strains and strains obtained from France, USA and Iwate prefecture (a north part of Japan). Furthermore, a Saga field strain named BPSV_SAGAbv2 and strains obtained from USA and Iwate prefecture belonged to a sub-lineage blanched from B-lineage. This is the first report elucidating molecular epidemiological characters of field BPSVs obtained from Saga prefecture. The existence of the multiple lineages was thought to be related to a history of calf introduction from various regions of Japan into Saga prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hirano
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yasufumi Soga
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yuri Kuno
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center.,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Satomi Doai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,Tochigi Prefecture Kenou Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Shinya Tokutake
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,Nagano Prefectural Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Tadahiro Indo
- Saga Prefectural Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center
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34
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Kassa T. A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:153-172. [PMID: 34267574 PMCID: PMC8275206 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s306446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiologic agent of Orf or ecthyma contagiosum in humans but primarily affects different domestic and wild animals. The disease mostly affects sheep, goats and other small wild ruminants and spreads to humans through direct contact with infected animals or by way of contaminated fomites worldwide. ORFV is taxonomically classified as a member of the genus Parapoxvirus. It is known to have tolerance to inactivation in a drier environment, and it has been recovered from crusts after several months to years. Among immunocompetent people, the lesions usually resolve by its natural course within a maximum of 8 weeks. In immunosuppressed patients, however, it needs the use of various approaches including antiviral, immune modifier or minor surgical excisions. The virus through its association with divergent host ranges helps to develop a mechanism to evade the immune system. The relative emergence of Orf, diagnosed on clinical ground among human cases, in unusual frequencies in southwest Ethiopia between October 2019 and May 2020, was the driver to write this review. The objective was to increase health care providers' diagnostic curiosity and to bring the attentiveness of public health advisors for prevention, control and the development of schemes for surveillance of Orf zoonosis in a similar setting like Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Kassa
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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35
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Coradduzza E, Sanna D, Rocchigiani AM, Pintus D, Scarpa F, Scivoli R, Bechere R, Dettori MA, Montesu MA, Marras V, Lobrano R, Ligios C, Puggioni G. Molecular Insights into the Genetic Variability of ORF Virus in a Mediterranean Region (Sardinia, Italy). Life (Basel) 2021; 11:416. [PMID: 34064326 PMCID: PMC8147818 DOI: 10.3390/life11050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) represents the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, clinically characterized by mild papular and pustular to severe proliferative lesions, mainly occurring in sheep and goats. In order to provide hints on the evolutionary history of this virus, we carried out a study aimed to assess the genetic variation of ORFV in Sardinia that hosts a large affected small ruminant population. We also found a high worldwide mutational viral evolutionary rate, which resulted, in turn, higher than the rate we detected for the strains isolated in Sardinia. In addition, a well-supported genetic divergence was found between the viral strains isolated from sheep and those from goats, but no relevant connection was evidenced between the severity of lesions produced by ORFV and specific polymorphic patterns in the two species of hosts. Such a finding suggests that ORFV infection-related lesions are not necessarily linked to the expression of one of the three genes here analyzed and could rather be the effect of the expression of other genes or rather represents a multifactorial character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela M. Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria A. Dettori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria A. Montesu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.M.); (V.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Marras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.M.); (V.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Renato Lobrano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.M.); (V.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (D.P.); (R.S.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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36
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Martins M, Rodrigues FS, Joshi LR, Jardim JC, Flores MM, Weiblen R, Flores EF, Diel DG. Orf virus ORFV112, ORFV117 and ORFV127 contribute to ORFV IA82 virulence in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109066. [PMID: 33866062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV) encodes several immunomodulatory proteins (IMPs) that modulate host innate and pro-inflammatory responses to infection. Using the ORFV IA82 strain as the parental virus, recombinant viruses with individual deletions in the genes encoding the IMPs chemokine binding protein (CBP; ORFV112), inhibitor of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and IL-2 (GIF, ORFV117) and interleukin 10 homologue (vIL-10; ORFV127) were generated and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The replication properties of the individual gene deletion viruses in cell culture was not affected comparing with the parental virus. To investigate the effect of the individual gene deletions in ORFV infection and pathogenesis, groups of four lambs were inoculated with each virus and were monitored thereafter. Lambs inoculated with either recombinant or with the parental ORFV developed characteristic lesions of contagious ecthyma. The onset, nature and severity of the lesions in the oral commissure were similar in all inoculated groups from the onset (3 days post-inoculation [pi]) to the peak of clinical lesions (days 11-13 pi). Nonetheless, from days 11-13 pi onwards, the oral lesions in lambs inoculated with the recombinant viruses regressed faster than the lesions produced by the parental virus. Similarly, the amount of virus shed in the lesions were equivalent among lambs of all groups up to day 15 pi, yet they were significantly higher in the parental virus group from day 16-21 pi. In conclusion, individual deletion of these IMP genes from the ORFV genome resulted in slight reduction in virulence in vivo, as evidenced by a reduction in the duration of the clinical disease and virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Martins
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade e Produção Animal, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Campus II, Rodovia Rovilho Bortoluzzi, SC 480, Km 3.5, Xanxere, Santa Catarina, 89820-000, Brazil; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José C Jardim
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Suraweera CD, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M. Poxviral Strategies to Overcome Host Cell Apoptosis. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010006. [PMID: 33374867 PMCID: PMC7823800 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of cellular suicide initiated either via extracellular (extrinsic apoptosis) or intracellular (intrinsic apoptosis) cues. This form of programmed cell death plays a crucial role in development and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms and its dysregulation is an underlying cause for many diseases. Intrinsic apoptosis is regulated by members of the evolutionarily conserved B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family, a family that consists of pro- and anti-apoptotic members. Bcl-2 genes have also been assimilated by numerous viruses including pox viruses, in particular the sub-family of chordopoxviridae, a group of viruses known to infect almost all vertebrates. The viral Bcl-2 proteins are virulence factors and aid the evasion of host immune defenses by mimicking the activity of their cellular counterparts. Viral Bcl-2 genes have proved essential for the survival of virus infected cells and structural studies have shown that though they often share very little sequence identity with their cellular counterparts, they have near-identical 3D structures. However, their mechanisms of action are varied. In this review, we examine the structural biology, molecular interactions, and detailed mechanism of action of poxvirus encoded apoptosis inhibitors and how they impact on host–virus interactions to ultimately enable successful infection and propagation of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura D. Suraweera
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark G. Hinds
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (M.K.)
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38
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Yao X, Pang M, Wang T, Chen X, Tang X, Chang J, Chen D, Ma W. Genomic Features and Evolution of the Parapoxvirus during the Past Two Decades. Pathogens 2020; 9:E888. [PMID: 33120928 PMCID: PMC7694016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parapoxvirus (PPV) has been identified in some mammals and poses a great threat to both the livestock production and public health. However, the prevalence and evolution of this virus are still not fully understood. Here, we performed an in silico analysis to investigate the genomic features and evolution of PPVs. We noticed that although there were significant differences of GC contents between orf virus (ORFV) and other three species of PPVs, all PPVs showed almost identical nucleotide bias, that is GC richness. The structural analysis of PPV genomes showed the divergence of different PPV species, which may be due to the specific adaptation to their natural hosts. Additionally, we estimated the phylogenetic diversity of seven different genes of PPV. According to all available sequences, our results suggested that during 2010-2018, ORFV was the dominant virus species under the selective pressure of the optimal gene patterns. Furthermore, we found the substitution rates ranged from 3.56 × 10-5 to 4.21 × 10-4 in different PPV segments, and the PPV VIR gene evolved at the highest substitution rate. In these seven protein-coding regions, purifying selection was the major evolutionary pressure, while the GIF and VIR genes suffered the greatest positive selection pressure. These results may provide useful knowledge on the virus genetic evolution from a new perspective which could help to create prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Ming Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Tianxing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Xidian Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Jianjun Chang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (M.P.); (T.W.); (X.C.); (X.T.)
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Yu Y, Duan X, Liu Y, Ma J, Song B, Lian Z, Cui Y. Laboratory Diagnosis of a NZ7-like Orf Virus Infection and Pathogen Genetic Characterization, Particularly in the VEGF Gene. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:538. [PMID: 33094105 PMCID: PMC7527421 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a widespread contagious epithelial viral disease found particularly in most sheep breeding countries in the world. Recently, an orf virus (ORFV) strain OV-HLJ05 was isolated from an outbreak in northeast China. Three genes of interest including ORFV011 (B2L), ORFV059 (F1L), and ORFV132 (VEGF) of ORFV, were recruited to identify and genetically characterize this newly isolated virus. Amino acid (aa) sequence compared with the ORFV references listed in GenBank, both B2L and F1L of OV-HLJ05 showed less microheterogeneity from their references. In contrast, the VEGF gene was included in the NZ7-VEGF like group as previously considered by Mercer in 2002. Unexpectedly, further multiple VEGF matches were made, using 34 published sequences from China and India, resulting in 27 strains of the NZ7 members. Based on Karki's report in 2020, NZ7-VEGF like viruses are emerging more and more frequently in these two countries, damaging the Asian sheep industry. Obvious heterogeneity with the NZ2, insertion of two oligopeptides TATI(L)QVVVAI(L) and SSSS(S) motif were found in the NZ7-like VEGF protein. These VEGFs are divided mainly into two types and a significant increase in the number of hydrogen bonds within the NZ7-like VEGF dimers was observed. The NZ7-like ORFV apparently favors the goat as a host and an emphasis on this in future epidemiological and pathological studies should be considered, focusing on the NZ7-like virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongzhong Yu
| | - Xuyang Duan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Zhengxing Lian
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Yudong Cui
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40
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Shimizu K, Badr Y, Okada A, Inoshima Y. Bovine papular stomatitis virus and pseudocowpox virus coinfection in dairy calves in Japan. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2659-2664. [PMID: 32880730 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of coinfection with bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in dairy calves in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, are reported. Sequences of BPSV and PCPV were simultaneously detected in the same polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons, which were obtained from the DNA of two dairy calves using a pan-parapoxvirus primer set. PCR amplification using BPSV- and PCPV-specific primer sets were able to distinguish between the two viruses in coinfected clinical samples. Based on these data, further studies on the occurrence BPSV/PCPV coinfections in cattle in Japan are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yassien Badr
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ayaka Okada
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan. .,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan. .,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan. .,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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41
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Comparative analysis, distribution, and characterization of microsatellites in Orf virus genome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13852. [PMID: 32807836 PMCID: PMC7431841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide in-silico identification of microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the Orf virus (ORFV), the causative agent of contagious ecthyma has been carried out to investigate the type, distribution and its potential role in the genome evolution. We have investigated eleven ORFV strains, which resulted in the presence of 1,036-1,181 microsatellites per strain. The further screening revealed the presence of 83-107 compound SSRs (cSSRs) per genome. Our analysis indicates the dinucleotide (76.9%) repeats to be the most abundant, followed by trinucleotide (17.7%), mononucleotide (4.9%), tetranucleotide (0.4%) and hexanucleotide (0.2%) repeats. The Relative Abundance (RA) and Relative Density (RD) of these SSRs varied between 7.6-8.4 and 53.0-59.5 bp/kb, respectively. While in the case of cSSRs, the RA and RD ranged from 0.6-0.8 and 12.1-17.0 bp/kb, respectively. Regression analysis of all parameters like the incident of SSRs, RA, and RD significantly correlated with the GC content. But in a case of genome size, except incident SSRs, all other parameters were non-significantly correlated. Nearly all cSSRs were composed of two microsatellites, which showed no biasedness to a particular motif. Motif duplication pattern, such as, (C)-x-(C), (TG)-x-(TG), (AT)-x-(AT), (TC)- x-(TC) and self-complementary motifs, such as (GC)-x-(CG), (TC)-x-(AG), (GT)-x-(CA) and (TC)-x-(AG) were observed in the cSSRs. Finally, in-silico polymorphism was assessed, followed by in-vitro validation using PCR analysis and sequencing. The thirteen polymorphic SSR markers developed in this study were further characterized by mapping with the sequence present in the database. The results of the present study indicate that these SSRs could be a useful tool for identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and understanding the evolutionary status of the virus.
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Awan FM, Yang BB, Naz A, Hanif A, Ikram A, Obaid A, Malik A, Janjua HA, Ali A, Sharif S. The emerging role and significance of circular RNAs in viral infections and antiviral immune responses: possible implication as theranostic agents. RNA Biol 2020; 18:1-15. [PMID: 32615049 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1790198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are ubiquitously expressed, covalently closed rings, produced by pre-mRNA splicing in a reversed order during post-transcriptional processing. Circularity endows 3'-5'-linked circRNAs with stability and resistance to exonucleolytic degradation which raises the question whether circRNAs may be relevant as potential therapeutic targets or agents. High stability in biological systems is the most remarkable property and a major criterion for why circRNAs could be exploited for a range of RNA-centred medical applications. Even though various biological roles and regulatory functions of circRNAs have been reported, their in-depth study is challenging because of their circular structure and sequence-overlap with linear mRNA counterparts. Moreover, little is known about their role in viral infections and in antiviral immune responses. We believe that an in-depth and detailed understanding of circRNA mediated viral protein regulations will increase our knowledge of the biology of these novel molecules. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive basis and overview on the biogenesis, significance and regulatory roles of circRNAs in the context of antiviral immune responses and viral infections including hepatitis C virus infection, hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis delta virus infection, influenza A virus infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus infection, human cytomegalovirus infection, herpes simplex virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus infection, ORF virus infection, avian leukosis virus infection, simian vacuolating virus 40 infection, transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection, and bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. We have also discussed the critical regulatory role of circRNAs in provoking antiviral immunity, providing evidence for implications as therapeutic agents and as diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Mehwish Awan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), the University of Lahore (UOL) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Anam Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), the University of Lahore (UOL) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Hanif
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), the University of Lahore (UOL) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Ikram
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Obaid
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), the University of Lahore (UOL) , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Sharif
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), the University of Lahore (UOL) , Lahore, Pakistan
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Reguzova A, Ghosh M, Müller M, Rziha HJ, Amann R. Orf Virus-Based Vaccine Vector D1701-V Induces Strong CD8+ T Cell Response against the Transgene but Not against ORFV-Derived Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E295. [PMID: 32531997 PMCID: PMC7349966 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The potency of viral vector-based vaccines depends on their ability to induce strong transgene-specific immune response without triggering anti-vector immunity. Previously, Orf virus (ORFV, Parapoxvirus) strain D1701-V was reported as a novel vector mediating protection against viral infections. The short-lived ORFV-specific immune response and the absence of virus neutralizing antibodies enables repeated immunizations and enhancement of humoral immune responses against the inserted antigens. However, only limited information exists about the D1701-V induced cellular immunity. In this study we employed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligandomics and immunogenicity analysis to identify ORFV-specific epitopes. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry we detected 36 ORFV-derived MHC I peptides, originating from various proteins. Stimulated splenocytes from ORFV-immunized mice did not exhibit specific CD8+ T cell responses against the tested peptides. In contrast, immunization with ovalbumin-expressing ORFV recombinant elicited strong SIINFEKL-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response. In conclusion, our data indicate that cellular immunity to the ORFV vector is negligible, while strong CD8+ T cell response is induced against the inserted transgene. These results further emphasize the ORFV strain D1701-V as an attractive vector for vaccine development. Moreover, the presented experiments describe prerequisites for the selection of T cell epitopes exploitable for generation of ORFV-based vaccines by reverse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.R.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (H.-J.R.)
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44
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Gallina L, Savini F, Casà G, Bertoletti I, Bianchi A, Gibelli LR, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Scagliarini A. Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:229. [PMID: 32426384 PMCID: PMC7203578 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountain chain of the Alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (Capra ibex) at higher altitudes. Previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families Papillomaviridae and Poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the Stelvio National Park, situated in the area. To deepen our knowledge on the natural dynamics of the infections, a passive surveillance on all the cases of proliferative skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants was performed. Twenty-seven samples (11 chamois, 10 red deer and 6 ibex) collected from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed by negative staining electron microscopy, histology, and PCR followed by genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results confirmed the spread of Parapoxvirus of Red Deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) in Italy, and its ability to cause severe lesions i.e., erosions and ulcers in the mouth. We showed for the first time a PVNZ/CePV1v (C. elaphus papillomavirus 1 variant) co-infection identified in one red deer. This result supports previous evidence on the ability of papillomavirus and parapoxvirus to mutually infect the same host tissue. Interestingly two ibex and one chamois showing orf virus (OV) skin lesions were shown to be co-infected with bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2. The presence of bovine papillomavirus, in orf virus induced lesions of chamois and ibex raises the question of its pathogenetic role in these animal species. For the first time, OV/CePV1v co-infection was demonstrated in another chamois. CePV1v is sporadically reported in red deer throughout Europe and is considered species specific, its identification in a chamois suggests its ability of cross-infecting different animal species. Poxviruses and papillomavirus have been simultaneously detected also in the skin lesions of cattle, bird and human suggesting a possible advantageous interaction between these viruses. Taken together, our findings add further information on the epidemiology and pathogenetic role of epitheliotropic viruses in wild ruminants living in the central Alps and in Stelvio National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Bertoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Rita Gibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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45
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Shimizu K, Takaiwa A, Takeshima SN, Okada A, Inoshima Y. Genetic Variability of 3'-Proximal Region of Genomes of Orf Viruses Isolated From Sheep and Wild Japanese Serows ( Capricornis crispus) in Japan. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:188. [PMID: 32391386 PMCID: PMC7193945 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is a prototype species of the genus Parapoxvirus, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae. Japanese orf viruses, infecting sheep and wild Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus), have been considered to be genetically closely related based on the sequence identities of the open reading frames (ORFs) 11, 20, and 132 in their genomes. However, since the genome size of orf viruses is about 140 kbp long, genetic variation among Japanese orf viruses remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the sequences of ORFs 117, 119, 125, and 127 located in the 3′-proximal region of the viral genome using two strains from sheep and three strains from Japanese serows isolated from 1970 to 2007, and compared them with the corresponding sequences of reference orf viruses from other countries. Sequence analysis revealed that ORFs 125 and 127, which encode the inhibitor of apoptosis and viral interleukin (IL)-10, respectively, were highly conserved among the five Japanese orf viruses. However, high genetic variability with deletions or duplications was observed in ORFs 117 and 119, which encode granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-2 inhibition factor (GIF), and inducer of cell apoptosis, respectively, in one strain from sheep and two strains from Japanese serows. Our results suggest that genetic variability exists in Japanese orf viruses even in the same host species. This is the first report of genetic variability of orf viruses in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Asari Takaiwa
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Ayaka Okada
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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46
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Yan MH, Wang LL, Hao JH, Zhang XG, Shen CC, Zhang DJ, Zheng HX, Liu XT, Zhang KS. Orf Virus VIR Antagonizes p53-Mediated Antiviral Effects to Facilitate Viral Replication. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:468-476. [PMID: 32315577 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a zoonotic disease, ovine contagious pustular dermatitis (Orf) is a serious threat to sheep as well as humans. Orf virus (ORFV) interferon resistance protein (VIR) is the principal virulence protein that encodes a dsRNA-binding protein to inhibit host antiviral response. p53 is one of the key proteins of the host antiviral innate immunity. It not only enhances type I interferon secretion but also induces apoptosis in infected cells, and plays a crucial role in the immune response against various viral infections. However, it remains to be elucidated what role p53 plays in ORFV replication and whether ORFV's own protein VIR regulates p53 expression to promote self-replication. In this study, we showed that p53 has an antiviral effect on ORFV and can inhibit ORFV replication. In addition, ORFV nonstructural protein VIR interacts with p53 and degrades p53, which inhibits p53-mediated positive regulation of downstream antiviral genes. This study provides new insight into the immune evasion mediated by ORFV and identifies VIR as an antagonistic factor for ORFV to evade the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao-Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Da-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Xue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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47
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Burgin M, Schutz LN, Awo E, Wise L, Krause KL, Ildefonso CJ, Kwiecien JM, Juby M, Rahman MM, Chen H, Moyer RW, Alcami A, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Deriving Immune Modulating Drugs from Viruses-A New Class of Biologics. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E972. [PMID: 32244484 PMCID: PMC7230489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely used as a platform for the production of therapeutics. Vaccines containing live, dead and components of viruses, gene therapy vectors and oncolytic viruses are key examples of clinically-approved therapeutic uses for viruses. Despite this, the use of virus-derived proteins as natural sources for immune modulators remains in the early stages of development. Viruses have evolved complex, highly effective approaches for immune evasion. Originally developed for protection against host immune responses, viral immune-modulating proteins are extraordinarily potent, often functioning at picomolar concentrations. These complex viral intracellular parasites have "performed the R&D", developing highly effective immune evasive strategies over millions of years. These proteins provide a new and natural source for immune-modulating therapeutics, similar in many ways to penicillin being developed from mold or streptokinase from bacteria. Virus-derived serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), chemokine modulating proteins, complement control, inflammasome inhibition, growth factors (e.g., viral vascular endothelial growth factor) and cytokine mimics (e.g., viral interleukin 10) and/or inhibitors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor) have now been identified that target central immunological response pathways. We review here current development of virus-derived immune-modulating biologics with efficacy demonstrated in pre-clinical or clinical studies, focusing on pox and herpesviruses-derived immune-modulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Enkidia Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lyn Wise
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | | | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Juby
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Richard W. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
- St Joseph Hospital, Dignity Health, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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48
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Ebling R, Martins B, Jardim JC, Flores MM, Diel DG, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Late development of pustular, erosive lesions in the muzzle of calves inoculated with Pseudocowpox virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104122. [PMID: 32169495 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the pathogenesis of Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), a zoonotic parapoxvirus associated with mucocutaneous lesions in cattle. Inoculation of calves with PCPV isolate SD 76-65 intranasally (n = 6) or transdermally in the muzzle (n = 2) resulted in virus replication and shedding up to day 13 post-infection (pi). No local or systemic signs were observed in inoculated calves up to day 20pi, when the clinical monitoring was discontinued. However, from days 28-34 pi, seven (7/8) inoculated calves underwent an asynchronous clinical course characterized by development of a few (one or two) to countless papulo-pustular, erosive-fibrinous and scabby lesions in the muzzle, in some cases extending to the lips and gingiva. In some animals, the lesions coalesced, forming extensive fibrinotic/necrotic and scabby plaques covering almost entirely the muzzle. The clinical course lasted 8-15 days and spontaneously subsided after day 42pi. Infectious virus and/or viral DNA were detected in swabs collected from lesions of 5/8 animals between days 34 and 42pi. Histological examination of fragments collected from the muzzle lesions of two affected calves (day 36pi) revealed marked epidermal hyperplasia and severe orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, covered by thick scabs. The epidermis showed multifocal areas of keratinocyte coalescing necrosis and mild multifocal vacuolar degeneration. Sera of inoculated calves at 50pi showed partial virus neutralization at low dilutions, demonstrating seroconversion. The delayed and severe clinical course associated with virus persistence in lesions are novel findings and contribute for the understanding of PCPV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ebling
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, UFSM, Brazil
| | - B Martins
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, UFSM, Brazil
| | - J C Jardim
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M M Flores
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - D G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R Weiblen
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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49
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Karki M, Kumar A, Arya S, Venkatesan G. Circulation of orf viruses containing the NZ7-like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-E) gene type in India. Virus Res 2020; 281:197908. [PMID: 32126295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf, a poxviral skin infection of small ruminants is caused by orf virus (ORFV) of the genus Parapoxvirus of the Poxviridae family. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important virulence factor that is responsible for proliferative lesions in parapoxviral infections. VEGF gene shows high intra- and inter-species variability. Two variants of VEGF have been described globally in ORFV, viz. NZ2- and NZ7-like. In the present study, ORFV isolates of different geographic regions of India were analysed on the basis of the VEGF gene. Indian ORFV isolates showed 95.7-100 % nucleotide (nt) and 78.4-99.3 % amino acid (aa) identity with each other, except ORFV-Assam/LK/14 and ORFV-Meghalaya/03 which shared 85.1-88.35 % and 79.1-81.8 % identity, at nt and aa levels, respectively with other Indian ORFV isolates. All Indian ORFVs under the study demonstrated 83.5-99.1 % nt and 80.5-97.9 % aa identity with NZ7-like VEGF as compared to 41.2-44.8 % nt and 30.7-38.4 % aa identity with NZ2-like VEGF on comparison with global ORFV strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VEGF gene showed two clusters of ORFV in which the Indian ORFVs clustered with NZ7-like VEGF from global ORFV strains, mostly from China. Despite the considerable variation, VEGF protein from Indian ORFV strains showed conserved VEGF homology domain with eight cysteine residues. Homology modeling of Indian ORFV strains predicted the presence of extended Loop 3 similar to NZ7-like VEGF. Therefore, the present study showed the circulation of ORFV strains with comparatively less variable NZ7-like VEGF in India which implicates its importance in the epidemiology of ORFV infections in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Karki
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sargam Arya
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.
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50
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Yamada Y, Liao GR, Tseng CY, Tseng YY, Hsu WL. Establishment and characterization of transformed goat primary cells by expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen for orf virus propagations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226105. [PMID: 31805146 PMCID: PMC6894772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited host range of orf virus (ORFV), primary cells derived from its natural hosts, such as goats and sheep, are recommended for isolation and propagation of wild type ORFV. This situation limits the option for the study of virus-host interaction during ORFV infection since primary cells only support a few numbers of passages. SV40 T antigen is a viral oncoprotein that can abrogate replicative senescence, leading to an extended life span of cells. In this study, the transformation of two goat primary cells, fibroblast (FB) and testis (GT) cells, were achieved by stably expressing SV40 T antigen using the lentiviral technique. The presence of the gene encoding SV40 T antigen was validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses. As evidenced by immunofluorescent microscopy, the two types of cells expressing SV40 T antigen (namely, FBT and GTT) were purified to homogeneity. Moreover, faster growth kinetics and a lower serum dependency were noticed in FBT and GTT, as compared with their counterpart parental cells. FBT and GTT remain permissive and can form plaque of ORFV, despite with different profiles; generally speaking, with SV40 T expression, ORFV forms plaques with smaller size and distinct margin. Most importantly, the prolonged life span of goat FBT and GTT serves as an ideal cell culture resource for ORFV isolation from the field, studies of ORFV pathogenesis and efficient vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yamada
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Liao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Yang Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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