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Pagallies F, Labisch JJ, Wronska M, Pflanz K, Amann R. Efficient and scalable clarification of Orf virus from HEK suspension for vaccine development. Vaccine X 2024; 18:100474. [PMID: 38523620 PMCID: PMC10958475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Orf virus (ORFV) is a promising vector platform for the generation of vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer, highlighted by its progression to clinical testing phases. One of the critical steps during GMP manufacturing is the clarification of crude harvest because of the enveloped nature and large size of ORFV. This study presents the first description of ORFV clarification process from a HEK suspension batch process. We examined various filter materials, membrane pore sizes, harvest timings, and nuclease treatments. Employing the Ambr® crossflow system for high-throughput, small-volume experiments, we identified polypropylene-based Sartopure® PP3 filters as ideal. These filters, used in two consecutive stages with reducing pore sizes, significantly enhanced ORFV recovery and addressed scalability challenges. Moreover, we demonstrated that the time of harvest and the use of a nuclease play a decisive role to increase ORFV yields. With these findings, we were able to establish an efficient and scalable clarification process of ORFV derived from a suspension production process, essential for advancing ORFV vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer J. Labisch
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius, Otto-Brenner-Straße 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wronska
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- PRiME Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Pflanz
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius, Otto-Brenner-Straße 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- PRiME Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Deletion of gene OV132 attenuates Orf virus more effectively than gene OV112. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:835-851. [PMID: 36484827 PMCID: PMC9734686 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), a Parapoxvirus in Poxviridae, infects sheep and goats resulting in contagious pustular dermatitis. ORFV is regarded as a promising viral vector candidate for vaccine development and oncolytic virotherapy. Owing to their potential clinical application, safety concerns have become increasingly important. Deletion of either the OV132 (encoding vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) or OV112 (encoding the chemokine binding protein, CBP) genes reduced ORFV infectivity, which has been independently demonstrated in the NZ2 and NZ7 strains, respectively. This study revealed that the VEGF and CBP gene sequences of the local strain (TW/Hoping) shared a similarity of 47.01% with NZ2 and 90.56% with NZ7. Due to the high sequence divergence of these two immunoregulatory genes among orf viral strains, their contribution to the pathogenicity of Taiwanese ORFV isolates was comparatively characterized. Initially, two ORFV recombinants were generated, in which either the VEGF or CBP gene was deleted and replaced with the reporter gene EGFP. In vitro assays indicated that both the VEGF-deletion mutant ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP and the CBP deletion mutant ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP were attenuated in cells. In particular, ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP significantly reduced plaque size and virus yield compared to ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP and the wild-type control. Similarly, in vivo analysis revealed no virus yield in the goat skin biopsy infected by ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP, and significantly reduced the virus yield of ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP relative to the wild-type control. These results confirmed the loss of virulence of both deletion mutants in the Hoping strain, whereas the VEGF-deletion mutant was more attenuated than the CBP deletion strain in both cell and goat models. KEY POINTS: • VEGF and CBP genes are crucial in ORFV pathogenesis in the TW/Hoping strain • The VEGF-deletion mutant virus was severely attenuated in both cell culture and animal models • Deletion mutant viruses are advantageous vectors for the development of vaccines and therapeutic regimens.
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Oh DY, Herzog S, Liebermann H, Osterrieder N, Nowotny N. Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122706. [PMID: 36560710 PMCID: PMC9788498 DOI: 10.3390/v14122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vaccination of horses and sheep against Borna disease (BD) was common in endemic areas of Germany in the 20th century but was abandoned in the early 1990s. The recent occurrence of fatal cases of human encephalitis due to Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) has rekindled the interest in vaccination. (2) Methods: The full genomes of the BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. All vaccination experiments followed a proof-of-concept approach. Dose-titration infection experiments were performed in rabbits, based on both cell culture- and brain-derived viruses at various doses. Inactivated vaccines against BD were produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants and investigated in rabbits and horses. The BoDV-1 live vaccine "Dessau" was administered to horses and antibody profiles were determined. (3) Results: The BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BoDV-1. Whereas the "Giessen" virus does not differ substantially from field viruses, the "Dessau" virus shows striking differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene. Rabbits infected with high doses of cell-cultured virus developed neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits infected with low doses of cell-cultured virus, or with brain-derived virus did not. Inactivated vaccines were administered to rabbits and horses, following pre-defined vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses of either adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted inactivated virus. Their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were compared to the BD live vaccine "Dessau". Seventy per cent of horses vaccinated with the BD live vaccine "Dessau" developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. (4) Conclusion: Despite a complex evasion of immunological responses by bornaviruses, some vaccination approaches can protect against clinical disease. For optimal effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses, following vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses as basic immunization. Further investigations are necessary in order to investigate and improve protection against infection and to avoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2456
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Liebermann
- retd., former Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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Rubbenstroth D. Avian Bornavirus Research—A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071513. [PMID: 35891493 PMCID: PMC9321243 DOI: 10.3390/v14071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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Müller M, Reguzova A, Löffler MW, Amann R. Orf Virus-Based Vectors Preferentially Target Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells, Activate the STING Pathway and Induce Strong Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873351. [PMID: 35615366 PMCID: PMC9124846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus (ORFV)-based vectors are attractive for vaccine development as they enable the induction of potent immune responses against specific transgenes. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms of immune activation remain unknown. This study therefore aimed to characterize underlying mechanisms in human immune cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with attenuated ORFV strain D1701-VrV and analyzed for ORFV infection and activation markers. ORFV entry in susceptible cells was examined using established pharmacological inhibitors. Using the THP1-Dual™ reporter cell line, activation of nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor pathways were simultaneously evaluated. Infection with an ORFV recombinant encoding immunogenic peptides (PepTrio-ORFV) was used to assess the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Results ORFV was found to preferentially target professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vitro, with ORFV uptake mediated primarily by macropinocytosis. ORFV-infected APCs exhibited an activated phenotype, required for subsequent lymphocyte activation. Reporter cells revealed that the stimulator of interferon genes pathway is a prerequisite for ORFV-mediated cellular activation. PepTrio-ORFV efficiently induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell recall responses in a dose-dependent manner. Further, activation and expansion of naïve antigen-specific CD8+ T cells was observed in response. Discussion Our findings confirm that ORFV induces a strong antigen-specific immune response dependent on APC uptake and activation. These data support the notion that ORFV D1701-VrV is a promising vector for vaccine development and the design of innovative immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Müller
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alena Reguzova
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus W. Löffler
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralf Amann, ; Markus W. Löffler,
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralf Amann, ; Markus W. Löffler,
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Joshi LR, Knudsen D, Piñeyro P, Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. Protective Efficacy of an Orf Virus-Vector Encoding the Hemagglutinin and the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus in Swine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747574. [PMID: 34804030 PMCID: PMC8602839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses challenges to public health given its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are needed and highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs, with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (NA) being detected in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals pre-challenge infection. Although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S-specific proliferating CD8+ T cells upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in incremental protection against challenge infection as evidenced by a reduced secondary antibody response (NA and HI antibodies) following IAV-S challenge and reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions (lower viral RNA loads and frequency of animals shedding viral RNA and infectious virus), when compared to animals in the OV-HA group. Interestingly, broader cross neutralization activity was also observed in serum of OV-HA-NP-immunized animals against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolates representing the major genetic clades circulating in swine. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - David Knudsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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Bokelmann M, Vogel U, Debeljak F, Düx A, Riesle-Sbarbaro S, Lander A, Wahlbrink A, Kromarek N, Neil S, Couacy-Hymann E, Prescott J, Kurth A. Tolerance and Persistence of Ebola Virus in Primary Cells from Mops condylurus, a Potential Ebola Virus Reservoir. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112186. [PMID: 34834992 PMCID: PMC8622823 DOI: 10.3390/v13112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been documented Ebola virus disease outbreaks for more than 40 years, the natural reservoir host has not been identified. Recent studies provide evidence that the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus), an insectivorous microbat, is a possible ebolavirus reservoir. To investigate the potential role of this bat species in the ecology of ebolaviruses, replication, tolerance, and persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) were investigated in 10 different primary bat cell isolates from M. condylurus. Varying EBOV replication kinetics corresponded to the expression levels of the integral membrane protein NPC1. All primary cells were highly tolerant to EBOV infection without cytopathic effects. The observed persistent EBOV infection for 150 days in lung primary cells, without resultant selective pressure leading to virus mutation, indicate the intrinsic ability of EBOV to persist in this bat species. These results provide further evidence for this bat species to be a likely reservoir of ebolaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokelmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Uwe Vogel
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Franka Debeljak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (F.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Ariane Düx
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Silke Riesle-Sbarbaro
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Angelika Lander
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Annette Wahlbrink
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Nicole Kromarek
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (F.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann
- Laboratoire National d’Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville BP 206, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Martins M, Rodrigues FS, Joshi LR, Jardim JC, Flores MM, Weiblen R, Flores EF, Diel DG. Orf virus ORFV112, ORFV117 and ORFV127 contribute to ORFV IA82 virulence in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109066. [PMID: 33866062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV) encodes several immunomodulatory proteins (IMPs) that modulate host innate and pro-inflammatory responses to infection. Using the ORFV IA82 strain as the parental virus, recombinant viruses with individual deletions in the genes encoding the IMPs chemokine binding protein (CBP; ORFV112), inhibitor of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and IL-2 (GIF, ORFV117) and interleukin 10 homologue (vIL-10; ORFV127) were generated and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The replication properties of the individual gene deletion viruses in cell culture was not affected comparing with the parental virus. To investigate the effect of the individual gene deletions in ORFV infection and pathogenesis, groups of four lambs were inoculated with each virus and were monitored thereafter. Lambs inoculated with either recombinant or with the parental ORFV developed characteristic lesions of contagious ecthyma. The onset, nature and severity of the lesions in the oral commissure were similar in all inoculated groups from the onset (3 days post-inoculation [pi]) to the peak of clinical lesions (days 11-13 pi). Nonetheless, from days 11-13 pi onwards, the oral lesions in lambs inoculated with the recombinant viruses regressed faster than the lesions produced by the parental virus. Similarly, the amount of virus shed in the lesions were equivalent among lambs of all groups up to day 15 pi, yet they were significantly higher in the parental virus group from day 16-21 pi. In conclusion, individual deletion of these IMP genes from the ORFV genome resulted in slight reduction in virulence in vivo, as evidenced by a reduction in the duration of the clinical disease and virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Martins
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade e Produção Animal, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Campus II, Rodovia Rovilho Bortoluzzi, SC 480, Km 3.5, Xanxere, Santa Catarina, 89820-000, Brazil; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José C Jardim
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Komatsu Y, Tomonaga K. Reverse genetics approaches of Borna disease virus: applications in development of viral vectors and preventive vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:42-48. [PMID: 32659515 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The plasmid-based reverse genetics system, which involves generation of recombinant viruses from cloned cDNA, has accelerated the understanding of clinical and virological aspects of different viruses. Borna disease virus (BoDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that causes persistent intranuclear infection in various vertebrate species. Since its first report, reverse genetics approaches with modified strategies have greatly improved rescue efficiency of recombinant BoDV and enhanced the understanding of function of each viral protein and mechanism of intranuclear persistency. Here, we summarize different reverse genetics approaches of BoDV and recent developments in the use of reverse genetics for generation of viral vectors for gene therapy and virus-like particles for potential preventive vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Komatsu
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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10
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Nobach D, Müller J, Tappe D, Herden C. Update on immunopathology of bornavirus infections in humans and animals. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:159-222. [PMID: 32711729 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on bornaviruses has expanded tremendously during the last decade through detection of novel bornaviruses and endogenous bornavirus-like elements in many eukaryote genomes, as well as by confirmation of insectivores as reservoir species for classical Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). The most intriguing finding was the demonstration of the zoonotic potential of lethal human bornavirus infections caused by a novel bornavirus of different squirrel species (variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus, VSBV-1) and by BoDV-1 known as the causative agent for the classical Borna disease in horses and sheep. Whereas a T cell-mediated immunopathology has already been confirmed as key disease mechanism for infection with BoDV-1 by experimental studies in rodents, the underlying pathomechanisms remain less clear for human bornavirus infections, infection with other bornaviruses or infection of reservoir species. Thus, an overview of current knowledge on the pathogenesis of bornavirus infections focusing on immunopathology is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jana Müller
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Center for Brain, Mind and Behavior, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Reguzova A, Ghosh M, Müller M, Rziha HJ, Amann R. Orf Virus-Based Vaccine Vector D1701-V Induces Strong CD8+ T Cell Response against the Transgene but Not against ORFV-Derived Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E295. [PMID: 32531997 PMCID: PMC7349966 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The potency of viral vector-based vaccines depends on their ability to induce strong transgene-specific immune response without triggering anti-vector immunity. Previously, Orf virus (ORFV, Parapoxvirus) strain D1701-V was reported as a novel vector mediating protection against viral infections. The short-lived ORFV-specific immune response and the absence of virus neutralizing antibodies enables repeated immunizations and enhancement of humoral immune responses against the inserted antigens. However, only limited information exists about the D1701-V induced cellular immunity. In this study we employed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligandomics and immunogenicity analysis to identify ORFV-specific epitopes. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry we detected 36 ORFV-derived MHC I peptides, originating from various proteins. Stimulated splenocytes from ORFV-immunized mice did not exhibit specific CD8+ T cell responses against the tested peptides. In contrast, immunization with ovalbumin-expressing ORFV recombinant elicited strong SIINFEKL-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response. In conclusion, our data indicate that cellular immunity to the ORFV vector is negligible, while strong CD8+ T cell response is induced against the inserted transgene. These results further emphasize the ORFV strain D1701-V as an attractive vector for vaccine development. Moreover, the presented experiments describe prerequisites for the selection of T cell epitopes exploitable for generation of ORFV-based vaccines by reverse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.R.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (H.-J.R.)
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Rall I, Amann R, Malberg S, Herden C, Rubbenstroth D. Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) Vaccines Efficiently Protect Cockatiels Against Parrot Bornavirus Infection and Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121130. [PMID: 31817690 PMCID: PMC6950018 DOI: 10.3390/v11121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a chronic and often fatal neurologic disorder in Psittaciformes. The disease is widely distributed in private parrot collections and threatens breeding populations of endangered species. Thus, immunoprophylaxis strategies are urgently needed. In previous studies we demonstrated a prime-boost vaccination regime using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) constructs expressing the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of PaBV-4 (MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4, respectively) to protect cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) against experimental challenge infection. Here we investigated the protective effect provided by repeated immunization with either MVA/PaBV-4, NDV/PaBV-4 or Orf virus constructs (ORFV/PaBV-4) individually. While MVA/PaBV-4-vaccinated cockatiels were completely protected against subsequent PaBV-2 challenge infection and PDD-associated lesions, the course of the challenge infection in NDV/PaBV-4- or ORFV/PaBV-4-vaccinated birds did not differ from the unvaccinated control group. We further investigated the effect of vaccination on persistently PaBV-4-infected cockatiels. Remarkably, subsequent immunization with MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4 neither induced obvious immunopathogenesis exacerbating the disease nor reduced viral loads in the infected birds. In summary, we demonstrated that vaccination with MVA/PaBV-4 alone is sufficient to efficiently prevent PaBV-2 challenge infection in cockatiels, providing a suitable vaccine candidate against avian bornavirus infection and bornavirus-induced PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Rall
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Sara Malberg
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1521
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13
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Bornavirus. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 62:519-532. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-02904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Genomic Characterization of Orf Virus Strain D1701-V ( Parapoxvirus) and Development of Novel Sites for Multiple Transgene Expression. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020127. [PMID: 30704093 PMCID: PMC6409557 DOI: 10.3390/v11020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Orf virus (ORFV; Parapoxvirus) strain D1701 with an attenuated phenotype and excellent immunogenic capacity is successfully used for the generation of recombinant vaccines against different viral infections. Adaption for growth in Vero cells was accompanied by additional major genomic changes resulting in ORFV strain variant D1701-V. In this study, restriction enzyme mapping, blot hybridization and DNA sequencing of the deleted region s (A, AT and D) in comparison to the predecessor strain D1701-B revealed the loss of 7 open reading frames (ORF008, ORF101, ORF102, ORF114, ORF115, ORF116, ORF117). The suitability of deletion site D for expression of foreign genes is demonstrated using novel synthetic early promoter eP1 and eP2. Comparison of promoter strength showed that the original vegf-e promoter Pv as well as promoter eP2 display an up to 11-fold stronger expression than promoter eP1, irrespective of the insertion site. Successful integration and expression of the fluorescent marker genes is demonstrated by gene- and insertion-site specific PCR assays, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. For the first time ORFV recombinants are generated simultaneously expressing transgenes in two different insertion loci. That allows production of polyvalent vaccines containing several antigens against one or different pathogens in a single vectored ORFV vaccine.
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15
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Wang R, Wang Y, Liu F, Luo S. Orf virus: A promising new therapeutic agent. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2013. [PMID: 30370570 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic, epitheliotropic, DNA parapoxvirus that infects principally sheep and goats. Exposure of animals to the virus or immunization by an ORFV preparation can accentuate the severity of disease, which has provoked an interest in the underlying cellular, virological, and molecular mechanisms. The identified ORFV virulence genes and the fact that the virus can repeatedly infect a host, owing to its evasive mechanisms, contribute to the development of potent immune modulators in various animal species. ORFV has been developed as a vaccine in veterinary medicine. The unique host immune-evasion ability of ORFV has made it an important candidate for vaccine vectors and biological agents (as an oncolytic virus). Genetic modifications using ORFV to obtain safe and efficient preparations and mechanistic studies are improvements to the currently available methods for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Hameed SS, Guo J, Tizard I, Shivaprasad HL, Payne S. Studies on immunity and immunopathogenesis of parrot bornaviral disease in cockatiels. Virology 2017; 515:81-91. [PMID: 29274528 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that vaccination of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) with killed parrot bornavirus (PaBV) plus recombinant PaBV-4 nucleoprotein (N) in alum was protective against disease in birds challenged with a virulent bornavirus isolate (PaBV-2). Unvaccinated birds, as well as birds vaccinated after challenge, developed gross and histologic lesions typical of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). There was no evidence that vaccination either before or after challenge made the infection more severe. Birds vaccinated prior to challenge largely remained free of disease, despite the persistence of the virus in many organs. Similar results were obtained when recombinant N, in alum, was used for vaccination. In some rodent models, Borna disease is immune mediated thus we did an additional study whereby cyclosporine A was administered to unvaccinated birds starting 1day prior to challenge. This treatment also conferred complete protection from disease, but not infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Sadeq Hameed
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- University of California-Davis, CAHFS - Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Susan Payne
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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17
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Martins M, Joshi LR, Rodrigues FS, Anziliero D, Frandoloso R, Kutish GF, Rock DL, Weiblen R, Flores EF, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of ORFV-based vectors expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in livestock species. Virology 2017; 511:229-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin‐Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán‐Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Borna disease. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04951. [PMID: 32625602 PMCID: PMC7009998 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of Borna disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of Borna disease according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Borna disease. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, Borna disease cannot be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no compliance on criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of Borna disease with the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in Article 9(1) is not applicable, as well as which animal species can be considered to be listed for Borna disease according to Article 8(3) of the AHL.
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19
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Hain KS, Joshi LR, Okda F, Nelson J, Singrey A, Lawson S, Martins M, Pillatzki A, Kutish GF, Nelson EA, Flores EF, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of a recombinant parapoxvirus expressing the spike protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2719-2731. [PMID: 27558814 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV), has long been recognized for its immunomodulatory properties in permissive and non-permissive animal species. Here, a new recombinant ORFV expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was generated and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in pigs. The PEDV S was inserted into the ORFV121 gene locus, an immunomodulatory gene that inhibits activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and contributes to ORFV virulence in the natural host. The recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus efficiently and stably expressed the PEDV S protein in cell culture in vitro. Three intramuscular (IM) immunizations with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S in 3-week-old pigs elicited robust serum IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody responses against PEDV. Additionally, IM immunization with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus protected pigs from clinical signs of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) and reduced virus shedding in faeces upon challenge infection. These results demonstrate the suitability of ORFV121 gene locus as an insertion site for heterologous gene expression and delivery by ORFV-based viral vectors. Additionally, the results provide evidence of the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery vector for enteric viral diseases of swine. This study may have important implications for future development of ORFV-vectored vaccines for swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Hain
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Faten Okda
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Julie Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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20
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Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is an epitheliotropic poxvirus, which belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus. Among them the highly attenuated, apathogenic strain D1701-V is regarded as a promising candidate for novel virus vector vaccines. Our recent work demonstrated that those ORFV-based recombinants were able to induce protective, long-lasting immunity in various hosts that are non-permissive for ORFV. In this chapter we describe procedures for the generation, selection, propagation, and titration of ORFV recombinants as well as transgene detection by PCR or immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Joachim Rziha
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany. .,Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
| | - Jörg Rohde
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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21
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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22
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von Buttlar H, Siegemund S, Büttner M, Alber G. Identification of Toll-like receptor 9 as parapoxvirus ovis-sensing receptor in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106188. [PMID: 25171368 PMCID: PMC4149514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO) is known for its immunostimulatory capacities and has been successfully used to generate vector vaccines effective especially in non-permissive host species. Murine conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (cDC and pDC) are able to recognize PPVO. The PPVO-sensing receptor on pDC is hitherto unknown. In this study we aimed to define the pattern recognition receptor responsible for the activation of murine pDC by inactivated and replication-competent PPVO. We show that PPVO-induced expression of type I and type III interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and co-stimulatory CD86 by bone marrow-derived pDC but not cDC is blocked by chloroquine, an inhibitor of endosomal maturation. The activation of pDC is independent of viral replication and depends mainly on TLR9. Moreover, the use of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin or C-Jun-N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 results in significant reduction of PPVO-induced pDC activation. Taken together, our data identify endosomal TLR9 as PPVO-sensing receptor in pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Siegemund
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Lacek K, Bauer B, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Rziha HJ. Orf virus (ORFV) ANK-1 protein mitochondrial localization is mediated by ankyrin repeat motifs. Virus Genes 2014; 49:68-79. [PMID: 24743940 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) strain D1701-V, a Parapoxvirus belonging to the family Poxviridae, became attractive as a novel virus vector system that we successfully used for the generation of recombinant vaccines. Therefore, the identification of viral genes involved in host tropisms or immune modulation is of great interest, as for instance the ORFV-encoded ankyrin-repeat (AR) containing proteins. The present study shows for the first time that the ANK-1 designated gene product of ORFV126 is targeted to mitochondria of ORFV-infected and in ANK-1 transiently expressing cells. Taking advantage of ANK-1 EGFP fusion proteins and confocal fluorescence microscopy mutational and deletion analyses indicated the importance of AR8 and AR9, which may contain a novel class of mitochondria-targeting sequence (MTS) in the central to C-terminal part of this AR-containing protein. The fluorescent findings were corroborated by cell fractionation and Western blotting experiments. The presented results open the avenue for more detailed investigations on cellular binding partners and the function of ANK-1 in viral replication or virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Lacek
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
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24
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Hosamani M, Scagliarini A, Bhanuprakash V, McInnes CJ, Singh RK. Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:879-93. [PMID: 19735227 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Hosamani
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-263138, Nainital Distt., India and Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore-24, India.
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Rohde J, Amann R, Rziha HJ. New Orf virus (Parapoxvirus) recombinant expressing H5 hemagglutinin protects mice against H5N1 and H1N1 influenza A virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83802. [PMID: 24376753 PMCID: PMC3869816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated the versatile utility of the Parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) as a vector platform for the development of potent recombinant vaccines. In this study we present the generation of new ORFV recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1. Correct foreign gene expression was examined in vitro by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The protective potential of both recombinants was evaluated in the mouse challenge model. Despite adequate expression of NP, the recombinant D1701-V-NPh5 completely failed to protect mice from lethal challenge. However, the H5 HA-expressing recombinant D1701-V-HAh5n mediated solid protection in a dose-dependent manner. Two intramuscular (i.m.) injections of the HA-expressing recombinant protected all animals from lethal HPAIV infection without loss of body weight. Notably, the immunized mice resisted cross-clade H5N1 and heterologous H1N1 (strain PR8) influenza virus challenge. In vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD4-positive and/or CD8-posititve T-cell subpopulations during immunization and/or challenge infection implicated the relevance of CD4-positive T-cells for induction of protective immunity by D1701-V-HAh5n, whereas the absence of CD8-positive T-cells did not significantly influence protection. In summary, this study validates the potential of the ORFV vectored vaccines also to combat HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Rohde
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanns-Joachim Rziha
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Yogisharadhya R, Singh RK. Animal poxvirus vaccines: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1355-74. [PMID: 23249235 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae includes several viruses of medical and veterinary importance. Global concerted efforts combined with an intensive mass-vaccination campaign with highly efficaceious live vaccine of vaccinia virus have led to eradication of smallpox. However, orthopoxviruses affecting domestic animals continue to cause outbreaks in several endemic countries. Different kinds of vaccines starting from conventional inactivated/attenuated to recombinant protein-based vaccines have been used for control of poxvirus infections. Live virus homologous vaccines are currently in use for diseases including capripox, parapox, camelpox and fowlpox, and these vaccines are highly effective in eliciting (with the exception of parapoxviruses) long-lasting immunity. Attenuated strains of poxviruses have been exploited as vectored vaccines to deliver heterologous immunogens, many of them being licensed for use in animals. Worthy of note are vaccinia virus, fowlpox virus, capripoxvirus, parapoxvirus and canary pox, which have been successfully used for developing new-generation vaccines targeting many important pathogens. Remarkable features of these vaccines are thermostability and their ability to engender both cellular and humoral immune responses to the target pathogens. This article updates the important vaccines available for poxviruses of livestock and identifies some of the research gaps in the present context of poxvirus research.
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A new rabies vaccine based on a recombinant ORF virus (parapoxvirus) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. J Virol 2012; 87:1618-30. [PMID: 23175365 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02470-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the generation of a new Orf virus (ORFV) recombinant, D1701-V-RabG, expressing the rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein that is correctly presented on the surface of infected cells without the need of replication or production of infectious recombinant virus. One single immunization with recombinant ORFV can stimulate high RABV-specific virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers in mice, cats, and dogs, representing all nonpermissive hosts for the ORFV vector. The protective immune response against severe lethal challenge infection was analyzed in detail in mice using different dosages, numbers, and routes for immunization with the ORFV recombinant. Long-term levels of VNA could be elicited that remained greater than 0.5 IU per ml serum, indicative for the protective status. Single applications of higher doses (10(7) PFU) can be sufficient to confer complete protection against intracranial (i.c.) challenge, whereas booster immunization was needed for protection by the application of lower dosages. Anamnestic immune responses were achieved by each of the seven tested routes of inoculation, including oral application. Finally, in vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD4-positive and/or CD8-posititve T cell subpopulations during immunization and/or challenge infection attested the importance of CD4 T cells for the induction of protective immunity by D1701-V-RabG. This report demonstrates another example of the potential of the ORFV vector and also indicates the capability of the new recombinant for vaccination of animals.
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Rohde J, Emschermann F, Knittler MR, Rziha HJ. Orf virus interferes with MHC class I surface expression by targeting vesicular transport and Golgi. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:114. [PMID: 22809544 PMCID: PMC3439706 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Orf virus (ORFV), a zoonotic Parapoxvirus, causes pustular skin lesions in small ruminants (goat and sheep). Intriguingly, ORFV can repeatedly infect its host, despite the induction of a specific immunity. These immune modulating and immune evading properties are still unexplained. RESULTS Here, we describe that ORFV infection of permissive cells impairs the intracellular transport of MHC class I molecules (MHC I) as a result of structural disruption and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. Depending on the duration of infection, we observed a pronounced co-localization of MHC I and COP-I vesicular structures as well as a reduction of MHC I surface expression of up to 50%. These subversion processes are associated with early ORFV gene expression and are accompanied by disturbed carbohydrate trimming of post-ER MHC I. The MHC I population remaining on the cell surface shows an extended half-life, an effect that might be partially controlled also by late ORFV genes. CONCLUSIONS The presented data demonstrate that ORFV down-regulates MHC I surface expression in infected cells by targeting the late vesicular export machinery and the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus, which might aid to escape cellular immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Rohde
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Rohde J, Schirrmeier H, Granzow H, Rziha HJ. A new recombinant Orf virus (ORFV, Parapoxvirus) protects rabbits against lethal infection with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Vaccine 2011; 29:9256-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Thanks to new technologies which enable rapid and unbiased screening for viral nucleic acids in clinical specimens, an impressive number of previously unknown viruses have recently been discovered. Two research groups independently identified a novel negative-strand RNA virus, now designated avian bornavirus (ABV), in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a severe lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis of the gastrointestinal tract of psittacine birds that is frequently accompanied by encephalomyelitis. Since its discovery, ABV has been detected worldwide in many captive parrots and in one canary with PDD. ABV induced a PDD-like disease in experimentally infected cockatiels, strongly suggesting that ABV is highly pathogenic in psittacine birds. Until the discovery of ABV, the Bornaviridae family consisted of a single species, classical Borna disease virus (BDV), which is the causative agent of a progressive neurological disorder that affects primarily horses, sheep, and some other farm animals in central Europe. Although ABV and BDV share many biological features, there exist several interesting differences, which are discussed in this review.
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van Rooij EMA, Rijsewijk FAM, Moonen-Leusen HW, Bianchi ATJ, Rziha HJ. Comparison of different prime-boost regimes with DNA and recombinant Orf virus based vaccines expressing glycoprotein D of pseudorabies virus in pigs. Vaccine 2009; 28:1808-13. [PMID: 20018271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Both DNA and Orf virus (ORFV; Parapox virus) based vaccines have shown promise as alternatives for conventional vaccines in pigs against pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection causing Aujeszky's disease. In the present study we evaluated the efficacy of different prime-boost regimes in pigs in terms of immunogenicity and protection against challenge infection with PRV. The different prime-boost regimes consisted of the homologous prime-boost regimes (DNA followed by DNA or ORFV followed by ORFV) and the heterologous prime-boost regimes (DNA followed by ORFV and ORFV followed by DNA), all based on glycoprotein D (gD) of PRV. Moreover, we compared the efficacy of the different prime-boost regimes with the efficacy of a conventional modified live vaccine (MLV). The different prime-boost regimes resulted in different levels of immunity and protection against challenge infection. Most effective was the regime of priming with DNA vaccine followed by boosting with the ORFV based vaccine. This regime resulted in strong antibody responses, comparable to the antibody responses obtained after prime-boost vaccination with a conventional MLV vaccine. Also with regard to protection, the prime DNA-boost ORFV regime performed better than the other prime-boost regimes. This study demonstrates the potential of a heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy against PRV based on a single antigen, and that in the natural host, the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M A van Rooij
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Richter K, Hausmann J, Staeheli P. Interferon-gamma prevents death of bystander neurons during CD8 T cell responses in the brain. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1799-807. [PMID: 19359516 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T cells restricted to neurotropic viruses are potentially harmful as their activity may result in the destruction of neurons. In the Borna disease virus (BDV) model, antiviral CD8 T cells entering the brain of infected mice cause neurological disease but no substantial loss of neurons unless the animals lack interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We show here that glutamate receptor antagonists failed to prevent BDV-induced neuronal loss in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, suggesting that excitotoxicity resulting from glutamate receptor overstimulation is an unlikely explanation for the neuronal damage. Experiments with IFN-gamma-deficient mice lacking eosinophils indicated that these cells, which specifically accumulate in the infected brains of IFN-gamma-deficient mice, are not responsible for CA1 neuronal death. Interestingly, BDV-induced damage of CA1 neurons was reduced significantly in IFN-gamma-deficient mice lacking perforin, suggesting a key role for CD8 T cells in this pathological process. Specific death of hippocampal CA1 neurons could be triggered by adoptive transfer of BDV-specific CD8 T cells from IFN-gamma-deficient mice into uninfected mice that express transgene-encoded BDV antigen at high level in astrocytes. These results indicate that attack by CD8 T cells that cause the death of CA1 neurons might be directed toward regional astrocytes and that IFN-gamma protects vulnerable CA1 neurons from collateral damage resulting from exposure to potentially toxic substances generated as a result of CD8 T cell-mediated impairment of astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Richter
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Antigen delivery systems for veterinary vaccine development. Viral-vector based delivery systems. Vaccine 2009; 26:6508-28. [PMID: 18838097 PMCID: PMC7131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in molecular genetics, pathogenesis and immunology have provided an optimal framework for developing novel approaches in the rational design of vaccines effective against viral epizootic diseases. This paper reviews most of the viral-vector based antigen delivery systems (ADSs) recently developed for vaccine testing in veterinary species, including attenuated virus and DNA and RNA viral vectors. Besides their usefulness in vaccinology, these ADSs constitute invaluable tools to researchers for understanding the nature of protective responses in different species, opening the possibility of modulating or potentiating relevant immune mechanisms involved in protection.
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Antiviral CD8 T cells recognize borna disease virus antigen transgenically expressed in either neurons or astrocytes. J Virol 2008; 82:3099-108. [PMID: 18184705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02479-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) can persistently infect the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. The infection remains nonsymptomatic as long as antiviral CD8 T cells do not infiltrate the infected brain. BDV mainly infects neurons which reportedly carry few, if any, major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on the surface. Therefore, it remains unclear whether T cells can recognize replicating virus in these cells or whether cross-presentation of viral antigen by other cell types is important for immune recognition of BDV. To distinguish between these possibilities, we used two lines of transgenic mice that strongly express the N protein of BDV in either neurons (Neuro-N) or astrocytes (Astro-N). Since these animals are tolerant to the neo-self-antigen, we adoptively transferred T cells with specificity for BDV N. In nontransgenic mice persistently infected with BDV, the transferred cells accumulated in the brain parenchyma along with immune cells of host origin and efficiently induced neurological disease. Neurological disease was also observed if antiviral T cells were injected into the brains of Astro-N or Neuro-N but not nontransgenic control mice. Our results demonstrate that CD8 T cells can recognize foreign antigen on neurons and astrocytes even in the absence of infection or inflammation, indicating that these CNS cell types are playing an active role in immune recognition of viruses.
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Richter K, Baur K, Ackermann A, Schneider U, Hausmann J, Staeheli P. Pathogenic potential of borna disease virus lacking the immunodominant CD8 T-cell epitope. J Virol 2007; 81:11187-94. [PMID: 17686872 PMCID: PMC2045572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00742-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic, noncytolytic virus. Experimentally infected B10.BR mice remain healthy unless specific antiviral T cells that infiltrate the infected brain are triggered by immunization. In contrast, infected MRL mice spontaneously mount an antiviral T-cell response that can result in meningoencephalitis and neurological disease. The antiviral T cells may, alternatively, eliminate the virus without inducing disease if they are present in sufficient numbers before the virus replicates to high titers. Since the immune response of H-2(k) mice is directed mainly against the epitope TELEISSI located in the viral nucleoprotein N, we generated BDV mutants that feature TQLEISSI in place of TELEISSI. We show that adoptive transfer of BDV N-specific CD8 T cells induced neurological disease in B10.BR mice persistently infected with wild-type BDV but not with the mutant virus expressing TQLEISSI. Surprisingly, the mutant virus replicated less well in adult MRL wild-type mice than in mutant mice lacking mature CD8 T cells. Furthermore, when MRL mice were infected with the TQLEISSI-expressing BDV mutant as newborns, neurological disease was observed, although at a lower rate and with slower kinetics than in mice infected with wild-type virus. These results confirm that TELEISSI is the major CD8 T-cell epitope in H-2(k) mice and suggest that unidentified minor epitopes are present in the BDV proteome which are recognized rather efficiently by antiviral T cells if the dominant epitope is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Richter
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Voigt H, Merant C, Wienhold D, Braun A, Hutet E, Le Potier MF, Saalmüller A, Pfaff E, Büttner M. Efficient priming against classical swine fever with a safe glycoprotein E2 expressing Orf virus recombinant (ORFV VrV-E2). Vaccine 2007; 25:5915-26. [PMID: 17600594 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An increasing demand in livestock animal husbandry for intervention or emergency vaccination strategies requires a rapid onset of protection linked to prevention of infectious agent spread. Using the new recombinant parapoxvirus (PPV) Orf virus (ORFV) as a vaccine expressing the CSFV E2 glycoprotein we demonstrate that a single intra-muscular application confers solid protection. In the prime only concept, multi-site application of the vector vaccine turned out to be superior to single-site application as no pyrexia occurred after virulent CSFV challenge and CSFV neutralizing serum antibodies regularly were detectable before challenge. Vector virus vaccinated swine were able to cope with the lymphocyte and in particular B-cell depression in peripheral blood after challenge showing no clinical signs and no viremia. Early after challenge CSFV-specific IFN gamma production (IFN-gamma) and high neutralizing serum antibody titers clearly differentiated naïve from vaccinated and protected animals. After CSFV challenge neutralizing serum antibodies titers in vector vaccinated swine were significantly higher than those in sera from live attenuated vaccine primed animals. Horizontal challenge virus transmission was prevented under strict sentinel isolation before mingling but not in next-door stables separated by a wooden barrier at the day of challenge. The presence of CSFV-specific pre-challenge serum antibodies although in low titers is a good prognostic parameter for solid protection after ORFV vector vaccination even when a significant CSFV-specific IFN-gamma production was not detectable before challenge. A heterologous prime-boost regimen as a combination of prime with baculovirus-expressed glycoprotein E2 followed by boost with the parapoxvirus vector turned out to be a better immune stimulant than a homologous prime/boost with the modified live CSFV vaccine. A similar beneficial effect became evident when the challenge infection mimicked the booster vaccination after a single PPV vector prime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Voigt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Immunology, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Highly contagious pustular skin infections of sheep, goats and cattle that were unwittingly transmitted to humans from close contact with infected animals, have been the scourge of shepherds, herdsmen and dairy farmers for centuries. In more recent times we recognise that these proliferative pustular lesions are likely to be caused by a group of zoonotic viruses that are classified as parapoxviruses. In addition to infecting the above ungulates, parapoxviruses have more recently been isolated from seals, camels, red deer and reindeer and most have been shown to infect man. The parapoxviruses have one of the smallest genomes of the poxvirus family (140 kb) yet share over 70% of their genes with the most virulent members. Like other poxviruses, the central core of the genomes encode factors for virus transcription and replication, and structural proteins, whereas the terminal regions encode accessory factors that give the parapoxvirus group many of its unique features. Several genes of parapoxviruses are unique to this genus and encode factors that target inflammation, the innate immune responses and the development of acquired immunity. These factors include a homologue of mammalian interleukin (IL)-10, a chemokine binding protein and a granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor /IL-2 binding protein. The ability of this group to reinfect their hosts, even though a cell-mediated memory response is induced during primary infection, may be related to their epitheliotropic niche and the immunomodulators they produce. In this highly localised environment, the secreted immunomodulators only interfere with the local immune response and thus do not compromise the host’s immune system. The discovery of a vascular endothelial growth factor-like gene may explain the highly vascular nature of parapoxvirus lesions. There are many genes of parapoxviruses which do not encode polypeptides with significant matches with protein sequences in public databases, separating this genus from most other mammalian poxviruses. These genes appear to be involved in inhibiting apoptosis, manipulating cell cycle progression and degradation of cellular proteins that may be involved in the stress response, thus allowing the virus to subvert intracellular antiviral mechanisms and enhance the availability of cellular molecules required for replication. Parapoxviruses in common with Molluscum contagiosum virus lack a number of genes that are highly conserved in other poxviruses, including factors for nucleotide metabolism, serine protease inhibitors and kelch-like proteins. It is apparent that parapoxviruses have evolved a unique repertoire of genes that have allowed adaptation to the highly specialised environment of the epidermis.
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Dory D, Fischer T, Béven V, Cariolet R, Rziha HJ, Jestin A. Prime-boost immunization using DNA vaccine and recombinant Orf virus protects pigs against Pseudorabies virus (Herpes suid 1). Vaccine 2006; 24:6256-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A summary of recent advances in our knowledge of the biology of orf virus is presented to illustrate the interaction of a zoonotic pathogen with host skin. This is providing novel and interesting data on the viral mechanism of skin infection and the host response. RECENT FINDINGS The full genome sequences of two parapoxviruses (orf virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus) have recently been published, defining the parapoxvirus genus at the molecular genetic level. This, along with more detailed characterization of viral immuno-modulatory proteins, is providing an insight into the acquisition of host genes and the mechanism of pathogenesis. A new chemokine-binding protein has been discovered with unique features. Structure-function analysis of the viral granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibitory factor has revealed a similarity to type 1 cytokine receptors. The viral vascular endothelial growth factor-E stimulates angiogenesis in the skin without the side effects seen with cellular vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and may have therapeutic potential. Finally, orf virus is proving useful both as an immuno-modulator and as a vector for the expression of foreign antigens in non-permissive species. SUMMARY Orf virus infection provokes a vigorous skin immune response. However, the virus has acquired a range of immuno-modulatory/pathogenesis-related genes that function to limit (at least transiently) the effectiveness of host immunity. With the advent of the orf virus genome sequence, the study of this dynamic process will provide important insights into virus pathogenesis and the host skin immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Haig
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH45 8RE, Scotland.
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40
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Hausmann J, Pagenstecher A, Baur K, Richter K, Rziha HJ, Staeheli P. CD8 T cells require gamma interferon to clear borna disease virus from the brain and prevent immune system-mediated neuronal damage. J Virol 2005; 79:13509-18. [PMID: 16227271 PMCID: PMC1262614 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13509-13518.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) frequently causes meningoencephalitis and fatal neurological disease in young but not old mice of strain MRL. Disease does not result from the virus-induced destruction of infected neurons. Rather, it is mediated by H-2(k)-restricted antiviral CD8 T cells that recognize a peptide derived from the BDV nucleoprotein N. Persistent BDV infection in mice is not spontaneously cleared. We report here that N-specific vaccination can protect wild-type MRL mice but not mutant MRL mice lacking gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) from persistent infection with BDV. Furthermore, we observed a significant degree of resistance of old MRL mice to persistent BDV infection that depended on the presence of CD8 T cells. We found that virus initially infected hippocampal neurons around 2 weeks after intracerebral infection but was eventually cleared in most wild-type MRL mice. Unexpectedly, young as well as old IFN-gamma-deficient MRL mice were completely susceptible to infection with BDV. Moreover, neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were severely damaged in most diseased IFN-gamma-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. Furthermore, large numbers of eosinophils were present in the inflamed brains of IFN-gamma-deficient mice but not in those of wild-type mice, presumably because of increased intracerebral synthesis of interleukin-13 and the chemokines CCL1 and CCL11, which can attract eosinophils. These results demonstrate that IFN-gamma plays a central role in host resistance against infection of the central nervous system with BDV and in clearance of BDV from neurons. They further indicate that IFN-gamma may function as a neuroprotective factor that can limit the loss of neurons in the course of antiviral immune responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Hausmann
- Department of Virology, Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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Hausmann J, Baur K, Engelhardt KR, Fischer T, Rziha HJ, Staeheli P. Vaccine-induced protection against Borna disease in wild-type and perforin-deficient mice. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:399-403. [PMID: 15659759 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) can persistently infect the central nervous system and induce CD8+ T-cell-mediated neurological disease in MRL mice. To determine whether specific immune priming would prevent disease, a prime-boost immunization protocol was established in which intramuscular injection of a recombinant parapoxvirus expressing BDV nucleoprotein (BDV-N) was followed by intraperitoneal infection with vaccinia virus expressing BDV-N. Immunized wild-type and perforin-deficient mice remained healthy after intracerebral infection with BDV and contained almost no virus in the brain at 5 weeks post-challenge. Immunization failed to induce resistance against BDV in mice lacking mature CD8+ T cells. Immunization of perforin-deficient mice with a poxvirus vector expressing mutant BDV-N lacking the known CD8+ T-cell epitope did not efficiently block multiplication of BDV in the brain and did not prevent neurological disease, indicating that vaccine-induced immunity to BDV in wild-type and perforin-deficient mice resulted from the action of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Hausmann
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen Baur
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karin R Engelhardt
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Fischer
- Federal Research Center for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute for Immunology, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hanns-Joachim Rziha
- Federal Research Center for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute for Immunology, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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