1
|
Daood U, Ilyas MS, Ashraf M, Akbar M, Asif A, Khan AS, Sidhu P, Sheikh Z, Davamani F, Matinlinna J, Peters OA, Yiu C. A Novel Coated Suture Displays Antimicrobial Activity Without Compromising Structural Properties. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024:S0278-2391(24)00329-X. [PMID: 38830601 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treated or coated sutures promise to prevent contamination of wounds. PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to coat surgical sutures with a new quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) antimicrobial compound at two different application temperatures and then to evaluate the resulting structural, physical, mechanical, and biological properties. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted using male albino Wistar rats approved by the Joint Ethical Committee of IMU and Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Only suture samples, coated uniformly with verified presence of the compound and of adequate length were used. Samples which were not coated uniformly and with inadequate length or damaged were excluded. PREDICTOR VARIABLE Predictor variables were sutures with and without QAS coatings and different temperatures. Sutures were coated with QAS at 0.5 and 1.0% wt/vol using the dip coating technique and sutures with and without QAS coating were tested at 25 and 40 °C temperatures. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE(S) Outcome variables of structural and physico-mechanical properties of QAS-coated and non-coated sutures were measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (for structural changes), confocal laser and scanning electron (for diameter changes), and tensile strength/modulus (for mechanical testing). Biologic outcome variables were tested (bacterial viability); macrophage cultures from Wistar rats were tested (M1/M2 polarization detecting IL-6 and IL-10). Macrophage cells were analyzed with CD80+ (M1) and CD163+ (M2). Chemotaxis index was calculated as a ratio of quantitative fluorescence of cells. COVARIATES Not applicable. ANALYSES Ordinal data among groups were compared using the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test along with the comparison of histological analysis using the Wilcoxon Sign-rank test (P < .05). RESULTS Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peak at 1490 cm-1 confirmed the presence of QAS on suture's surfaces with a significant increase (P < .05) in diameter (0.99 ± 0.5-mm) and weight (0.77 ± 0.02-mg) observed for 1% QAS groups treated at 40 °C. Non-coated samples heated at 25 °C had significantly (P < .05) less diameters (0.22 ± 0.03-mm) and weights (0.26 ± 0.06-mg). Highest tensile strength/modulus was observed for 0.5% QAS-coated samples which also had significantly higher antibacterial characteristics than other sutures (P < .05). QAS-coated sutures significantly increased M1 and M2 markers. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE QAS coating conferred antibacterial action properties without compromising the physical and mechanical properties of the suture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umer Daood
- Associate Professor, Head of Restorative Division, Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Sharjeel Ilyas
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Biology, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Associate Professor, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Ashraf
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Biology, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Professor, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Akbar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Biology, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Professor, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amina Asif
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Biology, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Assistant Professor, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Samad Khan
- Professor, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Preena Sidhu
- Senior Lecturer, Head of Restorative Division, Division of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zeeshan Sheikh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Applied Oral Sciences & Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Fabian Davamani
- Associate Professor, Division of Human Biology, Faculty of Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Professor, Applied Dental Sciences, Division of Human Biology, Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jukka Matinlinna
- Professor, Applied Dental Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, United Kingdom; Professor, Program Convenor, Department of Endodontics, Arthur A Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco
| | - Ove A Peters
- Professor, Program Convenor, Department of Endodontics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Professor, Head of Paediatric Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry Division, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thiroux A, Labanowski J, Venisse N, Crapart S, Boisgrollier C, Linares C, Berjeaud J, Villéger R, Crépin A. Exposure to endocrine disruptors promotes biofilm formation and contributes to increased virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:740-756. [PMID: 37586891 PMCID: PMC10667657 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities contribute to the spread of chemicals considered as endocrine disruptors (ED) in freshwater ecosystems. While several studies have reported interactions of EDs with organisms in those ecosystems, very few have assessed the effect of these compounds on pathogenic bacteria. Here we have evaluated the impact of five EDs found in aquatic resources on the virulence of human pathogen P. aeruginosa. ED concentrations in French aquatic resources of bisphenol A (BPA), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), ethylparaben (EP), methylparaben (MP) and triclosan (TCS) at mean molar concentration were 1.13, 3.58, 0.53, 0.69, and 0.81 nM respectively. No impact on bacterial growth was observed at EDs highest tested concentration. Swimming motility of P. aeruginosa decreased to 28.4% when exposed to EP at 100 μM. Swarming motility increased, with MP at 1 nM, 10 and 100 μM (1.5-fold); conversely, a decrease of 78.5%, with DBP at 100 μM was observed. Furthermore, exposure to 1 nM BPA, DBP and EP increased biofilm formation. P. aeruginosa adhesion to lung cells was two-fold higher upon exposure to 1 nM EP. We demonstrate that ED exposure may simultaneously decrease mobility and increase cell adhesion and biofilm formation, which may promote colonisation and establishment of the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Thiroux
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- Université de PoitiersUMR 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP)PoitiersFrance
| | - Nicolas Venisse
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, INSERMCentre d'investigation clinique CIC1402PoitiersFrance
| | - Stéphanie Crapart
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
| | - Chloé Boisgrollier
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
| | - Carlos Linares
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
| | - Jean‐Marc Berjeaud
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
| | - Romain Villéger
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
| | - Alexandre Crépin
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsPoitiersFrance
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bergmann-Leitner ES, Millar EV, Duncan EH, Tribble DR, Carey PM, Ellis MW, Mende K, Bennett JW, Chaudhury S. Profiling of serum factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections as a foundation for biomarker identification. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286618. [PMID: 38054000 PMCID: PMC10694289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People living in close quarters, such as military trainees, are at increased risk for skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), especially those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The serum immune factors associated with the onset of SSTI are not well understood. Methods We conducted a longitudinal study of SSTIs, enrolling US Army trainees before starting military training and following up for 14 weeks. Samples were collected on Day 0, 56, and 90. Serum chemokines and cytokines among 16 SSTI cases and 51 healthy controls were evaluated using an electro-chemiluminescence based multiplex assay platform. Results Of 54 tested cytokines, 12 were significantly higher among SSTI cases as compared to controls. Among the cases, there were correlations between factors associated with vascular injury (i.e., VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and Flt1), the angiogenetic factor VEGF, and IL-10. Unsupervised machine learning (Principal Component Analysis) revealed that IL10, IL17A, C-reactive protein, ICAM1, VCAM1, SAA, Flt1, and VGEF were indicative of SSTI. Conclusion The study demonstrates the power of immunoprofiling for identifying factors predictive of pre-illness state of SSTI thereby identifying early stages of an infection and individuals susceptible to SSTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
- Immunology Core, Biologics Research and Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Eugene V. Millar
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth H. Duncan
- Immunology Core, Biologics Research and Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - David R. Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Michael W. Ellis
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Katrin Mende
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason W. Bennett
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Center Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thiroux A, Berjeaud JM, Villéger R, Crépin A. Effect of endocrine disruptors on bacterial virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1292233. [PMID: 38029256 PMCID: PMC10657830 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1292233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For several decades, questions have been raised about the effects of endocrine disruptors (ED) on environment and health. In humans, EDs interferes with hormones that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction and development and therefore can cause developmental, metabolic and reproductive disorders. Because of their ubiquity in the environment, EDs can adversely impact microbial communities and pathogens virulence. At a time when bacterial resistance is inevitably emerging, it is necessary to understand the effects of EDs on the behavior of pathogenic bacteria and to identify the resulting mechanisms. Increasing studies have shown that exposure to environmental EDs can affect bacteria physiology. This review aims to highlight current knowledge of the effect of EDs on the virulence of human bacterial pathogens and discuss the future directions to investigate bacteria/EDs interaction. Given the data presented here, extended studies are required to understand the mechanisms by which EDs could modulate bacterial phenotypes in order to understand the health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Thiroux
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | - Alexandre Crépin
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Engineering a "detect and destroy" skin probiotic to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276795. [PMID: 36520793 PMCID: PMC9754240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and virulence of pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA), which can cause recurrent skin infections, are of significant clinical concern. Prolonged antibiotic exposure to treat or decolonize S. aureus contributes to development of antibiotic resistance, as well as depletion of the microbiome, and its numerous beneficial functions. We hypothesized an engineered skin probiotic with the ability to selectively deliver antimicrobials only in the presence of the target organism could provide local bioremediation of pathogen colonization. We constructed a biosensing S. epidermidis capable of detecting the presence of S. aureus quorum sensing autoinducer peptide and producing lysostaphin in response. Here, we demonstrate in vitro activity of this biosensor and present and discuss challenges to deployment of this and other engineered topical skin probiotics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang N, Fan P, Yu X, Ma R, Tao Y, Wang W, Ouyang F. Effects of Long-Term Triclosan Exposure on Microbiota in Zebrafish. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:604313. [PMID: 34712206 PMCID: PMC8546329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.604313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antibacterial agent in personal care products and is ubiquitous in the environment. We aimed to examine whether TCS exposure affects microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish. Methods: After exposure to TCS 0 (Dimethyl Sulphoxide, DMSO control), 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 100, and 300ng/ml, respectively, from day 0 to 120days post fertilization (dpf), or for 7days in adult 4-month zebrafish, the long- and short-term impact of TCS exposure on the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by analyzing 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing. Results: The top two most dominant microbiota phyla were Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria phylum in all zebrafish groups. In TCS exposure 0–120 dpf, compared with DMSO control, the mean number of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was 54.46 lower (p<0.0001), Chao indice 41.40 lower (p=0.0004), and Ace indice 34.10 lower (p=0.0044) in TCS 300ng/ml group, but no change was observed in most of the other TCS concentrations. PCoA diagram showed that the microbial community in the long-term TCS 300ng/ml exposure group clustered differently from those in the DMSO control and other TCS exposure groups. A shorter body length of the zebrafish was observed in the long-term TCS exposure at 0.03, 100, and 300ng/ml. For 7-day short-term exposure in adult zebrafish, no difference was observed in alpha or beta diversity of microbiota nor the relative abundance of Proteobacteria or Fusobacteria phylum among DMSO control and any TCS levels, but a minor difference in microbial composition was observed for TCS exposure. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to high TCS concentration in a window from early embryonic life to early adulthood may reduce diversity and alter the composition of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of short-term TCS exposure was not observed on the diversity of microbiota but there was a minor change of microbial composition in adult zebrafish with TCS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pianpian Fan
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Yu
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yexuan Tao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan R, Yee AL, Gilbert JA, Haider A, Jamal SB, Muhammad F. Triclosan-containing sutures: safety and resistance issues need to be addressed prior to generalized use. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
8
|
Prabha S, Sowndarya J, Ram PJVS, Rubini D, Hari BNV, Aruni W, Nithyanand P. Chitosan-Coated Surgical Sutures Prevent Adherence and Biofilms of Mixed Microbial Communities. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:502-512. [PMID: 33389059 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sutures are widely used materials for closing the surgical wounds, and being an inert material, sutures are often colonized with drug-resistant polymicrobial biofilms. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a hospital-acquired infection caused by bacteria and fungi specifically in the sutured sites. Although most of the currently available sutures possess antibacterial property, their ability to prevent biofilm colonization by polymicrobial communities is underexplored. So, the present study shows that extracted chitosan (EC) from crab shells prevented the adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans, the predominant members that exist as mixed species at the site of SSI. In comparison with a commercial chitosan, EC showed profound inhibition of slime formation and mixed species biofilm inhibition. Intriguingly, EC-coated sutures could inhibit the growth of both bacterial and fungal pathogens when comparing with a commercial triclosan-coated suture which was active only against the bacterial pathogen. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed inhibition of C. albicans hyphal formation by the EC-coated sutures that is a crucial virulence factor responsible for tissue invasiveness. Collectively, the results of the present study showed that EC from crab shells (discarded material as a recalcitrant biowaste) could be used as an alternative to combat drug-resistant biofilms which are the prime cause for SSIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Prabha
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Jothipandiyan Sowndarya
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Parepalli Janaki Venkata Sai Ram
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Durairajan Rubini
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - B Narayanan Vedha Hari
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Wilson Aruni
- US Department of Veteran Affairs, Loma Linda, VA, USA
- California University of Science and Medicine, San Bernardino, California, USA
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Paramasivam Nithyanand
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mahalak KK, Firrman J, Lee JJ, Bittinger K, Nuñez A, Mattei LM, Zhang H, Fett B, Bobokalonov J, Arango-Argoty G, Zhang L, Zhang G, Liu LS. Triclosan has a robust, yet reversible impact on human gut microbial composition in vitro. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234046. [PMID: 32585680 PMCID: PMC7316517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent ban of the antimicrobial compound triclosan from use in consumer soaps followed research that showcased the risk it poses to the environment and to human health. Triclosan has been found in human plasma, urine and milk, demonstrating that it is present in human tissues. Previous work has also demonstrated that consumption of triclosan disrupts the gut microbial community of mice and zebrafish. Due to the widespread use of triclosan and ubiquity in the environment, it is imperative to understand the impact this chemical has on the human body and its symbiotic resident microbes. To that end, this study is the first to explore how triclosan impacts the human gut microbial community in vitro both during and after treatment. Through our in vitro system simulating three regions of the human gut; the ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon regions, we found that treatment with triclosan significantly impacted the community structure in terms of reduced population, diversity, and metabolite production, most notably in the ascending colon region. Given a 2 week recovery period, most of the population levels, community structure, and diversity levels were recovered for all colon regions. Our results demonstrate that the human gut microbial community diversity and population size is significantly impacted by triclosan at a high dose in vitro, and that the community is recoverable within this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karley K. Mahalak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jenni Firrman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Mattei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Huanjia Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bryton Fett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jamshed Bobokalonov
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Arango-Argoty
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lin Shu Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weitekamp CA, Phelps D, Swank A, McCord J, Sobus JR, Catron T, Keely S, Brinkman N, Zurlinden T, Wheaton E, Strynar M, McQueen C, Wood CE, Tal T. Triclosan-Selected Host-Associated Microbiota Perform Xenobiotic Biotransformations in Larval Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:109-122. [PMID: 31504981 PMCID: PMC10461336 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota regulate important physiologic processes during early host development. They also biotransform xenobiotics and serve as key intermediaries for chemical exposure. Antimicrobial agents in the environment may disrupt these complex interactions and alter key metabolic functions provided by host-associated microbiota. To examine the role of microbiota in xenobiotic metabolism, we exposed zebrafish larvae to the antimicrobial agent triclosan. Conventionally colonized (CC), microbe-free axenic (AX), or axenic colonized on day 1 (AC1) zebrafish were exposed to 0.16-0.30 µM triclosan or vehicle on days 1, 6, 7, 8, and 9 days post fertilization (dpf). After 6 and 10 dpf, host-associated microbial community structure and putative function were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At 10 dpf, triclosan exposure selected for bacterial taxa, including Rheinheimera. Triclosan-selected microbes were predicted to be enriched in pathways related to mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, sulfonation, oxidative stress, and drug metabolism. Furthermore, at 10 dpf, colonized zebrafish contained 2.5-3 times more triclosan relative to AX larvae. Nontargeted chemical analysis revealed that, relative to AX larvae, both cohorts of colonized larvae showed elevations in 23 chemical features, including parent triclosan and putative triclosan sulfate. Taken together, these data suggest that triclosan exposure selects for microbes that harbor the capacity to biotransform triclosan into chemical metabolites with unknown toxicity profiles. More broadly, these data support the concept that microbiota modify the toxicokinetics of xenobiotic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Weitekamp
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Drake Phelps
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Adam Swank
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/RCU, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - James McCord
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/EMMD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Tara Catron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Scott Keely
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/SED, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220
| | | | - Todd Zurlinden
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NCCT, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | | | - Mark Strynar
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/EMMD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Charlene McQueen
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Charles E. Wood
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Tamara Tal
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Staphylococci, and in particular Staphylococcus aureus, cause an extensive variety of infections in a range of hosts. The comprehensive analysis of staphylococcal genomes reveals mechanisms controlling the organism's biology, pathobiology, and dissemination. Whole-genome sequencing technologies led to a quantum leap in our understanding of bacterial genomes. The recent cost reduction of sequencing has resulted in unprecedented volumes of genomic information about S. aureus, one of the most sequenced bacterial species. Collecting, comparing, and interpreting big data is challenging, but fascinating insights have emerged. For example, it is becoming clearer which selective pressures staphylococci face in their habitats and which mechanisms allow this pathogen to adapt, survive, and spread. A key theme is the constant evolution of staphylococci as they alter their genome, exchange DNA, and adapt to new environments, leading to the emergence of increasingly successful, antibiotic-resistant, immune-evading, and host-adapted colonizers and pathogens. This article introduces the structure of staphylococcal genomes, details how genomes vary between strains, outlines the mechanisms of genetic variation, and describes the features of successful clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Lindsay
- St. George's, University of London, Institute of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Widely Used Antimicrobial Triclosan Induces High Levels of Antibiotic Tolerance In Vitro and Reduces Antibiotic Efficacy up to 100-Fold In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02312-18. [PMID: 30782996 PMCID: PMC6496070 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02312-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial triclosan is used in a wide range of consumer products ranging from toothpaste, cleansers, socks, and baby toys. A bacteriostatic inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, triclosan is extremely stable and accumulates in the environment. The antimicrobial triclosan is used in a wide range of consumer products ranging from toothpaste, cleansers, socks, and baby toys. A bacteriostatic inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, triclosan is extremely stable and accumulates in the environment. Approximately 75% of adults in the United States have detectable levels of the compound in their urine, with a sizeable fraction of individuals (>10%) having urine concentrations equal to or greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration for Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Previous work has identified connections between defects in fatty acid synthesis and accumulation of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), which has been repeatedly associated with antibiotic tolerance and persistence. Based on these data, we hypothesized that triclosan exposure may inadvertently drive bacteria into a state in which they are able to tolerate normally lethal concentrations of antibiotics. Here we report that clinically relevant concentrations of triclosan increased E. coli and MRSA tolerance to bactericidal antibiotics as much as 10,000-fold in vitro and reduced antibiotic efficacy up to 100-fold in a mouse urinary tract infection model. Genetic analysis indicated that triclosan-mediated antibiotic tolerance requires ppGpp synthesis but is independent of growth. These data highlight an unexpected and certainly unintended consequence of adding high concentrations of antimicrobials in consumer products, supporting an urgent need to reevaluate the costs and benefits of the prophylactic use of triclosan and other bacteriostatic compounds.
Collapse
|
13
|
Donkor ES, Kotey FCN, Dayie NTKD, Duodu S, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Osei MM, Tette EMA. Colonization of HIV-Infected Children with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2019; 8:E35. [PMID: 30884909 PMCID: PMC6470964 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a public health threat owing to its extensive resistance to antibiotics, association with persistent outbreaks, and markedly increased healthcare costs. Moreover, HIV-infected individuals are at a greater risk for colonization with MRSA, and may act as reservoirs for subsequent transmission to other individuals. In Ghana, little is known about MRSA in relation to at-risk populations, such as HIV-infected children. The aim of this study was to investigate nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among HIV-infected children in Accra, including the prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic resistance. METHODOLOGY The study was cross-sectional, and involved 107 children with HIV infection and an equal number of sex- and age group- matched apparently healthy controls recruited from the Princess Marie Louis Children's Hospital in Accra. Nasal swab specimens were collected from the study participants and cultured for bacteria. S. aureus isolates were confirmed by the coagulase test while MRSA was confirmed by PCR of the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. aureus isolates was done by the Kirby Bauer method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic, household and clinical features of the study participants. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify determinants of S. aureus and MRSA carriage among participants of both study groups. RESULTS The carriage prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA were 44.9% (48) and 5.6% (6), respectively, among the HIV-infected individuals, and the corresponding values within the control group were 23.4% (25) and 0.9% (1). There was a significant association between HIV infection and S. aureus colonization (p < 0.001), but not MRSA colonization (p = 0.055). The main predictor of S. aureus colonization in both study groups was absence of colonization with coagulase negative staphylococcus (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the main predictor of MRSA colonization was regular hand washing with soap (p = 0.043); this was observed among HIV-infected individuals but not the control group. The proportion of S. aureus isolates that were multidrug resistant was 62.3% (33/53) in the HIV-infected group and 80% (20/25) in the control group (p = 0.192). CONCLUSIONS HIV infection is a risk factor for nasal colonization of S. aureus among children in Accra but may not be for MRSA. Both the HIV-infected and uninfected children are reservoirs of multidrug resistant S. aureus. Demographic, household and clinical features appear to have little or no relationship with S. aureus and MRSA colonization in the study children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box KB 143, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Fleischer C N Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box KB 143, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, P. O. Box TS 853, Teshie, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Nicholas T K D Dayie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box KB 143, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Duodu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Patience B Tetteh-Quarcoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box KB 143, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Mary-Magdalene Osei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box KB 143, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Edem M A Tette
- Department of Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rosenberg M, Ilić K, Juganson K, Ivask A, Ahonen M, Vinković Vrček I, Kahru A. Potential ecotoxicological effects of antimicrobial surface coatings: a literature survey backed up by analysis of market reports. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6315. [PMID: 30775167 PMCID: PMC6375256 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review was initiated by the COST action CA15114 AMICI "Anti-Microbial Coating Innovations to prevent infectious diseases," where one important aspect is to analyze ecotoxicological impacts of antimicrobial coatings (AMCs) to ensure their sustainable use. Scopus database was used to collect scientific literature on the types and uses of AMCs, while market reports were used to collect data on production volumes. Special attention was paid on data obtained for the release of the most prevalent ingredients of AMCs into the aqueous phase that was used as the proxy for their possible ecotoxicological effects. Based on the critical analysis of 2,720 papers, it can be concluded that silver-based AMCs are by far the most studied and used coatings followed by those based on titanium, copper, zinc, chitosan and quaternary ammonium compounds. The literature analysis pointed to biomedicine, followed by marine industry, construction industry (paints), food industry and textiles as the main fields of application of AMCs. The published data on ecotoxicological effects of AMCs was scarce, and also only a small number of the papers provided information on release of antimicrobial ingredients from AMCs. The available release data allowed to conclude that silver, copper and zinc are often released in substantial amounts (up to 100%) from the coatings to the aqueous environment. Chitosan and titanium were mostly not used as active released ingredients in AMCs, but rather as carriers for other release-based antimicrobial ingredients (e.g., conventional antibiotics). While minimizing the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections appeared to be the most prosperous field of AMCs application, the release of environmentally hazardous ingredients of AMCs into hospital wastewaters and thus, also the environmental risks associated with AMCs, comprise currently only a fraction of the release and risks of traditional disinfectants. However, being proactive, while the use of antimicrobial/antifouling coatings could currently pose ecotoxicological effects mainly in marine applications, the broad use of AMCs in other applications like medicine, food packaging and textiles should be postponed until reaching evidences on the (i) profound efficiency of these materials in controlling the spread of pathogenic microbes and (ii) safety of AMCs for the human and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merilin Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Krunoslav Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katre Juganson
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela Ivask
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merja Ahonen
- Faculty of Technology, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Rauma, Finland
| | | | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hou JH, Shin H, Jang KH, Park CK, Koo B, Shin H, Yuk SH, Lee KY. Anti-acne properties of hydrophobic fraction of red ginseng (Panax ginseng
C.A. Meyer) and its active components. Phytother Res 2018; 33:584-590. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Hou
- College of Pharmacy; Korea University; Sejong Republic of Korea
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute; Korea Ginseng Corporation; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute; Korea Ginseng Corporation; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jang
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute; Korea Ginseng Corporation; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Kyu Park
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute; Korea Ginseng Corporation; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsuk Koo
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute; Korea Ginseng Corporation; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Shin
- College of Pharmacy; Korea University; Sejong Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hong Yuk
- College of Pharmacy; Korea University; Sejong Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Korea University; Sejong Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu JJ, Manus MB, Mueller O, Windsor SC, Horvath JE, Nunn CL. Antibacterial soap use impacts skin microbial communities in rural Madagascar. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199899. [PMID: 30125279 PMCID: PMC6101359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin harbors diverse communities of microorganisms, and alterations to these communities can impact the effectiveness of the skin as a barrier to infectious organisms or injury. As the global availability and adoption of antibacterial products increases, it is important to understand how these products affect skin microbial communities of people living in rural areas of developing countries, where risks of infection and injury often differ from urban populations in developed countries. We investigated the effect of antibacterial soap on skin microbial communities in a rural Malagasy population that practices subsistence agriculture in the absence of electricity and running water. We quantified the amount of soap used by each participant and obtained skin swab samples at three time points: prior to soap use, immediately after one week of soap use, and two weeks after soap use was discontinued. Soap use did not significantly impact ecological measures of diversity and richness (alpha diversity). However, the amount of soap used was a predictor of community-level change (beta diversity), with changes persisting for at least two weeks after subjects stopped using soap. Our results indicate that the overall species richness of skin microbial communities may be resistant to short-term use of antibacterial soap in settings characterized by regular contact with the natural environment, yet these communities may undergo shifts in microbial composition. Lifestyle changes associated with the use of antibacterial soap may therefore cause rapid alterations in skin microbial communities, with the potential for effects on skin health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Yu
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melissa B. Manus
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olaf Mueller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for the Genomics of Microbial Systems, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. Windsor
- Genomics & Microbiology Research Lab, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie E. Horvath
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Genomics & Microbiology Research Lab, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Atashgahi S, Shetty SA, Smidt H, de Vos WM. Flux, Impact, and Fate of Halogenated Xenobiotic Compounds in the Gut. Front Physiol 2018; 9:888. [PMID: 30042695 PMCID: PMC6048469 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and their associated microbiomes are exposed to numerous xenobiotics through drugs, dietary components, personal care products as well as environmental chemicals. Most of the reciprocal interactions between the microbiota and xenobiotics, such as halogenated compounds, occur within the human gut harboring diverse and dense microbial communities. Here, we provide an overview of the flux of halogenated compounds in the environment, and diverse exposure routes of human microbiota to these compounds. Subsequently, we review the impact of halogenated compounds in perturbing the structure and function of gut microbiota and host cells. In turn, cultivation-dependent and metagenomic surveys of dehalogenating genes revealed the potential of the gut microbiota to chemically alter halogenated xenobiotics and impact their fate. Finally, we provide an outlook for future research to draw attention and attract interest to study the bidirectional impact of halogenated and other xenobiotic compounds and the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Atashgahi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sudarshan A Shetty
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Im H, Lee S, Soper SA, Mitchell RJ. Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles (EVs): surface-binding antagonists of biofilm formation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2704-2714. [PMID: 29104975 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus worldwide as a nosocomial infectious agent is recognized but the reason behind the spread of this bacterium has remained elusive. Here, we hypothesized that the communication of S. aureus might benefit from it blocking other bacteria from establishing themselves on the surface. This was found to be the case for several pathogens as the S. aureus supernatant curtailed their ability to form biofilms. Subsequent analyses using Acinetobacter baumannii as a model found this effect is primarily mediated by S. aureus' extracellular vesicles (EVs), which bound to the polystyrene surface. We found the EV-treated surfaces were significantly more hydrophilic after EV treatment, a condition that made it difficult for A. baumannii to initially adhere to the polystyrene surface and reduced its resulting biofilm by up to 93%. Subsequent tests found this also extended to several other bacterial pathogens, with a 40-70% decrease in their biofilm mass. The S. aureus EVs and their activity still remained after the surface was washed with 10% bleach, while the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) removed both the EVs from the surface and their activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Im
- School of Life Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Eggers S, Barker AK, Valentine S, Hess T, Duster M, Safdar N. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 on carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: results of the impact of probiotics for reducing infections in veterans (IMPROVE) study. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:129. [PMID: 29540160 PMCID: PMC5853063 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Colonization by S. aureus increases the risk of infection. Little is known about decolonization strategies for S. aureus beyond antibiotics, however probiotics represent a promising alternative. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) HN001 in reducing carriage of S. aureus at multiple body sites. METHODS One hundred thirteen subjects, positive for S. aureus carriage, were recruited from the William S. Middleton Memorial Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA, and randomized by initial site of colonization, either gastrointestinal (GI) or extra-GI, to 4-weeks of oral L. rhamnosus HN001 probiotic, or placebo. Nasal, oropharyngeal, and axillary/groin swabs were obtained, and serial blood and fecal samples were collected. Differences in prevalence of S. aureus carriage at the end of the 4-weeks of treatment were assessed. RESULTS The probiotic and placebo groups were similar in age, gender, and health history at baseline. S. aureus colonization within the stool samples of the extra-GI group was 15% lower in the probiotic than placebo group at the endpoint of the trial. Those in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group had 73% reduced odds (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.07-0.98) of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus presence, and 83% reduced odds (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.73) of any S. aureus presence in the stool sample at endpoint. CONCLUSION Use of daily oral L. rhamnosus HN001 reduced odds of carriage of S. aureus in the GI tract, however it did not eradicate S. aureus from other body sites. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01321606 . Registered March 21, 2011.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoshannah Eggers
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA ,0000 0001 2167 3675grid.14003.36Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Warf Office Bldg, 610 Walnut St #707, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | - Anna K. Barker
- 0000 0001 2167 3675grid.14003.36Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Warf Office Bldg, 610 Walnut St #707, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | - Susan Valentine
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Timothy Hess
- 0000 0001 2167 3675grid.14003.36Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Megan Duster
- 0000 0001 2167 3675grid.14003.36Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, 5th Floor, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA ,0000 0001 2167 3675grid.14003.36Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, 5th Floor, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Obermeier A, Schneider J, Harrasser N, Tübel J, Mühlhofer H, Pförringer D, von Deimling C, Foehr P, Kiefel B, Krämer C, Stemberger A, Schieker M, Burgkart R, von Eisenhart-Rothe R. Viable adhered Staphylococcus aureus highly reduced on novel antimicrobial sutures using chlorhexidine and octenidine to avoid surgical site infection (SSI). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190912. [PMID: 29315313 PMCID: PMC5760023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical sutures can promote migration of bacteria and thus start infections. Antiseptic coating of sutures may inhibit proliferation of adhered bacteria and avoid such complications. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the inhibition of viable adhering bacteria on novel antimicrobially coated surgical sutures using chlorhexidine or octenidine, a critical factor for proliferation at the onset of local infections. The medical need, a rapid eradication of bacteria in wounds, can be fulfilled by a high antimicrobial efficacy during the first days after wound closure. METHODS As a pretesting on antibacterial efficacy against relevant bacterial pathogens a zone of inhibition assay was conducted with middle ranged concentrated suture coatings (22 μg/cm). For further investigation of adhering bacteria in detail the most clinically relevant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC®49230™) was used. Absorbable braided sutures were coated with chlorhexidine-laurate, chlorhexidine-palmitate, octenidine-laurate, and octenidine-palmitate. Each coating type resulted in 11, 22, or 33 μg/cm drug content on sutures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed once to inspect the coating quality and twice to investigate if bacteria have colonized on sutures. Adhesion experiments were assessed by exposing coated sutures to S. aureus suspensions for 3 h at 37°C. Subsequently, sutures were sonicated and the number of viable bacteria released from the suture surface was determined. Furthermore, the number of viable planktonic bacteria was measured in suspensions containing antimicrobial sutures. Commercially available sutures without drugs (Vicryl®, PGA Resorba®, and Gunze PGA), as well as triclosan-containing Vicryl® Plus were used as control groups. RESULTS Zone of inhibition assay documented a multispecies efficacy of novel coated sutures against tested bacterial strains, comparable to most relevant S. aureus over 48 hours. SEM pictures demonstrated uniform layers on coated sutures with higher roughness for palmitate coatings and sustaining integrity of coated sutures. Adherent S. aureus were found via SEM on all types of investigated sutures. The novel antimicrobial sutures showed significantly less viable adhered S. aureus bacteria (up to 6.1 log) compared to Vicryl® Plus (0.5 log). Within 11 μg/cm drug-containing sutures, octenidine-palmitate (OL11) showed the highest number of viable adhered S. aureus (0.5 log), similar to Vicryl® Plus. Chlorhexidine-laurate (CL11) showed the lowest number of S. aureus on sutures (1.7 log), a 1.2 log greater reduction. In addition, planktonic S. aureus in suspensions were highly inhibited by CL11 (0.9 log) represents a 0.6 log greater reduction compared to Vicryl® Plus (0.3 log). CONCLUSIONS Novel antimicrobial sutures can potentially limit surgical site infections caused by multiple pathogenic bacterial species. Therefore, a potential inhibition of multispecies biofilm formation is assumed. In detail tested with S. aureus, the chlorhexidine-laurate coating (CL11) best meets the medical requirements for a fast bacterial eradication. This suture coating shows the lowest survival rate of adhering as well as planktonic bacteria, a high drug release during the first-clinically most relevant- 48 hours, as well as biocompatibility. Thus, CL11 coatings should be recommended for prophylactic antimicrobial sutures as an optimal surgical supplement to reduce wound infections. However, animal and clinical investigations are important to prove safety and efficacy for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Obermeier
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jochen Schneider
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Norbert Harrasser
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Jutta Tübel
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Heinrich Mühlhofer
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Constantin von Deimling
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Peter Foehr
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Barbara Kiefel
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christina Krämer
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Axel Stemberger
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Matthias Schieker
- Klinik für Chirurgie, Experimentelle Chirurgie und Regenerative Medizin, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is well known for its ability to cause life-threatening infections. On the other hand, this bacterium can thrive as a commensal on and in human tissues without causing much problems. How big a threat is S. aureus actually? Furthermore, commensalism is associated with biofilms, where can we find them, and which natural and artificial components activate biofilm formation? RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings on S. aureus carriage on skin, mucosa, and in wounds indicate the presence of large numbers of S. aureus, yet its abundance can be without major implications for the host. S. aureus is often present in biofilms, together with other microorganisms, which can stimulate biofilm formation of S. aureus, in addition medicine including antibiotics can do the same. SUMMARY S. aureus can cause devastating infections, but when we take into consideration the ubiquitous presence of S. aureus, the risk seems to be relatively low. S. aureus forms biofilms in response to the 'hazards' on the human body, and signal to do so can come from various sources. All this has to be taken into consideration when we treat a patient as this might have enormous impact on the outcome.
Collapse
|
22
|
Topical Antimicrobial Treatments Can Elicit Shifts to Resident Skin Bacterial Communities and Reduce Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus Competitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017. [PMID: 28630195 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00774-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin microbiome is a complex ecosystem with important implications for cutaneous health and disease. Topical antibiotics and antiseptics are often employed to preserve the balance of this population and inhibit colonization by more pathogenic bacteria. However, despite their widespread use, the impact of these interventions on broader microbial communities remains poorly understood. Here, we report the longitudinal effects of topical antibiotics and antiseptics on skin bacterial communities and their role in Staphylococcus aureus colonization resistance. In response to antibiotics, cutaneous populations exhibited an immediate shift in bacterial residents, an effect that persisted for multiple days posttreatment. By contrast, antiseptics elicited only minor changes to skin bacterial populations, with few changes to the underlying microbiota. While variable in scope, both antibiotics and antiseptics were found to decrease colonization by commensal Staphylococcus spp. by sequencing- and culture-based methods, an effect which was highly dependent on baseline levels of Staphylococcus Because Staphylococcus residents have been shown to compete with the skin pathogen S. aureus, we also tested whether treatment could influence S. aureus levels at the skin surface. We found that treated mice were more susceptible to exogenous association with S. aureus and that precolonization with the same Staphylococcus residents that were previously disrupted by treatment reduced S. aureus levels by over 100-fold. In all, the results of this study indicate that antimicrobial drugs can alter skin bacterial residents and that these alterations can have critical implications for cutaneous host defense.
Collapse
|
23
|
Morvan C, Halpern D, Kénanian G, Pathania A, Anba-Mondoloni J, Lamberet G, Gruss A, Gloux K. The Staphylococcus aureus FASII bypass escape route from FASII inhibitors. Biochimie 2017; 141:40-46. [PMID: 28728970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials targeting the fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway are being developed as alternative treatments for bacterial infections. Emergence of resistance to FASII inhibitors was mainly considered as a consequence of mutations in the FASII target genes. However, an alternative and efficient anti-FASII resistance strategy, called here FASII bypass, was uncovered. Bacteria that bypass FASII incorporate exogenous fatty acids in membrane lipids, and thus dispense with the need for FASII. This strategy is used by numerous Gram-positive low GC % bacteria, including streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci. Some bacteria repress FASII genes once fatty acids are available, and "constitutively" shift to FASII bypass. Others, such as the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, can undergo high frequency mutations that favor FASII bypass. This capacity is particularly relevant during infection, as the host supplies the fatty acids needed for bacteria to bypass FASII and thus become resistant to FASII inhibitors. Screenings for anti-FASII resistance in the presence of exogenous fatty acids confirmed that FASII bypass confers anti-FASII resistance among clinical and veterinary isolates. Polymorphisms in S. aureus FASII initiation enzymes favor FASII bypass, possibly by increasing availability of acyl-carrier protein, a required intermediate. Here we review FASII bypass and consequences in light of proposed uses of anti-FASII to treat infections, with a focus on FASII bypass in S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Morvan
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Halpern
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gérald Kénanian
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amit Pathania
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jamila Anba-Mondoloni
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gilles Lamberet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexandra Gruss
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Karine Gloux
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The staphylococci comprise a diverse genus of Gram-positive, nonmotile commensal organisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other mammals. In general, staphylococci are benign members of the natural flora, but many species have the capacity to be opportunistic pathogens, mainly infecting individuals who have medical device implants or are otherwise immunocompromised. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are major sources of hospital-acquired infections and are the most common causes of surgical site infections and medical device-associated bloodstream infections. The ability of staphylococci to form biofilms in vivo makes them highly resistant to chemotherapeutics and leads to chronic diseases. These biofilm infections include osteomyelitis, endocarditis, medical device infections, and persistence in the cystic fibrosis lung. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of our current understanding of staphylococcal biofilm formation, with an emphasis on adhesins and regulation, while also addressing how staphylococcal biofilms interact with the immune system. On the whole, this review will provide a thorough picture of biofilm formation of the staphylococcus genus and how this mode of growth impacts the host.
Collapse
|
25
|
Halden RU, Lindeman AE, Aiello AE, Andrews D, Arnold WA, Fair P, Fuoco RE, Geer LA, Johnson PI, Lohmann R, McNeill K, Sacks VP, Schettler T, Weber R, Zoeller RT, Blum A. The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:064501. [PMID: 28632490 PMCID: PMC5644973 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban documents a consensus of more than 200 scientists and medical professionals on the hazards of and lack of demonstrated benefit from common uses of triclosan and triclocarban. These chemicals may be used in thousands of personal care and consumer products as well as in building materials. Based on extensive peer-reviewed research, this statement concludes that triclosan and triclocarban are environmentally persistent endocrine disruptors that bioaccumulate in and are toxic to aquatic and other organisms. Evidence of other hazards to humans and ecosystems from triclosan and triclocarban is presented along with recommendations intended to prevent future harm from triclosan, triclocarban, and antimicrobial substances with similar properties and effects. Because antimicrobials can have unintended adverse health and environmental impacts, they should only be used when they provide an evidence-based health benefit. Greater transparency is needed in product formulations, and before an antimicrobial is incorporated into a product, the long-term health and ecological impacts should be evaluated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1788.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia Fair
- Medical University of South Carolina , Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fuoco
- Health Research Communication Strategies , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura A Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health , Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Paula I Johnson
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography , Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Clinical Relevance of Type II Fatty Acid Synthesis Bypass in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02515-16. [PMID: 28193654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02515-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for new antimicrobials to treat bacterial infections has led to the use of type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) enzymes as front-line targets. However, recent studies suggest that FASII inhibitors may not work against the opportunist pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, as environmental fatty acids favor emergence of multi-anti-FASII resistance. As fatty acids are abundant in the host and one FASII inhibitor, triclosan, is widespread, we investigated whether fatty acid pools impact resistance in clinical and veterinary S. aureus isolates. Simple addition of fatty acids to the screening medium led to a 50% increase in triclosan resistance, as tested in 700 isolates. Moreover, nonculturable triclosan-resistant fatty acid auxotrophs, which escape detection under routine conditions, were uncovered in primary patient samples. FASII bypass in selected isolates correlated with polymorphisms in the acc and fabD loci. We conclude that fatty-acid-dependent strategies to escape FASII inhibition are common among S. aureus isolates and correlate with anti-FASII resistance and emergence of nonculturable variants.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang Y, Yang SB, Wang YG, Zhang SH, Yu ZF, Tang TT. Bacterial inhibition potential of quaternised chitosan-coated VICRYL absorbable suture: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Orthop Translat 2017; 8:49-61. [PMID: 30035094 PMCID: PMC5987056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE As a widely used absorbable suture with antibacterial property, triclosan- coated polyglactin suture (Vicryl Plus) has been extensively utilized to reduce the occurrence rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) in orthopaedic surgery. However, the potential toxicity and side-effects of triclosan raised increasing concerns about its biological safety. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of quaternised chitosan-coated Vicryl suture (HV) both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In this study, a modified chitosan derivate, (hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, HACC), was coated over the surface of the absorbable Vicryl suture. Two standard bacteria strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC35984) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC43300), were selected to evaluate bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the sutures at 6, 24 and 48 h in vitro. Additionally, human skin-derived fibroblasts cells were used to test the cytocompatibility of the sutures. Furtherly, sutures contaminated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus were implanted subcutaneously in SD rats in order to confirm the in vivo antibacterial performance and biocompatibility. RESULTS We found that HACC-coated Vicryl suture (HV) exhibited significant anti-bacterial effects on the two tested strains. The bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on the surface of the HV sutures were found to be comparable to that of Vicryl Plus sutures (VP). Moreover, all the four tested sutures presented good cytocompatibility with human skin-derived fibroblasts cells. Histology and immunohistochemistry results indicated that the infections and inflammations were significantly inhibited around the HV and VP sutures. CONCLUSION In general, the present study demonstrated that the quaternised chitosan coating is a flexible and cost-effective alternative strategy to prevent the suture related surgical site infections in orthopaedic practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ting-Ting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Environmental fatty acids enable emergence of infectious Staphylococcus aureus resistant to FASII-targeted antimicrobials. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12944. [PMID: 27703138 PMCID: PMC5059476 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathway for fatty acid biosynthesis, FASII, is a target for development of new anti-staphylococcal drugs. This strategy is based on previous reports indicating that self-synthesized fatty acids appear to be indispensable for Staphylococcus aureus growth and virulence, although other bacteria can use exogenous fatty acids to compensate FASII inhibition. Here we report that staphylococci can become resistant to the FASII-targeted inhibitor triclosan via high frequency mutations in fabD, one of the FASII genes. The fabD mutants can be conditional for FASII and not require exogenous fatty acids for normal growth, and can use diverse fatty acid combinations (including host fatty acids) when FASII is blocked. These mutants show cross-resistance to inhibitors of other FASII enzymes and are infectious in mice. Clinical isolates bearing fabD polymorphisms also bypass FASII inhibition. We propose that fatty acid-rich environments within the host, in the presence of FASII inhibitors, might favour the emergence of staphylococcal strains displaying resistance to multiple FASII inhibitors. The bacterial pathway for fatty acid biosynthesis, FASII, is a target for development of new anti-staphylococcal drugs. Here, Morvan et al. show that exogenous fatty acids can favour the emergence of staphylococcal strains displaying resistance to multiple FASII inhibitors.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in the effects of triclosan and triclocarban on human biology, current knowledge is still limited on the impact of these additives to antimicrobial personal care products on the human microbiome. A carefully designed recent study published in mSphere by Poole and colleagues [A. C. Poole et al., mSphere 1(3):e00056-15, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00056-15] highlights both the power of novel methodologies for microbiome elucidation and the longstanding challenge of employing small-cohort studies to inform risk assessment for chemicals of ubiquitous use in modern society.
Collapse
|
30
|
Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections through Hand Hygiene. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 35 Suppl 2:S155-78. [DOI: 10.1017/s0899823x00193900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previously published guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for hand hygiene in healthcare facilities. The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format, update recommendations with the most current scientific evidence, and elucidate topics that warrant clarification or more robust research. Additionally, this document is designed to assist healthcare facilities in implementing hand hygiene adherence improvement programs, including efforts to optimize hand hygiene product use, monitor and report back hand hygiene adherence data, and promote behavior change. This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise. The list of endorsing and supporting organizations is presented in the introduction to the 2014 updates.
Collapse
|
31
|
Movahed E, Tan GMY, Munusamy K, Yeow TC, Tay ST, Wong WF, Looi CY. Triclosan Demonstrates Synergic Effect with Amphotericin B and Fluconazole and Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:360. [PMID: 27047474 PMCID: PMC4800180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis especially in AIDS patients. There is an increasing need for discovery of new anti-cryptococcal drugs due to emergence of resistance cases in recent years. In this study, we aim to elucidate the antifungal effect of triclosan against C. neoformans. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of triclosan in different C. neoformans strains was first examined. The in vitro interactions between triclosan and two standard anti-fungal drugs (amphotericin B and fluconazole) were further evaluated by microdilution checkerboard assay. Mechanism of triclosan fungicidal activity was then investigated by viewing the cell morphology under transmission electron microscope. Results: We reported that triclosan potently inhibited the growth of C. neoformans. A combination of triclosan with amphotericin B or with fluconazole enhanced their fungicidal effects. Triclosan-treated C. neoformans displayed characteristics such as nuclear chromatin condensation, extensive intracellular vacuolation and mitochondrial swelling, indicating that triclosan triggered apoptosis-like cell death. Conclusion: In summary, our report suggests triclosan as an independent drug or synergent for C. neoformans treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Movahed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Komathy Munusamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tee Cian Yeow
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Muller JF, Ghosh S, Ikuma K, Stevens AM, Love NG. Chlorinated phenol-induced physiological antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv172. [PMID: 26403431 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen with the ability to rapidly develop multidrug resistance under selective pressure. Previous work demonstrated that upon exposure to the environmental contaminant pentachlorophenol (PCP), P. aeruginosa PAO1 increases expression of multiple multidrug efflux pumps, including the MexAB-OprM pump. The current study describes increases in the antibiotic resistance of PAO1 upon exposure to PCP and other chlorinated organics, including triclosan. Only exposure to chlorinated phenols induced the mexAB-oprM-mediated antibiotic-resistant phenotype. Thus, chlorinated phenols have the potential to contribute to transient phenotypic increases of antibiotic resistance that are relevant when both compounds are present in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Fraga Muller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sudeshna Ghosh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kaoru Ikuma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ann M Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nancy G Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ellingson K, Haas JP, Aiello AE, Kusek L, Maragakis LL, Olmsted RN, Perencevich E, Polgreen PM, Schweizer ML, Trexler P, VanAmringe M, Yokoe DS. Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 35:937-60. [PMID: 25026608 DOI: 10.1086/677145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previously published guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for hand hygiene in healthcare facilities. The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format, update recommendations with the most current scientific evidence, and elucidate topics that warrant clarification or more robust research. Additionally, this document is designed to assist healthcare facilities in implementing hand hygiene adherence improvement programs, including efforts to optimize hand hygiene product use, monitor and report back hand hygiene adherence data, and promote behavior change. This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise. The list of endorsing and supporting organizations is presented in the introduction to the 2014 updates.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ajao C, Andersson MA, Teplova VV, Nagy S, Gahmberg CG, Andersson LC, Hautaniemi M, Kakasi B, Roivainen M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Mitochondrial toxicity of triclosan on mammalian cells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:624-637. [PMID: 28962398 PMCID: PMC5598359 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of triclosan (5-chloro-2'-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) on mammalian cells were investigated using human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (PBMC), keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine pancreatic islets (MIN-6) and neuroblastoma cells (MNA) as targets. We show that triclosan (1-10 μg ml-1) depolarised the mitochondria, upshifted the rate of glucose consumption in PMBC, HaCaT, PK-15 and MNA, and subsequently induced metabolic acidosis. Triclosan induced a regression of insulin producing pancreatic islets into tiny pycnotic cells and necrotic death. Short exposure to low concentrations of triclosan (30 min, ≤1 μg/ml) paralyzed the high amplitude tail beating and progressive motility of spermatozoa, within 30 min exposure, depolarized the spermatozoan mitochondria and hyperpolarised the acrosome region of the sperm head and the flagellar fibrous sheath (distal part of the flagellum). Experiments with isolated rat liver mitochondria showed that triclosan impaired oxidative phosphorylation, downshifted ATP synthesis, uncoupled respiration and provoked excessive oxygen uptake. These exposure concentrations are 100-1000 fold lower that those permitted in consumer goods. The mitochondriotoxic mechanism of triclosan differs from that of valinomycin, cereulide and the enniatins by not involving potassium ionophoric activity.
Collapse
Key Words
- Acidosis
- BCF, bioconcentration factor
- EC50, concentration that diminishes the respective vitality parameter by ≥50%
- Electric transmembrane potential
- Glycolysis
- HaCaT, a spontaneously immortalized (non-neoplastic) keratinocyte cell line
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide
- MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration
- MIN-6, a murine pancreatic beta cell line
- MNA, a murine neuroblastoma cells
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- PBMC, monocyte-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PI, propidium iodide
- PK-15, a porcine kidney tubular epithelial cell line
- PN, pyridine nucleotides
- RLM, rat liver mitochondria
- Sperm motility
- TPP+, tetraphenylphosphonium
- Uncoupler
- ΔΨ, electric transmembrane potential
- ΔΨm, membrane potential of the mitochondrial membrane
- ΔΨp, membrane potential of the plasma membrane
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Ajao
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria A. Andersson
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vera V. Teplova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Puschino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Szabolcs Nagy
- Department of Animal Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Deak F. u.,16, H8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Carl G. Gahmberg
- Dept. of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Leif C. Andersson
- Dept. of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria Hautaniemi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Research and Laboratory Department, Veterinary Virology Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Balazs Kakasi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Merja Roivainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Virology, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Narrowe AB, Albuthi-Lantz M, Smith EP, Bower KJ, Roane TM, Vajda AM, Miller CS. Perturbation and restoration of the fathead minnow gut microbiome after low-level triclosan exposure. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:6. [PMID: 25815185 PMCID: PMC4374533 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan is a widely used antimicrobial compound and emerging environmental contaminant. Although the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease is increasingly well established, the interaction between environmental contaminants and host microbiome is largely unexplored, with unknown consequences for host health. This study examined the effects of low, environmentally relevant levels of triclosan exposure on the fish gut microbiome. Developing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to two low levels of triclosan over a 7-day exposure. Fish gastrointestinal tracts from exposed and control fish were harvested at four time points: immediately preceding and following the 7-day exposure and after 1 and 2 weeks of depuration. RESULTS A total of 103 fish gut bacterial communities were characterized by high-throughput sequencing and analysis of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. By measures of both alpha and beta diversity, gut microbial communities were significantly differentiated by exposure history immediately following triclosan exposure. After 2 weeks of depuration, these differences disappear. Independent of exposure history, communities were also significantly structured by time. This first detailed census of the fathead minnow gut microbiome shows a bacterial community that is similar in composition to those of zebrafish and other freshwater fish. Among the triclosan-resilient members of this host-associated community are taxa associated with denitrification in wastewater treatment, taxa potentially able to degrade triclosan, and taxa from an unstudied host-associated candidate division. CONCLUSIONS The fathead minnow gut microbiome is rapidly and significantly altered by exposure to low, environmentally relevant levels of triclosan, yet largely recovers from this short-term perturbation over an equivalently brief time span. These results suggest that even low-level environmental exposure to a common antimicrobial compound can induce significant short-term changes to the gut microbiome, followed by restoration, demonstrating both the sensitivity and resilience of the gut flora to challenges by environmental toxicants. This short-term disruption in a developing organism may have important long-term consequences for host health. The identification of multiple taxa not often reported in the fish gut suggests that microbial nitrogen metabolism in the fish gut may be more complex than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne B Narrowe
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA
| | - Munira Albuthi-Lantz
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA
| | - Erin P Smith
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA
- />Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- />School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Kimberly J Bower
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA
| | - Timberley M Roane
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA
| | - Alan M Vajda
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA
| | - Christopher S Miller
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Correlation between nasal microbiome composition and remote purulent skin and soft tissue infections. Infect Immun 2014; 83:802-11. [PMID: 25486991 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02664-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) has increased dramatically over the past decade, resulting in significant morbidity in millions of otherwise healthy individuals worldwide. Certain groups, like military personnel, are at increased risk for SSTI development. Although nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus is an important risk factor for the development of SSTIs, it is not clear why some colonized individuals develop disease while others do not. Recent studies have revealed the importance of microbial diversity in human health. Therefore, we hypothesized that the nasal microbiome may provide valuable insight into SSTI development. To examine this hypothesis, we obtained anterior-naris samples from military trainees with cutaneous abscesses and from asymptomatic (non-SSTI) participants. We also obtained samples from within abscess cavities. Specimens were analyzed by culture, and the microbial community within each sample was characterized using a 16S sequencing-based approach. We collected specimens from 46 non-SSTI participants and from 40 participants with abscesses. We observed a significantly higher abundance of Proteobacteria in the anterior nares in non-SSTI participants (P < 0.0001) than in participants with abscesses. Additionally, we noted a significant inverse correlation between Corynebacterium spp. and S. aureus (P = 0.0001). The sensitivity of standard microbiological culture for abscesses was 71.4%. These data expand our knowledge of the complexity of the nasal and abscess microbiomes and potentially pave the way for novel therapeutic and prophylactic countermeasures against SSTI.
Collapse
|
37
|
Dancer SJ. Controlling hospital-acquired infection: focus on the role of the environment and new technologies for decontamination. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:665-90. [PMID: 25278571 PMCID: PMC4187643 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role of cleaning for managing hospital-acquired infections (HAI). Pathogens such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli, norovirus, and Clostridium difficile persist in the health care environment for days. Both detergent- and disinfectant-based cleaning can help control these pathogens, although difficulties with measuring cleanliness have compromised the quality of published evidence. Traditional cleaning methods are notoriously inefficient for decontamination, and new approaches have been proposed, including disinfectants, steam, automated dispersal systems, and antimicrobial surfaces. These methods are difficult to evaluate for cost-effectiveness because environmental data are not usually modeled against patient outcome. Recent studies have reported the value of physically removing soil using detergent, compared with more expensive (and toxic) disinfectants. Simple cleaning methods should be evaluated against nonmanual disinfection using standardized sampling and surveillance. Given worldwide concern over escalating antimicrobial resistance, it is clear that more studies on health care decontamination are required. Cleaning schedules should be adapted to reflect clinical risk, location, type of site, and hand touch frequency and should be evaluated for cost versus benefit for both routine and outbreak situations. Forthcoming evidence on the role of antimicrobial surfaces could supplement infection prevention strategies for health care environments, including those targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Dancer
- Department of Microbiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Microbiota in healthy skin and in atopic eczema. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:436921. [PMID: 25126558 PMCID: PMC4122000 DOI: 10.1155/2014/436921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Italian interest group (IG) on atopic eczema and urticaria is member of the Italian Society of Allergology and Immunology. The aim of our IG is to provide a platform for scientists, clinicians, and experts. In this review we discuss the role of skin microbiota not only in healthy skin but also in skin suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD). A Medline and Embase search was conducted for studies evaluating the role of skin microbiota. We examine microbiota composition and its development within days after birth; we describe the role of specific groups of microorganisms that colonize distinct anatomical niches and the biology and clinical relevance of antimicrobial peptides expressed in the skin. Specific AD disease states are characterized by concurrent and anticorrelated shifts in microbial diversity and proportion of Staphylococcus. These organisms may protect the host, defining them not as simple symbiotic microbes but rather as mutualistic microbes. These findings reveal links between microbial communities and inflammatory diseases such as AD and provide novel insights into global shifts of bacteria relevant to disease progression and treatment. This review also highlights recent observations on the importance of innate immune systems and the relationship with normal skin microflora for the maintenance of healthy skin.
Collapse
|
39
|
Biocide boosts bacterial binding. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/508434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|