1
|
Bu J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Zhuang J, Zhao J, Sun L, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:154-165. [PMID: 38490475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the Meibomian glands (MGs) that is recognized as the leading cause of evaporative dry eye worldwide. Despite its prevalence, however, the pathophysiology of MGD remains elusive, and effective disease management continues to be a challenge. In the past 50 years, different models have been developed to illustrate the pathophysiological nature of MGD and the underlying disease mechanisms. An understanding of these models is crucial if researchers are to select an appropriate model to address specific questions related to MGD and to develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the various models of MGD, discuss their applications and limitations, and provide perspectives for future studies in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingbin Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nidhi V, Sangwan J, Sood S, Mondal M, Sangwan B, Vohra M, Gour A, Mathur U, Sangwan VS, Acharya M, Tiwari A. Krupple-like factor 4 (KLF4) methylation signature in host cell in active viral keratitis with epithelial manifestation. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109771. [PMID: 38163580 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
HSV1 presents as epithelial or stromal keratitis or keratouveitis and can lead to sight-threatening complications. KLF4, a critical transcription factor, and regulator of cell growth and differentiation, is essential in corneal epithelium stratification and homeostasis. Here, we want to understand the epigenetic modification specifically the methylation status of KLF4 in epithelium samples of HSV1 keratitis patients. After obtaining consent, epithelial scrapes were collected from 7 patients with clinically diagnosed HSV1 keratitis and 7 control samples (patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy). Genomic DNA was isolated from the collected samples using the Qiagen DNeasy Kit. Subsequently, bisulfite modification was performed. The bisulphite-modified DNA was then subjected to PCR amplification using specific primers designed to target the KLF4, ACTB gene region, allowing for the amplification of methylated and unmethylated DNA sequences. The amplified DNA products were separated and visualized on a 3% agarose gel. KLF4 hypermethylation was found in 6 out of 7 (85.71%) eyes with viral keratitis, while 1 eye showed hypomethylation compared to PRK samples. Out of these 6, there were 2 each of epithelial dendritic keratitis, epithelial geographical keratitis, and neurotrophic keratitis. The patient with hypomethylated KLF4 had a recurrent case of HSV1 keratitis with multiple dendrites and associated vesicular lesions of the lip along with a history of fever. KLF4 hypermethylation in most viral keratitis cases indicated the under functioning of KLF4 and could indicate a potential association between KLF4 hypermethylation and the development or progression of HSV1 keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vatsala Nidhi
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Sangwan
- Eicher Shroff Center for Stem Cells Research (ES-CSCR), Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Sood
- Eicher Shroff Center for Stem Cells Research (ES-CSCR), Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Moumita Mondal
- Eicher Shroff Center for Stem Cells Research (ES-CSCR), Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharti Sangwan
- Shroff-Pandorum Centre for Ocular Regeneration (SP-CORE), Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehak Vohra
- Shroff-Pandorum Centre for Ocular Regeneration (SP-CORE), Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Abha Gour
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India; Eicher Shroff Center for Stem Cells Research (ES-CSCR), Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India; Shroff-Pandorum Centre for Ocular Regeneration (SP-CORE), Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Umang Mathur
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India; Eicher Shroff Center for Stem Cells Research (ES-CSCR), Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India; Shroff-Pandorum Centre for Ocular Regeneration (SP-CORE), Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Virender Singh Sangwan
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India; Eicher Shroff Center for Stem Cells Research (ES-CSCR), Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India; Shroff-Pandorum Centre for Ocular Regeneration (SP-CORE), Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Acharya
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Eicher Shroff Center for Stem Cells Research (ES-CSCR), Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India; Shroff-Pandorum Centre for Ocular Regeneration (SP-CORE), Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Volatier T, Cursiefen C, Notara M. Current Advances in Corneal Stromal Stem Cell Biology and Therapeutic Applications. Cells 2024; 13:163. [PMID: 38247854 PMCID: PMC10814767 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal stromal stem cells (CSSCs) are of particular interest in regenerative ophthalmology, offering a new therapeutic target for corneal injuries and diseases. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CSSCs, exploring their anatomy, functions, and role in maintaining corneal integrity. Molecular markers, wound healing mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications are discussed. Global corneal blindness, especially in more resource-limited regions, underscores the need for innovative solutions. Challenges posed by corneal defects, emphasizing the urgent need for advanced therapeutic interventions, are discussed. The review places a spotlight on exosome therapy as a potential therapy. CSSC-derived exosomes exhibit significant potential for modulating inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and addressing corneal transparency. Additionally, the rejuvenation potential of CSSCs through epigenetic reprogramming adds to the evolving regenerative landscape. The imperative for clinical trials and human studies to seamlessly integrate these strategies into practice is emphasized. This points towards a future where CSSC-based therapies, particularly leveraging exosomes, play a central role in diversifying ophthalmic regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volatier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Altshuler A, Amitai-Lange A, Nasser W, Dimri S, Bhattacharya S, Tiosano B, Barbara R, Aberdam D, Shimmura S, Shalom-Feuerstein R. Eyes open on stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2313-2327. [PMID: 38039972 PMCID: PMC10724227 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the murine cornea has reemerged as a robust stem cell (SC) model, allowing individual SC tracing in living animals. The cornea has pioneered seminal discoveries in SC biology and regenerative medicine, from the first corneal transplantation in 1905 to the identification of limbal SCs and their transplantation to successfully restore vision in the early 1990s. Recent experiments have exposed unexpected properties attributed to SCs and progenitors and revealed flexibility in the differentiation program and a key role for the SC niche. Here, we discuss the limbal SC model and its broader relevance to other tissues, disease, and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Altshuler
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Aya Amitai-Lange
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Waseem Nasser
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Shalini Dimri
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Swarnabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Beatrice Tiosano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Ramez Barbara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM U1138, Centre des Cordeliers, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Medical Innovation Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruby Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Genetics & Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine & Research Institute, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaur S, Sohnen P, Swamynathan S, Du Y, Espana EM, Swamynathan SK. Molecular nature of ocular surface barrier function, diseases that affect it, and its relevance for ocular drug delivery. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:3-13. [PMID: 37543173 PMCID: PMC10837323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the ocular surface, a continuous epithelial structure comprised of the cornea, the conjunctiva, and the ductal surface of the lacrimal as well as meibomian glands, is crucial for proper vision. The ocular surface barrier function (OSBF), sum of the different types of protective mechanisms that exist at the ocular surface, is essential to protect the rest of the eye from vision-threatening physical, chemical, and biological insults. OSBF helps maintain the immune privileged nature of the cornea and the aqueous humor by preventing entry of infectious agents, allergens, and noxious chemicals. Disruption of OSBF exposes the dense nerve endings of the cornea to these stimuli, resulting in discomfort and pain. This review summarizes the status of our knowledge related to the molecular nature of OSBF, describes the effect of different ocular surface disorders on OSBF, and examines the relevance of this knowledge for ocular drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Peri Sohnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Edgar M Espana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu Y, Li C, Shuai R, Huang Z, Chen F, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Chen J. Experimental study of the mechanism of induction of conjunctival goblet cell hyperexpression using CHIR-99021 in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 668:104-110. [PMID: 37245290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A component of the tear film, mucin is produced by conjunctival goblet cells and is crucial to preserving the tear film's stability. Severe thermal burns, chemical burns, and severe ocular surface diseases can cause extensive damage to the conjunctiva, destroy the secretory function of goblet cells, and affect the stability of the tear film and integrity of the ocular surface. Currently, the expansion efficiency of goblet cells in vitro is low. In this study, we observed that rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells exhibited dense colony morphology after stimulation with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator CHIR-99021 and promoted the differentiation of conjunctival goblet cells and the expression of its specific marker Muc5ac, among which the best induction effect was observed after 72 h in vitro culture with 5 μmol/L CHIR-99021. Under optimal culture conditions, CHIR-99021 increased the expression levels of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway factors Frzb, β-catenin, SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β and the levels of the Notch signaling pathway factors Notch1 and Krüppel-like factor 4 while decreasing the expression levels of Jagged-1 and Hes1. The expression level of ABCG2, a marker of epithelial stem cells, was raised to keep rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells from self-renewing. Our study showed that CHIR-99021 stimulation successfully activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and conjunctival goblet cell differentiation was stimulated, in which the Notch signaling pathway played a combined role. Those results provide a novel idea for the expansion of goblet cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ruixue Shuai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ziqing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Swamynathan SK, Swamynathan S. Corneal epithelial development and homeostasis. Differentiation 2023; 132:4-14. [PMID: 36870804 PMCID: PMC10363238 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium (CE), the most anterior cellular structure of the eye, is a self-renewing stratified squamous tissue that protects the rest of the eye from external elements. Each cell in this exquisite three-dimensional structure needs to have proper polarity and positional awareness for the CE to serve as a transparent, refractive, and protective tissue. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the molecular and cellular events involved in the embryonic development, post-natal maturation, and homeostasis of the CE, and how they are regulated by a well-coordinated network of transcription factors. This review summarizes the status of related knowledge and aims to provide insight into the pathophysiology of disorders caused by disruption of CE development, and/or homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Kaleidoscope of Keratin Gene Expression and the Mosaic of Its Regulatory Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065603. [PMID: 36982676 PMCID: PMC10052683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins are a family of intermediate filament-forming proteins highly specific to epithelial cells. A combination of expressed keratin genes is a defining property of the epithelium belonging to a certain type, organ/tissue, cell differentiation potential, and at normal or pathological conditions. In a variety of processes such as differentiation and maturation, as well as during acute or chronic injury and malignant transformation, keratin expression undergoes switching: an initial keratin profile changes accordingly to changed cell functions and location within a tissue as well as other parameters of cellular phenotype and physiology. Tight control of keratin expression implies the presence of complex regulatory landscapes within the keratin gene loci. Here, we highlight patterns of keratin expression in different biological conditions and summarize disparate data on mechanisms controlling keratin expression at the level of genomic regulatory elements, transcription factors (TFs), and chromatin spatial structure.
Collapse
|
9
|
Effect of Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) Treatment on Corneal Wound Healing in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113525. [PMID: 36362312 PMCID: PMC9659220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a corneal epithelial injury model in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and investigate the effectiveness of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) treatment on in vivo corneal epithelial regeneration and wound healing. Chemical injury to zebrafish cornea was produced by placing a small cotton swab containing 3% acetic acid solution. PDRN treatment was performed by immersing corneal-injured zebrafish in water containing PDRN (2 mg/mL) for 10 min at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injury (hpi). The level of corneal healing was evaluated by fluorescein staining, histological examination, transcriptional profiling, and immunoblotting techniques. Fluorescein staining results demonstrate that PDRN treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the wounded area of the zebrafish eye at 48 and 72 hpi, suggesting that PDRN may accelerate the corneal re-epithelialization. Histopathological evaluation revealed that injured corneal epithelial cells were re-organized at 72 hpi upon PDRN treatment with increased goblet cell density and size. Moreover, transcriptional analysis results demonstrate that PDRN treatment induced the mRNA expression of adora2ab (6.3-fold), pax6a (7.8-fold), pax6b (29.3-fold), klf4 (7.3-fold), and muc2.1 (5.0-fold) after the first treatment. Besides, tnf-α (2.0-fold) and heat-shock proteins (hsp70; 2.8-fold and hsp90ab1; 1.6-fold) have modulated the gene expression following the PDRN treatment. Immunoblotting results convincingly confirmed the modulation of Mmp-9, Hsp70, and Tnf-α expression levels upon PDRN treatment. Overall, our corneal injury model in zebrafish allows for understanding the morphological and molecular events of corneal epithelial healing, and ophthalmic responses for PDRN treatment following acid injury in zebrafish.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sunny SS, Lachova J, Dupacova N, Kozmik Z. Multiple roles of Pax6 in postnatal cornea development. Dev Biol 2022; 491:1-12. [PMID: 36049534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian corneal development is a multistep process, including formation of the corneal epithelium (CE), endothelium and stroma during embryogenesis, followed by postnatal stratification of the epithelial layers and continuous renewal of the epithelium to replace the outermost corneal cells. Here, we employed the Cre-loxP system to conditionally deplete Pax6 proteins in two domains of ocular cells, i.e., the ocular surface epithelium (cornea, limbus and conjunctiva) (OSE) or postnatal CE via K14-cre or Aldh3-cre, respectively. Earlier and broader inactivation of Pax6 in the OSE resulted in thickened OSE with CE and limbal cells adopting the conjunctival keratin expression pattern. More restricted depletion of Pax6 in postnatal CE resulted in an abnormal cornea marked by reduced epithelial thickness despite increased epithelial cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence studies revealed loss of intermediate filament Cytokeratin 12 and diffused expression of adherens junction components, together with reduced tight junction protein, Zonula occludens-1. Furthermore, the expression of Cytokeratin 14, a basal cell marker in apical layers, indicates impaired differentiation of CE cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Pax6 is essential for maintaining proper differentiation and strong intercellular adhesion in postnatal CE cells, whereas limbal Pax6 is required to prevent the outgrowth of conjunctival cells to the cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweetu Susan Sunny
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Lachova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Naoko Dupacova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Malovitski K, Sarig O, Assaf S, Mohamad J, Malki L, Bergson S, Peled A, Eskin-Schwartz M, Gat A, Pavlovsky M, Sprecher E. Loss-of-function variants in KLF4 underlie autosomal dominant palmoplantar keratoderma. Genet Med 2022; 24:1085-1095. [PMID: 35168889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) form a group of disorders characterized by thickening of palm and sole skin. Over the past 2 decades, many types of inherited PPKs have been found to result from abnormal expression, processing, or function of adhesion proteins. METHODS We used exome and direct sequencing to detect causative pathogenic variants. Functional analysis of these variants was conducted using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, immunoblotting, a promoter reporter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We identified 2 heterozygous variants (c.1226A>G and c.633_634dupGT) in KLF4 in 3 individuals from 2 different unrelated families affected by a dominant form of PPK. Immunofluorescence staining for a number of functional markers revealed reduced epidermal DSG1 expression in patients harboring heterozygous KLF4 variants. Accordingly, human keratinocytes either transfected with constructs expressing these variants or downregulated for KLF4 displayed reduced DSG1 expression, which in turn has previously been found to be associated with PPK. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed direct binding of KLF4 to the DSG1 promoter region. The ability of mutant KLF4 to transactivate the DSG1 promoter was significantly decreased when compared with wild-type KLF4. CONCLUSION Loss-of-function variants in KLF4 cause a novel form of dominant PPK and show its importance in the regulation of epidermal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiril Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Assaf
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Janan Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Malki
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shir Bergson
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Eskin-Schwartz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Genetic Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Andrea Gat
- Institute of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Latta L, Figueiredo FC, Ashery-Padan R, Collinson JM, Daniels J, Ferrari S, Szentmáry N, Solá S, Shalom-Feuerstein R, Lako M, Xapelli S, Aberdam D, Lagali N. Pathophysiology of aniridia-associated keratopathy: Developmental aspects and unanswered questions. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:245-266. [PMID: 34520870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aniridia, a rare congenital disease, is often characterized by a progressive, pronounced limbal insufficiency and ocular surface pathology termed aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK). Due to the characteristics of AAK and its bilateral nature, clinical management is challenging and complicated by the multiple coexisting ocular and systemic morbidities in aniridia. Although it is primarily assumed that AAK originates from a congenital limbal stem cell deficiency, in recent years AAK and its pathogenesis has been questioned in the light of new evidence and a refined understanding of ocular development and the biology of limbal stem cells (LSCs) and their niche. Here, by consolidating and comparing the latest clinical and preclinical evidence, we discuss key unanswered questions regarding ocular developmental aspects crucial to AAK. We also highlight hypotheses on the potential role of LSCs and the ocular surface microenvironment in AAK. The insights thus gained lead to a greater appreciation for the role of developmental and cellular processes in the emergence of AAK. They also highlight areas for future research to enable a deeper understanding of aniridia, and thereby the potential to develop new treatments for this rare but blinding ocular surface disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Latta
- Dr. Rolf. M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - F C Figueiredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - R Ashery-Padan
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - J M Collinson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - J Daniels
- Cells for Sight, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - S Ferrari
- The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - N Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf. M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - S Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Xapelli
- Instituto Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D Aberdam
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Team 17, France; Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - N Lagali
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hardcastle AJ, Liskova P, Bykhovskaya Y, McComish BJ, Davidson AE, Inglehearn CF, Li X, Choquet H, Habeeb M, Lucas SEM, Sahebjada S, Pontikos N, Lopez KER, Khawaja AP, Ali M, Dudakova L, Skalicka P, Van Dooren BTH, Geerards AJM, Haudum CW, Faro VL, Tenen A, Simcoe MJ, Patasova K, Yarrand D, Yin J, Siddiqui S, Rice A, Farraj LA, Chen YDI, Rahi JS, Krauss RM, Theusch E, Charlesworth JC, Szczotka-Flynn L, Toomes C, Meester-Smoor MA, Richardson AJ, Mitchell PA, Taylor KD, Melles RB, Aldave AJ, Mills RA, Cao K, Chan E, Daniell MD, Wang JJ, Rotter JI, Hewitt AW, MacGregor S, Klaver CCW, Ramdas WD, Craig JE, Iyengar SK, O'Brart D, Jorgenson E, Baird PN, Rabinowitz YS, Burdon KP, Hammond CJ, Tuft SJ, Hysi PG. A multi-ethnic genome-wide association study implicates collagen matrix integrity and cell differentiation pathways in keratoconus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:266. [PMID: 33649486 PMCID: PMC7921564 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus is characterised by reduced rigidity of the cornea with distortion and focal thinning that causes blurred vision, however, the pathogenetic mechanisms are unknown. It can lead to severe visual morbidity in children and young adults and is a common indication for corneal transplantation worldwide. Here we report the first large scale genome-wide association study of keratoconus including 4,669 cases and 116,547 controls. We have identified significant association with 36 genomic loci that, for the first time, implicate both dysregulation of corneal collagen matrix integrity and cell differentiation pathways as primary disease-causing mechanisms. The results also suggest pleiotropy, with some disease mechanisms shared with other corneal diseases, such as Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. The common variants associated with keratoconus explain 12.5% of the genetic variance, which shows potential for the future development of a diagnostic test to detect susceptibility to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Hardcastle
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Petra Liskova
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yelena Bykhovskaya
- The Cornea Eye Institute, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bennet J McComish
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Habeeb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sionne E M Lucas
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Srujana Sahebjada
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony P Khawaja
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manir Ali
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lubica Dudakova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bart T H Van Dooren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christoph W Haudum
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrinology Lab Platform, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Valeria Lo Faro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abi Tenen
- Vision Eye Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Stem Cell Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mark J Simcoe
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karina Patasova
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Darioush Yarrand
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jie Yin
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Salina Siddiqui
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Aine Rice
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Layal Abi Farraj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jac C Charlesworth
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Carmel Toomes
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea J Richardson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ronald B Melles
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- The Jules Stein Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Mills
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ke Cao
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elsie Chan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Daniell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Vision Eye Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Stem Cell Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David O'Brart
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- St Thomas Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Paul N Baird
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yaron S Rabinowitz
- The Cornea Eye Institute, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chris J Hammond
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- St Thomas Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Tuft
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tiwari A, Swamynathan S, Campbell G, Jhanji V, Swamynathan SK. BMP6 Regulates Corneal Epithelial Cell Stratification by Coordinating Their Proliferation and Differentiation and Is Upregulated in Pterygium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:46. [PMID: 32845956 PMCID: PMC7452852 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proper balance between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for corneal epithelial (CE) stratification and homeostasis. Although bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP6) is known to be expressed in the CE for over 25 years, its function in this tissue remains unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that BMP6 promotes CE cell stratification and homeostasis by regulating their proliferation and differentiation. Methods We employed postnatal day-12 (PN-12), PN-14, PN-20, and PN-90 mouse eyes; human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells; and ocular surface fibrovascular disease pterygium tissues to evaluate the role of BMP6 in CE proliferation, differentiation, and pathology by RT-qPCR, immunoblots, and/or immunofluorescent staining. Cell proliferation was quantified by immunostaining for Ki67. Results Coincident with the mouse CE stratification between PN-12 and PN-20, BMP6 was significantly upregulated and the BMP6 antagonist Noggin downregulated. Mature CE retained high BMP6 and low Noggin expression at PN-90. BMP6 and its receptors BMPR1A and BMPR2 were upregulated during in vitro stratification of HCLE cells. Consistent with its anti-proliferative role, exogenous BMP6 suppressed HCLE cell proliferation, downregulated cyclin-D1 and cyclin-D2, and upregulated cell-cycle inhibitors Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and p21. BMP6 also upregulated the desmosomal cadherins desmoplakin and desmoglein in HCLE cells, consistent with its pro-differentiation role. Human pterygium displayed significant upregulation of BMP6 coupled with downregulation of Noggin and cell-cycle suppressors KLF4 and p21. Conclusions BMP6 coordinates CE stratification and homeostasis by regulating their proliferation and differentiation. BMP6 is significantly upregulated in human pterygium concurrent with downregulation of Noggin, KLF4, and p21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Tiwari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gregory Campbell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Recent Discoveries on the Involvement of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in the Most Common Cancer Types. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228843. [PMID: 33266506 PMCID: PMC7700188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor highly conserved in evolution. It is particularly well known for its role in inducing pluripotent stem cells. In addition, KLF4 plays many roles in cancer. The results of most studies suggest that KLF4 is a tumor suppressor. However, the functioning of KLF4 is regulated at many levels. These include regulation of transcription, alternative splicing, miRNA, post-translational modifications, subcellular localization, protein stability and interactions with other molecules. Simple experiments aimed at assaying transcript levels or protein levels fail to address this complexity and thus may deliver misleading results. Tumor subtypes are also important; for example, in prostate cancer KLF4 is highly expressed in indolent tumors where it impedes tumor progression, while it is absent from aggressive prostate tumors. KLF4 is important in regulating response to many known drugs, and it also plays a role in tumor microenvironment. More and more information is available about upstream regulators, downstream targets and signaling pathways associated with the involvement of KLF4 in cancer. Furthermore, KLF4 performs critical function in the overall regulation of tissue homeostasis, cellular integrity, and progression towards malignancy. Here we summarize and analyze the latest findings concerning this fascinating transcription factor.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tiwari A, Swamynathan S, Jhanji V, Swamynathan SK. KLF4 Coordinates Corneal Epithelial Apical-Basal Polarity and Plane of Cell Division and Is Downregulated in Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:15. [PMID: 32396634 PMCID: PMC7409308 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previously, we demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promotes corneal epithelial (CE) homeostasis by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and TGF-β signaling. As TGF-β affects epithelial apicobasal polarity (ABP) and plane of division, we investigated the role of KLF4 in these processes. Methods Klf4 was ablated in adult ternary transgenic Klf4Δ/ΔCE (Klf4LoxP/LoxP/Krt12rtTA/rtTA/Tet-O-Cre) mouse CE using doxycycline chow. ABP and plane of division markers’ expression in Klf4Δ/ΔCE and human ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) tissues relative to controls was evaluated by quantitative PCR, immunoblots, and/or immunofluorescent staining. Results Klf4Δ/ΔCE CE cells displayed downregulation of apical Pals1 and Crumbs1, apicolateral Par3, and basolateral Scribble, as well as upregulation of Rho family GTPase Cdc42, suggesting disruption of ABP. Phalloidin staining revealed that the Klf4Δ/ΔCE CE actin cytoskeleton is disrupted. Klf4Δ/ΔCE cells favored vertical plane of division within 67.5° to 90° of the CE basement membrane (39% and 47% of the dividing cells relative to 23% and 26% in the control based on phospho-histone-H3 and survivin, respectively), resulting in more dividing cells within the Klf4Δ/ΔCE CE as reported previously. KLF4 was downregulated in human OSSN tissues that displayed EMT and downregulation of PAR3, PALS1, and SCRIB, consistent with a protective role for KLF4. Conclusions By demonstrating that Klf4 ablation affects CE expression of ABP markers and Cdc42, cytoskeletal actin organization, and the plane of cell division and that KLF4 is downregulated in OSSN tissues that display EMT and lack ABP, these results elucidate the key integrative role of KLF4 in coordinating CE cell polarity and plane of division, loss of which results in OSSN.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sunny SS, Lachova J, Dupacova N, Zitova A, Kozmik Z. Generation and characterization of Aldh3-Cre transgenic mice as a tool for conditional gene deletion in postnatal cornea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9083. [PMID: 32493941 PMCID: PMC7270111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene targeting in mice by means of Cre-loxP strategy represents a powerful approach to study mammalian gene function. This approach is however dependent on the availability of suitable strains of mice with a tissue or time restricted activity of the Cre recombinase. Here we describe Aldh3-Cre transgenic mice as a useful tool to conditionally delete genes in cornea, a specialized transparent tissue found on the anterior-most part of the eye, which acts as a protective barrier and contributes to the refractive power. Using a set of floxed alleles we demonstrate high Aldh3-Cre activity in corneal epithelial cells, corneal stroma and conjunctival epithelial cells at postnatal stages. Aldh3-Cre will thus be particularly beneficial for functional analysis of genes which are vital for postnatal development of cornea and conjunctiva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweetu Susan Sunny
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Lachova
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Naoko Dupacova
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zitova
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic. .,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wong HL, Poon SHL, Bu Y, Lo ACY, Jhanji V, Chan YK, Shih KC. A Systematic Review on Cornea Epithelial-Stromal Homeostasis. Ophthalmic Res 2020; 64:178-191. [PMID: 32474566 DOI: 10.1159/000509030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aims to summarise the role of different cells, genes, proteins and lipid in regulating cornea epithelial-stromal homeostasis. METHODS We performed an Entrez PubMed literature search using keywords "human," "cornea," "epithelial," "stromal," "homeostasis," "fibrosis response," and "pathogenesis" on 24th of September 2019, resulting in 35 papers, of which 18 were chosen after filtering for "English language" and "published within 10 years" as well as curation for relevance by the authors. RESULTS The 18 selected papers showed that corneal epithelial cells, fibroblasts and telocytes, together with genes such as Klf4, Pax6 and Id found in the cells, play important roles in achieving homeostasis to maintain corneal integrity and transparency. Proteins classified as pro-fibrotic ligands and anti-fibrotic ligands are responsible for regulating cornea stromal fibrosis and extracellular matrix deposition, thus regulators of scar formation during wound healing. Anti-inflammatory ligands and wound repairing ligands are critical in eliciting protective inflammation and promoting epithelial healing, respectively. Protein receptors located on cellular membrane play a role in maintaining intercellular connections as well as corneal hydration. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION These studies prompt development of novel therapeutic strategies such as tear drops or ointments that target certain proteins to maintain corneal homeostasis. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to prove the effectiveness of exogenous administration of molecules in improving healing outcome. Hence, future investigations of the molecular pathways highlighted in this review will reveal novel therapeutic tools such as gene or cell therapy to treat corneal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lam Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Hiu Ling Poon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yashan Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yau Kei Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun Q, Gong L, Qi R, Qing W, Zou M, Ke Q, Zhang L, Tang X, Nie Q, Yang Y, Hu A, Ding X, Lu L, Liu Y, Li DWC. Oxidative stress-induced KLF4 activates inflammatory response through IL17RA and its downstream targets in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:271-281. [PMID: 31881336 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Oxidative stress (OS), inflammation and genetics are considered the key pathogenic factors contributing to AMD development. Recent evidence shows the pro-inflammatory interleukin 17 (IL17) signaling is activated in AMD patients and promotes disease pathogenesis. However, the interplay between OS and IL17 signaling, and the regulatory mechanism of IL17 pathway are largely unknown. OS-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) damage causes both the initial pathogenesis of AMD and secondary degeneration of rods and cones. Healthy RPE is essential for ocular immune privilege, however, damaged RPE cells can activate inflammatory response. In the present study, we identified IL17RA, the principle receptor of IL17 signaling, is one of the most upregulated inflammatory genes in human RPE cells upon OS exposure. The prominent increase of IL17RA was also observed in RPE and retina of an AMD-like mouse model. Knockdown of IL17RA in RPE cells prevented OS-induced RPE cell apoptosis and reduced the inflammatory response in both RPE and macrophages. Furthermore, we found that transcription factor KLF4 directly activates IL17RA expression, therefore, promotes the production of IL1β and IL8 in an IL17RA-dependent manner. In addition, the mRNA level of KLF4 isoform 2 was positively correlated with that of IL17RA in AMD patients. Together, our study demonstrates an unrevealed relationship between IL17RA and OS, and a new regulatory mechanism of IL17RA by KLF4 in RPE cells. These findings suggest that inhibition of IL17RA as a new potential therapeutic target for AMD through RPE protection and inflammatory suppression upon OS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lili Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Ruili Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Wenjie Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ming Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiangcheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qian Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Andina Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Swamynathan SK, Wells A. Conjunctival goblet cells: Ocular surface functions, disorders that affect them, and the potential for their regeneration. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:19-26. [PMID: 31734511 PMCID: PMC7004882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs) are specialized cells that produce and secrete soluble mucins to the tear film that bathes the ocular surface. CGC numbers and functions are affected in various ocular surface diseases including dry eye disease with diverse etiologies. In this review we will (i) summarize the important functions of CGCs in ocular surface health, (ii) describe the ocular surface diseases that affect CGC numbers and function, (iii) provide an update on recent research outcomes that elucidate CGC differentiation, gene expression and functions, and (iv) present evidence in support of the prediction that restoring CGC numbers and/or functions is a viable strategy for alleviating ocular surface disorders that impact the CGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Alan Wells
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen YJ, Huang SM, Tai MC, Chen JT, Liang CM. Glucosamine impedes transforming growth factor β1-mediated corneal fibroblast differentiation by targeting Krüppel-like factor 4. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:72. [PMID: 31597574 PMCID: PMC6784344 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF) family members play important roles in the regulation of corneal integrity, and the pathogenesis of corneal fibrosis. Currently, there are no effective agents targeting TGF-β signaling to diminish corneal fibrosis. Glucosamine (GlcN), which is widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, abrogates the morphologic effects of TGF-β2 on retinal pigmented epithelial cells in a mouse disease model. Here, we sought to determine whether GlcN would exert beneficial effects against TGF-β1-induced corneal fibrosis. METHODS In human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) treated with GlcN, the expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and its downstream signaling effects were determined in the presence and absence of TGF-β1 using immunoblot analysis. We further explored GlcN inhibition of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation via KLF4 siRNA. The effect of cycloheximide on KLF4 protein levels with or without GlcN administration was assessed to determine whether GlcN affects the stability of the KLF4 protein. RESULTS In HCFs, GlcN induced the expression of KLF4, which regulated the maturation and maintenance of the ocular surface. GlcN partially suppressed the TGF-β1-induced expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and reduced the collagen contraction capacity in HCFs, suggesting a decrease in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. This effect appeared to be mediated through suppression of Smad2 phosphorylation and ERK-dependent signaling. The levels of KLF4 mRNA were increased by GlcN and decreased by TGF-β1 and the TGF-β1-induced α-SMA mRNA expression was upregulated when the KLF4 gene was silenced. GlcN also appeared to stabilize the KLF4 protein, reducing its turnover in corneal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These findings shed light on a novel mechanism by which GlcN suppresses TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation through the upregulation of KLF4 expression. Current strategies for treating corneal fibrosis were not effective. Elevating KLF4 levels through the use of GlcN might provide an effective alternative to alleviate the development and progression of corneal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Number 325, Section 2, Chang-gong Rd, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Cheng Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Number 325, Section 2, Chang-gong Rd, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Torng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Number 325, Section 2, Chang-gong Rd, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Number 325, Section 2, Chang-gong Rd, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fujimoto S, Hayashi R, Hara S, Sasamoto Y, Harrington J, Tsujikawa M, Nishida K. KLF4 prevents epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human corneal epithelial cells via endogenous TGF-β2 suppression. Regen Ther 2019; 11:249-257. [PMID: 31538102 PMCID: PMC6745437 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is considered one of the Yamanaka factors, and recently, we and others have shown that KLF4 is one of the transcription factors essential for reprogramming non-human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) into HCECs. Since epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) suppression is vital for homeostasis of HCECs via regulation of transcription factors, in this study, we aimed to investigate whether KLF4 prevents EMT in HCECs and to elucidate the underlying mechanism within the canonical TGF-β signalling pathway, which is involved in corneal epithelial wound healing. Methods HCECs were collected from cadaver donors and cultivated. We generated KLF4-knockdown (KD) HCECs using siRNA transfection and analysed morphology, gene or protein expression, and endogenous TGF-β secretion. KLF4 was overexpressed using lentiviral KLF4 expression vectors and underwent protein expression analyses after TGF-β2 treatment. Results KLF4-KD HCECs showed a fibroblastic morphology, downregulation of the epithelial markers, keratin 12 and keratin 14, and upregulation of the mesenchymal markers, fibronectin 1, vimentin, N-cadherin, and SLUG. Although E-cadherin expression remained unchanged in KLF4-KD HCECs, immunocytochemical analysis showed that E-cadherin–positive adherens junctions decreased in KLF4-KD HCECs as well as the decreased total protein levels of E-cadherin analysed by immunoblotting. Moreover, within the TGF-β canonical signalling pathway, TGF-β2 secretion by HCECs increased up to 5 folds, and several TGF-β–associated markers (TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFBR1, and TGFBR2) were significantly upregulated up to 6 folds in the KLF4-KD HCECs. SMAD2/3, the main signal transduction molecules of the TGF-β signalling pathway, were found to be localised in the nucleus of KLF4-KD HCECs. When KLF4 was overexpressed, cultivated HCECs showed upregulation of epithelial markers, keratin 14 and E-cadherin, indicating the contributory role of KLF4 in the homeostasis of human corneal epithelium in vivo. In addition, KLF4 overexpression in HCECs resulted in decreased SMAD2 phosphorylation and altered nuclear localisation of SMAD2/3, even after TGF-β2 treatment. Conclusions These results show that KLF4 prevents EMT in HCECs and suggest a novel role of KLF4 as an endogenous TGF-β2 suppressor in the human corneal epithelium, thus highlighting the potential of KLF4 to prevent EMT and subsequent corneal fibrotic scar formation by attenuating TGF-β signalling. KLF4 inhibited EMT within corneal epithelia. TGF-β expression of human corneal epithelial cells is regulated by KLF4. KLF4 prevented phosphorylation and nuclear localisation of SMAD2. KLF4 may be an important transcription factor in wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Hara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie Harrington
- Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
| | - Motokazu Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tiwari A, Swamynathan S, Alexander N, Gnalian J, Tian S, Kinchington PR, Swamynathan SK. KLF4 Regulates Corneal Epithelial Cell Cycle Progression by Suppressing Canonical TGF-β Signaling and Upregulating CDK Inhibitors P16 and P27. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:731-740. [PMID: 30786277 PMCID: PMC6383833 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promotes corneal epithelial (CE) cell fate while suppressing mesenchymal properties. TGF-β plays a crucial role in cell differentiation and development, and if dysregulated, it induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As KLF4 and TGF-β regulate each other in a context-dependent manner, we evaluated the role of the crosstalk between KLF4 and TGF-β-signaling in CE homeostasis. Methods We used spatiotemporally regulated ablation of Klf4 within the adult mouse CE in ternary transgenic Klf4Δ/ΔCE (Klf4LoxP/LoxP/ Krt12rtTA/rtTA/ Tet-O-Cre) mice and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown or lentiviral vector-mediated overexpression of KLF4 in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells to evaluate the crosstalk between KLF4 and TGF-β-signaling components. Expression of TGF-β signaling components and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors was quantified by quantitative PCR, immunoblots, and/or immunofluorescent staining. Results CE-specific ablation of Klf4 resulted in (1) upregulation of TGF-β1, -β2, -βR1, and -βR2; (2) downregulation of inhibitory Smad7; (3) hyperphosphorylation of Smad2/3; (4) elevated nuclear localization of phospho-Smad2/3 and Smad4; and (5) downregulation of CDK inhibitors p16 and p27. Consistently, shRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF4 in HCLE cells resulted in upregulation of TGF-β1 and -β2, hyperphosphorylation and nuclear localization of SMAD2/3, downregulation of SMAD7, and elevated SMAD4 nuclear localization. Furthermore, overexpression of KLF4 in HCLE cells resulted in downregulation of TGF-β1, -βR1, and -βR2 and upregulation of SMAD7, p16, and p27. Conclusions Collectively, these results demonstrate that KLF4 regulates CE cell cycle progression by suppressing canonical TGF-β signaling and overcomes the undesirable concomitant decrease in TGF-β–dependent CDK inhibitors p16 and p27 expression by directly upregulating them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Tiwari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nicholas Alexander
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - John Gnalian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shenghe Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ma J, Lwigale P. Transformation of the Transcriptomic Profile of Mouse Periocular Mesenchyme During Formation of the Embryonic Cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:661-676. [PMID: 30786278 PMCID: PMC6383728 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Defects in neural crest development are a major contributing factor in corneal dysgenesis, but little is known about the genetic landscape during corneal development. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed transcriptome profile and evaluate changes in gene expression during mouse corneal development. Methods RNA sequencing was used to uncover the transcriptomic profile of periocular mesenchyme (pNC) isolated at embryonic day (E) 10.5 and corneas isolated at E14.5 and E16.5. The spatiotemporal expression of several differentially expressed genes was validated by in situ hybridization. Results Analysis of the whole-transcriptome profile between pNC and embryonic corneas identified 3815 unique differentially expressed genes. Pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of differentially expressed genes involved in signal transduction (retinoic acid, transforming growth factor-β, and Wnt pathways) and transcriptional regulation. Conclusions Our analyses, for the first time, identify a large number of differentially expressed genes during progressive stages of mouse corneal development. Our data provide a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of the developing cornea. Combined, these data serve as a valuable resource for the identification of novel regulatory networks crucial for the advancement of studies in congenital defects, stem cell therapy, bioengineering, and adult corneal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ma
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Peter Lwigale
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Discovery of Transcription Factors Novel to Mouse Cerebellar Granule Cell Development Through Laser-Capture Microdissection. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:308-325. [PMID: 29307116 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Laser-capture microdissection was used to isolate external germinal layer tissue from three developmental periods of mouse cerebellar development: embryonic days 13, 15, and 18. The cerebellar granule cell-enriched mRNA library was generated with next-generation sequencing using the Helicos technology. Our objective was to discover transcriptional regulators that could be important for the development of cerebellar granule cells-the most numerous neuron in the central nervous system. Through differential expression analysis, we have identified 82 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) from a total of 1311 differentially expressed genes. In addition, with TF-binding sequence analysis, we have identified 46 TF candidates that could be key regulators responsible for the variation in the granule cell transcriptome between developmental stages. Altogether, we identified 125 potential TFs (82 from differential expression analysis, 46 from motif analysis with 3 overlaps in the two sets). From this gene set, 37 TFs are considered novel due to the lack of previous knowledge about their roles in cerebellar development. The results from transcriptome-wide analyses were validated with existing online databases, qRT-PCR, and in situ hybridization. This study provides an initial insight into the TFs of cerebellar granule cells that might be important for development and provide valuable information for further functional studies on these transcriptional regulators.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ocular mucins in dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107724. [PMID: 31325452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a common and multifactorial disease with a high prevalence worldwide. Water loss, reduced expression of glycocalyx mucins, and loss of goblet cells secreting gel-forming mucins are hallmarks of dry eye disease. Mucins are large and complex heavily glycosylated proteins. Their organization in the tear film remains unclear, but they play a key role to protect and maintain integrity of the ocular surface. Mice have been extremely valuable mammalian models with which to study ocular physiology and disease, and to evaluate eye therapies. Genetically modified mice and spontaneously occurring mutants with eye defects have proven to be powerful tools for the pharmaceutical industry, clinicians, and basic researchers investigating dry eye disease. However, ocular mucins remain relatively under-studied and inadequately characterized. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about mucin production at the ocular surface in healthy individuals and in dry eye disease, and to compile an overview of mouse models available for the study of mucins in dry eye disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang Y, Guan Y, Zhang T, Yuan C, Liu Y, Wang Z. Adult exposure to bisphenol A in rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus reduces sperm quality with disruption of testicular aquaporins. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:365-375. [PMID: 29149713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupter which has adverse effects on male reproduction. Aquaporins (AQPs), well known water-selective channels, play important roles in spermatogenesis and sperm functions. However, whether AQPs participate in the process that BPA induces abnormal sperms has not been investigated to date. In the present study, adult male rare minnows Gobiocypris rarus were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations BPA (15 and 225 μg/L) for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Results showed that BPA exposure disrupted sperm motility, increased the percentage of abnormal sperm cells, and decreased sperm tolerance to hypotonic solution and sperm fertilization capacity. Meanwhile, protein levels of AQPs were up-regulated, and their distribution in the testis was abnormal following BPA exposure. The following chromatin immune coprecipitation showed that BPA could regulate aqp3 and 8 expression through the ERE in their 5'-flanking region. The present study demonstrated that BPA could decrease the sperm quality in rare minnow, and AQP3 and 8 might play significant roles in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yongjing Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Loughner CL, Tiwari A, Kenchegowda D, Swamynathan S, Swamynathan SK. Spatiotemporally Controlled Ablation of Klf5 Results in Dysregulated Epithelial Homeostasis in Adult Mouse Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:4683-4693. [PMID: 28910443 PMCID: PMC5598321 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal epithelial (CE) homeostasis requires coordination between proliferation and differentiation. Here we examine the role of cell proliferation regulator Krüppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) in adult mouse CE homeostasis. Methods Klf5 was ablated in a spatiotemporally restricted manner by inducing Cre expression in 8-week-old ternary transgenic Klf5LoxP/LoxP/Krt12rtTA/rtTA/Tet-O-Cre (Klf5Δ/ΔCE) mouse CE by administering doxycycline via chow. Normal chow-fed ternary transgenic siblings served as controls. The control and Klf5Δ/ΔCE corneal (1) histology, (2) cell proliferation, and (3) Klf5-target gene expression were examined using (1) periodic acid Schiff reagent-stained sections, (2) Ki67 expression, and (3) quantitative PCR and immunostaining, respectively. The effect of KLF4, KLF5, and OCT1 on gastrokine-1 (GKN1) promoter activity was determined by transient transfection in human skin keratinocyte NCTC-2544 cells. Results Klf5 expression was decreased to 23% of the controls in Klf5Δ/ΔCE corneas, which displayed increased fluorescein uptake, downregulation of tight junction proteins Tjp1 and Gkn1, desmosomal Dsg1a, and basement membrane Lama3 and Lamb1, suggesting defective permeability barrier. In transient transfection assays, KLF5 and OCT1 synergistically stimulated GKN1 promoter activity. Klf5Δ/ΔCE CE displayed significantly fewer cell layers and Ki67+ proliferative cells coupled with significantly decreased cyclin-D1, and elevated phospho(Ser-10) p27/Kip1 expression. Expression of Krt12, E-cadherin, and β-catenin remained unaltered in Klf5Δ/ΔCE corneas. Conclusions Klf5 contributes to adult mouse CE homeostasis by promoting (1) permeability barrier function through upregulation of Tjp1, Gkn1, Dsg1a, Lama3, and Lamb1, and (2) basal cell proliferation through upregulation of cyclin-D1 and suppression of phospho(Ser-10) p27/Kip1, without significantly affecting the expression of epithelial markers Krt12, E-cadherin, and β-catenin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Loughner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Doreswamy Kenchegowda
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Klein RH, Hu W, Kashgari G, Lin Z, Nguyen T, Doan M, Andersen B. Characterization of enhancers and the role of the transcription factor KLF7 in regulating corneal epithelial differentiation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18937-18950. [PMID: 28916725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During tissue development, transcription factors bind regulatory DNA regions called enhancers, often located at great distances from the genes they regulate, to control gene expression. The enhancer landscape during embryonic stem cell differentiation has been well characterized. By contrast, little is known about the shared and unique enhancer regulatory mechanisms in different ectodermally derived epithelial cells. Here we use ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify domains enriched for the histone marks histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation, histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation, and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K4me3, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac) and define, for the first time, the super enhancers and typical enhancers active in primary human corneal epithelial cells. We show that regulatory regions are often shared between cell types of the ectodermal lineage and that corneal epithelial super enhancers are already marked as potential regulatory domains in embryonic stem cells. Kruppel-like factor (KLF) motifs were enriched in corneal epithelial enhancers, consistent with the important roles of KLF4 and KLF5 in promoting corneal epithelial differentiation. We now show that the Kruppel family member KLF7 promotes the corneal progenitor cell state; on many genes, KLF7 antagonized the corneal differentiation-promoting KLF4. Furthermore, we found that two SNPs linked previously to corneal diseases, astigmatism, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome fall within corneal epithelial enhancers and alter their activity by disrupting transcription factor motifs that overlap these SNPs. Taken together, our work defines regulatory enhancers in corneal epithelial cells, highlights global gene-regulatory relationships shared among different epithelial cells, identifies a role for KLF7 as a KLF4 antagonist in corneal epithelial cell differentiation, and explains how two SNPs may contribute to corneal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Herndon Klein
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - William Hu
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | | | - Ziguang Lin
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | - Tuyen Nguyen
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Michael Doan
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | - Bogi Andersen
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and .,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jiang Y, Han K, Cai M, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Characterization and Spatiotemporal Expression of Klf4 in Large Yellow Croaker Larimichthys crocea. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:655-671. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Ltd., Ningde, China
| | - Kunhuang Han
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Ltd., Ningde, China
| | - Mingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Ltd., Ningde, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Ltd., Ningde, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tiwari A, Loughner CL, Swamynathan S, Swamynathan SK. KLF4 Plays an Essential Role in Corneal Epithelial Homeostasis by Promoting Epithelial Cell Fate and Suppressing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2785-2795. [PMID: 28549095 PMCID: PMC5455171 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that KLF4 promotes corneal epithelial (CE) cell fate by suppressing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), using spatiotemporally regulated CE-specific ablation of Klf4 in Klf4Δ/ΔCE (Klf4LoxP/LoxP/Krt12rtTA/rtTA/Tet-O-Cre) mice. Methods CE-specific ablation of Klf4 was achieved by feeding Klf4Δ/ΔCE mice with doxycycline chow. The wild-type (WT; normal chow-fed littermates) and the Klf4Δ/ΔCE histology was compared by hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections; EMT marker expression was quantified by quantitative PCR, immunoblots, and immunofluorescent staining; and wound healing rate was measured by CE debridement using Algerbrush. KLF4 and EMT markers were quantified in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells undergoing TGF-β1–induced EMT by quantitative PCR, immunoblots, and immunofluorescent staining. Results The epithelial markers E-cadherin, Krt12, claudin-3, and claudin-4 were down-regulated, whereas the mesenchymal markers vimentin, β-catenin, survivin, and cyclin-D1 and the EMT transcription factors Snail, Slug, Twist1, Twist2, Zeb1, and Zeb2 were up-regulated in the Klf4Δ/ΔCE corneas. The Klf4Δ/ΔCE cells migrated faster, filling 93% of the debrided area within 16 hours compared with 61% in the WT. After 7 days of wounding, the Klf4Δ/ΔCE cells that filled the gap failed to regain epithelial characteristics, as they displayed abnormal stratification; down-regulation of E-cadherin and Krt12; up-regulation of β-catenin, survivin, and cyclin-D1; and a 2.5-fold increase in the number of proliferative Ki67+ cells. WT CE cells at the migrating edge and the HCLE cells undergoing TGF-β1–induced EMT displayed significant down-regulation of KLF4. Conclusions Collectively, these results reveal that KLF4 plays an essential role in CE homeostasis by promoting epithelial cell fate and suppressing EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Tiwari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chelsea L Loughner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Genome-wide analysis suggests a differential microRNA signature associated with normal and diabetic human corneal limbus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3448. [PMID: 28615632 PMCID: PMC5471258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs, in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), regulate fine-tuning of gene expression and can impact a wide range of biological processes. However, their roles in normal and diseased limbal epithelial stem cells (LESC) remain unknown. Using deep sequencing analysis, we investigated miRNA expression profiles in central and limbal regions of normal and diabetic human corneas. We identified differentially expressed miRNAs in limbus vs. central cornea in normal and diabetic (DM) corneas including both type 1 (T1DM/IDDM) and type 2 (T2DM/NIDDM) diabetes. Some miRNAs such as miR-10b that was upregulated in limbus vs. central cornea and in diabetic vs. normal limbus also showed significant increase in T1DM vs. T2DM limbus. Overexpression of miR-10b increased Ki-67 staining in human organ-cultured corneas and proliferation rate in cultured corneal epithelial cells. MiR-10b transfected human organ-cultured corneas showed downregulation of PAX6 and DKK1 and upregulation of keratin 17 protein expression levels. In summary, we report for the first time differential miRNA signatures of T1DM and T2DM corneal limbus harboring LESC and show that miR-10b could be involved in the LESC maintenance and/or their early differentiation. Furthermore, miR-10b upregulation may be an important mechanism of corneal diabetic alterations especially in the T1DM patients.
Collapse
|
33
|
Yoshihara M, Sasamoto Y, Hayashi R, Ishikawa Y, Tsujikawa M, Hayashizaki Y, Itoh M, Kawaji H, Nishida K. High-resolution promoter map of human limbal epithelial cells cultured with keratinocyte growth factor and rho kinase inhibitor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2845. [PMID: 28588247 PMCID: PMC5460231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro model of corneal epithelial cells (CECs) has been developed to study and treat corneal disorders. Nevertheless, conventional CEC culture supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in a loss of CEC characteristics. It has recently been reported that limbal epithelial cells (LECs) cultured with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and the rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 could maintain the expression of several CEC-specific markers. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of culture media on LECs remains to be elucidated. To elucidate this mechanism, we performed comprehensive gene expression analysis of human LECs cultured with EGF or KGF/Y-27632, by cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE). Here, we found that LECs cultured with KGF and Y-27632 presented a gene expression profile highly similar to that of CECs in vivo. In contrast, LECs cultured with EGF lost the characteristic CEC gene expression profile. We further discovered that CEC-specific PAX6 promoters are highly activated in LECs cultured with KGF and Y-27632. Our results provide strong evidence that LECs cultured with KGF and Y-27632 would be an improved in vitro model in the context of gene expression. These findings will accelerate basic studies of CECs and clinical applications in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motokazu Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayoshi Itoh
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. .,RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wako, Saitama, Japan. .,Preventive Medicine and Applied Genomics Unit, RIKEN Advanced Center for Computing and Communication, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ghaleb AM, Yang VW. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4): What we currently know. Gene 2017; 611:27-37. [PMID: 28237823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger-containing transcription factor that regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Since its discovery in 1996, KLF4 has been gaining a lot of attention, particularly after it was shown in 2006 as one of four factors involved in the induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we review the current knowledge about the different functions and roles of KLF4 in various tissue and organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Ghaleb
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kitazawa K, Hikichi T, Nakamura T, Mitsunaga K, Tanaka A, Nakamura M, Yamakawa T, Furukawa S, Takasaka M, Goshima N, Watanabe A, Okita K, Kawasaki S, Ueno M, Kinoshita S, Masui S. OVOL2 Maintains the Transcriptional Program of Human Corneal Epithelium by Suppressing Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1359-68. [PMID: 27134177 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In development, embryonic ectoderm differentiates into neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm using poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we show that the transcription factor OVOL2 maintains the transcriptional program of human corneal epithelium cells (CECs), a derivative of the surface ectoderm, and that OVOL2 may regulate the differential transcriptional programs of the two lineages. A functional screen identified OVOL2 as a repressor of mesenchymal genes to maintain CECs. Transduction of OVOL2 with several other transcription factors induced the transcriptional program of CECs in fibroblasts. Moreover, neuroectoderm derivatives were found to express mesenchymal genes, and OVOL2 alone could induce the transcriptional program of CECs in neural progenitors by repressing these genes while activating epithelial genes. Our data suggest that the difference between the transcriptional programs of some neuroectoderm- and surface ectoderm-derivative cells may be regulated in part by a reciprocally repressive mechanism between epithelial and mesenchymal genes, as seen in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kitazawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan; Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan; CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takafusa Hikichi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan; Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Kanae Mitsunaga
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Azusa Tanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakamura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamakawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shiori Furukawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mieko Takasaka
- JBIC Research Institute, Japan Biological Informatics Consortium, TIME24 Building 10F 2-4-32 Aomi Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8073, Japan
| | - Naoki Goshima
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Waterfront Bio-IT Research Building, 2-4-7 Aomi Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan; Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Hirokoji-agaru Kawaramachi-dori Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
| | - Shinji Masui
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gipson IK. Goblet cells of the conjunctiva: A review of recent findings. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:49-63. [PMID: 27091323 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells within the conjunctival epithelium are specialized cells that secrete mucins onto the surface of the eye. Recent research has demonstrated new characteristics of the cells, including factors influencing their differentiation, their gene products and their functions at the ocular surface. The following review summarizes the newly discovered aspects of the role of Spdef, a member of the Ets transcription factor family in conjunctival goblet cell differentiation, the newly discovered goblet cell products including claudin2, the Wnt inhibitor Frzb, and the transmembrane mucin Muc16. The current concepts of conjunctival goblet cell function, including debris removal and immune surveillance are reviewed, as are changes in the goblet cell population in ocular surface diseases. Major remaining questions regarding conjunctival cell biology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilene K Gipson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Farrugia MK, Vanderbilt DB, Salkeni MA, Ruppert JM. Kruppel-like Pluripotency Factors as Modulators of Cancer Cell Therapeutic Responses. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1677-82. [PMID: 26964625 PMCID: PMC4873413 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells inherit from their normal precursors an extensive stress response machinery that is critical for survival in response to challenges including oxidative stress, wounding, and shear stress. Kruppel-like transcription factors, including KLF4 and KLF5, are rarely affected by genetic alteration during tumorigenesis, but compose key components of the stress response machinery in normal and tumor cells and interact with critical survival pathways, including RAS, p53, survivin, and the BCL2 family of cell death regulators. Within tumor cells, KLF4 and KLF5 play key roles in tumor cell fate, regulating cell proliferation, cell survival, and the tumor-initiating properties of cancer stem-like cells. These factors can be preferentially expressed in embryonic stem cells or cancer stem-like cells. Indeed, specific KLFs represent key components of a cross-regulating pluripotency network in embryonic stem cells and induce pluripotency when coexpressed in adult cells with other Yamanaka factors. Suggesting analogies between this pluripotency network and the cancer cell adaptive reprogramming that occurs in response to targeted therapy, recent studies link KLF4 and KLF5 to adaptive prosurvival signaling responses induced by HER2-targeted therapy. We review literature supporting KLFs as shared mechanisms in stress adaptation and cellular reprogramming and address the therapeutic implications. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1677-82. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Farrugia
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Daniel B Vanderbilt
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mohamad A Salkeni
- The West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J Michael Ruppert
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. The West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Swamynathan S, Delp EE, Harvey SAK, Loughner CL, Raju L, Swamynathan SK. Corneal Expression of SLURP-1 by Age, Sex, Genetic Strain, and Ocular Surface Health. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7888-96. [PMID: 26670825 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although secreted Ly6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-related protein-1 (Slurp1) transcript is highly abundant in the mouse cornea, corresponding protein expression remains uncharacterized. Also, SLURP1 was undetected in previous tear proteomics studies, resulting in ambiguity about its baseline levels. Here, we examine mouse corneal Slurp1 expression in different sexes, age groups, strains, and health conditions, and quantify SLURP1 in human tears from healthy or inflamed ocular surfaces. METHODS Expression of Slurp1 in embryonic day-13 (E13), E16, postnatal day-1 (PN1), PN10, PN20, and PN70 Balb/C, FVBN, C57Bl/6, and DBA/2J mouse corneas, Klf4Δ/ΔCE corneas with corneal epithelial-specific ablation of Klf4, migrating cells in wild-type corneal epithelial wound edge, and in corneas exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) poly(I:C), zymosan-A, or Pam3Csk4 was examined by QPCR, immunoblots, and immunofluorescent staining. Human SLURP1 levels were quantified by ELISA in tears from 34 men and women aged 18 to 80 years. RESULTS Expression of Slurp1, comparable in different strains and sexes, was low in E13, E16, PN1, and PN10 mouse corneas, and increased rapidly after eyelid opening in a Klf4-dependent manner. We found Slurp1 was downregulated in corneas exposed to PAMPs, and in migrating cells at the wound edge. Human SLURP1 expression, comparable in different sexes and age groups, was significantly decreased in tears from inflamed ocular surfaces (0.34%) than those from healthy individuals (0.77%). CONCLUSIONS These data describe the influence of age, sex, genetic background, and ocular surface health on mouse corneal expression of Slurp1, establish the baseline for human tear SLURP1 expression, and identify SLURP1 as a useful diagnostic and/or therapeutic target for inflammatory ocular surface disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emili E Delp
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Stephen A K Harvey
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chelsea L Loughner
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Leela Raju
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3Department of Cell Biology, Un
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4) Is Not Required for Retinal Cell Differentiation. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0117-15. [PMID: 27022622 PMCID: PMC4770008 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0117-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During early vertebrate eye development, a regulatory network of transcription factors regulates retinal cell differentiation and survival into adulthood. Among those factors, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) plays the dual role of maintaining the stem cell status of retinal progenitors cells and repressing the intrinsic axon regeneration ability in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after injury. This study further investigated whether KLF4 plays a role in early retinal cell differentiation or survival into adulthood. We examined different types of retinal neurons, including RGCs, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, Müller cells, and photoreceptor cells, in adult mice in which KLF4 was conditionally deleted in early retinal development using Chx10-promoted Cre by immunohistochemistry. We compared the numbers of retinal neurons and the thickness of photoreceptor and nerve fiber layers between Chx10–Cre-driven KLF4 deletion mice and wild-type mice. There was no significant difference in cell number among any of the retinal cell types or in photoreceptor layer thickness with KLF4 deletion during early development. The thickness of axon bundles in the nerve fiber layer in the Chx10 conditional KLF4 knock-out mice was greater than that in wild-type mice. These results suggest that KLF4 is not required for retinal cell differentiation or survival, but does normally limit retinal ganglion cell axon bundle thickness. These data support a hypothesis that KLF4 suppresses axon growth during development.
Collapse
|
40
|
Vöcking O, Kourtesis I, Hausen H. Posterior eyespots in larval chitons have a molecular identity similar to anterior cerebral eyes in other bilaterians. EvoDevo 2015; 6:40. [PMID: 26702352 PMCID: PMC4689004 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of cerebral eyes is generally based on fine-tuned networks and closely intertwined with the formation of brain and head. Consistently and best studied in insects and vertebrates, many signaling pathways relaying the activity of eye developmental factors to positional information in the head region are characterized. Though known from several organisms, photoreceptors developing outside the head region are much less studied and the course of their development, relation to cerebral eyes and evolutionary origin is in most cases unknown. To explore how position influences development of otherwise similar photoreceptors, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of photoreceptors we discovered at the very anterior, the posttrochal mid-body and posterior body region of larval Leptochiton asellus, a representative of the chiton subgroup of mollusks. Results Irrespective of their position, all found photoreceptors exhibit a molecular signature highly similar to cerebral eye photoreceptors of related animals. All photoreceptors employ the same subtype of visual pigments (r-opsin), and the same key elements for phototransduction such as GNAq, trpC and arrestin and intracellular r-opsin transport such as rip11 and myosinV as described from other protostome cerebral eyes. Several transcription factors commonly involved in cerebral eye and brain development such as six1/2, eya, dachshund, lhx2/9 and prox are also expressed by all found photoreceptor cells, only pax6 being restricted to the anterior most cells. Coexpression of pax6 and MITF in photoreceptor-associated shielding pigment cells present at the mid-body position matches the common situation in cerebral eye retinal pigment epithelium specification and differentiation. Notably, all photoreceptors, even the posterior ones, further express clear anterior markers such as foxq2, irx, otx, and six3/6 (only the latter absent in the most posterior photoreceptors), which play important roles in the early patterning of the anterior neurogenic area throughout the animal kingdom. Conclusions Our data suggest that anterior eyes with brain-associated development can indeed be subject to heterotopic replication to developmentally distinct and even posterior body regions. Retention of the transcriptional activity of a broad set of eye developmental factors and common anterior markers suggests a mode of eye development induction, which is largely independent of body regionalization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0036-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Vöcking
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway ; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ioannis Kourtesis
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Harald Hausen
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Delp EE, Swamynathan S, Kao WW, Swamynathan SK. Spatiotemporally Regulated Ablation of Klf4 in Adult Mouse Corneal Epithelial Cells Results in Altered Epithelial Cell Identity and Disrupted Homeostasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3549-58. [PMID: 26047041 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In previous studies, conditional disruption of Klf4 in the developing mouse ocular surface from embryonic day 10 resulted in corneal epithelial fragility, stromal edema, and loss of conjunctival goblet cells, revealing the importance of Klf4 in ocular surface maturation. Here, we use spatiotemporally regulated ablation of Klf4 to investigate its functions in maintenance of adult corneal epithelial homeostasis. METHODS Expression of Cre was induced in ternary transgenic (Klf4(LoxP/LoxP)/Krt12(rtTA/rtTA)/Tet-O-Cre) mouse corneal epithelium by doxycycline administered through intraperitoneal injections and drinking water, to generate corneal epithelium-specific deletion of Klf4 (Klf4(Δ/ΔCE)). Corneal epithelial barrier function was tested by fluorescein staining. Expression of selected Klf4-target genes was determined by quantitative PCR (QPCR), immunoblotting, and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Klf4 was efficiently ablated within 5 days of doxycycline administration in adult Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelium. The Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelial barrier function was disrupted, and the basal cells were swollen and rounded after 15 days of doxycycline treatment. Increased numbers of cell layers and Ki67-positive proliferating cells suggested deregulated Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelial homeostasis. Expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, desmosomal Dsg and Dsp, basement membrane laminin-332, and corneal epithelial-specific keratin-12 was decreased, while that of matrix metalloproteinase Mmp9 and noncorneal keratin-17 increased, suggesting altered Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelial cell identity. CONCLUSIONS Ablation of Klf4 in the adult mouse corneas resulted in the absence of characteristic corneal epithelial cell differentiation, disrupted barrier function, and squamous metaplasia, revealing that Klf4 is essential for maintenance of the adult corneal epithelial cell identity and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emili E Delp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Winston W Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Cell Biology, U
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang P, Ha T, Larouche M, Swanson D, Goldowitz D. Kruppel-Like Factor 4 Regulates Granule Cell Pax6 Expression and Cell Proliferation in Early Cerebellar Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134390. [PMID: 26226504 PMCID: PMC4520560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) is a transcription factor that regulates many important cellular processes in stem cell biology, cancer, and development. We used histological and molecular methods to study the expression of Klf4 in embryonic development of the normal and Klf4 knockout cerebellum. We find that Klf4 is expressed strongly in early granule cell progenitor development but tails-off considerably by the end of embryonic development. Klf4 is also co-expressed with Pax6 in these cells. In the Klf4-null mouse, which is perinatal lethal, Klf4 positively regulates Pax6 expression and regulates the proliferation of neuronal progenitors in the rhombic lip, external granular layer and the neuroepithelium. This paper is the first to describe a role for Klf4 in the cerebellum and provides insight into this gene’s function in neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Thomas Ha
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Matt Larouche
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Dan Goldowitz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
McCauley HA, Guasch G. Three cheers for the goblet cell: maintaining homeostasis in mucosal epithelia. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:492-503. [PMID: 26144290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many organs throughout the body maintain epithelial homeostasis by employing a mucosal barrier which acts as a lubricant and helps to preserve a near-sterile epithelium. Goblet cells are largely responsible for secreting components of this mucosal barrier and represent a major cellular component of the innate defense system. In this review we summarize what is known about the signaling pathways that control goblet cell differentiation in the intestine, the lung, and the ocular surface, and we discuss a novel functional role for goblet cells in mucosal epithelial immunology. We highlight the cell type-specificity of the circuitry regulating goblet cell differentiation and shed light on how changes to these pathways lead to altered goblet cell function, a prominent feature of mucosa-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, UM 105, 13009, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
He H, Li S, Hong Y, Zou H, Chen H, Ding F, Wan Y, Liu Z. Krüppel-like Factor 4 Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Differentiation by Up-regulating Keratin 13 Expression. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13567-77. [PMID: 25851906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell differentiation requires the coordinated activation and repression of genes specific to the differentiation process; disruption of this program accompanies malignant transformation of epithelium. The exploration of genes that control epidermal proliferation and terminal differentiation is vital to better understand esophageal carcinogenesis. KLF4 is a member of the KLF family of transcription factors and is involved in both cellular proliferation and differentiation. This study using immunohistochemistry analysis of KLF4 in clinical specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) demonstrated that decreased KLF4 was substantially associated with poor differentiation. Moreover, we determined that both KLF4 and KRT13 levels were undoubtedly augmented upon sodium butyrate-induced ESCC differentiation and G1 phase arrest. Conversely, silencing of KLF4 and KRT13 abrogated the inhibition of G1-S transition induced by sodium butyrate. Molecular investigation demonstrated that KLF4 transcriptionally regulated KRT13 and the expression of the two molecules appreciably correlated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Collectively, these results suggest that KLF4 transcriptionally regulates KRT13 and is invovled in ESCC cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Sheng Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Yuan Hong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Haojing Zou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Hongyan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Fang Ding
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| | - Yong Wan
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhihua Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China and
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Farrugia MK, Sharma SB, Lin CC, McLaughlin SL, Vanderbilt DB, Ammer AG, Salkeni MA, Stoilov P, Agazie YM, Creighton CJ, Ruppert JM. Regulation of anti-apoptotic signaling by Kruppel-like factors 4 and 5 mediates lapatinib resistance in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1699. [PMID: 25789974 PMCID: PMC4385942 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Kruppel-like transcription factors (KLFs) 4 and 5 (KLF4/5) are coexpressed in mouse embryonic stem cells, where they function redundantly to maintain pluripotency. In mammary carcinoma, KLF4/5 can each impact the malignant phenotype, but potential linkages to drug resistance remain unclear. In primary human breast cancers, we observed a positive correlation between KLF4/5 transcript abundance, particularly in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched subtype. Furthermore, KLF4/5 protein was rapidly upregulated in human breast cancer cells following treatment with the HER2/epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, lapatinib. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between these factors in the primary tumors of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). In particular, the levels of both factors were enriched in the basal-like tumors of the C3(1) TAg (SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice under control of the C3(1)/prostatein promoter) GEMM. Using tumor cells derived from this model as well as human breast cancer cells, suppression of KLF4 and/or KLF5 sensitized HER2-overexpressing cells to lapatinib. Indicating cooperativity, greater effects were observed when both genes were depleted. KLF4/5-deficient cells had reduced basal mRNA and protein levels of the anti-apoptotic factors myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL). Moreover, MCL1 was upregulated by lapatinib in a KLF4/5-dependent manner, and enforced expression of MCL1 in KLF4/5-deficient cells restored drug resistance. In addition, combined suppression of KLF4/5 in cultured tumor cells additively inhibited anchorage-independent growth, resistance to anoikis and tumor formation in immunocompromised mice. Consistent with their cooperative role in drug resistance and other malignant properties, KLF4/5 levels selectively stratified human HER2-enriched breast cancer by distant metastasis-free survival. These results identify KLF4 and KLF5 as cooperating protumorigenic factors and critical participants in resistance to lapatinib, furthering the rationale for combining anti-MCL1/BCL-XL inhibitors with conventional HER2-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Farrugia
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - S B Sharma
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - C-C Lin
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - S L McLaughlin
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - D B Vanderbilt
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - A G Ammer
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - M A Salkeni
- 1] The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - P Stoilov
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [3] The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Y M Agazie
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [3] The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - C J Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J M Ruppert
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [3] The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Takamiya M, Weger BD, Schindler S, Beil T, Yang L, Armant O, Ferg M, Schlunck G, Reinhard T, Dickmeis T, Rastegar S, Strähle U. Molecular description of eye defects in the zebrafish Pax6b mutant, sunrise, reveals a Pax6b-dependent genetic network in the developing anterior chamber. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117645. [PMID: 25692557 PMCID: PMC4334901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a central component of the camera eye of vertebrates and even slight corneal disturbances severely affect vision. The transcription factor PAX6 is required for normal eye development, namely the proper separation of the lens from the developing cornea and the formation of the iris and anterior chamber. Human PAX6 mutations are associated with severe ocular disorders such as aniridia, Peters anomaly and chronic limbal stem cell insufficiency. To develop the zebrafish as a model for corneal disease, we first performed transcriptome and in situ expression analysis to identify marker genes to characterise the cornea in normal and pathological conditions. We show that, at 7 days post fertilisation (dpf), the zebrafish cornea expresses the majority of marker genes (67/84 tested genes) found also expressed in the cornea of juvenile and adult stages. We also characterised homozygous pax6b mutants. Mutant embryos have a thick cornea, iris hypoplasia, a shallow anterior chamber and a small lens. Ultrastructure analysis revealed a disrupted corneal endothelium. pax6b mutants show loss of corneal epithelial gene expression including regulatory genes (sox3, tfap2a, foxc1a and pitx2). In contrast, several genes (pitx2, ctnnb2, dcn and fabp7a) were ectopically expressed in the malformed corneal endothelium. Lack of pax6b function leads to severe disturbance of the corneal gene regulatory programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin D. Weger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Schindler
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Beil
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lixin Yang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Ferg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Manthey AL, Terrell AM, Lachke SA, Polson SW, Duncan MK. Development of novel filtering criteria to analyze RNA-sequencing data obtained from the murine ocular lens during embryogenesis. GENOMICS DATA 2014; 2:369-374. [PMID: 25478318 PMCID: PMC4248573 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of the transcriptome (RNA-Seq) is a powerful method that allows for the quantitative determination of absolute gene expression, and can be used to investigate how these levels change in response to an experimental manipulation or disease condition. The sensitivity of this method allows one to analyze transcript levels of all expressed genes, including low abundance transcripts that encode important regulatory molecules, providing valuable insights into the global effects of experimental manipulations. However, this increased sensitivity can also make it challenging to ascertain which expression changes are biologically significant. Here, we describe a novel set of filtering criteria - based on biological insights and computational approaches - that were applied to prioritize genes for further study from an extensive number of differentially expressed transcripts in lenses lacking Smad interacting protein 1 (Sip1) obtained via RNA-Seq by Manthey and colleagues in Mechanisms of Development (Manthey et al., 2014). Notably, this workflow allowed an original list of over 7,100 statistically significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to be winnowed down to 190 DEGs that likely play a biologically significant role in Sip1 function during lens development. Focusing on genes whose expression was upregulated or downregulated in a manner opposite to what normally occurs during lens development, we identified 78 genes that appear to be strongly dependent on Sip1 function. From these data (GEO accession number GSE49949), it appears that Sip1 regulates multiple genes in the lens that are generally distinct from those regulated by Sip1 in other cellular contexts, including genes whose expression is prominent in the early head ectoderm, from which the lens differentiates. Further, the analysis criteria outlined here represent a filtering scheme that can be used to prioritize genes in future RNA-Seq investigations performed at this stage of ocular lens development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby L. Manthey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Anne M. Terrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Salil A. Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Shawn W. Polson
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Melinda K. Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Corresponding author at: Melinda K. Duncan, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
McCauley HA, Liu CY, Attia AC, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Zhang Y, Whitsett JA, Guasch G. TGFβ signaling inhibits goblet cell differentiation via SPDEF in conjunctival epithelium. Development 2014; 141:4628-39. [PMID: 25377551 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface epithelia, including the stratified but non-keratinized corneal, limbal and conjunctival epithelium, in concert with the epidermal keratinized eyelid epithelium, function together to maintain eye health and vision. Abnormalities in cellular proliferation or differentiation in any of these surface epithelia are central in the pathogenesis of many ocular surface disorders. Goblet cells are important secretory cell components of various epithelia, including the conjunctiva; however, mechanisms that regulate goblet cell differentiation in the conjunctiva are not well understood. Herein, we report that conditional deletion of transforming growth factor β receptor II (Tgfbr2) in keratin 14-positive stratified epithelia causes ocular surface epithelial hyperplasia and conjunctival goblet cell expansion that invaginates into the subconjunctival stroma in the mouse eye. We found that, in the absence of an external phenotype, the ocular surface epithelium develops properly, but young mice displayed conjunctival goblet cell expansion, demonstrating that TGFβ signaling is required for normal restriction of goblet cells within the conjunctiva. We observed increased expression of SAM-pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) in stratified conjunctival epithelial cells in Tgfbr2 cKO mice, suggesting that TGFβ restricted goblet cell differentiation directly by repressing Spdef transcription. Gain of function of Spdef in keratin 14-positive epithelia resulted in the ectopic formation of goblet cells in the eyelid and peripheral cornea in adult mice. We found that Smad3 bound two distinct sites on the Spdef promoter and that treatment of keratin 14-positive cells with TGFβ inhibited SPDEF activation, thereby identifying a novel mechanistic role for TGFβ in regulating goblet cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chia-Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Aria C Attia
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dorà NJ, Collinson JM, Hill RE, West JD. Hemizygous Le-Cre transgenic mice have severe eye abnormalities on some genetic backgrounds in the absence of LoxP sites. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109193. [PMID: 25272013 PMCID: PMC4182886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye phenotypes were investigated in Le-CreTg/−; Pax6fl/+ mice, which were expected to show tissue-specific reduction of Pax6 in surface ectoderm derivatives. To provide a better comparison with our previous studies of Pax6+/− eye phenotypes, hemizygous Le-CreTg/− and heterozygous Pax6fl/+mice were crossed onto the CBA/Ca genetic background. After the Le-Cre transgene had been backcrossed to CBA/Ca for seven generations, significant eye abnormalities occurred in some hemizygous Le-CreTg/−; Pax6+/+ controls (without a floxed Pax6fl allele) as well as experimental Le-CreTg/−; Pax6fl/+ mice. However, no abnormalities were seen in Le-Cre−/−; Pax6fl/+ or Le-Cre−/−; Pax6+/+ controls (without the Le-Cre transgene). The severity and frequency of the eye abnormalities in Le-CreTg/−; Pax6+/+ control mice diminished after backcrossing Le-CreTg/− mice to the original FVB/N strain for two generations, showing that the effect was reversible. This genetic background effect suggests that the eye abnormalities are a consequence of an interaction between the Le-Cre transgene and alleles of unknown modifier genes present in certain genetic backgrounds. The abnormalities were also ameliorated by introducing additional Pax6 gene copies on a CBA/Ca background, suggesting involvement of Pax6 depletion in Le-CreTg/−; Pax6+/+ mice rather than direct action of Cre recombinase on cryptic pseudo-loxP sites. One possibility is that expression of Cre recombinase from the Pax6-Le regulatory sequences in the Le-Cre transgene depletes cofactors required for endogenous Pax6 gene expression. Our observation that eye abnormalities can occur in hemizygous Le-CreTg/−; Pax6+/+ mice, in the absence of a floxed allele, demonstrates the importance of including all the relevant genetic controls in Cre-loxP experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Dorà
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J. Martin Collinson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. Hill
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John D. West
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Swamynathan S, Swamynathan SK. SLURP-1 modulates corneal homeostasis by serving as a soluble scavenger of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6251-61. [PMID: 25168896 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study revealed the immunomodulatory property of the secreted lymphocyte antigen (Ly6)/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-related protein-1 (SLURP1), abundantly expressed in the cornea and associated with the hyperkeratotic disorder Mal de Meleda. Here, we test the hypothesis that SLURP1 modulates the functions of membrane-tethered uPAR by acting as a soluble scavenger of its ligand urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). METHODS Human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) and mouse corneal stromal fibroblast MK/T-1 cells were employed to examine the effect of SLURP1 on cell proliferation and migration. Human corneal limbal epithelial cell clones stably expressing SLURP1 under the control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter were generated using lentiviral vectors. Recombinant 6× His-mouse Slurp1 and maltose-binding protein (MBP)-mouse uPA were expressed in Escherichia coli and partially purified using nickel-ion and amylose columns, respectively. Slurp1 interaction with uPA was detected using ligand blots, ELISA, pull-down assays, and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Stable expression of SLURP1 in HCLE cells was confirmed by immunoblots and immunofluorescent staining. Human corneal limbal epithelial and MK/T-1 cell proliferation and migration rates were suppressed by exogenous SLURP1. Ligand blots, ELISA, and pull-down assays indicated that Slurp1 efficiently interacts with uPA. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that exogenous SLURP1 decreased the amount of cell surface-bound uPA in the leading edges of migrating cells. In gap-filling assays, wild-type HCLE cells responded to uPA by increasing their velocity and closing larger area, while the SLURP1-expressing HCLE cells failed to do so. CONCLUSIONS SLURP1 modulates corneal homeostasis by serving as a soluble scavenger of uPA and regulating the uPA-dependent functions of uPAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|