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Alfaidi M, Scott ML, Orr AW. Sinner or Saint?: Nck Adaptor Proteins in Vascular Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688388. [PMID: 34124074 PMCID: PMC8187788 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nck family of modular adaptor proteins, including Nck1 and Nck2, link phosphotyrosine signaling to changes in cytoskeletal dynamics and gene expression that critically modulate cellular phenotype. The Nck SH2 domain interacts with phosphotyrosine at dynamic signaling hubs, such as activated growth factor receptors and sites of cell adhesion. The Nck SH3 domains interact with signaling effectors containing proline-rich regions that mediate their activation by upstream kinases. In vascular biology, Nck1 and Nck2 play redundant roles in vascular development and postnatal angiogenesis. However, recent studies suggest that Nck1 and Nck2 differentially regulate cell phenotype in the adult vasculature. Domain-specific interactions likely mediate these isoform-selective effects, and these isolated domains may serve as therapeutic targets to limit specific protein-protein interactions. In this review, we highlight the function of the Nck adaptor proteins, the known differences in domain-selective interactions, and discuss the role of individual Nck isoforms in vascular remodeling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabruka Alfaidi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Matthew L Scott
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Anthony Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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2
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Masoudi A, Wang X, Xue X, Li M, Xiao Q, Wang M, Liu J, Wang H. Comprehensive analysis of protein expression levels and phosphorylation levels in host skin in response to tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) bite. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103898. [PMID: 32682108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are parasitic arthropods that suck blood from the surface of most vertebrates. They can transmit a variety of pathogens. The blood sucking of ticks causes varying degrees of damage to the skin of the host. Proteins related to immune regulation, vascular repair, and wound healing in mammalian skin respond to tick bites by regulating their expression and post-translational modifications to protect the skin from injury. Phosphorylation of proteins, as the most common post-translational modification of proteins, plays an important role in the rapid regulation of cell signal transduction, gene expression and cell cycle. To systematically explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms employed by mammalian skin to resist tick bites, larval, nymphal, and adult Haemaphysalis longicornis were used to bite the skin tissues of healthy rabbits in the present study. The quantitative proteomic technology data-independent acquisition was then carried out to investigate in depth the changes in protein expression and phosphorylation in rabbit skin after tick bite. The results showed that among the 4034 proteins and 1795 phosphorylated proteins identified, a total of 202 proteins and 435 phosphorylation sites were changed after H. longicornis bite. In order to provide convenience for sucking blood, active substances in the saliva of H. longicornis injected into the rabbit's skin can cause the expression level of trichohyalin and peptidyl arginine deiminase 3 in the skin of the host downregulate, which can make the host hair loss and regeneration disorders. At the same time, the active substances in saliva of the H. longicornis led to the phosphorylation of microtubule actin cross-linking factor 1 in the host's skin and further inactivation, so as to delay the healing of the host wound. In response to tick bites, the host skin promotes coagulation through high expression of fibrinogen and fibronectin, and vascular repair through high expression of integrin linked kinase and tenascin C, as well as accelerated phosphorylation of the phosphorylated protein Nck adaptor protein 1, and wound healing through high expression of ezrin and integrin. The upregulation of proteins such as coronin, NADPH oxidase, calnexin, and calreticulin and phosphorylation level of IL-4R in the host skin after the H. longicornis bite indicated that the immune response was playing an important defensive role in response to tick bites. Meanwhile, we found that the upregulated two lectins, mannose receptor C-type 1 and DC-SIGN, may serve as molecular makers to identify and monitor whether the skin is bitten by ticks. SIGNIFICANCE: Haemaphysalis longicornis are parasitic arthropods that suck blood from the surface of most vertebrates. They can transmit a variety of pathogens and are harmful to humans and livestock. The present study is the first quantitative proteomic study on protein expression levels in the rabbit skin after infection by H. longicornis. It is also the first quantitative phosphoproteomic study in the host skin infected by ticks. In this study, we found that tick bites cause the host hair loss and regeneration disorders. For resisting tick bite, the host activates the immune response and initiates vascular repair and wound-healing systems. In addition, some phosphorylated proteins promote host immunity and vascular repair. These results can help us further understand the defence mechanism of the host against tick bites, provide a basis for the development of an anti-tick vaccine, the development of anti-tick drugs, and the diagnosis of tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Abolfazl Masoudi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Mengxue Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Minjing Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, PR China.
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Annunziata MC, Parisi M, Esposito G, Fabbrocini G, Ammendola R, Cattaneo F. Phosphorylation Sites in Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Regulated by Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113818. [PMID: 32471307 PMCID: PMC7312799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3 are members of Formyl Peptides Receptors (FPRs) family belonging to the GPCR superfamily. FPR2 is a low affinity receptor for formyl peptides and it is considered the most promiscuous member of this family. Intracellular signaling cascades triggered by FPRs include the activation of different protein kinases and phosphatase, as well as tyrosine kinase receptors transactivation. Protein kinases and phosphatases act coordinately and any impairment of their activation or regulation represents one of the most common causes of several human diseases. Several phospho-sites has been identified in protein kinases and phosphatases, whose role may be to expand the repertoire of molecular mechanisms of regulation or may be necessary for fine-tuning of switch properties. We previously performed a phospho-proteomic analysis in FPR2-stimulated cells that revealed, among other things, not yet identified phospho-sites on six protein kinases and one protein phosphatase. Herein, we discuss on the selective phosphorylation of Serine/Threonine-protein kinase N2, Serine/Threonine-protein kinase PRP4 homolog, Serine/Threonine-protein kinase MARK2, Serine/Threonine-protein kinase PAK4, Serine/Threonine-protein kinase 10, Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2, and Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14A, triggered by FPR2 stimulation. We also describe the putative FPR2-dependent signaling cascades upstream to these specific phospho-sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Annunziata
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.A.); (M.P.); (G.F.)
| | - Melania Parisi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.A.); (M.P.); (G.F.)
| | - Gabriella Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.E.); (R.A.)
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.A.); (M.P.); (G.F.)
| | - Rosario Ammendola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.E.); (R.A.)
| | - Fabio Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.E.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +39-081-7464-359
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Yin J, Wu K, Ma Q, Dong H, Zhu Y, Hu L, Kong X. Revisiting Non-BRCA1/2 Familial Whole Exome Sequencing Datasets Implicates NCK1 as a Cancer Gene. Front Genet 2019; 10:527. [PMID: 31214250 PMCID: PMC6557995 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Through linkage and candidate gene screening, many breast cancer (BC) predisposition genes have been identified in the past 20 years. However, the majority of genetic risks that contribute to familial BC remains undetermined. In this study, we revisited whole exome sequencing datasets from non-BRCA1/2 familial BC patients, to search for novel BC predisposition genes. Based on the infinite mutation model, we supposed that rare non-silent variants that cooccurred between familial and TCGA-germline datasets, might play a predisposition contributing role. In our analysis, we not only identified novel potential pathogenic variants from known cancer predisposition genes, such as MRE11, CTR9 but also identified novel candidate predisposition genes, such as NCK1. According to the TCGA mRNA expression dataset of BC, NCK1 was significantly upregulated in basal-like subtypes and downregulated in luminal subtypes. In vitro, NCK1 mutants (D73H and R42Q) transfected MCF7 cell lines, which attributed to the luminal subtype, were much more viable and invasive than the wild type. On the other side, our results also showed that overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with NCK1 variations might be dependent on the genomic context. In conclusion, genetic heterogeneity exists among non-BRCA1/2 BC pedigrees and NCK1 could be a novel BC predisposition gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Landian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Xia P, Huang M, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Yan M, Xiong X, Yu W, Song E. NCK1 promotes the angiogenesis of cervical squamous carcinoma via Rac1/PAK1/MMP2 signal pathway. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 152:387-395. [PMID: 30442385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was to explore the roles of Nck1 in the angiogenesis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). METHODS mRNA and protein levels were evaluated with real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemisty/western blotting respectively. The cancer microvessel density (MVD) was assayed with CD34 endothelial labeling. Nck1 gene knock-in (SiHa-Nck1+) and knock-down (SiHa-Nck1-) were achieved by gene transfection and siRNA respectively. Protein level from cellular supernatant was measured with ELISA. Proliferation, migration and tube formation of the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated by CCK-8 cell viability assay, transwell chamber assay and in vitro Matrigel tubulation assay respectively. RESULTS Nck1 level gradually increased from normal cervical epithelia to high-grade CIN, overexpressed in CSCC and was associated with cancer MVD. The ability of proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs was enhanced in SiHa-Nck1+-treated while decreased in SiHa-NcK1--treated cells compared to SiHa-control-treated cells. Mechanistically, RAC1-GTP, p-PAK1 and MMP2 were increased in SiHa-NCK1+ cells and pretreatment with the Rac1 inhibitor (NSC23766) significantly decreased their levels. Furthermore, inhibition of PAK1 reduced MMP2 level in SiHa-Nck1+ cells whereas the level of Rac1-GTP was unaltered. Also, inhibition of Rac1 or PAK1 impaired angiogenesis-inducing capacity of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Nck1 promotes the angiogenesis-inducing capacity of CSCC via the Rac1/PAK1/MMP2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xia
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, 330006, China
| | - Mingchuan Huang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Yong Wai zheng Road, 330006, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, 330006, China
| | - Xiujuan Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, 330006, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, 330006, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, 330006, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, 330006, China
| | - Enlin Song
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Bayi Road, 330006, China.
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Mugabo Y, Lim GE. Scaffold Proteins: From Coordinating Signaling Pathways to Metabolic Regulation. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3615-3630. [PMID: 30204866 PMCID: PMC6180900 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Among their pleiotropic functions, scaffold proteins are required for the accurate coordination of signaling pathways. It has only been within the past 10 years that their roles in glucose homeostasis and metabolism have emerged. It is well appreciated that changes in the expression or function of signaling effectors, such as receptors or kinases, can influence the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. However, little is known regarding whether scaffolds have similar roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. In general, scaffolds are often underappreciated in the context of metabolism or metabolic diseases. In the present review, we discuss various scaffold proteins and their involvement in signaling pathways related to metabolism and metabolic diseases. The aims of the present review were to highlight the importance of scaffold proteins and to raise awareness of their physiological contributions. A thorough understanding of how scaffolds influence metabolism could aid in the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to treat chronic conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, for which the incidence of all continue to increase at alarming rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Mugabo
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche de Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche de Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Dionne U, Chartier FJM, López de Los Santos Y, Lavoie N, Bernard DN, Banerjee SL, Otis F, Jacquet K, Tremblay MG, Jain M, Bourassa S, Gish GD, Gagné JP, Poirier GG, Laprise P, Voyer N, Landry CR, Doucet N, Bisson N. Direct Phosphorylation of SRC Homology 3 Domains by Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Disassembles Ligand-Induced Signaling Networks. Mol Cell 2018; 70:995-1007.e11. [PMID: 29910111 PMCID: PMC6014926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine (pTyr) signaling has evolved into a key cell-to-cell communication system. Activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) initiate several pTyr-dependent signaling networks by creating the docking sites required for the assembly of protein complexes. However, the mechanisms leading to network disassembly and its consequence on signal transduction remain essentially unknown. We show that activated RTKs terminate downstream signaling via the direct phosphorylation of an evolutionarily conserved Tyr present in most SRC homology (SH) 3 domains, which are often part of key hub proteins for RTK-dependent signaling. We demonstrate that the direct EPHA4 RTK phosphorylation of adaptor protein NCK SH3s at these sites results in the collapse of signaling networks and abrogates their function. We also reveal that this negative regulation mechanism is shared by other RTKs. Our findings uncover a conserved mechanism through which RTKs rapidly and reversibly terminate downstream signaling while remaining in a catalytically active state on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Dionne
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François J M Chartier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yossef López de Los Santos
- PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Noémie Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David N Bernard
- PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Sara L Banerjee
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François Otis
- PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kévin Jacquet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Michel G Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mani Jain
- PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Biologie, Département de Biochimie, Microbiologie et Bio-informatique and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gerald D Gish
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Normand Voyer
- PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian R Landry
- PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Biologie, Département de Biochimie, Microbiologie et Bio-informatique and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Yamani L, Li B, Larose L. Nck1 deficiency improves pancreatic β cell survival to diabetes-relevant stresses by modulating PERK activation and signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2555-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gutierrez-Uzquiza A, Colon-Gonzalez F, Leonard TA, Canagarajah BJ, Wang H, Mayer BJ, Hurley JH, Kazanietz MG. Coordinated activation of the Rac-GAP β2-chimaerin by an atypical proline-rich domain and diacylglycerol. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1849. [PMID: 23673634 PMCID: PMC3700536 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimaerins, a family of GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for the small G-protein Rac, have been implicated in development, neuritogenesis, and cancer. These Rac-GAPs are regulated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) generated by tyrosine-kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Here we identify an atypical Pro-rich motif in chimaerins that binds to the adaptor protein Nck1. Unlike most Nck1 partners, chimaerins bind to the third SH3 domain of Nck1. This association is mediated by electrostatic interactions of basic residues within the Pro-rich motif with acidic clusters in the SH3 domain. EGF promotes the binding of β2-chimaerin to Nck1 in the cell periphery in a DAG-dependent manner. Moreover, β2-chimaerin translocation to the plasma membrane and its peripheral association with Rac1 requires Nck1. Our studies underscore a coordinated mechanism for β2-chimaerin activation that involves lipid interactions via the C1 domain and protein-protein interactions via the N-terminal Pro-rich region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gutierrez-Uzquiza
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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Reebye V, Frilling A, Hajitou A, Nicholls JP, Habib NA, Mintz PJ. A perspective on non-catalytic Src homology (SH) adaptor signalling proteins. Cell Signal 2011; 24:388-392. [PMID: 22024281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular adaptor signalling proteins are members of a large family of mediators crucial for signal transduction pathways. Structurally, these molecules contain one Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain and one or more Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain(s); with either a catalytic subunit, or with other non-catalytic modular subunits. Cells depend on these regulatory signalling molecules to transmit information to the nucleus from both external and internal cues including growth factors, cytokines and steroids. Although there is a vast library of adaptor signalling proteins expressed ubiquitously in cells, the vital role these SH containing proteins play in regulating cellular signalling lacks the recognition they deserve. Their target selection method via the SH domains is simple yet highly effective. The SH3 domain(s) interact with proteins that contain proline-rich motifs, whereas the SH2 domain only binds to proteins containing phosphotyrosine residues. This unique characteristic physically enables proteins from a diverse range of networks to assemble for amplification of a signalling event. The biological consequence generated from these adaptor signalling proteins in a constantly changing microenvironment have profound regulatory effect on cell fate decision particularly when this is involved in the progression of a diseased state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Reebye
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andrea Frilling
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joanna P Nicholls
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nagy A Habib
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paul J Mintz
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Labelle-Côté M, Dusseault J, Ismaïl S, Picard-Cloutier A, Siegel PM, Larose L. Nck2 promotes human melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and primary melanoma-derived tumor growth in vivo. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:443. [PMID: 21992144 PMCID: PMC3198724 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nck1 and Nck2 adaptor proteins are involved in signaling pathways mediating proliferation, cytoskeleton organization and integrated stress response. Overexpression of Nck1 in fibroblasts has been shown to be oncogenic. Through the years this concept has been challenged and the consensus is now that overexpression of either Nck cooperates with strong oncogenes to transform cells. Therefore, variations in Nck expression levels in transformed cells could endorse cancer progression. Methods Expression of Nck1 and Nck2 proteins in various cancer cell lines at different stages of progression were analyzed by western blots. We created human primary melanoma cell lines overexpressing GFP-Nck2 and investigated their ability to proliferate along with metastatic characteristics such as migration and invasion. By western blot analysis, we compared levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine as well as cadherins and integrins in human melanoma cells overexpressing or not Nck2. Finally, in mice we assessed tumor growth rate of human melanoma cells expressing increasing levels of Nck2. Results We found that expression of Nck2 is consistently increased in various metastatic cancer cell lines compared with primary counterparts. Particularly, we observed significant higher levels of Nck2 protein and mRNA, as opposed to no change in Nck1, in human metastatic melanoma cell lines compared with non-metastatic melanoma and normal melanocytes. We demonstrated the involvement of Nck2 in proliferation, migration and invasion in human melanoma cells. Moreover, we discovered that Nck2 overexpression in human primary melanoma cells correlates with higher levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, assembly of Nck2-dependent pY-proteins-containing molecular complexes and downregulation of cadherins and integrins. Importantly, we uncovered that injection of Nck2-overexpressing human primary melanoma cells into mice increases melanoma-derived tumor growth rate. Conclusions Collectively, our data indicate that Nck2 effectively influences human melanoma phenotype progression. At the molecular level, we propose that Nck2 in human primary melanoma promotes the formation of molecular complexes regulating proliferation and actin cytoskeleton dynamics by modulating kinases or phosphatases activities that results in increased levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. This study provides new insights regarding cancer progression that could impact on the therapeutic strategies targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Labelle-Côté
- 1Programmes de biologie moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université deMontréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Round JE, Sun H. The adaptor protein Nck2 mediates Slit1-induced changes in cortical neuron morphology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:265-73. [PMID: 21600986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Slits are multifunctional guidance cues, capable of triggering neurite repulsion, extension, or branching, depending on cell type and developmental context. While the Robo family of Slit receptors is a well-established mediator of axon repulsion, a role for Robos in Slit-mediated neurite growth and branching is not well defined, and the signaling molecules that link Robo to the cytoskeletal changes that drive neurite outgrowth are not well characterized in vertebrates. We show that Slit stimulates cortical dendrite branching, and we report that Slit also triggers a robust increase in the length of cortical axons in vitro. Moreover, neurons derived from Robo1; Robo2 deficient mice do not display an increase in neurite length, indicating that endogenous Robos mediate Slit's growth-promoting effects on both axons and dendrites. We also demonstrate that the SH2/SH3 adaptor proteins Nck1 and Nck2 bind to Robo via an atypical SH3-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, we show that only Nck2 is required for the Slit-induced changes in cortical neuron morphology in vitro. These findings indicate a specific role for Nck2 in linking Robo activation to the cytoskeleton rearrangements that shape cortical neuron morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Round
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.
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Tao J, Oladimeji P, Rider L, Diakonova M. PAK1-Nck regulates cyclin D1 promoter activity in response to prolactin. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1565-78. [PMID: 21719533 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is critical for alveolar proliferation and differentiation in normal mammary development and is also implicated in breast cancer. PRL influences cell proliferation and growth by altering the expression of cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 expression is directly regulated by PRL through the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-mediated transcriptional activation of the cyclin D1 promoter. A p21-activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK)1 has also been implicated in the regulation of cyclin D1 gene expression. We have previously demonstrated that JAK2 directly phosphorylates PAK1 and extend these data here to demonstrate that PAK1 activates the cyclin D1 promoter in response to PRL. We show that mutation of PAK1 Tyr 153, 201, and 285 (sites of JAK2 phosphorylation; PAK1 Y3F) decreases both PAK1 nuclear translocation in response to PRL and PRL-induced cyclin D1 promoter activity by 55%. Mutation of the PAK1 nuclear localization signals decreases PRL-induced cyclin D1 promoter activity by 46%. A PAK1 Y3F mutant lacking functional nuclear localization signals decreases PRL-induced cyclin D1 activity by 68%, suggesting that there is another PAK1-dependent mechanism to activate the cyclin D1 promoter. We have found that adapter protein Nck sequesters PAK1 in the cytoplasm and that coexpression of both PAK1 and Nck inhibits the amplifying effect of PRL-induced PAK1 on cyclin D1 promoter activity (95% inhibition). This inhibition is partially abolished by disruption of PAK1-Nck binding. We propose two PAK1-dependent mechanisms to activate cyclin D1 promoter activity in response to PRL: via nuclear translocation of tyrosyl-phosphorylated PAK1 and via formation of a Nck-PAK1 complex that sequesters PAK1 in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA
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14
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Ger M, Zitkus Z, Valius M. Adaptor protein Nck1 interacts with p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein and regulates its activity. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1651-8. [PMID: 21664272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adaptor protein Nck1 binds a number of intracellular proteins and influences various signaling pathways. Here we show that Nck1 directly binds and activates the GTPase-activating protein of Ras (RasGAP), which is responsible for the down-regulation of Ras. The first and the third SH3 domains of Nck1 and the NH(2)-terminal proline-rich sequence of RasGAP contribute most to the complex formation causing direct molecular interaction between the two proteins. Cell adhesion to the substrate is obligatory for the Nck1 and RasGAP association, as cell detachment makes RasGAP incapable of associating with Nck1. This leads to the complex dissipation, decrease of RasGAP activity and the increase of H-Ras-GTP level in the detached cells. Our findings reveal unexpected feature of adaptor protein Nck1 as the regulator of RasGAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ger
- Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Lithuania.
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15
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Expression and functional validation of new p38α transcriptional targets in tumorigenesis. Biochem J 2011; 434:549-58. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
p38α MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) plays an important tumour suppressor role, which is mediated by both its negative effect on cell proliferation and its pro-apoptotic activity. Surprisingly, most tumour suppressor mechanisms co-ordinated by p38α have been reported to occur at the post-translational level. This contrasts with the important role of p38α in the regulation of transcription and the profound changes in gene expression that normally occur during tumorigenesis. We have analysed whole-genome expression profiles of Ras-transformed wild-type and p38α-deficient cells and have identified 202 genes that are potentially regulated by p38α in transformed cells. Expression analysis has confirmed the regulation of these genes by p38α in tumours, and functional validation has identified several of them as probable mediators of the tumour suppressor effect of p38α on Ras-induced transformation. Interestingly, approx. 10% of the genes that are negatively regulated by p38α in transformed cells contribute to EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor signalling. Our results suggest that inhibition of EGF receptor signalling by transcriptional targets of p38α is an important function of this signalling pathway in the context of tumour suppression.
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Lettau M, Pieper J, Janssen O. Nck adapter proteins: functional versatility in T cells. Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7:1. [PMID: 19187548 PMCID: PMC2661883 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nck is a ubiquitously expressed adapter protein that is almost exclusively built of one SH2 domain and three SH3 domains. The two isoproteins of Nck are functionally redundant in many aspects and differ in only few amino acids that are mostly located in the linker regions between the interaction modules. Nck proteins connect receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases to the machinery of actin reorganisation. Thereby, Nck regulates activation-dependent processes during cell polarisation and migration and plays a crucial role in the signal transduction of a variety of receptors including for instance PDGF-, HGF-, VEGF- and Ephrin receptors. In most cases, the SH2 domain mediates binding to the phosphorylated receptor or associated phosphoproteins, while SH3 domain interactions lead to the formation of larger protein complexes. In T lymphocytes, Nck plays a pivotal role in the T cell receptor (TCR)-induced reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of the immunological synapse. However, in this context, two different mechanisms and adapter complexes are discussed. In the first scenario, dependent on an activation-induced conformational change in the CD3epsilon subunits, a direct binding of Nck to components of the TCR/CD3 complex was shown. In the second scenario, Nck is recruited to the TCR complex via phosphorylated Slp76, another central constituent of the membrane proximal activation complex. Over the past years, a large number of putative Nck interactors have been identified in different cellular systems that point to diverse additional functions of the adapter protein, e.g. in the control of gene expression and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Institute of Immunology, Molecular Immunology, Arnold-Heller-Str 3, Bldg 17, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Cardin E, Larose L. Nck-1 interacts with PKR and modulates its activation by dsRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:231-5. [PMID: 18835251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase PKR results in inhibition of general translation through phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha-subunit on serine 51 (eIF2alphaSer51). Previously, we have reported that the adaptor protein Nck-1 modulates eIF2alphaSer51 phosphorylation by a subset of eIF2alpha kinases, including PKR. Herein, we demonstrate that Nck-1 prevents efficient activation of PKR by dsRNA, revealing that Nck-1 acts at the level of PKR. In agreement, Nck-1 impairs p38MAPK activation and attenuates cell death induced by dsRNA, in addition to diminish eIF2alphaSer51 phosphorylation. Our data show that the inhibitory effect of Nck-1 on PKR is reversible, as it could be overcome by increasing levels of dsRNA. Interestingly, we found that Nck-1 interacts with the inactive form of PKR, independently of its Src homology domains. Furthermore, we uncovered that Nck-1 is substrate of PKR in vitro. All together, our data provide the first evidence identifying Nck-1 as a novel endogenous regulator of PKR and support the notion that Nck-1-PKR interaction could be a way to limit PKR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cardin
- Experimental Medicine Department, Polypeptide Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Que, Canada
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18
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Hehlgans S, Haase M, Cordes N. Signalling via integrins: implications for cell survival and anticancer strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1775:163-80. [PMID: 17084981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-associated signalling renders cells more resistant to genotoxic anti-cancer agents like ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic substances, a phenomenon termed cell adhesion-mediated radioresistance/drug resistance (CAM-RR, CAM-DR). Integrins are heterodimeric cell-surface molecules that on one side link the actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane and on the other side mediate cell-matrix interactions. In addition to their structural functions, integrins mediate signalling from the extracellular space into the cell through integrin-associated signalling and adaptor molecules such as FAK (focal adhesion kinase), ILK (integrin-linked kinase), PINCH (particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein) and Nck2 (non-catalytic (region of) tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 2). Via these molecules, integrin signalling tightly and cooperatively interacts with receptor tyrosine kinase signalling to regulate survival, proliferation and cell shape as well as polarity, adhesion, migration and differentiation. In tumour cells of diverse origin like breast, colon or skin, the function and regulation of these molecules is partly disturbed and thus might contribute to the malignant phenotype and pre-existent and acquired multidrug resistance. These issues as well as a variety of therapeutic options envisioned to influence tumour cell growth, metastasis and resistance, including kinase inhibitors, anti-integrin antibodies or RNA interference, will be summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hehlgans
- OncoRay, Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74/PF 86, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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19
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Himes SR, Sester DP, Ravasi T, Cronau SL, Sasmono T, Hume DA. The JNK are important for development and survival of macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2219-28. [PMID: 16455978 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report in this study that activation of the JNK by the growth factor, CSF-1 is critical for macrophage development, proliferation, and survival. Inhibition of JNK with two distinct classes of inhibitors, the pharmacological agent SP600125, or the peptide D-JNKI1 resulted in cell cycle inhibition with an arrest at the G(2)/M transition and subsequent apoptosis. JNK inhibition resulted in decreased expression of CSF-1R (c-fms) and Bcl-x(L) mRNA in mature macrophages and repressed CSF-1-dependent differentiation of bone marrow cells to macrophages. Macrophage sensitivity to JNK inhibitors may be linked to phosphorylation of the PU.1 transcription factor. Inhibition of JNK disrupted PU.1 binding to an element in the c-fms gene promoter and decreased promoter activity. Promoter activity could be restored by overexpression of PU.1. A comparison of expression profiles of macrophages with 22 other tissue types showed that genes that signal JNK activation downstream of tyrosine kinase receptors, such as focal adhesion kinase, Nck-interacting kinase, and Rac1 and scaffold proteins are highly expressed in macrophages relative to other tissues. This pattern of expression may underlie the novel role of JNK in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roy Himes
- Cooperative Research Centre for Chronic Inflammatory Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Wang Y, Li Y, Zeng W, Zhu C, Xiao J, Yuan W, Wang Y, Cai Z, Zhou J, Liu M, Wu X. IXL, a new subunit of the mammalian Mediator complex, functions as a transcriptional suppressor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:1330-8. [PMID: 15555573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors play an essential role in altering gene expression. Much progress about transcription factors has been made toward the understanding of normal physiological processes, embryonic development, and human diseases. In the present study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel human gene, (Drosophila) intersex-like (IXL), from a human embryonic heart cDNA library. IXL encodes a putative protein of 221 amino acids. The protein is conserved across different species during evolution. Northern blot analysis indicates that IXL is expressed in various tissues of human adult and during three different developmental stages of embryo. In COS-7 cells, IXL protein is localized to nucleus and cytoplasm. IXL is a transcription suppressor when fused to Gal-4 DNA-binding domain and cotransfected with VP-16. Overexpression of IXL in COS-7 cells inhibits the transcriptional activities of SRE and AP-1, suggesting that the IXL protein may act as a transcriptional suppressor in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to mediate cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequn Wang
- The Center for Heart Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sitko JC, Guevara CI, Cacalano NA. Tyrosine-phosphorylated SOCS3 Interacts with the Nck and Crk-L Adapter Proteins and Regulates Nck Activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37662-9. [PMID: 15173187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404007200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are negative feedback inhibitors of cytokine and growth factor signal transduction. Although the affect of SOCS proteins on the Jak-STAT pathway has been well characterized, their role in the regulation of other signaling modules is not well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that SOCS3 physically interacts with the SH2/SH3-containing adapter proteins Nck and Crk-L, which are known to couple activated receptors to multiple downstream signaling pathways and the actin cytoskeleton. Our data show that the SOCS3/Nck and SOCS3/Crk-L interactions depend on tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS3 Tyr(221) within the conserved SOCS box motif and intact SH2 domains of Nck and Crk-L. Furthermore, SOCS3 Tyr(221) forms a YXXP motif, which is a consensus binding site for the Nck and Crk-L SH2 domains. Expression of SOCS3 in NIH3T3 cells induces constitutive recruitment of a Nck-GFP fusion protein to the plasma membrane and constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous Nck. Our findings suggest that SOCS3 regulates multiple cytokine and growth factor-activated signaling pathways by acting as a recruitment factor for adapter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Sitko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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22
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Rivera GM, Briceño CA, Takeshima F, Snapper SB, Mayer BJ. Inducible clustering of membrane-targeted SH3 domains of the adaptor protein Nck triggers localized actin polymerization. Curr Biol 2004; 14:11-22. [PMID: 14711409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SH2/SH3 adaptor proteins play a critical role in tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, regulating essential cell functions by increasing the local concentration or altering the subcellular localization of downstream effectors. The SH2 domain of the Nck adaptor can bind tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, while its SH3 domains can modulate actin polymerization by interacting with effectors such as WASp/Scar family proteins. Although several studies have implicated Nck in regulating actin polymerization, its role in living cells is not well understood. RESULTS We used an antibody-based system to experimentally modulate the local concentration of Nck SH3 domains on the plasma membrane of living cells. Clustering of fusion proteins containing all three Nck SH3 domains induced localized polymerization of actin, including the formation of actin tails and spots, accompanied by general cytoskeletal rearrangements. All three Nck SH3 domains were required, as clustering of individual SH3 domains or a combination of the two N-terminal Nck SH3 domains failed to promote significant local polymerization of actin in vivo. Changes in actin dynamics induced by Nck SH3 domain clustering required the recruitment of N-WASp, but not WAVE1, and were unaffected by downregulation of Cdc42. CONCLUSIONS We show that high local concentrations of Nck SH3 domains are sufficient to stimulate localized, Cdc42-independent actin polymerization in living cells. This study provides strong evidence of a pivotal role for Nck in directly coupling ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation at the plasma membrane to localized changes in organization of the actin cytoskeleton through a signaling pathway that requires N-WASp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo M Rivera
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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23
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Kaneko Y, Kitazato K, Basaki Y. Integrin-linked kinase regulates vascular morphogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cell Sci 2003; 117:407-15. [PMID: 14679308 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is one of the signaling moieties that interact with the cytoplasmic domains of integrin beta1 and beta3 subunits. Integrin-mediated outside-in signals cooperate with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor to promote morphological changes, cell proliferation and motility in endothelial cells. In this report we demonstrate that VEGF-induced vessel morphogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was inhibited by the transfection of a dominant negative, kinase-deficient ILK (ILK-KD), as well as by treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. VEGF induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), a regulator of cell survival and apoptosis, on serine 473, but not on threonine 308, in an ILK-dependent manner. Furthermore, transfection of antisense ILK (ILK-AS) blocked the survival effect of VEGF in annexin-V binding assays, and a VEGF-mediated decrease in caspase activity was reversed by both ILK-KD and ILK-AS as measured by a homogeneous caspase-3/7 assay. We also demonstrate that both chemotactic migration and cell proliferation of HUVEC induced by VEGF were suppressed by the inhibition of ILK. We conclude that ILK plays an important role in vascular morphogenesis mediated by VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kaneko
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-27 Misugidai, Hanno, Saitama, 357-8527, Japan
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Lim CS, Kim SH, Jung JG, Kim JK, Song WK. Regulation of SPIN90 Phosphorylation and Interaction with Nck by ERK and Cell Adhesion. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52116-23. [PMID: 14559906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310974200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SPIN90 is a widely expressed Nck-binding protein that contains one Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, three Pro-rich motifs, and a serine/threonine-rich region, and is known to participate in sarcomere assembly during cardiac myocyte differentiation. We used in vitro binding assays and yeast two-hybrid screening analysis to identify Nck, betaPIX, Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), and ERK1 as SPIN90-binding proteins. It appears that betaPIX, WASP, and SPIN90 form a complex that interacts with Nck in a manner dependent upon cell adhesion to extracellular matrix. The betaPIX.WASP.SPIN90.Nck interaction was abolished in suspended and cytochalasin D-treated cells, but was recovered when cells were replated on fibronectin-coated dishes. The SPIN90.betaPIX.WASP complex was stable, even in suspended cells, suggesting SPIN90 serves as an adaptor molecule to recruit other proteins to Nck at focal adhesions. In addition, we found that overexpression of the SPIN90 SH3 domain or Pro-rich region, respectively, abolished SPIN90.Nck and SPIN90.betaPIX interactions, resulting in detachment of cells from extracellular matrix. SPIN90 was phosphorylated by ERK1, which was, itself, activated by cell adhesion and platelet-derived growth factor. Such phosphorylation of SPIN90 likely promotes the interaction of the SPIN90.betaPIX.WASP complex and Nck. It thus appears that the interaction of the betaPIX.WASP.SPIN90 complex with Nck is crucial for stable cell adhesion and can be dynamically modulated by SPIN90 phosphorylation that is dependent on cell adhesion and ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chol Seung Lim
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Abstract
SH2/SH3 domain-containing adapter proteins, such as the Nck family, play a major role in regulating tyrosine kinase signalling. They serve to recruit proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine-phosphorylated kinases or their substrates. Initially, it was not clear why cells from nematodes to vertebrates contain redundant and closely related SH2/SH3 adapters, such as Grb2, Crk and Nck. Recent evidence suggests that their biological roles are clearly different, whereas, for example, Grb2 connects activated receptor tyrosine kinases to Sos and Ras, leading to cell proliferation. The proteins of Nck family are implicated in organisation of actin cytoskeleton, cell movement or axon guidance in flies. In this review, the author attempts to summarise signalling pathways in which Nck plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Buday
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, 9 Puskin Str., 1088, Budapest, Hungary.
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Shimamura T, Hsu TC, Colburn NH, Bejcek BE. Activation of NF-kappaB is required for PDGF-B chain to transform NIH3T3 cells. Exp Cell Res 2002; 274:157-67. [PMID: 11855867 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the secondary signaling molecules that are necessary for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to stimulate tumor development will be crucial to the understanding and treatment of a variety of cancers. Several lines of evidence have indicated that the transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a central role in transformation induced by Ha-ras and Bcr-abl, but nothing is known concerning its role in transformation by PDGF. Here we demonstrate that transcription from a promoter containing NF-kappaB binding sequences as well as the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB were increased in PDGF-B-chain-transformed mouse fibroblast cells. Focus formation of PDGF-B-chain-transformed mouse fibroblasts was suppressed by treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and salicylic acid, which are known inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation, but other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that do not have an effect on NF-kappaB activity did not affect focus formation in these cells. Furthermore, expression of a dominant negative mutant of IkappaBalpha, pMEIkappaBalpha67CJ, and a dominant negative mutant of p65, p65DeltaC, resulted in decreased focus formation and NF-kappaB activity. Therefore, the transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a vital role in PDGF-B chain transformation of mouse fibroblast cells, and the NF-kappaB activity is sensitive to treatment with ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shimamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
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27
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Li W, Nadelman C, Gratch NS, Li W, Chen M, Kasahara N, Woodley DT. An important role for protein kinase C-delta in human keratinocyte migration on dermal collagen. Exp Cell Res 2002; 273:219-28. [PMID: 11822877 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Migration of human keratinocytes plays a critical role in the re-epithelialization of human skin wounds, the process by which the wound bed is resurfaced and closed by keratinocytes as it forms a new epidermis. While the importance of ECM components and serum factors in the regulation of keratinocytes motility is well established, the intracellular signaling mechanisms remain fragmentary. In this study, we investigated the role of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) signaling in the promotion of human keratinocyte migration by a collagen matrix and bovine pituitary extract. We found that pharmacological inhibition of the PKCdelta pathway completely blocks migration. Using a lentivirus-based vector system, which offers more than 90% gene transduction efficiency to human keratinocytes, we show that the kinase-defective mutant of PKCdelta (K376R) dramatically inhibits human keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, PKCdelta is activated in migrating human keratinocytes. These observations indicate for the first time that the PKCdelta pathway plays an important role in the control of human keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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28
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Vidal M, Gigoux V, Garbay C. SH2 and SH3 domains as targets for anti-proliferative agents. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 40:175-86. [PMID: 11682324 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src homology domains SH2 and SH3 are small modular protein motifs about 100 and 60 amino acids long, respectively. SH2 domains interact with phosphotyrosine residues, whereas SH3 domains recognize proline-rich motifs of their interacting partners. SH2 and SH3 domains are frequently found in signaling proteins such as small adaptors and in enzymes such as kinases, lipases and phosphatases, in which they differ from the catalytic motif and constitute recognition modules. SH2 and SH3 domains are also found in oncoproteins and in proteins overexpressed in deregulated signaling pathways in tumor cells. The highly folded structures of these domains have been characterized alone and complexed with the essential fragments of their targets. Therefore, based on molecular data, inhibitors of interactions with SH2 and SH3 domains are considered to be potential antitumor agents. Current results are very promising, as inhibitors with very efficient anti-proliferative activity in tumor cells have been reported. This paper describes SH2 and/or SH3 domain-containing proteins that may constitute targets for anticancer therapeutics. It also deals with the essential structural data concerning SH2 and SH3 domains, and the rational design of inhibitors. Some of the more recent pharmacological results obtained with these compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vidal
- Dèpartement de Pharmacochimie Molèculaire et cellulaire, UMR 8638 CNRS UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Cedex 06, Paris, France
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29
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Li W, Fan J, Woodley DT. Nck/Dock: an adapter between cell surface receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. Oncogene 2001; 20:6403-17. [PMID: 11607841 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In response to extracellular signals, cell surface receptors engage in connections with multiple intracellular signaling pathways, leading to the cellular responses such as survival, migration, proliferation and differentiation. The 'pY-->SH2/SH3-->effector' connection is a frequently used scheme by many cell surface receptors, in which SH2/SH3-containing adapters connect protein tyrosine phosphorylation to a variety of downstream effector pathways. Following the initial landmark finding that Grb2 adapter links the receptors to the Ras pathway leading to DNA synthesis, recent studies have revealed that the biological function of the SH2/SH3 adapter Nck/Dock is to link cell surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. For example, in the evolutionarily-conserved signaling network, GEF-Rac-Nck-Pak, Nck 'fixes up' the interaction of Pak with its upstream activator, Rac. The activated Pak then regulates the cytoskeletal dynamics. The fact that the majority of the more than 20 Nck-SH3-associated effectors are regulators of the actin cytoskeleton suggests that Nck/Dock regulates, via binding to distinct effectors, various cell type-specific motogenic responses. This review focuses on our current understanding of Nck/Dock function. Due to the number and complexity of the terminologies used in this review, a 'Glossary of Terms' is provided to help reduce confusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology and the Norris Cancer Center, the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1303 North Mission Road, Los Angeles, California CA 90033, USA.
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30
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Yan W, Nehrke K, Choi J, Barber DL. The Nck-interacting kinase (NIK) phosphorylates the Na+-H+ exchanger NHE1 and regulates NHE1 activation by platelet-derived growth factor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31349-56. [PMID: 11369779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102679200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NIK, a recently identified Nck-interacting kinase, acts upstream of the MEK kinase MEKK1 to activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK. We now show that NIK binds to and divergently activates the plasma membrane Na(+)-H(+) exchanger NHE1. In a genetic screen, NHE1 interacted with NIK at a site N-terminal (amino acids 407-502) to the Nck-binding domain, and this site is critical for its association with NHE1 in vivo. NIK also phosphorylates NHE1; however, the phosphorylation sites, which are distal to amino acid 638, are distinct from the NIK-binding site on NHE1 (amino acids 538-638). Expression of wild-type, but not a kinase-inactive, NIK in fibroblasts increased NHE1 phosphorylation and activity. The kinase domain of NIK, however, was not sufficient for this response in vivo. Full phosphorylation and activation of NHE1 required both the kinase and the NHE1-binding domains of NIK, suggesting that the NHE1-binding site functions as a targeting signal. The functional significance of an interaction between NIK and NHE1 was confirmed by the ability of a kinase-inactive NIK to selectively inhibit activation of NHE1 by platelet-derived growth factor but not by thrombin. Moreover, although NIK activates JNK through a mechanism dependent on MEKK1, it phosphorylated and activated NHE1 independently of MEKK1. These findings indicate that NIK acts downstream of platelet-derived growth factor receptors to phosphorylate and activate NHE1 divergently of its activation of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yan
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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31
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Miyoshi-Akiyama T, Aleman LM, Smith JM, Adler CE, Mayer BJ. Regulation of Cbl phosphorylation by the Abl tyrosine kinase and the Nck SH2/SH3 adaptor. Oncogene 2001; 20:4058-69. [PMID: 11494134 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2000] [Revised: 04/02/2001] [Accepted: 04/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Cbl proto-oncogene product is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Cbl and the Abl nonreceptor tyrosine kinase both bind to SH3 domains from the SH2/SH3 adaptor Nck, and are candidate effectors for Nck function. Numerous additional SH2- and SH3-domain-mediated interactions are also possible between Cbl, Abl, and Nck. We find that these three signaling proteins associate when overexpressed in mammalian cells and can regulate each other's activity. Co-expression of wt Cbl together with c-Abl, the activity of which is normally repressed in vivo, led to extensive Abl-dependent phosphorylation of Cbl. The major proline-rich region of Cbl was required for its phosphorylation by c-Abl, but not by a constitutively activated Abl mutant, suggesting Cbl activates c-Abl by engaging its SH3 domain. Efficient phosphorylation of Cbl and its stable association with Abl required the SH2 domain of Abl, suggesting that SH2-phosphotyrosine interactions prevent dissociation of active Abl from Cbl. We also show that overexpression of Nck could repress the phosphorylation of Cbl by Abl in vivo. Studies with Nck mutants suggested that the Nck SH2 domain is responsible for inhibiting the activity of Abl toward both Cbl and Nck itself, most likely by competing with the Abl SH2 for tyrosine-phosphorylated binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Bateman J, Van Vactor D. The Trio family of guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors: regulators of axon guidance. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:1973-80. [PMID: 11493634 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.11.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance requires the integration of diverse guidance signals presented by numerous extracellular cues and cell-cell interactions. The molecular mechanisms that interpret these signals involve networks of intracellular signaling proteins that coordinate a variety of responses to the environment, including remodeling and assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Although it has been clear for some time that Rho family GTPases play a central role in the orchestration of cytoskeletal assembly, our understanding of the components that regulate these important molecules is far more primitive. Recent functional studies of the Trio family of guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors reveal that Trio proteins play a vital role in neuronal cell migration and axon guidance. Although the molecular analysis of Trio proteins is still in its infancy, accumulated evidence suggests that Trio proteins function as integrators of multiple upstream inputs and as activators of multiple downstream pathways. Future studies of these mechanisms promise to yield insights not only into neural development but also into the ongoing function and remodeling of the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bateman
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Hashimoto S, Tsubouchi A, Mazaki Y, Sabe H. Interaction of paxillin with p21-activated Kinase (PAK). Association of paxillin alpha with the kinase-inactive and the Cdc42-activated forms of PAK3. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:6037-45. [PMID: 11096073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005854200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are implicated in integrin signalings, and have been proposed to associate with paxillin indirectly. We show here that paxillin can bind directly to PAK3. We examined several representative focal adhesion proteins, and found that paxillin is the sole protein that associates with PAK3. PAK3 associated with the alpha and beta isoforms of paxillin, but not with gamma. We also show that paxillin alpha associated with both the kinase-inactive and the Cdc42-activated forms of PAK3 in vivo, without affecting the activation states of the kinase. A number of different functions have been ascribed to PAKs; and PAKs can bind directly to growth factor signaling-adaptor molecule, Nck, and a guanine nucleotide exchanger, betaPIX. Our results revealed that paxillin alpha can compete with Nck and betaPIX in the binding of PAK3. Moreover, paxillin alpha can be phosphorylated by PAK3 at serine. Therefore, paxillin alpha, but not gamma, appears to be capable of linking both the kinase-inactive and activated forms of PAK3 to integrins independent of Nck and betaPIX, as Nck links PAK1 to growth factor receptors. Our results also revealed that paxillin is involved in highly complexed protein-protein interactions in integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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34
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McManus MJ, Boerner JL, Danielsen AJ, Wang Z, Matsumura F, Maihle NJ. An oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor signals via a p21-activated kinase-caldesmon-myosin phosphotyrosine complex. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:35328-34. [PMID: 10954714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005399200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many ligand-independent receptor tyrosine kinases are tumorigenic. The biochemical signals that mediate ligand-independent transformation of cells by these transmembrane receptors are poorly defined. In this report, we demonstrate that a constitutively activated mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (v-ErbB) induces the formation of a transformation-specific signaling module that complexes with myosin II. The components of this signaling complex include the signal adapter proteins Shc, Grb2, and Nck, and tyrosine-phosphorylated forms of p21-activated kinase (Pak), caldesmon, and myosin light chain kinase. Transformation-specific, tyrosine phosphorylation of Pak enhances the catalytic activity of this serine/threonine kinase. Furthermore, the tyrosine phosphorylation of Pak is Rho-, but not Ras-, Rac-, or Cdc42-dependent. These results demonstrate that a ligand-independent epidermal growth factor receptor mutant can transduce oncogenic signals that are distinct from ligand-dependent, mitogenic signals. In addition, these data provide evidence for the coupling of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases with the actomyosin molecular motor. This myosin-associated signaling module may mediate some of the biochemical changes of myosin found in v-ErbB- transformed fibroblasts, thereby contributing to the regulation of the mechanical forces governing cellular adhesion, cytoskeletal tension, and, hence, anchorage-independent cell growth.
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MESH Headings
- Actomyosin/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Catalysis
- Catalytic Domain
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- ErbB Receptors/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Ligands
- Mutation
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/genetics
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/metabolism
- Myosins/chemistry
- Myosins/genetics
- Myosins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins v-erbB/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins v-erbB/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins v-erbB/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Time Factors
- Transformation, Genetic
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- p21-Activated Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McManus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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35
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Abstract
Abstract
We report here the characterization of an adapter protein identified in a yeast 2-hybrid screen with the use of Bcr-Abl as the bait. Grb4 bound to Bcr-Abl in a variety of systems, both in vitro and in vivo, and is an excellent substrate of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. The association of Grb4 and Bcr-Abl in intact cells was mediated by an src homology (SH)2–mediated phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction as well as an SH3-mediated phosphotyrosine-independent interaction. Grb4 has 68% homology to the adapter protein Nck and has similar but distinct binding specificities in K562 lysates. Subcellular localization studies indicate that Grb4 localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Coexpression of kinase-active Bcr-Abl with Grb4 resulted in the translocation of Grb4 from the cytoplasm and the nucleus to the cytoskeleton to colocalize with Bcr-Abl. In addition, expression of Grb4 with kinase-active Bcr-Abl resulted in a redistribution of actin-associated Bcr-Abl. Finally, coexpression of Grb4 and oncogenic v-Abl strongly inhibited v-Abl–induced AP-1 activation. Together, these data indicate that Grb4 in conjunction with Bcr-Abl may be capable of modulating the cytoskeletal structure and negatively interfering with the signaling of oncogenic Abl kinases. Grb4 may therefore play a role in the molecular pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. (Blood. 2000;96:618-624)
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36
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Abstract
We report here the characterization of an adapter protein identified in a yeast 2-hybrid screen with the use of Bcr-Abl as the bait. Grb4 bound to Bcr-Abl in a variety of systems, both in vitro and in vivo, and is an excellent substrate of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. The association of Grb4 and Bcr-Abl in intact cells was mediated by an src homology (SH)2–mediated phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction as well as an SH3-mediated phosphotyrosine-independent interaction. Grb4 has 68% homology to the adapter protein Nck and has similar but distinct binding specificities in K562 lysates. Subcellular localization studies indicate that Grb4 localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Coexpression of kinase-active Bcr-Abl with Grb4 resulted in the translocation of Grb4 from the cytoplasm and the nucleus to the cytoskeleton to colocalize with Bcr-Abl. In addition, expression of Grb4 with kinase-active Bcr-Abl resulted in a redistribution of actin-associated Bcr-Abl. Finally, coexpression of Grb4 and oncogenic v-Abl strongly inhibited v-Abl–induced AP-1 activation. Together, these data indicate that Grb4 in conjunction with Bcr-Abl may be capable of modulating the cytoskeletal structure and negatively interfering with the signaling of oncogenic Abl kinases. Grb4 may therefore play a role in the molecular pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. (Blood. 2000;96:618-624)
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37
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Hummel T, Leifker K, Klämbt C. The Drosophila HEM-2/NAP1 homolog KETTE controls axonal pathfinding and cytoskeletal organization. Genes Dev 2000; 14:863-73. [PMID: 10766742 PMCID: PMC316499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the correct formation of the segmental commissures depends on neuron-glial interactions at the midline. The VUM midline neurons extend axons along which glial cells migrate in between anterior and posterior commissures. Here, we show that the gene kette is required for the normal projection of the VUM axons and subsequently disrupts glial migration. Axonal projection defects are also found for many other moto- and interneurons. In addition, kette affects the cell morphology of mesodermal and epidermal derivatives, which show an abnormal actin cytoskeleton. The KETTE protein is homologous to the transmembrane protein HEM-2/NAP1 evolutionary conserved from worms to vertebrates. In vitro analysis has shown a specific interaction of the vertebrate HEM-2/NAP1 with the SH2-SH3 adapter protein NCK and the small GTPase RAC1, which both have been implicated in regulating cytoskeleton organization and axonal growth. Hypomorphic kette mutations lead to axonal defects similar to mutations in the Drosophila NCK homolog dreadlocks. Furthermore, we show that kette and dock mutants genetically interact. NCK is thought to interact with the small G proteins RAC1 and CDC42, which play a role in axonal growth. In line with these observations, a kette phenocopy can be obtained following directed expression of mutant DCDC42 or DRAC1 in the CNS midline. In addition, the kette mutant phenotype can be partially rescued by expression of an activated DRAC1 transgene. Our data suggest an important role of the HEM-2 protein in cytoskeletal organization during axonal pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hummel
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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38
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Wang B, Zou JX, Ek-Rylander B, Ruoslahti E. R-Ras contains a proline-rich site that binds to SH3 domains and is required for integrin activation by R-Ras. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:5222-7. [PMID: 10671570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.7.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
R-Ras contains a proline-rich motif that resembles SH3 domain-binding sites but that has escaped notice previously. We show here that this site in R-Ras is capable of binding SH3 domains and that the SH3 domain binding may be important for R-Ras function. A fusion protein containing the SH3 domains of the adaptor protein Nck interacted strongly with the R-Ras proline-rich sequence and with the intact protein. The binding was independent of whether R-Ras was in its GDP or GTP form. The Nck binding, which was mediated by the second of the three SH3 domains of Nck, was obliterated by mutations in the proline-rich sequence of R-Ras. The interaction of Nck with R-Ras could also be shown in yeast two-hybrid assays and by co-immunoprecipitation in human cells transfected with Nck and R-Ras. Previous results have shown that the expression of a constitutively active R-Ras mutant, R-Ras(38V), converts mouse 32D monocytic cells into highly adherent cells. Introducing the proline mutations into R-Ras(38V) suppressed the effect of R-Ras on 32D cell adhesion while not affecting GTP binding. These results reveal an unexpected regulatory pathway that controls R-Ras through an SH3 domain interaction. This pathway appears to be important for the ability of R-Ras to control cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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39
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Jazayeri A, McGee J, Shimamura T, Cross SB, Bejcek BE. SHP-2 can suppress transformation induced by platelet-derived growth factor. Exp Cell Res 2000; 254:197-203. [PMID: 10640417 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by either the type alpha or type beta receptors of platelet-derived growth factor occurs by phosphorylation of at least 10 intra-cytoplasmic tyrosine residues and their subsequent association of secondary signaling molecules with Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Although the role of several of these secondary signaling molecules in mitogenesis has become increasingly clear, their roles in morphological transformation are not as well defined. Here we present evidence that the SHP-2 phosphatase which associates with Tyr 1009 of the type beta receptor and Tyr 720 of the type alpha receptor may suppress transformation induced by the PDGF B chain. Cotransfection of a dominant negative mutant of the SHP-2 gene and the PDGF B chain gene into mouse fibroblasts that only poorly formed foci with the PDGF B chain alone resulted in larger and more prominent foci. Furthermore, introduction of a wild-type copy of the SHP-2 gene into a tumor cell line, U-87MG, which relies on PDGF expression to form foci in vitro, caused a reversion of phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jazayeri
- Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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40
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Ruan W, Pang P, Rao Y. The SH2/SH3 adaptor protein dock interacts with the Ste20-like kinase misshapen in controlling growth cone motility. Neuron 1999; 24:595-605. [PMID: 10595512 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the SH2/SH3 adaptor Dock/Nck transduces tyrosine phosphorylation signals to the actin cytoskeleton in regulating growth cone motility. The signaling cascade linking the action of Dock/Nck to the reorganization of cytoskeleton is poorly understood. We now demonstrate that Dock interacts with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen (Msn) in the Drosophila photoreceptor (R cell) growth cones. Loss of msn causes a failure of growth cones to stop at the target, a phenotype similar to loss of dock, whereas overexpression of msn induces pretarget growth cone termination. Physical and genetic interactions between Msn and Dock indicate a role for Msn in the Dock signaling pathway. We propose that Msn functions as a key controller of growth cone cytoskeleton in response to Dock-mediated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital, Québec, Canada
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41
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Smith JM, Katz S, Mayer BJ. Activation of the Abl tyrosine kinase in vivo by Src homology 3 domains from the Src homology 2/Src homology 3 adaptor Nck. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:27956-62. [PMID: 10488144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.39.27956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is tightly regulated in vivo, but the mechanisms that normally repress its activity are not well understood. We find that a construct encoding the first two Src homology 3 (SH3) domains of the Src homology 2/SH3 adaptor protein Nck can activate c-Abl in human 293T cells. A myristoylated Nck SH3 domain construct, which is expected to localize to membranes, potently activated Abl when expressed at low levels. An unmyristoylated Nck SH3 domain construct, which localizes to the cytosol and nucleus, also activated Abl but only at high levels of expression. Activation by both myristoylated and unmyristoylated Nck constructs required the C terminus of Abl; a C-terminally truncated form of Abl was not activated, although this construct could still be activated by deletion of its SH3 domain. Activation did not require the major binding sites in the Abl C terminus for Nck SH3 domains, however, suggesting that the mechanism of activation does not require direct binding to the C terminus. Activation of c-Abl by Nck SH3 domains provides a robust experimental system for analyzing the mechanisms that normally repress Abl activity and how that normal regulation can be perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Smith
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Larsson H, Klint P, Landgren E, Claesson-Welsh L. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1-mediated endothelial cell proliferation is dependent on the Src homology (SH) 2/SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein Crk. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:25726-34. [PMID: 10464310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) expressed on endothelial cells leads to cellular migration and proliferation. We have examined the role of the Src homology (SH) 2/SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein Crk in these processes. Transient tyrosine phosphorylation of Crk in fibroblast growth factor-2-stimulated endothelial cells was dependent on the juxtamembrane tyrosine residue 463 in FGFR-1, and a Crk SH2 domain precipitated FGFR-1 via phosphorylated Tyr-463, indicating direct complex formation between Crk and FGFR-1. Furthermore, Crk SH2 and SH3 domains formed ligand-independent complexes with Shc, C3G, and the Crk-associated substrate (Cas). Tyrosine phosphorylation of C3G and Cas increased as a consequence of growth factor treatment. We examined the role of Crk in FGFR-1-mediated cellular responses by use of cells expressing chimeric platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha/FGFR-1 (alphaR/FR) wild type and mutant Y463F receptors. The kinase activity of alphaR/FR Y463F was intact, but both Crk and the adaptor FRS-2 were no longer tyrosine-phosphorylated in the mutant cells. Both wild type and mutant receptor cells migrated efficiently, whereas cells expressing the mutant alphaR/FR Y463F failed to proliferate and Erk2 and Jun kinase activities were suppressed in these cells. In wild type alphaR/FR cells transiently expressing an SH2 domain mutant of Crk, Erk and Jun kinase activities as well as DNA synthesis were attenuated. Our data indicate that Crk participates in signaling complexes downstream of FGFR-1, which propagate mitogenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 575, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Buday L. Membrane-targeting of signalling molecules by SH2/SH3 domain-containing adaptor proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1422:187-204. [PMID: 10393272 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4157(99)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SH2/SH3 domain-containing adaptor proteins play a critical role in regulating tyrosine kinase signalling pathways. The major function of these adaptors, such as Grb2, Nck, and Crk, is to recruit proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine-phosphorylated kinases or their substrates. In recent years dozens of novel proteins have emerged that are capable of associating with the SH2 and the SH3 domains of adaptors. In this review, the author attempts to summarise these novel binding partners of Grb2, Nck, and Crk, and to discuss current controversies regarding function and regulation of protein multicomplexes held together by SH2/SH3 adaptor molecules at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Buday
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, 9 Puskin Street, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.
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Voisin L, Larose L, Meloche S. Angiotensin II stimulates serine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Nck: physical association with the serine/threonine kinases Pak1 and casein kinase I. Biochem J 1999; 341 ( Pt 1):217-23. [PMID: 10377265 PMCID: PMC1220350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Nck is a small adaptor protein consisting exclusively of three SH3 domains and one SH2 domain. Nck is thought to have an important role in cell signalling by coupling receptor tyrosine kinases, via its SH2 domain, to downstream SH3-binding effectors. We report here that angiotensin II, working through the AT1 receptor subtype, stimulates the phosphorylation of Nck in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Phosphopeptide mapping analysis revealed that Nck is phosphorylated on four peptides containing exclusively phosphoserine in quiescent cells. Treatment with angiotensin II resulted in increased phosphorylation of these four peptides, without the appearance of new phosphopeptides. We show that Nck, via its SH3 domains, specifically binds three major phosphoproteins of 95, 82 and 66 kDa both in vitro and in intact cells. Notably, the phosphorylation of these Nck-binding proteins was found to increase in parallel with that of Nck on stimulation by angiotensin II. One candidate for the 66 kDa phosphoprotein is the serine/threonine kinase p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1), which was found to form a stable complex with Nck in aortic smooth muscle cells. We have also identified the gamma2 isoform of casein kinase I as another protein kinase that associates with Nck in these cells. These findings indicate that Nck is a target of G-protein-coupled receptors and suggest a role for Pak1 and casein kinase I-gamma2 in downstream signalling or regulation of the AT1 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Casein Kinases
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Peptide Mapping
- Phosphopeptides/isolation & purification
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphoserine/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- p21-Activated Kinases
- src Homology Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- L Voisin
- Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Campus Hôtel-Dieu, 3850 St. Urbain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1T8
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Ghosh Choudhury G, Jin DC, Celeste A, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Abboud HE. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 inhibits MAPK-dependent Elk-1 transactivation and DNA synthesis induced by EGF in mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 258:490-6. [PMID: 10329414 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a member of the TGFbeta superfamily of growth and differentiation factors. We investigated the effect of BMP-2 on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced mitogenic signaling in kidney glomerular mesangial cells. BMP-2 dose-dependently inhibits EGF-induced DNA synthesis. Maximum effect was obtained at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. BMP-2 had no inhibitory effect on the EGF receptor (EGFR)-associated tyrosine kinase activity indicating that inhibition of DNA synthesis is due to regulation of post-receptor signaling event(s). EGF stimulates MAPK activity in mesangial cells in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of MAPK by the MEK inhibitor PD098059 blocks EGF-induced DNA synthesis indicating the requirement of this enzyme activity in EGF-mediated mitogenic signaling. Furthermore, we show that exposure of mesangial cells to BMP-2 blocks EGF-induced MAPK activity which leads to phosphorylattion of Elk-1 transcription factor. Using a GAL-4 DNA binding-domain-Elk-1 transactivation domain fusion protein-based reporter assay, we demonstrate that BMP-2 inhibits EGF-induced Elk-1-mediated transcription. These data provide the first evidence that BMP-2 signaling in mesangial cells initiates a negative regulatory cross-talk with MAPK-based transcription to inhibit EGF-induced DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ghosh Choudhury
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78284, USA.
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Thakker GD, Hajjar DP, Muller WA, Rosengart TK. The role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10002-7. [PMID: 10187776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.15.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor Flk-1/KDR in endothelial cells is activated during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis upon ligand-receptor interaction. Activated Flk-1/KDR has been shown to recruit Src homology 2 domain-containing signaling molecules that are known to serve as links to the activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway. To define the functional significance of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase in VEGF signaling, we have examined its role in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cycle progression. We show herein that p85, the regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase, is constitutively associated with Flk-1/KDR. The treatment of HUVECs with VEGF promoted tyrosine autophosphorylation of Flk-1/KDR and also induced phosphorylation of p85. This was followed by an increase in the PI 3-kinase activity, which was sensitive to wortmannin, a potent PI 3-kinase inhibitor. VEGF also induced a striking activation of MAP kinase in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition studies with both a dominant-negative p85 mutant and the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, were employed to show for the first time that VEGF-stimulated PI 3-kinase modulates MAP kinase activation and nuclear events such as transcription from c-fos promoter and entry into the synthesis (S)-phase. Our data demonstrate the importance of PI 3-kinase as a necessary signaling component of VEGF-mediated cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Thakker
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
The Nck adaptor protein links tyrosine kinases or their substrates to proteins containing proline-rich motifs. Here we show that in activated T cells two tyrosine phosphoproteins of 75 and 120 kDa are co-immunoprecipitated with polyclonal antibodies against Nck. Analysis of Nck immunoprecipitates with various candidate antibodies revealed that the 75-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein is the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein referred to as SLP-76. In vitro experiments show that the interaction between Nck and SLP-76 is mediated via the Nck SH2 domain. Using specific phosphopeptides corresponding to the major tyrosine phosphorylation sites of SLP-76, it was found that Y113 and Y128 phosphopeptides could compete binding of SLP-76 to the SH2 domain of Nck. In addition, the 120-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein was recognized by an antibody raised against Cbl, a proto-oncogene product that has been previously found to be associated with Nck. These results suggest that the Nck adaptor protein interacts with key signaling molecules and may play an important role in activation of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wunderlich
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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Braverman LE, Quilliam LA. Identification of Grb4/Nckbeta, a src homology 2 and 3 domain-containing adapter protein having similar binding and biological properties to Nck. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:5542-9. [PMID: 10026169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapter proteins made up of Src homology (SH) domains mediate multiple cellular signaling events initiated by receptor protein tyrosine kinases. Here we report that Grb4 is an adapter protein closely related to but distinct from Nck that is made up of three SH3 domains and one SH2 domain. Northern analysis indicated that both genes are expressed in multiple tissues. Both Nck and Grb4 proteins could associate with receptor tyrosine kinases and the SH3-binding proteins PAK, Sos1, and PRK2, and they synergized with v-Abl and Sos to induce gene expression via the transcription factor Elk-1. Although neither protein was transforming on its own, both Nck and Grb4 cooperated with v-Abl to transform NIH 3T3 cells and influenced the morphology and anchorage-dependent growth of wild type Ras-transformed cells. Nck and Grb4 therefore appear to be functionally redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Braverman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molocular Biology and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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50
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Izadi KD, Erdreich-Epstein A, Liu Y, Durden DL. Characterization of Cbl-Nck and Nck-Pak1 interactions in myeloid FcgammaRII signaling. Exp Cell Res 1998; 245:330-42. [PMID: 9851874 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptors modulate inflammatory processes, including phagocytosis, serotonin and histamine release, superoxide production, and secretion of cytokines. Aggregation of FcgammaRIIa, the low-affinity receptor for monomeric IgG, activates nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases such as Lyn, Hck, and Syk, potentially driving the phosphorylation of the downstream adaptor proteins, including Cbl and/or Nck. Previous work from our laboratory using interferon-gamma-differentiated U937 (U937IF) myeloid cells investigated mechanisms which regulate Fcgamma receptor-induced assembly of adaptor complexes. Herein we report that FcgammaRII receptor signaling in U937IF and HEL cells involves Cbl and Nck, suggesting that Cbl-Nck interactions may link FcgammaRII to downstream activation of Pak kinase. FcgammaRII crosslinking induced the phosphorylation of Cbl and Nck on tyrosine. The alphaCbl immunoprecipitations revealed constitutive binding of Nck and Grb2 to Cbl and FcgammaRII-inducible binding of CrkL to Cbl. The interactions of Cbl with Nck and CrkL were phosphorylation dependent since dephosphorylation of cellular proteins with potato acid phosphatase abrogated binding. GST-Nck fusion protein pulldown experiments show that Cbl and Pak1 bind to the second SH3 domain of Nck. A specific Src inhibitor, PP1, was shown to completely abrogate the FcgammaR-induced superoxide response, correlating with a decrease in Cbl and Nck tyrosine phosphorylation. Our results provide the first evidence that Src is required for FcgammaR activation of the respiratory burst in myeloid cells and suggest that Cbl-Nck, Cbl-Pak1, and Nck-Pak1 interactions may regulate this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Izadi
- The Neil Bogart Memorial Laboratories, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles, California, 90027, USA
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